Pharmacology Viva Questions: Pharmacology Unit 1: Pharmacology

Pharmacology Viva Questions:

Katzung 11th Edition

Pharmacology Unit 1:

Viva Questions

Describe the cellular basis of drug action. (1/00) pg 15How do drugs interact with receptors ? (2/96, 1/98) pg 15Spare receptors and their significance. (1/10) pg 17

Explain the mechanism of drug antagonism. (1/95) pg 18Define the terms receptor agonist, antagonist and partial antagonist withexamples. (1/98, 2/99, 1/02, 2/03, 1/10) pg 18-19Use a dose/response curve to demonstrate reversible vs irreversibleantagonists. (1/96, 1/08) pg 18

Describe signaling mechanisms. (2/99) pg 20-21What are 2nd messengers, and how do they work ? (2/98, 2/03, 2/04, 2/06,1/08, 1/10) pg 24-29

Define potency and efficacy (2/10) pg 30-31Use a dose/response curve to demonstrate the difference between potencyand efficacy. (2/95, 1/05, 1/06, 1/07, 2/08, 2/10) pg 30-31Discuss the variation in drug responsiveness. (2/02, 1/04, 1/05, 2/06,2/09) pg 32-33


Viva Questions

Define pharmacokinetics. (2/01) pg 37What is volume of distribution ? (1/95, 1/99, 2/00, 2/01, 1/03, 1/06, 1/07,1/09) pg 37-38Define clearance. (1/97, 2/09, 2/10) pg 38What do you understand by the term elimination kinetics ? (1/99, 2/00,1/02, 2/02, 1/06, 1/09) pg 41

What factors influence the half life of a drug ? (2/95, 2/98, 2/00, 2/06,1/09, 2/10) pg 41What is bioavailability ? (2/03, 1/05, 1/08) pg 43Tell me about absorption of drugs. (2/02, 2/05) pg 43Rate of absorption from the small intestine (2/10) pg 44Describe the first pass effect and extraction ratio. (1/97, 1/04, 2/07, 2/08)pg 44Routes of drug administration. (2/07, 2/10) pg 44Drug metabolism and influence on dosing. (2/05) pg 46How do you calculate loading dose ? (1/96, 1/99) pg 47Therapeutic drug monitoring. (1/10) pg 48-49What is steady state ? (2/97)Discuss drug biotransformation. (1/96, 2/97, 2/99, 1/00, 1/03, 2/05, 1/07,2/09) pg 53P450 enzyme system. (2/07, 2/08) pg 54-59How would you evaluate a new drug ? (2/04, 1/10) pg 68


Viva Questions

Tell me about nitrous oxide. (2/01, 1/06)Tell me about halothane. (2/00)Tell me about thiopentone. (2/99, 2/01, 1/02, 1/08) Tell me about propofol. (2/99, 1/01, 1/03, 2/09)Tell me about ketamine. (1/01, 2/06, 2/09)What classes of local anaesthetics are there ? (2/04)Tell me about lignocaine. (2/99, 1/02, 2/02, 2/04, 1/05)Prilocaine (1/07)Tell me about bupivicaine. (2/01)Topical anaesthetics (1/06, 2/09)

What is meant by MAC ? What are its practical applications ?Tell me about the PK / Toxicity of STP ?What is meant by T and T ?Tell me about the structure of local anaesthetics.Tell me about the toxicity of L.A.s.Tell me about the toxicity of prilocaine. What is the maximum safe doseof lignocaine / prilocaine / bupivacaine ?


Viva Questions

Tell me about non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. (1/96) pg 453Tell me about vecuronium. (2/00) pg 453Tell me about pancuronium. (2/10) pg 453Tell me about suxamethonium. (1/95, 2/99, 2/00, 1/03, 1/06, 2/09) pg455-457Compare and contrast suxamethonium and vecuronium. (1/98) pg 456table 27-1Dantrolene (2/07) pg 465

Advantages of eye ointments over eye drops (2/10)List by action drugs used topically in the eye (2/10) pg 93Ideal properties of an ocular L/A (2/10) pg 446


Viva Questions

What are indirect acting cholinomimetics ? (2/03) pg 105What do you know about muscarinic receptor blocking drugs ? (2/03) pg113-118Tell me about atropine. (2/96, 2/97, 1/01, 1/07, 1/08, 1/10) pg 114-118Tell me about benztropine. (1/01, 2/06) pg 115

Sympathomimetics (2/05) pg 135-138Tell me about adrenaline. (2/95, 2/97, 1/01, 1/09) pg 139, 141Tell me about the pharmacodynamics of dopamine. (1/97) pg 137, 139Amphetamines (2/09) pg 141-142


Revision Week


Viva Questions

Tell me about beta blockers. (1/95, 2/98, 1/99, 2/01, 2/04, 1/05, 1/06,1/07) pg 156-158Tell me about atenolol. (2/00, 2/02) pg 159Tell me about carvedilol. (1/05) pg 159Tell me about sotalol. (2/95) pg 159Metoprolol (1/10) pg 159


Viva Questions

What agents are used to treat hypertension ? (2/98, 1/09) pg 170What IV agents are available for the management of hypertension in ED? (1/98) pg 178-180Tell me about sodium nitroprusside. (1/98) pg 179Tell me about Ace inhibitors and angiotensin antagonists. (2/98, 2/00,1/02, 1/03, 2/10) 181-183Tell me about captopril. (1/96) pg 181Drug interactions of ace inhibitors (2/10) pg 183Angiotensin II blockers (1/08) pg 183


Viva Questions

Tell me about agents used in the treatment of angina. (2/98) pg 191What drugs are used to treat IHD syndromes ? (1/00) pg 191-192Discuss the clinical effects of nitrates (2/04, 1/08, 2/10) pg 195-196Tell me about glyceryl trinitrate, including mechanism of action (2/01,2/02, 1/07, 2/10) pg 195-196Discuss the different classes of calcium channel blockers. (2/96, 1/98,1/99, 2/02, 2/06, 2/09) pg 200

Tell me about verapamil. (2/01) pg 200-202

What drugs are used to treat cardiac failure ? (1/00) pg 216-217Tell me about cardiac glycosides. (1/04, 1/06, 1/09) pg 214-215Tell me about digoxin toxicity. (2/04) pg 215-216


Viva Questions

Tell me about class 1 anti-arrhythmic agents. (2/96, 2/06) pg 235

Discuss the anti-arrhythmic effects of lignocaine (1/05) pg 238-239Discuss flecainide (2/08) pg 239Tell me about amiodarone. (1/97, 2/99, 1/04, 1/06, 1/10) pg 240-241

Interesting because of multiple actions, long T1/2, large VD,toxicity.

Tell me about adenosine. (1/96, 2/99, 1/03, 2/05) pg 244


Viva Questions

Acetazolamide (2/07) pg 256-257

How do loop diuretics work ? (2/04, 1/08) pg 258Tell me about Frusemide. (2/99, 1/02, 2/10) pg 258-259Side effects of frusemide (2/10) pg 259

Thiazide diuretics (2/06) pg 260-261

Osmotic diuretics (1/07) pg 263


Viva Questions

Tell me about heparin. (2/97, 2/99, 1/06) pg 591-592Low molecular weight heparins (1/08) pg 591

Compare heparin to clexane. (2/00, 1/03) pg 591

Tell me about warfarin and the super-warfarins. (2/97, 2/99, 2/09) pg595-596Warfarin interactions (1/06) pg 596

What thrombolytics are there ? (2/99) pg 597Tell me about t-PA. (1/96, 1/07, 2/09) pg 597Compare streptokinase and t-PA. (2/98) pg 597

Antiplatelet agents (2/03, 1/05) pg 598Aspirin (2/03, 2/07, 1/10) pg 598Clopidogrel (2/06) pg 598


Revision Week


Viva Questions

Tell me about salbutamol. (1/95, 1/96, 1/01, 2/08) pg 342-344Beta receptor agonists (2/03, 2/07) pg 344

How do methylxanthines work ? (2/02, 1/08) pg 345

Tell me about ipratropium bromide. (2/95, 2/02, 2/03) pg 347

Inhaled asthma preventers (1/06) pg 347-349

Tell me about sodium cromoglycate. (2/02) pg 348-349

Classification of drugs in asthma (2/09) pg 354


Viva Questions

What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance ? (1/00, 2/05) pg776, 796, 799, 808, 811, 816, 820Mechanisms by which antibiotics act (1/00) pg 790, 805, 814, 821Which anti-microbials act on the cell wall? (2/98) pg 790-791Which anti-microbials act on protein synthesis? (2/98) pg 805, 814

Tell me about the beta lactam agents. (1/95, 1/08) pg 774-780Tell me about penicillin. (2/03, 2/06) pg 775-778Penicillin allergy and side effects (1/05) pg 780Tell me about flucloxacillin. (2/99) pg 790Generations of cephs. (2/96, 1/02, 2/04, 2/08, 2/10) pg 781-784Cephalosporins MOA and cross allergy (2/10) pg 784Antibiotics for staphylococcal infections (1/09)Antibiotics for CNS infections (1/10)

Which antibiotics are used to treat PID ? (1/98)Tetracycline. (1/96, 1/98, 1/03, 2/03, 1/04) pg 796-798

Macrolide antibiotics. (2/95, 1/99, 2/00, 1/09) pg 799-801Erythromycin MOA, interactions, side effects (2/10) pg 799-780Tell me about azithromycin. (1/05) pg 801Tell me about chloramphenicol. (2/97, 1/07) pg 802-803


Viva Questions

Tell me about the aminoglycosides. (1/97, 1/99) pg 807-810Tell me about gentamicin. (2/01, 2/03, 1/07, 2/08) pg 811-812Antibiotics in urinary sepsis (1/10) pg 814

Tell me about sulphonamides. (2/01, 1/02, 1/05) pg 815-817Trimethoprim (2/06) pg 817-818

Tell me about the quinolones. (2/00, 2/01, 1/03, 1/04, 2/04, 1/08) pg 819-821Tell me about ciprofloxacin. (2/98) pg 821

Tell me about isoniazid. (1/97) pg 824-825


Viva Questions

Tell me about acyclovir. (2/97, 2/00, 1/09) pg 846

What types of antivirals are there ? (2/96) pg 850-853

Which antibiotics are used to treat diverticulitis ? (1/98)

Tell me about metronidazole. (1/98, 2/08) pg 877

Anti sepsis: chlorhexidine (1/07) pg 880


Revision Week


Viva Questions

Compare phenytoin and diazepam in the treatment of seizures. (1/98) pg379

Mechanism of action of flumazenil (2/10) pg 380Indications for use of flumazenil (2/10) pg 380Potential problems of flumazenil (2/10) pg 380

Indications for benzodiazepine use (2/10) pg 380Tell me about the benzodiazepines. (2/00, 2/02, 2/05) pg 384Benzodiazepine toxicity (2/02)

Tell me about midazolam. (2/99, 2/04, 1/07) pg 384Clonazepam (2/07) pg 385


Viva Questions

What are the effects of chronic alcohol toxicity ? (2/02) pg 390-393Rationale for benzodiazepines in alcohol withdrawal (2/10) pg 394Tell me about methanol metabolism and toxicity. (1/05) pg 396

Tell me about phenytoin. (2/98, 1/99, 1/00, 2/08, 2/10) pg 403-404Side effects of phenytoin (2/10) pg 405Compare phenytoin and diazepam in the treatment of seizures. (1/98)Tell me about carbamazepine. (2/96, 2/98, 2/02, 1/09) pg 405-406Tell me about sodium valproate. (1/05) pg 413-414Anti seizure drugs (2/05) pg 420-421Drugs in status epilepticus (1/10) pg 420-421


Viva Questions

Pharmacokinetics of antipsychotics (2/10) pg 491Discuss the side effects of antipsychotic agents. (1/05) pg 497-499

Tell me about the phenothiazines. (2/02) pg 489, 493, 505

Tell me about chlorpromazine. (1/97, 1/09) pg 505

Discuss the properties of haloperidol. (1/98) pg 505

Define atypical psychotic, give an example - olanzapine (1/06, 1/07) pg490Olanzepine and drug reactions (2/10) pg 505

Pharmacokinetics of lithium (2/05, 2/10) pg 500Side effects and toxicity of lithium (2/10) pg 503


Viva Questions

St Johns Wort (2/06) pg 1120-1121

Tell me about SSRIs. (2/98, 1/01, 1/04, 2/08) pg 516, 518, 524

Tell me about MAOs. (2/96, 1/01, 1/04) pg 518, 520, 524

Tell me about the pharmacodynamics of TCAs. (2/95, 2/08) pg 519

Compare SSRIs with TCAs. (1/99) pg 527


Viva Questions

Tell me about opiate receptors. (1/99) pg 532Discuss the bioavailability of opiates. (1/95) pg 533Opioid analgesia (2/05) pg 535-537Tell me about the toxicity of opiates. (2/02) pg 538-540Discuss opioid agonists, antagonists and partial agonists. (1/04) pg 546-547Morphine (2/07, 1/10) pg 549Tell me about pethidine. (2/00) pg 549Compare pethidine and morphine. (1/98) pg 549Tell me about fentanyl. (1/00) pg 549

Drugs binding to transporters of amines (1/08) pg 563-565


Revision Week


Viva Questions

Thioamides (2/08)

Tell me about hydrocortisone. (2/97, 2/03) pg 682-686

Tell me about prednisolone. (2/96, 1/01) pg 687

Dexamethasone (2/06) pg 687


Viva Questions

Tell me about insulin. (1/95, 2/97, 2/04) pg 731-734

Sulphonylureas (2/08) pg 738-740

Tell me about glucagon, role as antidote (2/03, 2/05) pg 746

Discuss the oral hypoglycaemics. (1/01, 1/03, 2/03) pg 748

Classification of drugs used in diabetes (2/09) pg 748-749


Viva Questions

H1 receptor antagonists (1/02, 2/04, 2/07) pg 275-279

Ondansetron (2/06, 1/09) pg 285

Anti-migraine agents (2/05) pg 287-288


Viva Questions

Side effects of NSAIDS (2/09) pg 624

Tell me about aspirin. (1/95, 1/99, 2/00, 2/03) pg 624Tell me about the pharmacokinetics of aspirin. (2/01) pg 624

Tell me about cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. (2/03, 1/05) pg 626Tell me about indomethacin. (1/97, 2/01) pg 627

Tell me about paracetamol. (2/01, 2/04, 2/05, 2/07) pg 635-636

Agents for gout (2/07) pg 636-639Tell me about colchicine. (1/97) pg 636-637


Viva Questions

Tell me about H2 receptor antagonists. (1/02, 1/04) pg 1069-1071

Compare ranitidine and omeprazole. (2/98) pg 1096

Tell me about metoclopramide. (2/01, 2/08) pg 1078

Laxatives (2/0, 2/08) pg 1079-1080

Octreotide (1/08) pg 1081

What drugs have an anti-emetic action ? (1/05, 1/08) pg 1084-1087


Revision Week


Viva Questions

Penicillamine (2/07) pg 1010

What methods are there of decreasing absorption of toxic drugs from theGIT ? (1/95) pg 1018Activated charcoal (2/09) pg 1018

Paracetamol toxicity (2/05, 1/10) pg 1020

Salicylate toxicity (1/06) pg 1021

Tricyclic overdose (1/01) pg 1021

Digoxin toxicity (2/04) pg 1023


Viva Questions

OTC preparations toxic potential. (2/07) pg 1103-1105

Evaluation of drugs and clinical trials (2/04, 1/10) pg 70-73

Tell me about the mechanisms of some drugs harmful in pregnancy.(1/00) pg 1026-1028What drugs should be avoided during pregnancy and breast feeding ?(2/98, 1/00, 1/09) pg 1028 table 59-1

How does age influence how the body handles drugs ? (2/98) pg 1029-1032Prescribing in children. (1/09) pg 1035

What problems arise with drugs in the elderly ? (1/00, 2/01, 2/04, 2/06,1/09) pg 1037-1039

Give some examples of mechanisms. (1/00) pg 1040-1043

Discuss active and passive immunization. (2/95, 1/10) pg 1151Discuss hepatitis immunization. (1/95) pg 1152 table A-1


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Pharmacology Viva Questions: Pharmacology Unit 1: Pharmacology