Personality,

A,person�s,pa/ern,of,thinking,,feeling,and,ac7ng.,

Types,of,Personali7es,

Type%A%•  Feel,7me,pressure.,•  Easily,angered.,•  Compe77ve,and,ambi7ous.,•  Work,hard,and,play,hard.,•  More,prone,to,heart,

disease,than,rest,of,popula7on.,

Type%B%•  Relaxed,and,easygoing.,•  But,some,people,fit,in,

neither,type.,

Psychodynamic,Perspec7ve,

Freud�s,clinical,experience,led,him,to,develop,the,first,comprehensive,theory,of,

personality,,which,included,the,unconscious,mind,,psychosexual,stages,,,and,defense,mechanisms., Sigmund,Freud,

(1856N1939),

In,his,clinical,prac7ce,,Freud,encountered,pa7ents,suffering,from,nervous,disorders.,Their,

complaints,could,not,be,explained,in,terms,of,purely,physical,causes.,

Exploring,the,Unconscious,A,reservoir,(unconscious,mind),of,mostly,unacceptable,thoughts,,wishes,,feelings,,and,memories.,Freud,asked,pa7ents,to,say,whatever,came,to,their,minds,(free,

associa7on),in,order,to,tap,the,unconscious.,

Psychoanalysis,

The,process,of,free,associa7on,(chain,of,

thoughts),leads,to,painful,,embarrassing,unconscious,memories.,Once,these,memories,are,retrieved,and,released,(treatment:,psychoanalysis),the,pa7ent,

feels,be/er.,

Personality,Structure,Personality,develops,as,a,result,of,our,efforts,to,

resolve,conflicts,between,our,biological,impulses,(id),and,social,restraints,(superego).,

Our,Personality,•  ConsciousN,things,we,are,

aware,of.,

•  PreconsciousN,things,we,can,be,aware,of,if,we,think,of,them.,

•  UnconsciousN,deep,hidden,reservoir,that,holds,the,true,�us�.,,All,of,our,desires,and,fears.,

Id,•  Exists,en7rely,in,the,unconscious,(so,we,are,never,aware,of,it).,

•  Our,hidden,true,animalis7c,wants,and,desires.,

•  Works,on,the,Pleasure(Principle(•  Avoid,Pain,and,receive,Instant,Gra7fica7on.,

Ego,•  Develops,a^er,the,Id,•  Works,on,the,Reality(Principle(

•  Nego7ates,between,the,Id,and,the,environment.,

•  In,our,conscious,and,unconscious,minds.,

•  It,is,what,everyone,sees,as,our,personality.,

Superego,•  Develops,last,at,about,the,age,of,5,

•  It,is,our,conscience,(what,we,think,the,difference,is,between,right,and,wrong),

•  The,Ego,o^en,mediates,between,the,superego,and,id.,

Sigmund,Freud,•  We,all,have,a,libido,(sexual,drive).,•  Our,libido,travels,to,different,areas,of,our,body,throughout,our,development.,

•  If,we,become,preoccupied,with,any,one,area,,Freud,said,we,have,become,fixated,on,it.,

•  Together,Freud,called,these,stages,our,Psychosexual%Stages%of%Development.,

•  5,stages:,,

Oral,Stage,•  Seek,pleasure,through,out,mouths.,

•  Babies,put,everything,in,their,mouths,(0N2).,

•  People,fixated,in,this,stage,tend,to,overeat,,smoke,or,have,a,childhood,dependence,on,things.,

Anal,Stage,•  Develops,during,toilet,training,(2N4).,

•  Libido,is,focused,on,controlling,waste,and,expelling,waste.,

•  A,person,fixated,may,become,overly,controlling,(reten7ve),or,out,of,control,(expulsive).,

Click,to,see,a,classic,example,of,anal,reten7ve,and,anal,expulsive,behaviors.,,

Phallic,Stage,•  Children,first,recognize,their,gender,(4N7).,

•  Causes,conflict,in,families,with,the,Oedipus,and,Electra,Complexes.,

•  Fixa7on,can,cause,later,problems,in,rela7onships.,

Click,the,baby,to,see,real,Oedipus,Complex,,

Latency,Stage,•  Freud,believed,that,fixa7on,in,this,stage,could,lead,to,sexual,issues.,

•  Libido,is,hidden,(7N11).,•  Coo7es,stage.,

Genital,Stage,

•  Libido,is,focused,on,their,genitals,(12Ndeath).,

•  Freud,thought,fixa7on,in,this,stage,is,normal.,

•  Oedipus%Complex%@%A,boy’s,sexual,desire,for,his,mother,and,feelings,of,jealousy,and,hatred,for,the,rival,father.,,

•  A,girl’s,desire,for,her,father,is,called,the,Electra%complex.%

IdenCficaCon%

Children,cope,with,threatening,feelings,by,repressing,them,and,by,idenCfying%with%the%rival%parent.%%,Through,this,process,of,iden7fica7on,,their,superego,gains,strength,that,incorporates,their,parents’,values.,

Defense,Mechanisms,•  The,ego,has,a,pre/y,

important,job…and,that,is,to,protect,you,from,threatening,thoughts,in,our,unconscious.,

•  The,ego’s,protec7vely,reduces,anxiety,by,unconsciously,distor7ng,reality.,

•  One,way,it,protects,us,is,through,defense,mechanisms.,

•  You,are,usually,unaware,that,they,are,even,occurring.,

Repression,•  Pushing,anxietyNarousing,thoughts,,feelings,,and,memories,into,our,unconscious.,

•  When,asked,about,Jasmine,,Brandon,may,say,�Who?,,I,have,not,thought,about,her,for,awhile.�,

•  Why,don�t,we,remember,our,Oedipus,and,Electra,complexes?,

Denial,

•  Not,accep7ng,the,egoNthreatening,truth.,

•  Brandon,may,act,like,he,is,s7ll,together,with,Jasmine.,,,

•  He,may,hang,out,by,her,locker,and,plan,dates,with,her.,

Regression,•  leads,an,individual,faced,with,anxiety,to,retreat,to,a,more,infan7le,psychosexual,stage.,

•  Returning,to,an,earlier,,comfor7ng,form,of,behavior.,

•  Brandon,begins,to,sleep,with,his,favorite,childhood,s7ffed,animal,,Sajalicious.,

Reac7on,Forma7on,•  causes,the,ego,to,

unconsciously,switch,unacceptable,impulses,into,their,opposites.,People,may,express,feelings,of,arrogance,when,they’re,really,afraid,that,they,aren’t,good,enough.,

•  Expressing,the,opposite,of,how,one,truly,feels.,

•  Coo7e,stage,in,Freud�s,Latent,Development.,

•  Brandon,claims,he,hates,Jasmine.,

Projec7on,•  leads,people,to,disguise,their,own,threatening,impulses,by,a/ribu7ng,them,to,others.,

•  Believing,that,your,feelings,for,her,are,actually,held,by,her,and,directed,at,you.,,,

•  Brandon,insists,that,Jasmine,s7ll,cares,for,him.,

Ra7onaliza7on,•  offers,selfNjus7fying,explana7ons,in,place,of,the,real,,more,threatening,,unconscious,reasons,for,one’s,ac7ons.,

•  Coming,up,with,a,beneficial,result,of,an,undesirable,outcome.,

•  Brandon,thinks,he,will,find,a,be/er,girlfriend.,,�Jasmine,was,not,all,that,anyway!�,

•  I,really,did,want,to;,it,was,too,……,

Displacement,•  Shi^s,sexual,or,aggressive,

impulses,toward,a,more,acceptable,or,less,threatening,object,or,person,,redirec7ng,anger,toward,a,safer,outlet.,

•  Redirec7ng,one�s,feelings,toward,another,person,or,object.,

•  O^en,displaced,on,less,threatening,things.,

•  Brandon,may,take,his,anger,on,another,kid,by,bullying.,

Intellectualiza7on,

•  Undertaking,an,academic,,unemo7onal,study,of,a,topic.,

•  Brandon,starts,doing,a,research,paper,on,failed,teenage,romances.,

Sublima7on,•  Channeling,one�s,frustra7on,toward,a,different,goal.,

•  Some7mes,a,healthy,defense,mechanism.,

•  Brandon,starts,to,learn,how,to,play,the,guitar,and,wri7ng,songs,(or,maybe,starts,to,body,build).,

Discussion,•  According,to,a,number,of,dis7nguished,psychologists,,a,major,purpose,of,the,defense,mechanisms,described,by,Freud,is,the,protec7on,of,selfNesteem.,,

•  Give,an,example,of,how,,–  Repression,–  Reac7on,forma7on,–  Projec7on,–  Ra7onaliza7on,–  Displacement,

,,,,could,each,be,used,to,protect,or,even,enhance,a,,,,,posi7ve,selfNimage.,,

NeoNFreudians,Psychodynamic,Theories,

•  It’s,SOCIAL,,not,SEXUAL,•  Eric,Erickson,•  Carl,Jung,(Yoong),and,his,concept,of,the,�personal�,and,�collec7ve�,unconscious.,

•  Alfred,Adler,and,his,ideas,of,superiority,and,inferiority.,

•  Adler,also,talked,about,birth,order,and,how,it,played,a,part,in,personality.,

Psychoanalysis,Today,•  Couch,sinng,•  Transference,is,likely,to,happen.,

•  The,idea,is,to,delve,into,your,unconscious.,

•  Pull,out,Manifest%Content.,

•  Then,talk,about,the,Latent%Content.,

Genng,into,the,Unconscious,•  Hypnosis,•  Dream,Interpreta7on,•  Free,Associa7on,(having,them,just,randomly,talk,to,themselves…and,then,interpre7ng,the,conversa7on).,

•  Projec7ve,Tests,(and,test,that,delves,into,the,unconscious).,

•  Examples,are,TAT,and,Inkblot,Tests.,

41,

Thema7c,Appercep7on,Test,(TAT),•  Developed,by,Henry,Murray,,the,TAT,is,a,projec7ve,test,in,which,people,express,their,inner,feelings,and,interests,through,the,stories,they,make,up,about,ambiguous,scenes.,

•  Giving,the,subject,a,picture,that,is,ambiguous,(can,have,several,meanings),and,ask,them,what,is,occurring.,

•  Answers,reveal,manifest%content.,•  Can,then,discover,Latent%Content.,

,

Rorschach,Inkblot,Test,•  The,most,widely,used,projec7ve,test,•  A,set,of,ten,inkblots,designed,to,iden7fy,people�s,feelings,when,they,are,asked,to,interpret,what,they,see,in,the,inkblots.,,

•  designed,by,Hermann,Rorschach.,,

Projec7ve,Tests:,Cri7cisms,

Cri7cs,argue,that,projec7ve,tests,lack,both,reliability,(consistency,of,results),and,validity,

(predic7ng,what,it,is,supposed,to).,

1.  When,evalua7ng,the,same,pa7ent,,even,trained,raters,come,up,with,different,interpreta7ons,(reliability).,

2. ,Projec7ve,tests,may,misdiagnose,a,normal,individual,as,pathological,(validity).,

Cri7cisms,of,Freud,•  He,only,studied,wealthy,woman,in,Austria.,

•  His,results,are,not,empirically,verifiable,(really,hard,to,test).,

•  No,predic7ve,power.,•  Karen,Horney,said,he,was,sexist,with,the,�penis,envy�,and,established,the,concept,of,�womb,envy�.,

Modern,Research,on,the,Psychoanaly7c,Perspec7ve,1.  Personality,develops,throughout,life,and,is,not,fixed,in,

childhood.,2.  Freud,underemphasized,peer,influence,on,the,individual,,

which,may,be,as,powerful,as,parental,influence.,3.  Gender,iden7ty,develops,before,5N6,years,of,age.,4.  There,may,be,other,reasons,for,dreams,besides,wish,

fulfillment.,5.  Verbal,slips,can,be,explained,on,the,basis,of,cogni7ve,

processing,of,verbal,choices.,6.  Suppressed,sexuality,leads,to,psychological,disorders.,

Sexual,inhibi7on,has,decreased,,but,psychological,disorders,have,not.,

Evalua7ng,the,Psychoanaly7c,Perspec7ve,Freud's,psychoanaly7c,theory,rests,on,the,repression,of,

painful,experiences,into,the,unconscious,mind.,,

The,majority,of,children,,death,camp,survivors,,and,ba/leNscarred,veterans,are,unable,to,repress,painful,experiences,into,their,unconscious,mind.,

Evalua7ng,the,Psychoanaly7c,Perspec7ve,Freud,was,right,about,the,unconscious,mind.,Modern,

research,shows,the,existence,of,nonconscious,informa7on,processing.,

1.  Schemas,that,automa7cally,control,percep7ons,and,interpreta7ons,

2.  Parallel,processing,during,vision,and,thinking,

3.  Implicit,memories,4.  Emo7ons,that,ac7vate,instantly,

without,consciousness,

Behaviorist,Theory,of,Personality,•  The,way,most,people,think,of,personality,is,meaningless.,

•  Personality,changes,according,to,the,environment,(reinforcers,and,punishments).,

•  If,you,change,environment,then,you,change,the,personality.,

Humanis7c,Perspec7ve,By,the,1960s,,psychologists,became,discontent,with,Freud�s,nega7vity,and,the,mechanis7c,psychology,

of,the,behaviorists.,

Abraham,Maslow,(1908N1970),

Carl,Rogers,(1902N1987),

Humanis7c,Theory,of,Personality,•  Do,not,believe,in,Determinism,(your,ac7ons,are,dictated,by,your,past).,

•  They,believe,that,humans,have,free%will%(our,ability,to,choose,your,own,des7ny).,

•  We,are,innately,good,and,as,long,as,our,self@esteem,and,self@concept,are,posi7ve,we,will,be,happy.,

SelfNActualizing,Person,Maslow,proposed,that,we,as,individuals,are,

mo7vated,by,a,hierarchy,of,needs.,Beginning,with,physiological,needs,,we,try,to,reach,the,state,of,

selfNactualiza7on—fulfilling,our,poten7al.,

Carl,Rogers,•  The,object,of,humans,is,to,become,self@actualized.,

•  We,are,like,Acorns,•  What,do,Acorns,need,to,grow?,

•  Water,sun,and,soil.,,

Except,to,grow,into,healthy,humans,we,need:,

•  Genuineness,•  Acceptance,(Uncondi7onal,Posi7ve,Regard),

•  Empathy, Carl Rogers believes that most people consider themselves worthless and unlovable.

Assessing,the,Self,

All,of,our,thoughts,and,feelings,about,ourselves,,in,an,answer,to,the,ques7on,,“Who,am,I?”,refers,to,SelfNConcept.,

In,an,effort,to,assess,personality,,Rogers,asked,people,to,describe,themselves,as,they,would,like,to,be,(ideal),and,as,they,actually,are,(real).,If,the,two,descrip7ons,were,close,the,individual,had,a,posi7ve,selfNconcept.,

Evalua7ng,the,Humanis7c,Perspec7ve,1.  Humanis7c,psychology,has,a,pervasive,impact,on,

counseling,,educa7on,,childNrearing,,and,management.,2.  Concepts,in,humanis7c,psychology,are,vague,and,

subjec7ve,and,lack,scien7fic,basis.,

The,Trait,Perspec7ve,

An,individual�s,unique,constella7on,of,durable,disposi7ons,and,consistent,ways,of,behaving,(traits),

cons7tutes,his,or,her,personality.,

Examples,of,Traits,Honest,

Dependable,Moody,Impulsive,

Allport,&,Odbert,(1936),,iden7fied,18,000,words,represen7ng,traits.,

The,Barnum,Effect,•  It,is,the,tendency,for,people,to,accept,very,general,or,vague,characteriza7ons,of,themselves,and,take,them,to,be,accurate.,

Be,careful,of,the,Barnum,Effect!!!,•  People,have,the,tendency,to,

see,themselves,in,vague,,stock,descrip7ons,of,personality.,

•  Horoscopes,,astrologers,and,psychics,all,use,this,concept.,

•  Aries,(March,21NApril,19):,Do,some,detec7ve,work,so,that,you,can,be/er,understand,those,you,love.,Figure,out,what,the,other,person,is,going,through.,Only,then,will,you,find,out,how,you,can,help.,,Cancer,(June,22NJuly,22):,A,strength,exaggerated,becomes,a,weakness.,But,does,a,weakness,exaggerated,become,a,strength?,Highlight,a,limita7on,and,you'll,find,you're,be/er,off,for,having,this,flaw.,,Leo,(July,23NAug.,22):,People,pay,a/en7on,when,you,walk,into,the,room,today.,Make,your,exit,with,equal,grace.,Leave,before,they,want,you,to,and,they'll,want,more.,,Scorpio,(Oct.,24NNov.,21):,There,is,a,fine,line,between,sharing,and,overNsharing.,Give,others,the,sense,of,who,you,are.,But,do,it,briefly.,,,SagiIarius,(Nov.,22NDec.,21):,Rela7ng,to,others,has,very,li/le,to,do,with,what,or,who,you,know.,Most,people,are,thinking,about,themselves,and,what,you,can,do,for,them.,If,you,make,them,feel,good,about,themselves,,they'll,like,you.,

•  h/p://abcnews.go.com/WhatWouldYouDo/video/fallNbelievingNdrNlaneNhoerstN19789148,,

Trait%Theories%of,Personality,

•  They,believe,that,we,can,describe,people�s,personali7es,by,specifying,their,main,characteris7cs,(traits).,

•  Traits,like,honestly,,laziness,,ambi7on,,outgoing,are,thought,to,be,stable,over,the,course,of,your,lives.,

Personality,Type,Personality,types,,assessed,by,measures,like,the,

Myers7Briggs5Type5Indicator,,consist,of,a,number,of,traits.,For,example,,a,feeling,type,personality,is,

sympathe7c,,apprecia7ve,,and,tacwul.,

Sympathe7c,

Apprecia7ve,

Tacwul,

Feeling,Type,Personality,

Factor,Analysis,Ca/ell,found,that,large,groups,of,traits,could,be,reduced,down,to,16,core,personality,traits,based,

on,sta7s7cal,correla7ons.,,

Impulsive%

Excitement%

Impa

Cent%

Irritable%

Boisterous%

Basic%trait%Superficial%

traits%

Personality,Dimensions,Hans,and,Sybil,Eysenck,suggested,that,personality,could,be,

reduced,down,to,two,polar,dimensions,,extraversionNintroversion,and,emo7onal,stabilityNinstability.,

Assessing,Personality,•  Most,common,way,is,selfNreport,inventories.,

•  MMPIN,Minnesota,Mul7phasic,Personality,Inventory,

Test,must,be,,•  ReliableN,does,it,yield,the,same,results,over,7me.,

•  ValidN,does,it,measure,what,it,is,supposed,to,measure.,

MMPI,

The,Minnesota,Mul7phasic,Personality,Inventory,(MMPI),is,the,most,widely,researched,and,clinically,

used,of,all,personality,tests.,It,was,originally,developed,to,iden7fy,emo7onal,disorders.,

The,MMPI,was,developed,by,empirically,tes7ng,a,pool,of,items,and,then,selec7ng,those,that,discriminated,between,diagnos7c,groups.,

MMPI,Test,Profile,

The,Big,Five,Factors,

Today’s,trait,researchers,believe,that,Eysencks’,personality,dimensions,are,too,narrow,and,Ca/ell’s,16PF,too,large.,So,,a,middle,range,(five,factors),of,

traits,does,a,be/er,job,of,assessment.,

Conscien7ousness,

Agreeableness,

Neuro7cism,

Openness,

Extraversion,

82,

Endpoints,

Ques7ons,about,the,Big,Five,

Yes.,Conscien7ous,people,are,morning,type,and,extraverted,are,evening,type.,

4.,Can,they,predict,other,personal,a/ributes?,

These,traits,are,common,across,cultures.,

3.,How,about,other,cultures?,

Fi^y,percent,or,so,for,each,trait.,2.,How,heritable,are,they?,

Quite,stable,in,adulthood.,However,,they,change,over,development.,

1.,How,stable,are,these,traits?,

Trait,Theory,Cri7cism,•  Do,NOT,take,into,account,the,importance,of,the,situa7on.,

•  Can’t,predict,behavior,

SocialNCogni7ve,Theories,on,Personality,

•  Focus,on,how,we,interact,with,our,culture,and,environment,

•  Bandura,(1986,,2001,,2005),believes,that,personality,is,the,result,of,an,interac7on,that,takes,place,between,a,person,and,their,social,context.,

•  Reciprocal%Determinism%(traits,,environment,and,behavior,all,interact,and,influence,each,other.),

Individuals,&,Environments,

How,we,view,and,treat,people,influences,how,they,treat,us.,

Our,personali7es,shape,situa7ons.,

Anxious,people,react,to,situa7ons,differently,than,calm,people.,

Our,personali7es,shape,how,we,react,to,events.,

The,school,you,a/end,and,the,music,you,listen,to,are,partly,based,on,your,disposi7ons.,

Different,people,choose,different,environments.,

Specific,ways,in,which,individuals,and,environments,interact,

SocialNCogni7ve,Theories,on,Personality,•  Behavior,emerges,from,

an,interplay,of,external,and,internal,influences.,

•  Internal,Locus,of,Control,

•  External,Locus,of,Control,

•  External,Locus,of,Control,can,lead,to,a,state,of,learned%helplessness.,

Click,Photos,to,see,examples,of,someone,with,internal/,external,controls,and,learned,helplessness.,,

Nomothe7c,Theories,•  The,same,traits,can,be,used,to,

describe,all,peoples,personali7es.,

•  IntroversionNExtroversion,scale,

•  BIG%FIVE%personality,traits:,1.  Extraversion,2.  Agreeableness,3.  Conscien7ousness,4. Openness,to,experience,5.  Emo7onal,Stability,%Factor%Analysis%is,used,to,see,the,

clusters,and,score,these,tests.,

Vinnie,and,The,Situa7on,from,the,Jersey,Shore,provide,some,nice,,introvert/extrovert,examples.,

Idiographic,Theorists,•  Using,the,same,set,of,traits,to,classify,everyone,is,impossible.,

•  Each,person,may,have,a,few,traits,that,are,unique,to,them,(selfish,may,be,important,to,describe,one,person,but,not,another).,

•  Gordon,Allport,and,his,cardinal,disposi7ons,(also,central,and,secondary).,

Posi7ve,Psychology,and,Humanis7c,Psychology,

Posi7ve,psychology,,such,as,humanis7c,psychology,,a/empts,to,foster,human,fulfillment.,Posi7ve,

psychology,,in,addi7on,,seeks,posi7ve,subjec7ve,wellNbeing,,posi7ve,character,,and,posi7ve,social,groups.,

Exploring,the,Self,Research,on,the,self,has,a,long,

history,because,the,self,organizes,thinking,,feelings,,and,ac7ons,and,is,a,cri7cal,part,of,our,personality.,

1.  Research,focuses,on,the,different,selves,we,possess.,Some,we,dream,and,others,we,dread.,

2.  Research,studies,how,we,overes7mate,our,concern,that,others,evaluate,our,appearance,,performance,,and,blunders,(spotlight,effect).,

3.  Research,studies,the,selfNreference,effect,in,recall.,

Benefits,of,SelfNEsteem,•  Maslow,and,Rogers,say:,a,successful,life,results,from,a,healthy,selfNimage,(self@esteem).,,

•  We,accept,responsibility,for,good,deeds,and,successes,more,than,for,bad,deeds,and,failures.,,

•  Defensive,selfNesteem,is,fragile,and,ego7s7c,whereas,secure,selfNesteem,is,less,fragile,and,less,dependent,on,external,evalua7on.,

,Two,reasons,why,low,selfNesteem,results,in,personal,problems:,,1.  When,selfNesteem,is,deflated,,we,view,ourselves,and,

others,cri7cally.,2.  Low,selfNesteem,reflects,reality,,our,failure,in,mee7ng,

challenges,,or,surmoun7ng,difficul7es.,

Biological,Theories,of,Personality,

•  What,%,of,personality,is,inherited,–heritability?,

•  We,are,not,sure,BUT,temperaments,do,seem,to,be,stable,from,infants,to,old,age.,

Somatotype,Theory,•  A,biological,Theory,by,William,Sheldon.,

•  Endomorphs,(Fat),tend,to,be,friendly,and,outgoing.,

•  Mesomorphs,(muscular),tend,to,be,more,aggressive.,

•  Ectomorphs,(thin),tend,to,be,more,shy,and,secre7ve.,

•  Study,has,not,been,replicated.,