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PHYLOGENY OF LANGUAGE,MIGRATIONS OUT OF AFRICA

AND LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATION

Dr Jacques COULARDEAU

SYNOPSIS PAIE, Nice, France

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THE THREE AREAS

• The primary area (page 288) : what he calls “Nostratic” languages. All agglutinative languages and all isolating languages, in fact all languages that are neither Hamito-Semitic nor Indo-European

• The secondary area (page 288) what he calls the Hamito-Semitic languages.

• The ternary area (page 288) as concerning what he calls the Indo-European languages.

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BASIC FORMULA

“language

= used “langue” + using discourse

+ using “parole” ”

. . . It implies two systems:

1. the system that is used (that of “langue”)

2. and the system that is the user (that of discourse)” (313)

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FULL GLOSSOGENY

This graph does not show clearly the 3-dimensional nature of the phnomenon. But it understood it has to be in three stages. This is fundamental.

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MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS

Click languages to Southern

Africa along East coast

1. MIGRATIONS WITHIN AFRICA

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MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS

1. MIGRATIONS WITHIN AFRICA

Root languages down the Niles, then west into the Maghreb and East into the Levant with movement back out of it from 80,000 to 35,000 BP: consonantal root languages, Semitic languages

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MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS

2. MIGRATIONS OUT OF AFRICA

Stem languages along the Southern Arabian Corridor into Pakistan and then to eastern Asia: isolating languages, sino-tibetan languages, khmer-burman languages, Chinese, Korean, Japanese

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MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS

2. MIGRATIONS OUT OF AFRICA

Frond1 languages along the Southern Arabian Corridor, into Pakistan then north and west under the Caspian sea to Anatolia, Caucasus and Europe, with alternative route north along the Caspian sea into central Asia, Siberia and then the Americas to the east and Ural and Europe to the north west. The Dravidian languages are also a possibility, if they are agglutinative.

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MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS

2. MIGRATIONS OUT OF AFRICA

Frond2 languages along the Southern Arabian Corridor, up the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia, then up to the Iranian plateau, and then after the Ice Age down east to the Indian subcontinent (Indo-Aryan languages) and down west to Mesopotamia-Anatolia-Greece and alternative route to the north through the Caucasus and into Europe (these both Indo-European languages)

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MORPHOGENIC TREE

STEMS

ROOTS

THIRD ARTICULATION

SECOND ARTICULATION

FIRST ARTICULATION

FRONDS

SYNTAX

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ARABIC ROOT K-T-B

The root may be conjugated in simple past tense (perfect) :

kataba "he wrote" (masculine)katabat "she wrote" (feminine)katabtu "I wrote" (f and m)kutiba "it was written" (masculine)kutibat "it was written" (feminine)katabū "they wrote" (masculine)katabna "they wrote" (feminine)katabnā "we wrote" (f and m)

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ARABIC ROOT K-T-BThe root may also be conjugated in present (imperfect) and imperative:

yaktub(u) "he writes" (masculine)taktub(u) "she writes" (feminine)naktub(u) "we write" (f and m)aktub(u) "I write" (f and m)yuktab(u) "being written" (masculine)tuktab(u) "being written" (feminine)yaktubūn(a) "they write" (masculine)yaktubna "they write" (feminine)taktubna "you write" (feminine)yaktubān(i) "they both write" (masculine) (for 2 males)taktubān(i) "they both write" (feminine) (for 2 females)'uktub “Write!” kātaba "he exchanged letters (with sb.)"yukātib(u) "he exchanges (with sb.)"yatakātabūn(a) "they write to each other" (masculine)iktataba "he is registered" (intransitive) or "he contributed (a money quantity

to sth.)" (ditransitive) (the first t is part of a particular verbal transfix, not part of the root)

istaktaba "to cause to write (sth.)"

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ARABIC ROOT K-T-Bmaktabî "individual office”maktabat "library" or

"bookshop"maktūb "written" (part.) or

"postal letter" (n.) miktâb "typewriter"mukâtaba "correspondence"katībat "squadron" or

"document"katā’ib "squadrons" or

"documents"iktitāb "registration" or

"contribution of funds"

istiktâb "dictation"muktatib "subscription"istiktāb "causing to write"

a whole array of nominal derived words:kitāb "book" kutub "books" (plural)kutayyib "booklet" (dimin.)kitābat "writing"kātib "writer“ (masc.)kātibat "writer" (fem.)kātibūn(a) "writers" (masc.)kātibāt "writers" (fem.)kuttāb "writers" (broken

plural)kutubî "bookdealer"katabat "clerks" (broken

plural)maktab "desk" or "office“makātib "desks" or "offices"

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XUÉXÍ  学习 to learn Character  学Learn the chinese character 学 ( xué ) : study.Meaning xué : learn / study / science / -ologyFrequently-used words or phrases showing that the concerned word (xué) never changes and the derived meanings are obtained by the composition of two characters.大学 dà xué University上学 shàng xué to go to school / to attend school小学 xiǎo xué primary school学费 xué fèi tuition fee / tuition学科 xué kē subject / branch of learning / course学年 xué nián academic year学期 xué qī term / semester学问 xué wèn learning / knowledge学习 xué xí to learn / to study

XUÉ 学  to learn XÍ 习  to practice

学校 xué xiào School学院 xué yuàn college / educational institute / school / faculty中学 zhōng xué middle school

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XUÉXÍ  学习 to learn Wǒ xuéxí. 我学习。 I study.

Wǒ xuéxí Hànyǔ. 我学习汉语。 I am learning Chinese

Wǒmen xuéxí yīnyuè. 我们学习音乐。 We study music.

Nǐ zài nǎr xuéxí? 你在哪儿学习？ Where do you study?

Wǒ tǎoyàn xuéxí. 我讨厌学习。 I hate studying.

Tā yě xuéxí Hànyǔ. 他也学习汉语。 He studies Chinese as well.

Nín yào xuéxí shénme? 您要学习什么？ What do you want to learn?

Tā xuéxí fēicháng nǔlì. 他学习非常努力。 He studied very hard.

Tā xuéxí xiàndài wénxué. 他学习现代文学。 He studies contemporary literature.

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THE 3 ARTICULATIONS1. SENTENCE

MORPHOGENICS

1- Vowel + consonant= vocal articulation (Clicks: non-articulatable or become consonants)

Meaningful vocal unit (interchange vowels and consonants)

2- Meaningful Vocal Unit + Meaningful Vocal Unit= concatenation

Syncretic articulation

3- Meaningful Vocal Units + Syntax= hierarchical architecture

Syntactic articulation

VOCAL – SYNCRETIC – SYNTACTIC

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MORPHOGENIC ARCHITECTUREFIRST LEVEL: VOCAL ARTICULATION

VOWELS + CONSONANTS [+ CLICKS]MEANINGFUL VOCAL UNITS (MVUs)

Examples: bat – cat – fat – gat – hat – mat – pat – rat – sat – tat – vat – what -

SECOND LEVEL: SYNCRETIC ARTICULATIONMVU + MVU

CONCATENATED MVUsExamples: dog woof woof – bird fly – yum yum macaroni – Me? Wine? Never!

THIRD LEVEL: SYNTACTIC ARTICULATIONMVUs + SYNTAX

HIERARCHICAL ARCHITECTUREExamples: "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously“ (Noam Chomsky)

“To be or not to be, that is the question” (William Shakespeare)

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THE 3 ARTICULATIONS2. WORDS

MORPHOGENICS

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1- ROOTConsonantal roots in Semitic languages

Root + discursive inflection = word

2- STEMRoot + Categorial inflection in isolating languages

Invariable Stem = word

3- FRONDStem + nominal declension or verbal conjugation in agglutinative and synthetic/analytical languages

Frond = word

ROOT + STEMIC INFLECTION + DECLENSION:CONJUGATION AFFIXES{ [ ( RT ) ST ] DEC/CON }

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6 LEVELS OF MENTAL WORK AND CONSTRUCTION

FROM SENSES TO CONCEPT AND MIND

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SensePerceiveIdentify/recognize nameExperimentSpeculateconceptualize

Bertrand Russell

Jeff Hawkins

L.S. VygotskyJean Piaget

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HOMO SAPIENS AND LANGUAGE :HE CONCEPTUALIZES THE COMMUNICATIONAL SITUATION

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• FIRST ARTICULATION : First consonants and vowels are conceptualized to

become the raw material of his articulated language

• SECOND ARTICULATION :Second he conceptualizes distance and duration into

space and time to become his linguistic categories

• THIRD ARTICULATION :Third he conceptualizes the very communicational

situation bringing this matrix into his langue as a syntactic architecture

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COMMUNICATIONAL MATRIX

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COMMUNICATION IS ALWAYS FULL

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SENSES-BRAIN

CONCEPTUALIZATION MIND

ONE HIERARCHICAL PRINCIPAL IN LANGUE

RECTUM 1 - RECTUM 2 - REGIS

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LINGUISTIC CONSERVATISM

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Sentence morphogenics evolves on the basis of the level of word morphogenics reached at the time

of the migration

One migrates with one’s language. An individual or a group tends to conserve their languages.

CONSERVATISMA migrating language (carried by migrating people) develops from the state

reached at the time of migration.

PROGRESSIVENESSCONSERVATIVE PROGRESSIVENESS

PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATISM

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TIMELINE OF MIGRATIONS

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250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 75,000 50,000 45,000 21,000 10,000 9-8,000Homo Click Consonantal Isolating Agglutinative Synthetic Cro- Ice-Age Indo-A NeolithicSapiens Khoisan Semitic Asian Turkic Analytic -Magnon ¨Peak Indo-E Change

1- Emergence of Homo Sapiens, hence of articulated language250,000 BP and moving backward

2- Click Khoisan languages as early as 250,000-200,000 BP3- Consonantal Semitic languages 150,000 BP4- Isolating Asian languages 100,000 BP5- Agglutinative Turkic languages 75,000 BP

To Europe: circa 45,000 BP6- Synthetic/analytic Indo-European/Indo-Aryan languages 50,000 BP

To Indian subcontinent and Europe circa 10,000 BP

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Thanks and fare thee well