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Introduction to ComputerNetwork and Technology

Rizal Munadi

Magister Teknik Elektro2013

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Sistem Evaluasi

Sistem dan Bobot Penilaian

Kehadiran 10%

Tugas individual 20%

Tugas Kelompok 10%

Quiz 20%

Ujian Tengah Semester 20%

Ujian Akhir Semester 20%

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Buku Referensi:1. J. F. Kurose, K. W. Ross, Computer

Networking, A Top-Down Approach

Featuring the Internet, Addison-Wesley.2. Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie,

Computer Networks: A Systems Approach.

3. W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated,

Volume 1: The Protocols.

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Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall,

Inc. 5-4

MeredithHow to build a network when there is nopremises wiring?

SuzanneNeed to connect all locations

LedaConnectivity would allow easier exchange ofideas with franchisees

MitchRemote access to corporate network fromanywhere

JuliaMinimize costs and improve data collection and

communications with all locations MiriamElectronic sales data and marketing materials RachelWork flow systems to reduce paperwork JimUse of electronic forms instead of paper forms

Bead Bar Consultant

Networking Needs

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Computer Networks A computer networkis a system for communicating

between two or more computers and associated devices. It

is an interconnection of computers for the purposes of

sharing information and resources.

A popular example of a computer network is the internet,

which allows millions of users to share information

Computer networks can be classified according to their

size:

Personal area network (PAN)

Local area network (LAN)

Metropolitan area network (MAN)

Wide area network (WAN)

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Router

An example of a network

Internet

Segment Node

Hub

Hub

Bridge

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Personal Area Network APANis a network that is used for

communicating among computers andcomputer devices (includingtelephones) in close proximity ofaround a few meters within a room

It can be used for communicatingbetween the devices themselves, or forconnecting to a larger network such asthe internet

PANs can be wired or wireless

PANs can be wired with a computerbus such as a universal serial bus: USB

(a serial bus standard for connectingdevices to a computer, where manydevices can be connected concurrently)

PANs can also be wireless through theuse of bluetooth(a radio standarddesigned for low power consumptionfor interconnecting computers anddevices such as telephones, printers or

keyboards to the computer) orIrDA(infrared data association) technologies

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A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among

computer devices, usually within an office building or

home

LANs enable the sharing of resources such as files orhardware devices that may be needed by multiple users

Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters,

and no more than a mile

Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps

Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting

to each device

Has lower cost compared to MANs or WANs

Local Area Network

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LAN basics LANs can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fiber optic cable can be used in

wired LANs

Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These topologies include:

Bus

Ring

Star

Branching tree

A nodeis defined to be any device connected to the network. This could be a computer, aprinter, a router, etc.

A Hubis a networking device that connects multiple segments of the network together

A Network Interface Card(NIC) is the circuit board that has the networking logicimplemented, and provides a plug for the cable into the computer (unless wireless). Inmost cases, this is an Ethernetcard inserted in a slot of the computers motherboard

The Network Operating System(NOS) is the software (typically part of the operatingsystem kernel) that communicates with the NIC, and enables users to share files andhardware and communicate with other computers. Examples of NOS include: Windows XP,Windows NT, Sun Solaris, Linux, etc..

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Network Topologies Bus Topology

Each node is connected one after the other (like christmaslights)

Nodes communicate with each other along the same pathcalled the backbone

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Ring Topology The ring network is like a bus network, but the end of the

network is connected to the first node

Nodes in the network use tokens to communicate with eachother

Backbone

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Star Topology Each node is connected to a device in the center of the

network called a hub

The hub simply passes the signal arriving from any node tothe other nodes in the network

The hub does not route the data

Hub

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Branching Tree Topology

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Access Control Methods Two primary access control methods

exist for computers to communicate

with each other over the network Token based access

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision

Detection (CSMA/CD)

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Token based access Used in bus and ring network topologies (token ring)

Each computer in the network can only send its dataif it has the token. This prevents collisions that occur

when data is sent at the same time over the network

The token is a special pattern of bits/bit in a framethat is directly detectible by each node in the network

A computer may only transmit information if it is in

possession of the token

The message is sent to all other computers in thenetwork

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Types of LANs

The three most popular types of LANsare:

Token ring Ethernet

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

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Operation of token ring As an example, suppose node # 1 wants to send information to

node # 4 over the network

Initially, an empty frame (network packet) circulates in thenetwork

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4

5

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When node # 1 receives the empty frame, it inserts a token in thetoken bit part of the frame. This operation may just be an insertion of a1 bit

The node then inserts the message it wants to send as well as theaddress of the receiving node in the frame

The frame is then successively received and examined by each node inthe network. First it is sent to node #2. Node #2 examines the frameand compares the address in the frame to its own address. Sinceaddresses do not match, it passes the frame onto node #3, which doesthe same thing

When the frame is received by node #4, the address of the nodematches the destination address within the frame. The node copies themessage and changes the token bit in the frame to 0

The frame is then sent over to node #5. This node also comparesaddresses and sends it to node #6 which does the same procedure

When node #1 receives the frame, it examines the token bit andrecognizes that it has been changed to 0. Node #1 then concludesthat the message has been received by the intended node: node #4.Node #1 then empties the frame and releases the empty frame backinto the network for circulation

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Lets see an animationof the token ring

http://www.datacottage.com/nch/troperation.htmhttp://www.datacottage.com/nch/troperation.htm

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CSMA/CD Usually used in a bus topology

Used in EthernetLANs

Unlike the token ring, all nodes can send whenever they havedata to transmit

When a node wants to transmit information, it first listens tothe network. If no one is transmitting over the network, thenode begins transmission

It is however possible for two nodes to transmit simultaneouslythinking that the network is clear

When two nodes transmit at the same time, a collisionoccurs

The first station to detect the collision sends a jam signal intothe network

Both nodes back off, wait for a random period of time and thenre-transmit

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A B C D

A B C D

A B C D

CSMA/CD

Collision

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Ethernet

First network to provide CSMA/CD

Developed in 1976 by Xerox PARC (Palo AltoResearch Center) in cooperation with DEC and Intel

Is a fast and reliable network solution One of the most widely implemented LAN standards

Can provide speeds in the range of 10Mbps- 10Gbps

Used with a bus or star topology

Ethernet data packet - datagram drawn on board.

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Types of Ethernet LANs 10Base-T

Operates at 10 Mbps

IEEE 802.3 standard

Fast Ethernet (100Base-T)

Operates at 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

Operates at 1 Gbps

Uses fiber optic cable

10 Gbps Ethernet

Latest development of ethernet Uses fiber optic cable

Developed to meet the increasing bandwidth needs of the LANmarket

Wireless Ethernet

IEEE 802.11 standard

Operates at around 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz

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Fiber-Distributed Data Interface(FDDI)

Fiber-Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) provides astandard for data transmission in a local area network thatcan extend in range up to 200 kilometers (124 miles).

The FDDI protocol uses as its basis the token ringprotocol.

In addition to covering large geographical areas, FDDIlocal area networks can support thousands of users.

As a standard underlying medium it uses optical fiber

(though it can use copper cable, in which case one canrefer to CDDI).

FDDI uses a dual-attached, counter-rotating token-ringtopology.

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Computer technology trends

Future computer technology trends suggestthat mankind has not even begun to tap into

computational power and networking. In a few years, cloud computing will be so

Old School.

The PC will be what the mainframe is today.

And, Web 5.0 will have finally kicked in forfuture computers.

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Future? Wait and See

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Question and Answer ???

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http://www.cartoonresource.com/umbraco/ImageGen.ashx?image=/327504/cnt108mp.jpg&class=full

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References:

http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/atzacheva/SIMS201.html

http://www.futuretechnologyportal.com/

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http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/atzacheva/SIMS201.htmlhttp://www.futuretechnologyportal.com/http://www.futuretechnologyportal.com/http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/atzacheva/SIMS201.html