PIGGYBACK DIVISION

MATTHEW MENARD

CRAIG FORTIER

NOISE VIBRATION AND HARSHNESS DIVISION

JOSHUA AYERS

DANIELLE MCCAFFERTY

NOAH WRIGHT

DUSTIN MCCANN

COMPOSITE COWLING DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

MATTHEW BODWELL

EVAN MERRIT

CHRISTOPHER HILL

JESSE MORIN

CONCEPT CHASSIS DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

COMPOSITE CONCEPT CHASSIS

THOMAS LAMONTAGNE

MICHAEL BOWERS

TUBULAR METALLIC CONCEPT CHASSIS

DARRELL FLAGG

OTIS CLAPP

BRIAN WILD

MATTHEW WYATT

During the first year in the Clean Snowmobile Challege in 2004 the emissions team decided to add a catalytic converter to the 4 stroke

660cc Arctic Cat engine that they were using. Last year the emissions team

decided after a serious of tests to leave the catalytic converter intact and

try to improve the sled through a microcontroller unit. This first

microcontroller unit only used a single reading from a wide band O2 sensor to control the Air Inlet Temperature

(AIT). AIT was altered inside the piggyback depending on the single input to change the AIT that the sled

ECU was reading. This in turn controlled the Air to Fuel ratio (A/F).

When the A/F ratio is running at a rich mixture the amount of CO, and HC are reduced. When the mixture is running at a lean mixture the amount of NOx

emissions are reduced.

This year we took the piggyback a step further. We went ahead and

added a throttle position sensor (TPS) as the second input to the piggyback in hopes to better control the A/F ratio

from idle to wide open throttle.

The control of the A/F mixture can be accomplished through the use of a

“piggyback” electronics system with the help of analyzers such as a wideband O2 sensor, throttle position sensor, dynamometer, and

exhaust gas analyzer. This system will change information going into the Engine Control Unit

or ECU. The main purpose of the ECU is to determine the pulse width of the fuel injectors.

Pulse width is defined as how long the injectors stay on. The pulse width is

determined by sensors which act as inputs to the ECU. The ECU looks at the incoming

signals, then through programming logic and data tables determines the appropriate pulse

width for the situation

Hydrocarbons Emitted at 30 second intervals

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Catalytic Converter 2005 Piggyback

Nitrogen Oxides Emitted at 30 second intervals

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Catalytic Converter 2005 Piggyback

Carbon Monoxide Emitted at 30 second intervals

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Catalytic Converter 2005 Piggyback

Carbon Monoxide Emitted at 30 second intervals

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2005 Piggyback 2006 Piggyback

Nitrogen Oxides Emitted at 30 second intervals

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Hydrocarbons Emitted at 30 second intervals

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2005 Piggyback 2006 Piggyback

The 2006 Piggyback control unit success achieved the goals of reducing the emissions of the 2003 Arctic Cat 4 stroke snowmobile. Although it was

not able to provide significant reductions that exceeded the 2005 piggyback, for the full throttle

range, it did greatly reduce the emissions that were being produced during the sled idling. These were the highest emissions of the sled during the competition last year. With the proper inputs this

piggyback would make for a quality addition to any stock sled in order to consistently with lower

emissions, making it an excellent addition to a Snowmobile Conversion Kit.

Average Reduction in Emissions at Idle From 2005 to 2006 Piggyback

HC, 37.06

CO, 73.11

NOx, 59.67

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This project focuses on the improvements to this sled in the noise vibration and harshness area.  Initial benchmarking of the

performance of our sled will be required, along with testing of the effect of a range of standard and new modifications.  Exhaust

modifications will not necessarily be emphasized, instead the drive train, mechanical noise, induction and other noise sources will be most likely to be the source of significant gains in noise reduction.

Five materials were chosen from the material matrix and a one third octave band analysis was performed. A

sample of each material was put into the acoustic test tube and bombarded with sound at each individual

frequency. An A-weighted sound level meter recorded the sound pressure level at each frequency. From this

analysis, it was determined that the best material to use for our cowling insulation was material 7, Cotton Echo

Eliminator with High Density Layer, made by Acoustical Surfaces, Inc.

This test apparatus was built to analyze insulating material. A six-inch diameter speaker is attached to

a PVC tube one meter in length. The insulating material to be tested is inserted at the opposite end of the tube and a microphone (shown in picture) or

sound level meter is mounted in a PVC shell immediately after the material. A frequency

generator provides the signal to the speaker that emits a single frequency. The material response is

then displayed by either the sound level meter or an oscilloscope.

During baseline sound runs for the sled, it was determined that the left side of the sled was consistently louder than the right side. Since the left side of the

sled is the clutch side, the clutch was designated a significant noise source. To combat this problem, an enclosure was designed and built to acoustically

isolate the clutch compartment. Complete isolation brought up the problem of possible overheating and failure of the clutch belt and so a dedicated blower and ducting system were added. The blower is controlled by an adjustable

temperature control unit and provides 60 cubic feet per minute of air directly to the clutch compartment. This flow is circulated through the clutch case and

is then ported to the back of the engine compartment to provide auxiliary engine cooling.

Several modifications were made to the rear suspension system. Arctic Cat suspensions use

one of the runner cross-members as the rebound stop for the rear arm of the rear shock. This metal-on-metal contact is a significant noise

source. A “bumper” made of a high durometer motor mount material has been added to this

system to transform the high frequency vibration of this contact point into very low

frequencies and heat energy. 

Another significant noise source on the suspension is the friction contact of the track on the runners. To decrease this noise source and

help decrease wear on the runners, a total of eight idler wheels were added in two sets of

four. Each of these sets spans the full width of the track and together they provide an even

quieter alternative to the already quiet Arctic Cat Quiet Track.

The original cowling no longer fits due to under hood clearance issues brought on by the addition of emission control hardware. Two replacement hoods

have been built previously and yielded mixed results. Neither hood looked particularly appealing and both had fitment and performance issues. And,

needless to say, neither hood was satisfactory to represent the Maine Clean Snowmobile Team.

•Improve quality of hood

•Decrease overall weight of hood

•Improve rigidity and optimize fiber orientation

•Increase hood clearance over previous years

MotivationGoals

University of Maine University of Maine Mechanical EngineeringMechanical Engineering

MMSenior Design 05-06Senior Design 05-06

It can be seen in the pictures that this years cowling is a drastic improvement over previous years and even over the

original stock cowling. This years hood was designed to better clear the muffler

under the hood while simultaneously improving looks and bettering the fitment. The new cowling has a far

more impressive appearance, boasting the carbon fiber look. As expected,

overall rigidity is up due to the material strength gained by choosing carbon

fiber over glass fiber, and the increase in the total amount of material that

makes up the cowling. This years hood did not show a significant weight

decrease because most of the time had to be spent on creating the mold and

learning the proper fabrication procedures. Learning the proper

procedures helped ensure professional quality. The team built this first pass cowling on the safe side, figuring it is better to have cowling that could be

depended on rather than ending up with a few pieces that once were a cowling.

This Years AchievementsUniversity of Maine University of Maine

Mechanical EngineeringMechanical Engineering

MMSenior Design 05-06Senior Design 05-06

The developments made this year will allow future teams to concentrate on performing a more in depth stress analysis and lay-up optimization. This, more in depth design approach and better

utilization of various core materials will allow the overall strength and rigidity to remain at their

current levels while weight is reduced. Gaining overall efficiency thorough weight reduction by

using modern engineering materials is and will be a focus of the Maine Clean Snow Mobile Team.

Future Work

MM University of MaineUniversity of Maine

Mechanical EngineeringMechanical Engineering