PIG P

RODUCTION

CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION

1.Introduction –

• Sow cycle

2.Breeding –

• Breeds and characteristics

3.Feeding –

• Feeding of different classes of pigs

4.Housing –

• Space requirements

• Working out pen requirements

BREEDINGTypes of breeds-3 namely

• Large white• Landrace• Duroc • Mukota

LARGE WHITE PIC

LANDRACE PIC

DUROC PIC

MUKOTA PIC

CHARACTERISTIC-LW

• Originally from uk• Widely used in commercial pig

breeding as a parent of sows and as a terminal sire

• Breed characteristics• Large,white –coated pig with prick

ears• Have erect ears and slightly dished

faces• Has a white color,pink skins and long

deep sides

CHARACTERISTICS-LR

• White hogs with floppy eras that hang parallel to the bridge of their nose

• Known for their mothering ability, large litter sizes and good milking ability

• When harvested landraces are known for producing high percentage of carcass weight

• They cross well with other breeds and produce long bodied offspring

• Most widely used as foundation stock for hybrid gilts for commercial breeding

• Breed characteristics

• Landrace have white skin and are mostly free from black hair

• Are long lop-eared pig with long middle, light front quartes and excellent ham development

• Have good meat structure and maternal abilities

• Very efficient at converting food to meat and produce little excess fat

• Known for their rapid growth when young, typically reaching a heavier weight at weaning than other breeds.

• Faults with the original-leg weaknesses, spray legs and nervous disorders

CHARACTERISTICS-DR

• Deep red and mahogany in color• Have floppy ears• Very prolific, good longevity and are noted for

outstanding terminal siring ability• Known for lean gain efficieny, carcass yields

and muscle quality• Have medium length and slight dish of the face• The boar is known to be one of the most

aggressive of the pig breeds• Sows are docile and have good mothering

ability

CHARACTERISTICS-MKT

• Indigenous breed• A hardy black pig• Good resistance to disease and poor

nutrition and require little water• Reproduction follows an annual rhythm

with peak farrowing in the early rainy season

• Mean litter size between 6.5-7.5• Carcass yield is about 30% less from

exotic large white but is considered tasty • They have moderate parasite tolerance

greater than the imported breeds

CHARACTERISTICS TO BE CONSIDERED IN PIG BREEDING

Boar Line: ‑ Daily gain

- Feed Conversion Rate

‑ Relation between Lean Meat / Fat

‑ …

 

Sow Line: ‑ No. of piglets born alive

‑ No. of piglets weaned

‑ Interval weaning – next service

‑ Mortality

- Longevity

- …

 

Fatteners: ‑ mortality (survival)

‑ daily growth

‑ feed conversion rate

‑ fat deposition

‑ slaughter quality

FEEDING OF PIGS

-Summarize feeding for different classes of pigs-

Feeding preg sowDuring the gestation period, the requirement for nutrients changes continuously.

A gestating sow needs feed for maintenance, uterine growth and for her own body-weight gain.

first parity later parities

or: small sows or: bigger sows

Day of weaning: N.A. 0

Next day until service 3-3.53.5-4

First 2 months (day 0-60) 2.0 2.25

Then (day 61-85) 2.5 2.75

Last month (day 85-112) 3.253.5

Last days (112-farrowing) 2 2

Day of farrowing 0-1 0-1

FEEDING

Feeding of lactating sows• approx. 24 hours around farrowing: 0 - 1 kg

• 1st day : 1 kg

• After this first day increase the allowance gradually (daily increments of 0.5 kg) until the ‘target feed allowance' is reached

• Target feed-allowance: 1.5 kg + 0.5 kg per piglet

Feeding of suckling piglets • Piglets start their lives drinking their dam's colostrum and milk

• , creep feed, the practice of providing feed to suckling piglets, serves three purposes:

• Piglets will be weaned with higher weights

• Their digestive systems have been challenged to develop and produce enzymes, thus preparing them for a ration without milk, after weaning

• Sows, and especially gilts, will lose some less weight as their piglets will eventually drink less when they start eating additional solid feed

FEEDING

Feeding of weaners up to 20-25 kg• after weaning piglets are best fed

ad lib to stimulate feed-intake and to maximize growth-rate

Feeding of growing / finishing pigs• The feed al lowance or ration deter mines both growth rate

and product (car cass) quality in growing pigs.

• At one extreme severe feed restriction can seriously slow down growth-rate and cause pigs to be so lean that they are hardly edible

Energy level of the feeds: 3200 kcal DE/kg

  ADG 650 grsKgs feed/pig/day

ADG 700 grs

Week Liveweight Liveweight 12345678910111213141516171819

 23 - 2626 - 2929 - 3333 - 3737 - 4141 - 4545 - 50 50 - 5454 - 5959 - 6464 - 6969 - 7474 - 79 79 - 8484 - 8989 - 9595 - 100100 - 105105 - 110

    1.31.41.61.71.81.92.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.82.92.9

 1.01.11.2

    1.41.51.71.82.02.12.32.42.62.72.82.93.03.13.1

 23 - 2626 - 2929 - 3333 - 3737 - 4141 - 4646 - 5151 - 5656 - 6161 - 6666 - 7272 - 7878 - 8383 - 8989 - 9595 - 100100- 106106- 111

Examples of possible feeding schemes for different growth potentials

FEEDING

Feeding of replacement stockFeeding replacement stock is very much like

feeding fattening pigs. The diff erence is: we do not want maximum daily gains

This slower growth rate (compared to fatteners) can be achieved by:

Restricting feed intake more severely;

Offering feed with lower energy level.

Feeds or diets for replacement stock:

20 - 45 kg : starter feed

45 kg-service : lactating sow feed (or special rearing feed)

after service : gestating sow feed

FEEDING

Feeding of boars• Boars require feed for maintenance

and production, which is: growth, mating and production of semen .

• The feeds suitable for boars are: all sow feeds except the gestating-sow types, which are too poor in protein and amino-acids

Feed type

Class fed

Period fed

Level and mode

remarks

B&S feed

boar From 6mnths till culling

1.5-2.5kg /head/day fed wet or dry

Adjust according to condition

B&s feed

Sow(lactating)

During lactation

2kg+1/2kg/per piglet

being nursed. Wet feeding

Frequent feeding to encourage intake

Sow feed

Dry sow Btwn weaning and servicing

3-4kg/head/day.wet or dry feeding

Level helps sow to quickly come on heat

Sow feed

Pregnant sow

Btwn weaning and farrowing

2kg per head/day.wet or dry feeding

Overfeedind causes farrowing prob

Creep feed

Suckling piglets and weaners

Week 1-8 adlib Creep feeding reduces digestive probles at weaning

Colostrum and ordinary milk

Suckling piglets

Birth to weaning

Ad lib(unrestricted)

Must for all pigs

Sow feed

gilts 6 months till farrowing

2kg/head/day wet feed or dryy feeding

Adjust ration during flusshing

Grower feed

growers 8 weeks to 60 kg

Adlib or restricted

If restricted feed twice per day

Finisher feed

finishers 60 to slaughter

Adlib or restricted

Same as above

water All classes

Throughout life

adlib Water must be cool and clean

HOUSING OF PIGS

The objectives of housing pigs are:

• protection from climatic extremes

• enabling better management

• protection against theft

In the following presentation we will discuss the following issues

 

1.Spacing requirements

• It’s important that we have the right number of pigs in a pig sty.

• Overcrowding can result in depressed growth in addition to transmission of disease

• Spacing guidelines

HOUSING

CLASS AREA(SQUARE METER)

Sow pen 1.7-2.0

Farrowing pen including crate

6.2

Porkers(pen including dunging area)

0.73/pig

Baconers(pen including dunging area)

0.93/pig

Trough space per pig  

Light porkers 0.2

Heavy porkers 0.25

Baconers 0.3

Gilts/sows 0.35

HOUSING

2. PEN REQUIREMENT WORKOUT

Starting points

• the number of sows on the farm;

• the expected number of litters per sow per year;

• the weaning age;

• what kind of weaner pens the farmer wants to use;

• whether the farmer wants to use A.I. or natural mating;

• whether he wants to select his own young breeding stock or buy them from outside and at what age;

• what type of housing for dry and pregnant sows (group or individual);

• the expected culling rate;

• the expected growth of the piglets;

• days needed for desinfection and cleaning;

• the expected growth for the fatteners;

• the number of animals per pen.

HOUSING

The number of places or pens can be calculated as follows:

 

Assumptions

• Weaning age 5 weeks

• 20 weaners produced per sow per year

• 18 pigs are sold per sow per year

• Sows enter farrowing house 1 week before farrowing and the pens are rested for a week after weaning

• Weaners occupy weaner pens for three weeks and the pens are rested for 5 days

• Fatteners occupy the fattening pens for 105 days and the pens are rested for 3 days

HOUSING

FARROWING PLACES

• Farrowings per year 100*2.0=200

• With a seven week occupation period the number of times the same farrowing place can be used=52/7=7

• No. of farrowing places required=200/7=29

HOUSING

DRY SOW PLACES• The sow is weaned after 5 weeks• The sow enters the farrowing house a week

before farrowing .At 2 litters per sow year a period of (6*2)=12 weeks is spend away from dry –sow housing.the period the sow is in the dry sow pens is 40 weeks

• The number of dry sow places required is 40*100/52=77

• If sows are housed 8 in a pen• No of pens required=77/8=10

 

HOUSING

Weaner pens• Output of weaners per year

=100*2*10=2000weaners• Weaners stay in the weaner pens for

three weeks with the pen being rested for 5 days

• Batches per year=365/26=14 batches• No of pigs /batch=2000/14=143 pigs• At 12 weaners/pen the number of pens

required=143/12=12pens

HOUSING

Fattening pens• Pigs occupy the fattening pens after 6 weeks

• Fatteners are marketed when they are about 51/2 months of age allowing 3 days cleaning between batches the number that can use the same facility per year is 365/109=3.3

• Output per year is 100*18=1800

• For a 100 sow unit the number of pigs per batch is 100*18/3.3=545

• 545 fattening places are required per time

• At 15 pigs /pen the number of pens required is 530/15=34 pens