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Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationNote-taking Guide

Preview to Photosynthesis

glucose, reectlons, light-dependent, Calvin cycle, thylakoid,oxygen, light-harvesting, two, chloroplasts, photosynthesis,

photosystem /I,stroma, chemical

The most important chemical equation for life in our planet is:

Carbon dioxide + WaterEnergy Sugar+ _

____________ , a process that takes place in the leaf of plants, practicallypowers our whole planet! The process occurs in a series of complex _

In green plants, photosynthesis occurs in the of leaves.

Chloroplasts contain stacks of membranes in a fluid matrix calledthe _

Thylakoid membranes are embedded with important _complexes containing chlorophyll molecules, called photosystem I and . _

The process of photosynthesis occurs in main stages, and in two different partsof a chloroplast.

The first stage includes the reactions, which occur in thethylakoids of a chloroplast. In these reactions, energy from light is converted to_______ energy.

The second stage consists of the that takes place in the fluidicstroma of a chloroplast.

The Calvin cycle produces that stores energy produced by the lightreactions.

Photosynthesis - Light-dependent Reactions

oxygen light reaction protonchemiosmosis, hydrogen,

electron NADPH,A TP, transport chain,

by-product, excited,water, glucose

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When light energy reaches photosystem II, it causes an to get excited andleave the photosystem.

To replace the electron lost by the chlorophyll molecule, a molecule is split.

This water splitting reaction releases two electrons, two ions and an_______ atom, which quickly combines with another oxygen atom to form a moleculeof oxygen gas.

The excited electron is then transported down an electron fromphotosystem II to photosystem I, to fill an electron "gap" in photosystem I.

This electron gap is created when light energy reaches an electron in photosystem I and causesit to get and leave.

The gap is then filled in by the excited electron from photosystem II. During the____________ , electrons are excited and replaced continuously in this manner.

This excited electron is transferred down another electron transport chain. Electrons transportedthis way are eventually added to NADP+ to produce _

This is used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize _

Meanwhile, the H+ ions that build up in the thylakoid interior space create a _gradient.

The cell uses the energy in this gradient to drive the production of from ADP, with thehelp of an enzyme ATP synthase, in a process called _

To sum up, the light reactions produce ATP and NADPH that are used in the Calvin cycle.Oxygen is a of these reactions.

Photosynthesis - Calvin Cycle

organic, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, A TP synthase, energy, NADPH. Calvin cycle,glucose, stroma, two

In contrast to the light-dependent reactions, the does not requirelight.

Molecules of enter the cycle, and are incorporated into organicmolecules already present in the of a chloroplast.

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The cycle proceeds through a series of reactions that ultimately give rise to 3-carbonsugars that join to form a 6-carbon molecule.

The compound is then returned to the cycle._____ ----from ATP is used to drive some of the reactions, converting ATP backto ADP.

Molecules of ADP are returned to , to be converted back into ATP.

Electrons and ions from NADPH are also incorporated into thesereactions.

This converts the to NADP+ molecules which are once again available toaccept new high-energy electrons from photosystem I.

Cellular Respiration

pyruvate, fermentation protein, carbon dioxide, cytoplasm, respiration,inner membranes, aerobic, ion, chemiosmosis, mitochondria, carbon, hydrogen,

energy, Kreb's cycle, electrons, cytoplasm, oxygen, water, reactions,chemical, anaerobic, A TP synthase

Glucose is used up by plant and animal cells to provide . Glucose isbroken down, with the help of , to release carbon dioxide, water, andenergy.

The process of cellular transfers chemical energy from glucose tomolecules of ATP that provide energy for cellular processes.

Like photosynthesis, cellular respiration does not proceed in a single step. It is also a complexseries of that happen in stages.

The process occurs in the cytoplasm and -- of plant and animal cells.

The main stages of cellular respiration are:• Glycolysis• The citric acid cycle, also known as the _• Electron transport and _

Glycolysis occurs in the of a cell. The splitting of 6-carbon glucose into3-carbon molecules releases energy which drives a reaction that formsATP from ADP.

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In the Kreb's cycle, which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate enters the mitochondrialmatrix to go through a series of reactions that result in the loss of atoms.

These carbon atoms are combined with oxygen and are released as '

These reactions also remove which are carried by electron acceptormolecules NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain.

The energy released by breaking down pyruvate is used to drive areaction that forms ATP from ADP.

Mitochondria are filled with folds of . Electron transport occurs in________ complexes embedded in these membranes.

Electrons harvested from the breakdown of glucose are sent through an electron transport chainand their energy is used to pump H+ ions from one side of the membrane to another, forming an____ gradient.

As with photosynthesis, energy in the ion gradient is used to form ATP from ADP bychemiosmosis, with the help of . This stage produces the bulk ofthe ATP molecules formed during cellular respiration.

Meanwhile, the electrons from the electron transport chain combine with _ions in the mitochondrial matrix, and an oxygen atom, to form a molecule of

This form of cellular respiration, in the presence of oxygen is called _respiration.

Sometimes, as in the case of strenuous exercise, muscle cells don't get enough oxygen. Atthese times, the process of cellular respiration ends with the breakdown of glucose into pyruvatemolecules in the _

This is called respiration or lactic acid . Ityields only two ATP molecules, far less than aerobic respiration.

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

products, photosynthesis, releases, reactants, light, cellular respiration, energy

These two cell processes, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, provide chemical_______ for nearly all of Earth's organisms.

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The of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration, and the__________ of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration.

In , small inorganic molecules are converted to complex organicmolecules. In , complex organic molecules are brokendown to form simple inorganic molecules.

Photosynthesis cannot occur without the input of energy from . On the otherhand, cellular respiration energy.

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