Physics Full Prj

8/10/2019 Physics Full Prj

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DECLARATION

This is to certify that the present project report isbased on our work and data collected and indebtedness to

other works/publications has been duly acknowledged at

the relevant places. It has not been submitted for any

other degree or diploma of any other university.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank some illustrious personalities whohave been kind enough to help us in this endeavor. We

wish to thank Dr.D.J.Biswas, Director In charge of

BITIC RAK, for him giving us an opportunity to complete

this project.

This project woudnt has been successful if not for the

constant mentoring of our H.OD. Dr. Peeyush Tewariand

we wish to thank him.

It would not be fair if we dont mention our project Guide

and Physics lecturer Mrs.A.S.Padmashree who have

been pillars of strength to us and constantly guided us to

achieve more about this concept. Moreover we would like

to thank her from the bottom of our heart.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank one all

non teaching staffs namely Mr. Rajendranwho provided

necessary information regarding the lighting equipments

used in our institute which definitely helped us to have a

survey of energy audit. This acknowledgement would not

be complete if it was not for the resourcefulness andinspiring words of our friends and classmates. So Thank

You one and all. Last but not least, we would like to thank

our parents and the Almighty.


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled ENERGYAUDIT is the project work carried out by Nimitha

Manikantan (BE/8001/10), Aindrila Biswas

(BE/8004/10), Mohd. AbdulRahman (BE/8006/10),

Greeshma Selvam (BE/8011/10), Rathore Kanwarpal

Singh(BE/8013/10) and Farzeena Moosa (BE/8019/10)

of BE (Semester-2) Department of Engineering, Birla

Institute of Technology, International Center, Ras Al

Khaimah, UAE during the academic year(2011- 2012), in

partial fulfillment of the requirements, as per subject &

code PH 2103 for the award of the degree of Bachelor

of Engineering in respective branches.

Mrs. A.S. Padmashree

(Sr. Lecturer Physics, Guide)

Dr. Peeyush Tewari

(Head of Department, Science)


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AbstractAims & Objectives

Detailed Life Cycle

Theoretical Background of Energy Audit

Lighting System Audit

School Energy Audit-A Bright Idea

The Concept of Clean Energy

Growth of renewables

Maximising System Efficiency

Bibliography

Conclusion


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ABSTRACT

Have you ever thought of the ways to reduce the energy

consumption per unit area of product output or to reduceoperating costs?

Such a question gives rise to the concept of Energy

Audit. Energy Audit literally means Energy

Account/Energy Management. As per the Energy

Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as the

verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy

including submission of technical report containing

recommendations for improving energy efficiency with

cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy

consumption. Recently the world has embraced energy

auditing as one way to reduce energy consumption.

Through the systematic inspection of energy flows,

auditing identifies energy savings and managementopportunities, as well as cost-effective measures to be

applied for buildings and industrial processes. The

reduction of energy consumption has primary importance

for the sustainability of future development regarding

global problems associated with climate change and global

warming. Energy use and supply is of fundamental

importance to society, and continued economicdevelopment relies upon securing cost-effective, reliable

and sufficient energy supplies. So energy should be

accounted in each and every aspect of our life.


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AIMS & OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this project are:1. To introduce the purpose of concept of Energy

Audit.

2.To see how it is applied over a system (lighting) and

in schools, houses, industries etc.

3.To create awareness in people regarding the

conservation of energy.

4.

To perpetuate the concept of clean energy andmaximizing the system efficiency.


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Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by

lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other

organizational considerations within a specified time frame.

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:- Function and type of industry

- Depth to which final audit is needed, and

- Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following

two types.

i) Preliminary Audit

ii) Detailed AuditPreliminary Energy Audit Methodology:

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

Establish energy consumption in the organization.

Estimate the scope for saving.

Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for

attention.

Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost)improvements/ savings.

Set a reference point.

Identify areas for more detailed

study/measurement.

Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily

obtained data.

Detailed Energy Audit Methodology:

A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project

implementation plan for a facility, since it evaluates all

major energy using systems. This type of audit offers the


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most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It

considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts

for the energy use of all major equipment, and includes

detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the

energy balance. This is based on an inventory of energy

using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions

and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then

compared to utility bill charges.

Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases:

Phase I, II and III.Phase I - Pre Audit Phase

Phase II - Audit Phase

Phase III - Post Audit Phase

How to conduct Energy Audit?The Energy Audit should be carried out by a

competent person having adequate technical knowledge on

Building Services (BS) installations, particularly Heating,

Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Installation,

Lighting Installation and any other BS Installations. This

competent person is referred to as the auditor and a

team of auditors forms the audit team. To gain a better

knowledge of the building and its energy consuming

equipment/systems, the audit team must collect

information on the building operation characteristics and

the technical characteristics of its various energy

consuming equipment/systems. Its performances have to

be identified through checking O&M records, conducting


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site surveys and reading metering records. The flow

chart on conducting energy audit is given as follows:

Flow Chart on Conducting Energy Audit

Optimizing the Input Energy Requirements:

Consequent upon fine-tuning the energy use practices,

attention is accorded to considerations for minimizingenergy input requirements. The range of measures could

include:

Shuffling of compressors to match needs.

Periodic review of insulation thickness


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Identify potential for heat exchanger networking and

process integration.

Optimisation of transformer operation with respect to

load.Energy Audit Instruments:

The requirement for an energy audit such as identification

and quantification of energy necessitates measurements;

these measurements require the use of instruments. These

instruments must be portable, durable, easy to operate and

relatively inexpensive. The parameters generally monitored

during energy audit may include the following:Basic Electrical Parameters in AC &DC systems Voltage

(V), Current (I), Power factor, Active power (kW), apparent

power (demand) (kVA), Reactive power (kVAr), Energy

consumption (kWh), Frequency (Hz), Harmonics, etc.

Parameters of importance other than electrical such as

temperature & heat flow, radiation, air and gas flow, liquid

flow, revolutions per minute (RPM), air velocity, noise andvibration, dust concentration, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),

pH, moisture content, relative humidity, flue gas analysis

CO2, O

2, CO, SO

x, NO

x, combustion efficiency etc.

No. Name of the

Instrument

Intended Use

1. Flue-Gas

Analysers

Used for optimizing the

combustion efficiency by

measuring/monitoring the

oxygen and CO levels in flue gas


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of boilers, furnaces etc. and

calculation of CO2percentage in

excess air level and efficiency.

2. TemperatureIndicators

Used for measuringtemperatures of gases/air,

liquids, slurries, semi solids,

powders etc. Using different

types of probes.

3. Infrared

Thermometers

Used for measuring

temperatures from a distance

using infrared technology.4. Thermal

Insulation scanner

Used for measuring loss of

energy in Kcal per unit

area from hot/cold insulated

surfaces. The total loss can be

obtained by multiplying the

total surface under study.

5. Steam TrapMonitor

Used for performanceevaluation of steam Traps.

6. Conductivity

Meter

Used for on the spot water

analysis of the amount

of dissolved solids in water.

7. pH meter Used for on the spot analysis of

effective acidity or alkalinity of

a solution/water. Acidity

/alkalinity water.

8. Thermo-

hygrometer

Used for measurement of air

velocity & humidification,


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ventilation, Air-conditioning and

refrigeration systems etc.

9. Thermo-

hygrometer

Used for measurement of

humidity and temperature andthe calculation of dew point to

find out the heat being carried

away by out going gases in

industries. Where product

drying requires hot air.

10. Ultrasonic Flow

Meter

Used for measurement of flow

of liquids through pipelines ofvarious sizes through ultrasonic

sensors mounted on the

pipelines.

11. U-Tube

Manometer


differential pressure.

12. Digital

Manometer


differential pressure.

13. Visguage Used for measurement of

differential viscosity.

14. Used Lube Oil

Test Kit

Used for testing lube oil.

15. Non-Contact

Tachometer

Used for measurement of speed

of rotation equipment.

16. Demand Analyser Used for measurement and

analysis of electrical load and

demand control.

17. Power Analyser Used for measurement and


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analysis of electrical Power.

18. Harmonic

Analyser

Used for analysis of harmonics

in power System.

19. Luxmeter Used for measurement ofillumination level.

20. Clip on Dig. Watt

Meter

Used for measurement of power

without interrupting the

connections.

21. Clip on Dig. PF

Meter

Used for measurement of power

factor without interrupting the

connection.22. Clamp on amp.

Meter


current without Interrupting

the connections.

23. DigitalMultimeter Used for measurement of

voltage. Current and resistance.

24. Frequency Meter Used for measurement of power

supply frequency.

Energy Economic Analysis:

In determining possible energy efficiency measures it is

necessary to develop some method for evaluating the economic

basis or comparing the cost effectiveness of competing

investments. The audits should analyze the "life cycle cost" ofan energy saving opportunity. The estimated cost savings

should be compared with the implementation costs to

determine the relative economic impact of applying the EE

measures. A number of methodologies have been developed to


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provide some uniform methods of comparison. The various

methods are used in calculating the profitability for

investments. In ENSI Economic Software Program there are

two modules:Profitability calculations and

Cash flow calculations.

The profitability calculation methods are presented using

criteria:

1. Payback (PB)

2. Net Present Value (NPV)

3. Net Present Value Quotient (NPVQ)4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

5. Pay-off (PO)

Lighting System AuditBasics of the lighting system:

As lighting is a major energy consumer of energy, especially in

commercial buildings, it is important to be able to audit the

lighting system as thoroughly as the other building loads.

In office buildings, for instance, 30% to 50% of the

electricity consumption is used to provide lighting (Brown,

2005). In addition, heat generated by lighting contributes to

the thermal load to be removed by the cooling equipment. The

output from a lamp is its luminous flux and is measured in

lumens. The intensity of luminous flux is measured in

lumens/m2 or lux (L). A flux falling on a surface is described

as illuminance, whereas a flux emitted from the surface of a

luminaire or reflecting surface is known as luminance. To


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better understand the measures that need to be considered

in order to improve the energy-efficiency of lighting systems,

a simple estimation of the total electrical energy use due to

lighting can be described by equation:n

KWh=NlumxWRlumx N h

i=1

where: Nlum- is the number of lighting luminaries of type i

(a luminary consists of the complete set of ballast- power

transforming device, electric wiring, housing and lamps in the

building), WRlum-is the wattage rating for each luminaries oftype i. The energy use due to both the lamps and ballast

should be accounted for in this rating; N h is the number of

hours per year when the luminaries of type are operating.

There are three variants of reducing the energy use due to

lighting, including:

a) Reducing the wattage rating for the luminaries

including both the lighting sources (lamps) and the power

transforming devices (ballasts). This leads to decreasing

the term WRlumin equation .

b) Applying lighting controls, which leads to reducing the

lighting systems time of use, therefore decreasing the

factor Nh in equation. Thanks to automatic controls the

use of a lighting system is decreased, so illumination isprovided only during times when it is needed.

c) Reducing the number of luminaries, therefore

decreasing the factor Nlum in equation. This goal can be


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achieved only if there are too many lighting sources, i.e.

in cases of over-illumination.

Energy-Efficient Lighting Systems:Incandescent bulbs are the oldest, least efficient

electric lighting technology, and are the most common

lamps used in the residential sector in Georgia. The

incandescent bulbs and its many variations create light by

heating a small coil or filament or wire inside the bulb.

Making an incandescent bulb glow requires a large amount

of energy to heat the filament. In a typical light bulb,90% of the energy applied to the filament is wasted in

the form of heat. Therefore only 10% of energy paid for

makes light. Incandescent bulbs have a short life because

the tungsten evaporates from the hot filament and is

deposited as a dark haze on the inside of the bulb.

Improvements in the energy-efficiency of lighting

systems have provided several opportunities to reduceelectrical energy use in the buildings. Typically, three

factors determine the proper level of light for a

particular space, including: age of the occupants, speed

and accuracy requirements and background contrast. The

potential of high efficiency fluorescent lamps, compact

fluorescent lamps, compact halogen lamps and electronic

ballasts is discussed below.

1.Halogen Lamps:

The halogen lamps were developed as direct replacements

for standard incandescent lamps. They are more energy-

efficient, produce whiter light and last longer than the


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latter. In halogen lamps, the filament is encased inside a

quartz tube that is contained in a glass bulb. A selective

coating on the exterior surface of the quartz tube allows

visible radiation to pass through but reflects theinfrared radiation back to the filament. This recycled

infrared radiation permits the filament to maintain its

operating temperatures with 30% less electrical power

input. The halogens can be combined with other elements

to form compounds known as halides-namely, fluorides,

chlorides, bromides, iodides.

2. High intensity discharge (HID) lamps:These lamps are used for outdoor floodlighting and

street lighting as well as in high spaces such as

warehouses and factories. They operate by passing a

current through a high-pressure gas or vapor, which

excites the electrons. Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide or

High Pressure Sodium Materials are for the light

producing arc. Because the gas is at a high pressure, thespectral lines become blurred, ending in increased color

rendering index. This effect is further increased in

metal halide lamps where a metal and a halide are used

together, further increasing the number of spectral

lines. HID lamps may be oval or tubular in shape. HID

lamps require a ballast to control the tube current.

3. Fluorescent Lamps:

Fluorescent lamps are the most commonly used lighting

systems in administrative and office buildings worldwide.

A fluorescent lamp generally consists of a glass tube with

a pair of electrodes at each end. The tube is filled with a


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mixture of inert gases (primarily argon) and liquid

mercury. When the lamp is turned on, an electric arc is

established between the electrodes. The mercury

vaporizes and radiates in the ultraviolet spectrum. Thisultraviolet radiation excites a phosphorous coating on the

inner surface of the tube that emits visible light. By

using a krypton-argon mixture in the high-efficiency

fluorescent lamps. the efficacy output can be improved

from a typical performance of 70 lumens/Watt to about

80 lumens/Watt. The flicking observed when the lamp

starts is caused by a small plastic cylinder, used by themost common lamps-it is the switch-start circuit. The

ballast also consumes energy, up to 25% of total.

Diagrammatic Representation of a Switch-start

Fluorescent Tube Circuit

4. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) :

The CFL lamps are the miniaturized fluorescent lamps

with small diameter and shorter length. Their light

outputs are equivalent to those of incandescent lamps,but they are more energy efficient and have longer lives.

Ballasts are integral parts to the fluorescent lamps, since

they provide the voltage level required to start the

electric arc and regulate the intensity of the arc. Before


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the development of electronic ballasts only magnetic or

core and coils were used to operate fluorescent lamps.

While the frequency of the electrical current is kept at

50 Hz (or 60 Hz in US) by the magnetic ballasts,electronic ballasts use solid-state technology to produce

high-frequency (20 - 60 MHz) current, which increases

the energy-efficiency of the fluorescent lamps since the

light is cycling more quickly and appear brighter.

Electronic ballasts eliminate noise problems that are

typical to magnetic ballasts by the solid-state

components of the electronic ballasts. Different typesof fluorescent lamps and ballasts regarding their energy

saving opportunities compared by energy consumption

with the standard lamp and standard ballast taking into

account that all these luminaries maintain the same

lighting level.

Standard Standard Magnetic -100%

Standard Efficient Magnetic -87%Standard Electronic Electronic- 75%

Efficient Standard Magnetic -90%

Efficient Efficient Magnetic -80%

Efficient Electronic -68%

T 8 Matched Electronic -56%

Lamp Type Efficiency(Lumens/Watt) Average Life

(Hours)


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Standard

incandescent

5-20 750-1000

Tungsten-

Halogen

15-25 2000-4000

CFL(5-26

watts)

20-55 10,000

CFL(27-40

watts)

50-80 15,000-

20,000

Performance Characteristics of Various Light Sources

The School Energy Audit: A Bright Idea

How can we save the environment and save your school

money at the same time? Just follow a simple and

straightforward school energy audit, and we will be on

the way to helping the environment, learning about

climate change from a multiple disciplinary perspective,

and improving your school. Through this process, you will

discover exactly how your school uses energy on a daily

basis. The audit will cost the school little or no money

and, if acted upon, will likely save your school money on

its energy bill for this year and many years to come. The

function of an energy audit is to expose different ways

to affect energy consumption and identify numerousoptions for reducing energy consumption. The money our

school saves will be available to fund important school

projects, but just as important, energy savings help the

Earth by reducing resource use and environmental


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pollution. By improving efficiency in places like our

schools, we can get the same benefits while using less

energy. For example, substituting energy efficient

compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFL) for standardincandescent bulbs will save on average up to 6,000

megawatts of electricity each year. That is a savings

equivalent to the annual energy output of ten large coal-

fired power plants or about seven average nuclear plants.

Similarly, if every household in the U.S. replaced just one

incandescent light bulb with a CFL, it would prevent

enough pollution to equal removing one million cars fromthe road, about 1,000 pounds of pollution saved per bulb.

To have a school audit we will need to:

collect data about the energy use of your school

through auditing and accounting

analyze the data from auditing and tracking energy use

through projects

write a report on your findings and makerecommendations about how to improve school energy use

present your findings and recommendations to school

officials and try to get some of your recommendations

adopted.

A commercial lighting energy audit is a way to benchmark

how much energy your organization currently uses and to

determine what measures you can take to make your

business more energy efficient. An audit will measure the

efficiency of your current lighting fixtures and bulbs to

determine how retrofitting your system will save you

money and energy over a 5 to 10 year time


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period. Professional lighting energy audits generally go

into great detail. The energy auditor might do a room-by-

room examination of the commercial space, as well as a

thorough examination of past utility bills to determineyour best savings options. After the audit have been

completed and computed, one of our auditors will provide

you a detailed analysis with an easy to read savings

report.

Month Electricity (KWH) Cost(Dhs)

Jan

FebMar

Apr

May

Jun

Total

Total Cost

Sample of School Resource Table (6 months)

In order to perform a lighting audit in our school the

following steps are to be followed:

1. Determine lamp type for room.

2. Take Light Level Readings (Foot-candles).

3. Record number of light bulbs and their

wattage.4. Record how lights are controlled.

5. Record number of tubes per fixture.

6. Construct a room lighting checklist.


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Class

No.

Bulbs

(Watts)

CFLs

(Watts)

HIDs

(Watts)

Foot

Candles

(Watts)

Comments

Format for a lighting checklist

The above pie chart depicts the usage of electricity by

lighting system. It is found that around 55% of

electricity is used by lighting equipments which is much

more than other systems.

How to make schools more Energy Efficient?


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The following steps are to be followed in making our

schools energy efficient

Replace incandescent lamps with fluorescent lamps.

Place lights on timers.Use more natural lights in classrooms.

Change outdoor lights to be triggered by motion

sensors.

Track the energy use cost per hour of electrical

equipment and post this information on the

equipment.

Turn off lights in empty halls when not in use.Put LED bulbs in exit signs.

Install light sensors in school toilets.

Place light reflectors in hallways.

Seek funding programs that offer employment

positions for students to undertake energy audits.

Initiate ticket program for people who forget to

turn off the lights.Implement a School-wide energy poster campaign.

Keep an up-to-date inventory of electrical

equipment, lighting and so on in the school.

Guidelines in Performing the Lighting System Audit

To perform the lighting audit, the following steps are

required:

1 Room description:

- Define room Type office, storage, toilet, etc.

- Define Room Characteristicsheight, width, length,

color and condition of surfaces.


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- Define Lighting Fixture Characteristicsnumber of

fixtures, fixture mounting height, lamp. type, condition

of luminaries, methods of control, ballast and lamp

wattage.2. Lighting Levels and Lighting Quality Evaluation:

- Measure illuminance in Lux using a light meter.

- Draw luminaire types and layout in the room or area;

- Check for excessive glare and contrast.

- Discuss with users the lighting levels, controls, and

quality.

- Compare illuminance measurements to recommendationsfor the tasks performed.

3. Electrical Consumption Calculation:

- Calculate Total Watts (watts/fixture x # of

fixtures/1000 = Existing kW).

- Calculate Power Density (kW x 1000/square meter =

watts/square meter).

- Compare Existing Power Density to reference values.- Evaluate Annual Hours of Use.

- Calculate Annual Lighting Energy Cost.

List of

Equipment

A

Quantity

B

Electrical

Load

C

Time

operating

D

Total(A*B*C)

Lighting

Incandescent

Lamps

HIDs

CFLs

Halogen


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lamps

Total

Electricity

Format of Energy Spreadsheet

4. Energy Savings Calculation:- Determine new total kW after retrofit.

- Determine change in annual operating hours if lighting

controls are changed.

- Calculate energy savings (kW beforekW after) x

hours of operation = kWh.

Benchmarking and Energy Performance

Benchmarking of energy consumption internally

(historical / trend analysis) and externally (across similar

industries) are two powerful tools for performance

assessment and logical evolution of avenues for

improvement. Historical data well documented helps to

bring out energy consumption and cost trends month-wise

/ day-wise. Benchmarking energy performance permits

Quantification of fixed and variable energy consumption

trends vis--vis production levels

Comparison of the industry energy performance with

respect to various production levels (capacity utilization)

Identification of best practices (based on the external

benchmarking data)Plant Energy Performance:

Plant energy performance (PEP) is the measure of whether a plan

now using more or less energy to manufacture its products than i

did in the past: a measure of how well the energy management


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programme is doing. It compares the change in energy consumpti

from one year to the other considering production output. Plant

energy performance monitoring compares plant energy use at a

reference year with the subsequent years to determine theimprovement that has been made.

PEP = Reference year equivalent - Current year's energy * 100

Reference year equivalent

Production factor:Production factor is used to determine the energy that

would have been required to produce this year's

production output if the plant had operated in the same

way as it did in the reference year. It is the ratio of

production in the current year to that in the reference

year.

Production factor = Current year' s productionReference year s production

Monthly Energy Performance:

Experience however, has shown that once a plant has

started measuring yearly energy performance,

management wants more frequent performance

information in order to monitor and control energy use onan on-going basis. PEP can just as easily be used for

monthly reporting as yearly reporting.


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The Concept of Clean Energy

Clean Energy( Renewable energy) is energy which

comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,

tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable(naturally replenished). In 2008, about 19% of global final

energy consumption came from renewables, with 13%

coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for

heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity. New renewables

(small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal)

accounted for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly.

The share of renewables in electricity generation isaround 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from

hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. many

renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable

technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas,

where energy is often crucial in human development.

Globally, an estimated 3 million households get power

from small solar PV systems. Micro-hydro systemsconfigured into village-scale or county-scale mini-grids

serve many areas. More than 30 million rural households

get lighting and cooking from biogas made in household-

scale digesters. Biomass cook-stoves are used by 160

million households. Renewable energy is derived from

natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its

various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from

heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the

definition are electricity and heat generated from solar,

wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources

and hydrogen derived from renewable resource.


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Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four

distinct areas: power generation, hot water/ space

heating, transport fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy

services:

Mainstream forms of clean energy:

1.Wind power

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy

is believed to be five times total current global energy

production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This

could require wind turbines to be installed over largeareas, particularly in areas of higher wind resources.

Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of

~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources

could contribute substantially more energy.

2. Hydropower

Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water

is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing

stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield

considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms

of water energy:

Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for

large-scale hydroelectric dams. Examples are theGrand Coulee Dam in Washington State and the

Akosombo Dam in Ghana.

Dam less hydro systems derive kinetic energy from

rivers and oceans without using a dam.


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Ocean energy describes all the technologies to

harness energy from the ocean and the sea. This

includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy

conversion, and tidal power.

3.Solar energy

Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun

through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered

electrical generation relies on photovoltaic and heat

engines. A partial list of other solar applications includesspace heating and cooling through solar architecture, day

lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high

temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

4.Biomass

Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source

because the energy it contains comes from the sun.Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture

the sun's energy. When the plants are burned, they

release the sun's energy they contain. In this way,

biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing

solar energy. As long as biomass is produced sustainably,

with only as much used as is grown, the battery will last

indefinitely.

5.Geothermal energy


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Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the

heat of the earth itself, both from kilometers deep into

the Earth's crust in volcanically active locations of the

globe or from shallow depths, as in geothermal heatpumps in most locations of the planet. It is expensive to

build a power station but operating costs are low

resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites.

Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's

core.

Three types of power plants are used to generate powerfrom geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary

Growth of renewables

During the five-years from the end of 2004 through

2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates

of 1060 percent annually for many technologies. For

wind power and many other renewable technologies,

growth accelerated in 2009 relative to the previous four

years. More wind power capacity was added during 2009

than any other renewable technology. However, grid-

connected PV increased the fastest of all renewable

technologies, with a 60-percent annual average growth

rate for the five-year period.


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Organizations that implement energy-efficient measures

outperform their competitors by as much as 10%. To

remain profitable and gain a competitive edge, companies

need to do more than just turn off unnecessary lightsand adjust thermostats. They need to make energy

efficiency an essential part of their business plan. By

doing so, businesses lower their utility bills and help

ensure a reliable energy supply. The Clean Energy

Concepts audit report gives you estimated savings,

projected implementation costs, and complete ROI

return on investment information. This will allow you tosee the time frame to pay off the new lighting upgrades

as well as the projected savings over the complete life of

the bulb and fixture.

Identification of Energy Conservation Opportunities

1.Fuel substitution: Identifying the appropriate fuel forefficient energy conversion.

2.Energy generation: Identifying Efficiency

opportunities in energy conversion equipment/utility such

as captive power generation, steam generation in boilers,


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thermic fluid heating, optimal loading of DG sets,

minimum excess air combustion with boilers/thermic fluid

heating, optimising existing efficiencies, efficienct

energy conversion equipment, biomass gasifiers,Cogeneration, high efficiency DG sets, etc.

3.Energy distribution: Identifying Efficiency

opportunities network such as transformers, cables,

switchgears and power factor improvement in electrical

systems and chilled water, cooling water, hot water,

compressed air, Etc.

4.Energy usage by processes: This is where the majoropportunity for improvement and many of them are

hidden. Process analysis is useful tool for process

integration measures.

Maximising System Efficiency

Once the energy usage and sources are matched

properly, the next step is to operate the equipmentefficiently through best practices in operation and

maintenance as well as judicious technology adoption.

Some illustrations in this context are:

Eliminate steam leakages by trap improvements

Maximise condensate recovery

Adopt combustion controls for maximizing combustion

efficiency. Replace pumps, fans, air compressors, refrigeration

compressors, boilers, furnaces, heaters and other

energy consuming equipment, wherever significant

energy efficiency margins exist.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

Energy Audit Manual(Author- Karine Melikidze)2.Guide on GB Energy Audit

3.Details of High School Energy Audit(A.S. Bahl)

4.Physics T.B(Class XI)

5.Internet(www.wikipedia.org)

(www.prsg.org)


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CONCLUSION

Through this project we mean to deliver the concept ofEnergy Audit by explaining its theoretical as well as its

application background. Theoretical points can be

explained by anyone. But how is it applied was the

milestone that we could establish through this project.

We confined ourselves to the auditing of the Lighting

system and we had taken survey of lighting equipments

and their energy usage at a nearby school in our locality.By doing such a survey of energy analysis, we could

actually realize the amount of energy conserved as well

as wastage of energy in the form of heat in lighting

equipments. We understood the fact that CFLs are much

more efficient than incandescent lamps and it stands on

the top in saving energy. We could generalize some points

to make schools more energy efficient and alsointroduced the concept of clean energy. But then we still

feel we touched only the tip of an ice burg. The project

can also be extended to the auditing of systems such as

Thermal, Cooling, Building Envelope etc. We hope our

project report would definitely be a guideline in

implementing an energy audit and also how to manage

renewable as well as non renewable sources of energy.

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