Perilus XIII Phonetics Engstrand Et Al 1991

7/28/2019 Perilus XIII Phonetics Engstrand Et Al 1991

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Uver o Sokhom

Insie of Ligisics

ERIUS XI

PERILUS mainy contains repos on uent experimentawok caied out in the Phonecs aborto t he Universif Stckhom. Coies are vaabe from the nstitte of

Linguistics, niversi o tokhom, -106 91 Stockhomwen

This ssue of PERILU wa editd by e EngstnCahaina Kyander, and Mats Dufberg


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Ie o Lgucr o StockholmS09 Sockholm

Telepoe 0812347(+ 2 7, eratonal)

T: 08155389

(+48 5589, rol)e: 8105199 er

) 99 Te rISN 08290


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Te pree eo o PILUS coa paper gve a e Foal Poec Coerece el Sockol a 99 Te Co

erece covere a e rage o epermeal phoec probe arerre eplore Seh proec groups ad vl rerc

orker.

Te re corbuo preee ere ae geerll bre repo ro ogog proec ul repos ll e or have bee pbeere. I our hope a te prese volue l ee a y o e reeree l o crre Se ork epee.

Te corbo pper rogl e e orer a v e Cerece

e gr


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iv


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v

Contents

e poeic boror group ix

Curret proe d gr xi

reviou iue o PRILUS xi

Iii coo oio pe i Sgi

an-Oof Svntesso

cic ure o crek bre voice i U Ga Rahen

Vice i vriio or eme eec ei Ingr Krso

c o iveo ize o e iribui vwe i e rmce: reimir d rom v nu

Oe Engstrad nd Dian

e poeic o roou Raque ean and Bj Lidbm

ec e o ii me Eva Grn

empo e Gunnar Fant, Anita cnbe an Lenna Nord

ic ri i SwGsta Bce j Grtrm, e Gtafson and David He

oeic crceriic o proio ew reig Eva Strane

ui o ome poeic ccriic o ec g Gun ube

e proo o Noegi w broc e Gtafson


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v

cceu prominence i French: red d poeou peech Pu Tut

Sbii o ome oi duro reio ...........................................D

Vriio o peker d peking e i teoeech em j Grr Le

Chid dued peech; remrk o he Swedih o word cce .. Sube

Moved deictic orm i er guge cuiio Srh i

Cer roducio grmmc boure b Swei c:me remir obeo ....

Peter Cziger

I eech perceio udie .............................................................Frcc Lcer

edg d wriing procee i chdre wih ow drome reerch proec ..

Ire JhsVeum d eigoi behviour durig roducio o rbchrge: brocopic ud ................................................................

Ahe Ege

g geure rom Xr moo m o eec S W

Some cro guge pec o cocuio ..Rbe Mer Oe Egstr

cuion ierimi vriio i peech modeg i recogem . ...

Mts obe

he coex eivi o he percepu ierco bee FO F

Hut Truer

CONENS


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e reive cceibii o ui repreeio i pecpercepio

Suom

e AR compreeio e: progre repo o comprio

Ma Due and Robe Mter

oeme recogiio uig muieve percepro e en oh . Ta

Siic ierecig o ephoemic correpoec . Bob Damper

oeic pooogic eve i e peec o e . Ane-Mae ster

Sig i peec percepio i orm erigimpire ier

Anna Hovmark

Sec percepio biiie o pie ui ccr i,vibroie i erig i . .

va Ageo ad Ae Rbe

herig impirme, cocher imp e prcpio omood i pec.. . .

Dav oe

oucig voice comprio bw e , e cir te vibror cie i . . . . .

unla hnen

Acouic i o rhri ocie w mu co preimir oe . . . .

Lea ae ad Lea Nord

Compeor regie i peec oowig goom . a be

Fow preure regirio o ge pec. ena Nor Btta Hammarbe, ad abet Luntrm

CONNTS


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Vlll


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The poeics laboraoy grop

nMar Robrt annrn gstnsPt rndrudUn CnnnghdssonHssan DashdpyMats Duerg

d Elgndll Engstrndrda Ercsson

ders Erksson

e FlornEva Holmbero Kasslngana KllCatharn Kylandr

rncsco cerdaIngr ndbrg dblo4olf LndgrnJ Lb

Bertl LybrlRobert Mcllster

nnrt Nordnnart Nordstrand

slott RougHellcusRcard Schulmanohan StarkUlla SunbergHartmut raunmllerunla unbergEvaberg

1 Also Depment of Phoniarics, Unversy Hospal, Lnkg2 Also Dement of Lngusics, Unves of Gohenburg3 Also Reserch boato of Eleconcs, MIT, Cambrdge, M, US4 Also Depament of Linguscs, Univest o Texas a Ausn, Au, Txs, US5 Also Dpamen of Communco Scc an Dsoes, Uvrsy f Vr,

Burlngo, Vermont, SA6 Also wsh Telecom, tockholm

ix

7 Also Depament of peech Communcan and Music Acouscs, Ryl I fTechnology (KH), ockholm

8 Also B onson, Upla


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x


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Current projects and grants

Speech transform - n cousic data base an copnlre fo Sweish honetics an phonologySupportd by: h Swdsh ord fo chncl Dvlopnt (S),

grnt 89274P o O EngstrndProc group: O Engstrnd, rn dlo nd Rolf ndgrn

Phoneicay qivaen spech sgnals nd paraingsic vrnin speech

Supportd by: Swdsh Coucl for Rsarc n t Humantsnd Socl Scncs (HSFR), grant F7/89 to Hartutrunr

xi

Projct group: n gstans, Ptr randrud, and Hartmut raumr

Frm alng to seec ISupportd by: Swdsh Councl for Rsarc n t Huants

nd Socl Scncs (HSFR), grant F65/88 to lEngstrnd nd rn ndblo

Proct group: Ol Engstrnd, Francsco crda, ngrd nrg,

rn Lndblo, nd slott Roug-Hlcus

From aing to speec IISupportd by: h Swdsh Councl for Rsrc n t Huants

nd Socl Scncs (HSFR), grant F697/88 to rnndblo; Swds Naturl Scnc Rsarc Couc(NRF), gnt -V 298- to rn ndlom

Proct group: Francsco crd, nd rn Lndblo

Speech er gossectomySuppord by: Swds Cncr Soc, grnt RMC91556

Engstrnd; Swdsh Councl for Planng ndCoordnton of Rsarc (RN), grant 962 A 55/7to O Engstrand

Proct group: n- Mr m, Oll Engstrand, nd Earg


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xi

Te easeent of speech coprehensionSuported by: e Swedish Concil for Research n te Humanities a

ocial Science (HSFR), grn 423/90 to RobertMclister

Poject grou: Mats Duerg and Roert cllister

Aicatoyaousti oation i iulatoy pocesses: acosslanguag IntigatioSuported by: T wedish Bd f Tcc Develent (S),

grant 89-00275P o Oe Egstrand; ESPR: asicResearch Action, A ad Cognitive Science: Sp

Project group: Oe ngstrad, nd Robert cAister

An oogenic sty of ifans' percepion of speechSupported by: e ercentenary Fondation of te ank o See (J)

grant 90/101 to rancisco cerdaProect grou: rancisc cerd, Igrid ndberg, jrn Liom, a

seotte RougHelichius; Gran Aurelius (St GrasCidren's Hospital).

Typogical sties of ponec syss

Supored b: e wedish Concil fr Rsearch in te Hums aSocial cences (HSFR), grant 421/90 to r m.Poject group: Oll ngstrand, Din ull and rn ndom

Socioiaecal peception from an iigrant perspecveSuppored by: e Swedish Councl fr Research in the Humantis a

ca cences (SFR), gnt 4/ t Oe Enstra.Projet grou: Un Cnningha-Andersson ad e Engstrad

POJECS D GTS


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Previous issues of Perilus

PERLUS ,97-979

INTRODUCIOBj indbo nd Jes ber

2. SOME ISSUES N RESERCH O HE PECON OFSTEADY-AE VOWELS

Vw iici cr

Eva Ageors and Ma Grsund

xii

W [] cg ] we F i icre? r bwrmic rucure rm ruc i prci u

e Forn

Ay pricio o direce im r rmruciLena Nord nd Eva veteus

Vw iicio uci o icreig um rucEsabeth Tenenhotz

pycocuic mo cr mcgHamut raunmer

3. ON TE ERCEU ROLE OF DYNAC EAURES N TSH SIGNA

Irio bee pecr uro cue i Swi cor

Anee Bsho nd Gunl EdundO e iribuio o ] i e gug e wr: i rr be [] due o mmr o bckwr rrmkig?

Eva Homberg and Aan Gbson


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xiv

O te uio o ormt triio Form reuec trget v rte o cge i vowe iec Percepio o ed v dmic vowe ou i oie

arin omgren

Aiici cippe be te roe o orm riio icoo percepio

amut raunmer

4. ROSODY AND O DOWN ROCESSN

e impoce o timig ume reuec cur

irmio i e percepio o prooic ceoriee Lberg

Seec percepio i oie e evuio o ue prcyAan C Sheats

5. BLOD A BLOCK DARAM SMUOR

Peter Branderud

PERLUS , 979-90

IroucioJames Lubker

u o icipor bi coicuio i e peec o crsa Bern Ingrid Lndberg and Lian Persson

Rpi reproucio o vowevowe euece b ciree Forn

Prouio o biebock vowe b cire

Aan Gbson and Loane Mchearson

Lrge i reice ucio o po ypeEva omberg

e ecitio eect i Sweiana Kru and Siv Wandebck

PREVOUS ISSUES


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ompensor aicuion b de spekerschard chua

eur nd mechnic response ime in he spch o crbrpid subec

sah nnhoz

A cousic invesigion o produion o poiv b c ppekers

Grda Ercsso

PERLUS I, 2 -9

Inroducionj no

iciion nd percepu ugmn o diunc d urAnn-Mar Am

Iiibii vs. redudnc - codiio o decSheri unncu

he roe o vowe cox on he percpion o pce o icui rop

Dana Kru

Vow cgorizion b he biigu irichard chuman

Comprnion o orign ccn. A ic iiiochar Shuman an Mara Wnse

Sneikt som hpmed vid korrkion v d6v AnnMar sr

PVOUS SSUS


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v

PERILUS IV, 9495

ntroutonBj Lindbom

Lb cocuton n turr n norm krnn-Marie m

ovtrckPeter Branderud

Som vnc o rmc r k FrcDaniee Duez and Yuihoro Nishinuma

O t rn btn te coc r vt tr rcu rcg

Diana Kru

Dcrtv coutc t or t t of kn SFrancisco Lacerda

Frunc crmnton a a funon o m ont

chrrtcsFrancisco Lacerda

Skrtnr ntrcn n c vrnBj Lindbom and Ro Lindgren

cuator trgtng n rctu contc o l Richard Schuman

Th rol o te unmnta n th ghr ormnt n t rcof kr sze, voc o, vo onn

Hamut raunmer

PREVOS SSES


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PERLUS V, 96-97

bout the omuterbPeter Branderud

tve vrbt n bsoute constnc n sch sg: themes n the uest or honet nvrnceBj Lindbo

cutor namcs o ou n nrm schRichard Schuan

n exrmen on the cus to the ntcton o rctvHaut rauner and Diana ru

Scon ormnt ocus rns s msur cnsnntvcocuton

Diana ru

xorng scourse ntnton n SshMadeeine Wuson

W t bzton strtegs n Stsn?Mats Dufberg

Pntc vomnt n r nnc stu r Schrn urng th rst 18 months o

Lise/oe Roug, ngrd andberg and ars Johan Lundberg

sme comutrz resonse octon sstmJohan Star and ats Dfberg

xerments th technc s n ronunctn tcng

Robe McAser ats Dberg and Maria Waus

RVO S

xv


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ii

PERUS VI, FA 97

Eets of peripheral auditr adaptation on the dicrimin speech sound (Ph.D. the)

Francisco cerd

PERUS V, MAY 9

Acouic props prector o prcu re: y ofSweih voiced stops (Ph.D. theis)

Dana u

PERLUS V, 9

Some remrks o te orgn o he "ponc coj indbo

Formt unrhoo in clear and cio orm chj indbo and Seung-ae Moon

On the temtcit o phoc vro e Engstrand nd Dian Kru

Dcontuous vrion n onn ch Engstrand and Diana Kru

Prnguc vrtion invrince i th crcrc qo vows

Hamut raunmer

Aticl expreions or the tonotopic enor cleaut rauner

Atudes to immirant Sedish - A lterature eview and pryexperimnts

na Cunningha-Andersson and Oe Engstrand

Rrening pch cct n Swhese M. ae

PREVOS SS


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PERLUS IX, February

Speech er cef pe remen - n o 10r rGrda ricsso d Birita Ystr

Some emps to mure pech comprhnonobe McAster ad Mats Dufber

Speech er osecom: phonc condron nd mprmnr reu

AnnMarie A and e gstrand

PERLUS X, December

F corree o ton word ccn n ponno pc: rnd mc o von

e ngstrand

Phonc ur o h c nd grv wr ccn: foponnou pch.

e gstrand

A noe on hdden cor n vowl prcpon xpermnHamut rauner

Pnguc peech gn rnomonHamu rauner, eter Branderud and Aina igsas

Pcvd rengh nd dnt o foregn ccn n Swhna Cunninha-Adrsson and e nstrand

xix

Second ormn ocu pern nd cononnvowe cocn

ponno pechDiaa ru

Scond ormn ocus nuceu prn n ponno c:ome premnr reu on Frnch

Daniee Duez

IOS ISSS


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x

Twr n electroptgrphic specifiction of conotctin in Sedhe Engstrand

A ccpercept f Sweh vw proc b bt gectomize speke

Ann-Mare Am, Eva erg and e Engstrand

PERLUS XI, MAY 90

I wt e i pech ntl?Bj Indom & e Engstrand

T f phonetc getrBj LIndom

te n "Pbe Sc SnBj Lndom

M poneic vrin ecinBj Lndom

Phnetic conten in phnlgBj Lndom

PERLUS XI, 990 prpr)

PRVO


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Inital consoants and phonato ypes inShagh

JO/ Sv D L L Uv

A question of great interest in he phonology of Shanghai and other u dalects ofinese is how o analyse te complicated interacon between initial cosonantsonation types and tones The phonetic facts allow severa different ponemiclutions depending on which features are cosen to be distinctive and which aregarded as redundant (cf Cha 1934 Sherard 1980 Here I will report on aliminary phonetic investigation of the initial consonants and phonation typs inangai wich hope can shed some light on tis questin

Phonton tysere e two phonation types in Shangha fr which I will use the aditionalinese terms muddy (denotd with and clear Chao 1934 identifiesuddiness in u dialects (not specicaly Shanghai as breathy poation adys tat muddy syllables hae "one hoogeneous breathy vowel (cited from:42

scillograms of Shanghai syllables show howver that muddy owlspically have two distinct phases where the first phase has a lower amplitan te second and also seems o have more iegular perids n contrst clarowels start more abruptly and have a igh amplitude from the beginning (s

gures 16 showing words te sentence frame givenelow Thus muddiness inSangai is caractesed by aecial phonation in the firsrt o te vowel Cao &addieson 1989 present evience showing that the rstrt of te vwel in a muddyllable as breay phonation diferen Wu diecs

Tone phonetic facts aboutShanghai lexical tones onmonosyllales are uncontrovrsial although the analysisves Muddy syllables always have a low rising tone(r low lvl if tey ed i aglottal stop Clear syllablesve a ig tone if tey end in

Figure Oscior n intnsity cu fr pa

Fgre scior n intnsity cu fr p"b


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2

a glotta stop; otheise, ey either have a high even tone () r a falling () tone.

Sinc he phonaion ypes can b predicted from h ons, hy are oftenregarded as redundant phonetic details, or disrgardd agther. T d so isunfortunate, since it obscures te relaion beween phonan and initial consonanttype, and also conceas a percepally salient feature of the W dialecs.

3 Intal cn nant nd phntn typHistorically, clear and muddy phonation has deveoped fm voiceless and voicedinia consonans. According o PuUeyblank 1984 his had takn place already ate 'Lae Mddle Chinese sage (seventh centuy A.D.). Similar developmentsave occued in many Mon-Kmer languages Souteas Asa.

Accordng to te sandard description of Sangai and other Wu dialects (e.g.Jingsu 1960 Sherard 1980 od voiced obstrens e retained, so ha here

are tree seres of iniial stops and ffricates, voiceless unasprated, t, k, ts, t)voiceless aspiratedh, th, fh, tsh, th) and voice d, g, d) and wo series offricaives, voiceess s, ) and voiced (v, Z f).

Voiced obsens ccur ny in muddy sylables, and viceless bsuents onlyin cle sylabes. Iniia sonorans (m, n 1 /, w, j) occur wih bh phonations.I clear syllables they ar gotalised, often starting with a silen clsure phase (f.Fig. 5)

4 Vd b tnt ?is sanard description has been doubted, however. Te fac tat "vocedobstrens are voiceless in some Wu dialecs has been obseed by .g. Zho1928 Yun et al. 1960:61 and Co 1987 Non of these authors dea secificallywith Shanghai, and Sherrd 1980:34 says that h sandard description is coectfor Sanghai, where "voicedobstruents are aways fullyvoiced in any environmen

This is contradicted by mydata, however. In almos aly recordngs, "voicdobstruens are prooncwithou voicing. This can bheard clearly, and seen ooscillograms such as ig. 2Thus the "voiced stops ar Fiure 3. Oscillogram d intensity cue for -so.voieless unaspirated. Simiar

ly, the "voiced fricatives arvoiceless. "Voiced obstruents, and vn originallyvoiceless ones, are oftenvoiced in intecalic psitionn unsessed syllables, us aste voiceless unaspated stops msof Standad Cnese.

Fiure Oscillogram d ntensty cue for sg"zo)


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Table 1. Duraio of haghai obsruens. The mean value in ms) of eduraio of obsruens i clear ad muddy sylables is show fo each speae.Te resuls of -ess of he differece beween he uraions i ese woenvironmens are also shown.

peaerL peaer F peaer peaerDC. Mu. test Cl Mu. test Cl. Mu. test Cl. Mu. test

ms n ms n ms n ms n ms n ms n ms n ms np 1 19 ns 11 s 1 9 ns 1 1 1 s 190 3 1 1130 9 00 11 1 110 00 10 3 13 0110 33 ns 0 0 111 1 0 13 130 1 nsf1 s 13 01 1 11 0 50 19 nss 19 1 01 19 8 01 1 13 ns37 19 s0 1 ns 1 0 0 19 1 3 0 19 1 3 0 1 1 ns 1 01 1 1 ns12 1 s5 Cons onnt d tnAough he old voiced obsues have become voiceless i hangai, ere issill a small poneic differece of he enis/foris ype bewee hem and eoriginally voiceless ones. ne phoneic correlae of is, perhaps e mosimportan one, is duraion

The duraio of he obsues was measured from oscillograms of recordingsmade by hree male hanghai speaers, L (42 years), F (44 and (16), and onefemale speaer, D ( A umber of words embedded i a caie senence*-fm ts:? lu si _ 't'kue jrQI 'Te characer _ is very

useful, were read by each informan, ad he duraio of he closure pases ofsops ad he oal duraion oficaives were measured omoscillograms. ince he wordlis was designed for aoherpurpose, he number ofwords ilusaig he variousobsrues difers considerably.

The resuls of hese measuremens are shown in Table 1The duraon is greaer i cle

an in muddy syllables i allcases excep [ for peaker. ice he number of oesis small in mos cases, ad hevariaion is fairly lage, hedifferece is ofen nosaisically signica, however For [], where henumber of oens is larger,e differences are higly

m.

Fgure . Oscior d innsity c for 'a

100 200 30 400 500 r

Fgure Oscior d intnsity curv for mg

3


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4

signicant (p


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Acoustic Feaures of Creaky and BreathyVoice in Udehe

G k L Uvy

Introduction

Ts paper dscusses a ponec reazao o reay an creaky ponaon ypes

n Uehe Udehe beongs o Tungusanc anguage group Today e Udee

people ve n he ar Eas n Kabarosk and Pmorsk regons o e USSR.

According o e 17 AlUnon popuaon census, 6 peop camed o Udee, 1 % o em consdered Udee o er nave anguage, bu s

percenge mus muc lowr now Ude m and lexcon were escrbed

by Sove nguss 5] , 6] s or Ud ponecs, e daa presened n is

paper e o our knowledge e rs o s knd

Maerial n Meth

Te recordngs o a mae and a emale speers o Udee wer mae a

Novosbrsk Unversy and n er nave vlage n morsk regon

Te speca were aken a one rd d words o he vowel duraon nd emean vaues o e rs ree oans o creaky and s breay and moda

couners were measred ac Speec ab program was use or s purpose

Te power speca o e vowels were obned an e reave apude o he

undamen and he second onc were mesured Te S pgram usng

mehod was apped. was shown by som aors a n a breay voce

ere s more energy n e undamen and less n e ger aoncs, wereas

n a vowe pronounce w a more consced gos he reverse s ue[1]

honaon ypes were anyzed by me ccuang a noseosigna ratio,

wic ndcaes e dep o vaeys beween aonc peaks n e power

specm n e speca regon ween e 1s and 16 onics Te specs cacuaed pc synchronousy om urer anso o e sgna, rug a

connuousy varabe annng wndow spannng our unamenal pers[4]

Te ongme aerage specum based on meo was used or anaysng

ponaon es o Udee The rao o enrgy beween 01 and 15 kz pvides

a mesure o te overa o he source specm Te energy n te iger

equency bands s cacuaed as a acon o energy n e o Ikz band[2]

5


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6

3 Resuts

31 Duraion

Te daa sow a e creaky and breay vowes are onger an e mod ones

Ts erence may assocaed w e derences n e conexs: creaky and

breaty vowes e many me e as open syabes vowes n s poson

e reguy accompaned by greae duraon. es sows a e eng

derence beween crea and moda ponaon ypes s sgncan

Tabe 1 e duraon o creaky breay and moda vowes

creaky

x 584.8

S 58.8

7.7

3 2 Foan frequences

breay

444

121

1.50

moda

58.8

7.

n breay vowes g o equences end o be ess vsbe an ose ocreaky and ma vowes Te ampude o e rs orman s ger n

creaky and breay vowes ndcang audoy more open vowes.

Tabe 2

ean oan requences (Hz)

1 2

a 1 a 2 a 1 a 2

duraon duraon duaon duraon

moda 854 711 160 167

breay 4 107 16 1512creaky 811 22 1506 1400

Vowes w creaky voce e marked by erTe verca sraons (.e goa

puses) occur a rreguy spaced neas. Te bandwdt o eac oan s

somewa ess n e vowes w creaky voce


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33 Disribuion of Specral Energy

Tabe

Reave Ampude o Reaon o H (dB)

creaky f

moda fbreay f

onse

x- 12,0- 6,0

12,0

mdde

x

11,7-5,8

,0

ose

x SD-11,0 5

5,0 25

,8 1.4

Te vue or creaky and breay voce s less a or ma voce excep e

ose o vowe conadcs e resus o e esec o breay vowels n some

oer anguages, n wc e vaue or breay voce s ger ] n Uee

vowes breay p makes up 40 % o vowe eng

3 A pich -nchronous analysis (noise-o-signal NIS o)

gures 1 sow a creaky voce as ger NfS rao may be expaned by

e muaon eec o source perurbaon ger oncs n creaky

voceTe ow NfS rao or breay voce may be expaned by a ow eve onose n Udee eay vowes pronounced w moderae breang mo

30+ - :O

Fd Frny l

g NfS rao o Udee 8 okenso moda vowe f, a emae voce

2

_ a

3Fdn u

g 2. NfS rao or U dee 9 oken

o crea vowe f, a emae voie

7


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16

-18

.g -

-22

_ htu+-170 180 19

tlFrc (Hz) 210Fig N/S ratio or Udehe 7 okens

o eathy vowel /, a emale voce

3 ng-Time Avege Spectrum

4 2

< " 15. Jv 1.Fg 4 Longtime average spe

o mod /, a emale subjet Rao

o energy 01/15 kHz: 0,512

reathy voie has gher rao o nerg twen 01 an I5 kHz Mean vaue

or breathy 416,4, modal 56,7, creak 298,8. t ndicate ha in brathy

voie the undament and the lower hans domina the speum Creaky

voe has low value o this rato whc shows a the source specm ha a owr

etra tit reathy voie as hgher energy beween 5 and 8 kHz an moda d

reaky High level o nergy a ths qencs c be assoad wh noise

6 5]

, ,I', v \"

,.

Fig 5 Lngime averag specm o

reay / by the same emale subec n

the ame word as dplayed n ig4 Rat

o energy 01/15 kHz: 0,26

3 ,'. -

F " 79 ." ' ,I , ,...10 kH

ig6. Longme average speum

o breathy / by the am emae

subject Rao o energy 01/15

0,486


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Dscussion

he vocng n beathy vowels s acousclly deent om pue vocng n that

the hghe moncs tend to b weake tan those o pue vocng The ogn o

ths eence s the absence o a complet glottal closue n beathy vocng Data

discussd n ts pape sow tat Udehe eay and cey voce de n the

degree o glottal conscon Beaty voce s cactezed by meate

beathng

A prelmy phonologcal analyss has sown at complexs pnounced wth

breay and ceaky voce n a complmentay sbuton Thes vaabls n

phonaton tes seem to no sgncant o a spee reathy phonation s

typal o nonnal nteocc complxs, wheeas moe "s' cey vong

s met n te nal complees o te wods.

eerence

[1] Kk, P, Ladeoged, P and Ladeoged, J(1984), Usng a specogaph or

meaures o phonaon type n a natual language", UCL Workng papers n

Phonecs 59 102-11.

[2] Loqvst, A, Mandesson, B(1987), "LongTme Specum o Speech ad

Voie Analyss", Fola honaca, 3221-229[] Maddeson, , Ladeoged, P(1985), ""ense" and "lax" n ou mnorty

anguages o Chna", UC Workng papers n honecs 60 59-8

[4] Muta, H, ae, T, Wagatsuma, K., Muaoka, T, ukuda, H, 988), "A

pthsynnous analyss o oaseness n unnng speech", JASA 84, 1292-

101

[] Sunk OP(1968), "Udegejsk yazyk", Yazk narodov SSSR V.

[6] Shnejde, ER(195), Krak Udejsorussk s[ovar'. MoskvaLeningad

9


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10


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Voice quaity variatons for emale spechsynthess

Inger Karlsson, Depamnt of Spech Communication and MusiAcoustics, K Box 70014, S-100 44 Stockhom, Sweden

e voice source is an imorant factor in te prouction of ifferent voice alies hese voice ualities are use in normal seech both to signal rosoeatures, suc as sess, prase bounary, an to rouce ifferent voces, for eamle autoritative or submissive voices. In e resent stuy voice source viaions in normal seec by female seaers ave been invesigate. Rater taasing te same speaer to prouce ifferent qalties, seaers wit ifferevoice tyes were se. he voice qalities were juged by a speech theraist(Karlsson 1988). So far only rea speech have been investgate as the nverse

iltering tecnique reques that the speech sinal is recored nder sict coniions. e seech signal was inverse ltered sing an interactve comuter rogram an te inverse fltere voice sorce was escribed using te same arameters as is use n our synthesizer. he relevance of the resulng escriioas teste using our new seech syntesis system.

A recent imlementation of a more realistic voce source n the KH tet-toseech system, an eansion of the model, ant, iljencrants & in 198),ave mae it ossible to synthesze ifferent voices an voice qualities e neversion of te K synthesizer, calle G, is escribe in Carson,ransm & Klsson 1990). In the -moel the voce source ulse is efie

y four arameters lus or the synesis e ameters RK, RG, FA aE e cosen for e descriion. K correspons to te uoien beteen eme from ea fow to ecitaton an e tme from zero to ea ow R is eime of te gloal cycle ivie by twice te time from zero to ea o Ran K are eresse in ercent E is te ecitation sengt in an FA efreueny above which an extra -6/octave is ae to te sectral ilt RG aRK inuence te amplitues of e two to thee lowest hmonics, A the igfrequency content of the secum an the overall intensity. urtheore, aaitional ameter, NA, has been noce to control te mxing of noise


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2

into the voice source he nose s added accordng to the glottal openn and sthus pitch synchronous.

Another vocal source paraeter of a slighy different function is the DI paeer with which creak, laryngalizaon or diplophonia can e siulated. Wehave adopted a strategy discussed in the paper y Klat & Klatt (990), whereevery second pulse s lowered in aplitude and shifted n tie. he specalproperies of e new voice source and the possibiity of dynac variaions othese paraeters are eing used to odel dfferent voice qualties.

3 aura ur

In an earlier paper (Karlsson 988) a prelinay study of the voice source indiferent voice qualies have een reported. In that paper only average voicesource paraeter values for vowels for each speaker were discussed. hesevalues give soe of the differences etween different voce qualities but not thecoplete picture. he dynac variations of the voice source paeters need toe studied as well Further invesgaons have been ade of the sae speakeronceing the dynac variations of the voice source. he voie source paraeters were obtained by inverse lterng of the speech wave. A subsequent iting of the -odel to the inverse ltered wave gave a paraec description othe voice source vaons

Soe of the voce qualities identified n the earlier study have been investigated

urer. hese qualities e the non-sonorant - sonorant sained varation andhe breathy - non-reathy opposition. he resulng descriptions of voice soureehaviour for he different voice qualities have been tested using the GLOVEnhezer and were ound o be of perceptual relevance.

3.1 Voice quali: Sonorant - non-sonorant

In the earlier study a difference in FA was reared upon, the ore sonoranvoice quality showing hgher FA values the exained vowels. Furher sudesof whole sentences have shown that a less sonorant voce uses a saller range oFA-values, see Karlsson 990 Accordingy, a non-sonorant voce quality iplies that the FA values are ler than for snrant voce n voels, especallyore open vowels, whle A for consonants is ore equal for the two voice

qualties. A for cosonants is noally quite lo, about 2*F or lower, andhere only saller differences etween the two voice qualties can be detected. InFigure FA variations for a non-sonorant and a sonorant voice are shown.

3.2 Vice quali Strained

A ore tight and sained voice quality is characterized by a considerably higerRG and a lower or all speech segments copared to a noral, sonoranvoice quaity. he voice source at phrase oundaries is creaky and FA is oenfairly high. In the synthesis of ths voice quality, the D paraeter is used.


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SONORANT VOICE NON-SONORANT VOICE

3000 --- --

N

2000c

:L 1000

j Q j

+

! +,

o -

0_0 04 06time in seconds

a j

time in seconds

Figure . FA for a sonorant ad a no-sonorant voice. The lagest absolueierences are found for he long [] and [].

Vie quai: Breathy - nn-breathy

I invese lrin and model fitng the model paraeers tend to inclde henose exciation since the inverse lter tme window is one fundamental period.Accrdnly, i a specal ectin, no haoncs ar visible and t is impssibleo separate vic and noise excitin. This mplies that e beathy segmenll gve quite high FA vales conay to what shld be te case according toheory. avoid this type of eor, specorams of he teraces were sudiedand when a joit voice nd noise excitio could b sspected the voice pulsesere sudied closely. he noise exciaion showed up usi partial inverse ilering: all forans exce one were damped ot, and the exciatio ae of reainng foran as sudied. In Figure 2 a example of easred FA an Fiaions for a breahy and a nonbreahy voice is shown. As can be seen FAshos quite high values during he ransiions from consonant to voel or brathy vic hl hhr FA vales fond i th vols for the lss bravoice. On closer eaminations the high FA vales during the transional segments for the breathy voice ted ou t b de to hh oise conent he dsibutio pae for noise excitation the breathy voice n igre 2 seems to be

regular fo voices perceived as breathy, that s nose excittin is found to besoge in certai positions, typically in consonant ad ansiions beweenvoel and consonan, and ofen also occr a e end of a phase.

u

he voce source varatios wih voce quality tat ae discussed in his paerere esed using our new syesize, GLOE. hey were fond to be of ercepal relevance. he different voc qales snthesized usn the ne KHext-to-speech system wll e demonsated at the meen.


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NI 3c+ 2u"cr 1'

u "e

ges 5 Fo configuratios

for foca accents an their inter-ei phonoogica represeta-tions in a section of a turn in apoica ebate; wavefo (above),Fo configuration (centre) anorthographic anscription witharkers for accentua proinene(ow)

The cegories for ccenu prominence heir udiive rnscripions heirinermediry phonologicl pich represenions d heir concree Focongurions cn be summed i he following wy:

fault acceon he ls syllble of n uernce ( ) inel phrse:

['x]=LH* (o is)['x]=H*L ( fa)['x]=LH*L (ingulr Fo)

on he ls syllble of an uerc ( ) l phrs:['x]= (D) L* (Fo fll by down sepping)['x]=LH* (o ise)['x]= LHL * (ingul Fo)

focal accent["x]= H* (o glide or Fo eve jump)

Alhough our comprison beween rd nd spontneous speech is sill nexplorory sge we my conclud h her similr ineediy phonologiclrepresenions of ccenul prominence cn be found in boh speking syles Irevels however some differences; i sponneous speech i seems fo exmplemore usul o combine o movemens nd puses o express he defuldemrcive ccen or o us re vaion in o rnge o produc foclprnence

REFERENCESBruce G & Toui P (1990 On h Anlysis of Prosody in SponneouDilogue Working Papers, 36 37-55erens P (1987, L'intonation dufrnais. De la description linguistiqe a lareconnaissance auomaque holieke Universiei LeuvenToui P (1987 Srucures prosodiues du sudois e du franais. Proilstemporels et congutio tonales", Lund niversiy essToui P (1989, French nd Swedish onl Confiurions in ed TexT-QPSR 1, 33-36Vissire J. 1983, Lnguge-ndependen osodic eures in Proso:Model and measurements ds Culer A & Ldd 53-66, Springer


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Stablity in some Estonian duraionrlion

Diana K

Sockholm Uversi, Istute of Lgustcs - Stokom

Intin

e use of an acoustic pramter to signa phonemic differences n aanguage can be expected to restrict the speakers' freedom o vary te paaeter n question. If his is tru, th frdom of variation shoud be particuaryestrcted n a anguage ike Estonian with ts unusuay eaborate quatitysystem. I patcuar, duration ratios are impora n Estonian fo the difrenaon eween he three different quanity degrees (Lehiste, 197; Fox adese, 1989). e queson s herefore wha apens o suc ratos when teoera uaton o seents n an utterance varies? In a anuae ike, forexae, Swedsh, wee vowe quaity roves an eta cue to phonooca

ngt, he diffeence in duration betwen on an shor vowes diminishs orevn disappars with he oss of sentence stess (Engstran, 1986) or as a resuof empora compression (Lindom et a. , 1981) . n Fish and Czech, on theother hand, where vowe quai dffrencs are much ss saint, durationdifferncs stay significaty disnct even in unstressed positons (Ensrad,op. ct. ) .

In hs nestigation, a change in seent durations was achieved b usine so caed wod ent efect. That is, te tenden of a en unt o deceasen duation with th ncreasing numbr of unts in a roup. The word enth

efec has been demonstratd for severa anguages (see ndbom et a. 1981for an overew) . Eek and Remme (1974) found a siar effec aso nEsonan, b with ts domin rstrcted o a rhythmc foot rather than a whoeword. Befor gong on to a dscription o the exprment, howee, a sktch ofthe Estonia uantity systm may be he. n Estonian, init main strssdsyabes of poysyabic words hae thre distnctie syabic quantity dgesshort, og and oerong. Thse wi be dnoted by 01, 02 and 03. Moosabic words can ony av the ogs qantiy, 03. ige segments can asohave three contastie quantitis. Howevr, sybc quantity dos not corr-

57


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58

spon o sums of segmena quane. Dsy os een quanyegee e usuay pouce pca uon aos eeen e fs ane secon syabe e aio fo 1 s 2 , fo 02 2 , an fo 02 1 (see e.g.Fo an ise, 989) Such aos pove sucen cue fo he conasbeween 1 an 02. o singus 0 from 02, e adona cue of e FO(pc) onou s necessary i s seay o sn n onnecon th 02 , faing 0 (se, 197; Fox an se, 198 .

Procedur

is papr das with a pat of the matia incude n a age work (,

199; 99) f he sen possib word nita CVC(V) combinations of/sat(V)/ th differen quanti dgres, ony thre are ncuded her /sat,/saae/, ad /saaat(u) . o hse basic words, fou o fie syabes w adddstp by stp, forming, n mos cases, smanticay meaning unis. sts wreprepared with each word apparing fi times in isoation and e mes n acarier phrase. e wods wre read by fou speakes of standard Estonian, omaes (PN an SKu) an wo femas (SN an SK) . he measuremens of hesegmen duations ee perfomed wt a rea me sonagap (Kay DSP 55)wee a ie an specogram an n osciogam ee ispaye on thesceen. e duation of he ow of h firs an secon syabe, enotd

fohwih as V and V2, was measurd.

Rsl an sssn

For each speakr, mean duraions of V and V2 of fe readngs each, witand tou carer phrase, wre cacuate and pote agans e numbr ofsyabes n the word. e esuts sow a crease n duraon it nceasingwo engh. e aues fo V n th words rea n soaon ae gien in abeI, oumn V. e presenc of a carrer phrase made ite or no difference to01 and 02 words. ny the oong sgmens in 03 wods were considrabysoened by the pesence of he cari prase

Wen C s so, e uraion of V an V2 can epresen e uaon ofthe st an second syabes. eefoe, he V V2 aio cou be usd o assesshow w syabic duraton ations wthn wods wee presee. I can be senn abe I, tha ahoug hre was some irreguary, hee as no enen foe uaions of he wo owes o ecome equaize. (e 0 ata fromspeae PN are not ncudd bcaus h prounounce some of wos eguary


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as 02 . ) Te owe aio sometimes occig i disyabic wods was probabyde oaegteing o V2 in wod ina posiion.

To cocude, e esus sowed ha he pooogicay eevat Vl:V2aio emaied eaivey consa wen the segmes in questio wee shoreed wit iceasig wod egt. Tis is i accodance wit the assumptiosaed n e oducio ta e eedom o vaiaton coud e expected tobe moe esiced i a aguage ie sonan wi s eaboae quatiysystem. Fuue nvesigaio s paed o assess ow wod egt aects eecessay additiona cue o 03, te aig FO,

Aknwgmn

Tis work was supported by a grat from HR, the wedish Cunci fRsearc i the Humaniies ad ocia ieces.

wis to ta e gsad ad Bjr Lidbom fo eir support, idsad ecouagemen. aso wa to thak se Lehiste vauabe cnts.

Rfn

Eek, A. and Remme M. (1974). "Context, contacts ad duration: wo reslts concerningtempora orgation, Speech Communicaon Semin Stkolm, Aust 13 1974187-12.

Engtrand, 19. "Drationa correates of sentenc stress: A cross-langage sudy ofSwedsh,Finnish and Czech,UCL Wong Pape in Phonecs

Fo R.A. and Lehiste,I. (989). "Discraron of duration ratios in bisyllabic tokens by nativeEnglish and Esonan isteners,/ Phon. ,167-174.

u, D. (1). "The efect f word lenth on seental draion ratios in Estonian,J.Soc. A. 8 Spp. 1,6P16

u, D. 11). "The eect of wor length o duration raios i Etonin, Sbmitted toAnnale Sietas Literm Etonicae in Sveci X 1911 Stockol).

Lehiste,I. 1970). Supreentals. MT Press,Cambridge,Mass.

Lindbom,B.,yber,B. ad Holen,K (1981. "Durationa paerns Sweish phonolo,Indiana Uniei Linis Cub Boominton,Indiana.

59


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60

Tbl I Durion fV1 (ms) durion ios eeen 1 a 2 s a fuci o wor

lengh. Mn vue of Ie reaigs of a wor. 1N2 given n parehss wV2 s n wor final posonA 01 words sda /t, sdm, sdm, dma/e, gi sdk sa-mkese/el

Speker Sybe V1 V12 Spker V1 V1N2

PN 1 (.5) SN 97 57 91 .543 5 6 4 82 .555 79 .55 6 . 77 59 .7 76 .57 .1

Sku (.52) SK 111 .53) 54 122 693 51 9 .59 . 1 .725 7 .1 112 .89 8 7 97 .8

B. 02 word sde /ate/, sdet, dee, de/e, de/gi, sdsg saade-tseggl

Spekr Syabes V1 V1N2 Spekr V1 V1N2

PN 17 (1.) SN 195 1.26 1 171 1.33 1 .3 159 1.524 14 . 1 1.55 11 . 15 152 1 3 18 1.5

SKu 3 (1.37) SK 27 (1.35) 178 .13 228 1.783 17 .2 26 .14 1 . 187 2.335 17 .97 25 2. 4 .1 8 2.28

C 03 ord sadu/tU/, sau, duse, sause, aduseegi

Speaker yllae 1N er V V1N2

SN (.8) K 5 2.78) .4 72 .923 .3 282 .34 1 .3 5 2.965 1 .4 1 2.99

SK 31 (3) 8 .3 2 3.3 2 .55 239 .5


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Variation of speker nd speaking syle intext-o-speech ysems

*Bjo Granstrom and Lennart Nrd

Dpt f Spech Cmmunicatin & Musi Acuscs, Ryal Insiu Tchngy, KH Bx 70014, S-10044 Stckh, Swe.

Introduction

* Nams alhabetic rdr

icresig mout of kwledge cceig te detied cousc secifictio of sekig styes d of speker vibiity is resety ccumutihe timte tes of our descritios is our biity to successfy sythesize shoices (Bdo et 987) A better uderstdig wi so ve imct oseer ictios i seech techoogy A systemtic ccout of seech bity hes i creg seker dptbe seec uderstdig systems doe eibe sythesis schemes

hy itodce eigstic vritio i seech sythesis ictios? eeiee tht rorite modeig o sch sects wi icrese both t

ess d iteigibiity of spoke tet. Sekig sye vtio d theseker's ttitde to te soke messge e imortt sects to icde oee if the ttitde c ot be cvicigly siged it is better to sc to oe eu eve oerso mchieike sythesis

eer icos c be foresee eg sythesis s sekig ostheishere the user is be to djst seker chcteristics d emotio cotet o tsti teehoy where seker idetity ught to be reserved d toeof oice sects so form rt of te commuictio

2 New tools

I the exportio of sekig style d seke vibiity we me se of mutiseker dtbse I our seech dtbse roject we hve strted to coectmteril from viety of speke icudig professo s we s utriedsekers (Crso Grsm Nrd 990) Te structure of the dtbsekes it ossibe to etrct reevt iformtio by simle sech rocedes Itis ths esy to retrieve iformtio o the coustic reiztio of a iguistc uiti secified cotet Elier studies ve cocetted o iguistic strctesrther th etrgistic descritios.

e im t eicit descrios tht re ossibe to test i the frmeo of tettoseech system (Crso Grstrm Huicutt 990) recet esio


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of the speec production model e syntess system includes a variabe voicsource and a mre cmplex mdelg e vocal ac (Clson, Grans Karlsso, 1990). T syntes mdel gves s ew pssbilites to model bohdiferen speakers a speng styles n ner detal. Te ecessy backgroknowledge, owever, is in many respects rudimeny.

FO ad duraton ave an undisputale effect n prosdics bu te role of itshas bn less clear. This as resulted in an empass n e rmer atbs curret speech sytesis schemes. In a sudy to be plished esehrGransm Nord 99a) we ave explored e use f speec intesity aaso other segmea coelates of prosody. Intensy as a dyaic asct ciat ehaszed and redced setces o speech. A more goba a

o tsit mst be cotrlled we we t modl diferent seak stysScifcally, e ave een yig t odel the coiuu from soft to lospech Also a set o sentences was desged wit sub-pases iserd i hmidde of te setece. Tese were read wit dferet degrees o thhed qality ad analysed n ts paper we wll sw anoter exampe f aasisshsis alied on motive speec.

3 Acoustics of emotions

acousti phoeic reserc ms studes dal w uction ad reaizato oistc elements. Wt a ew exceptos, e.g. Wllams Seves (1972 aScherer (1989), e acoustc f emoos ave no een extensvey st

Rather, studes ave deat wit te ask f detiying exalnguistic dmsosqualtatively and sometmes als uatiy ese, e.g. y usng scalg methosSpotaeus seec as een used as wel as read speec wt simuated eotal epressios.

An iterest ateative to perceptual evaation of an spch is to ask histeer o adjust preseted smui t some interal reference, suc as oy, aetc. hs s tycaly doe y using sythetc speec, wc cano e to poor qaty if eotos shoud be cnveyed Recent eperimets sing DEtak ha reortd by Cah (990)

e aont f interacton beteen te emtive seec and he liusc conttof a setece is dcul t ascerain, ut as be ake it accut. I is oteasy dee a speec us ta is eual n te sese ta any moion cube used n


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ceivig te speec sigal witut reerece visua cues. Depeding n tecntextual reereces i is tus easy t use ager wit y igt wit sorow etc.

4 Prliminary xprimnt with pakr atttd

We ave aalysed readgs y tw actrs w were prayig difere emtins y readig a ixed se setees i diere ways: wit ager oy easadess surise ad als i a eual te vice. Examples is aalysise give Grasm Nrd (1991). (Te same material previously used byOster isberg 1986). Fr sme te setces it was vious tat te toactors made use of a umer exa actrs suc as sigs voice bres and

jitte lip smacks etc ic te conibued i a decisive way to the itendedemotio. Tis means tat a stadard aoustic aalysis pduced sentncesith diferet emotional ctent i tems o eg duation itesity a pitchdoes not discimiate between emtions if te speake elies eavily o nononetic cues i te producti.

Anoter pint o departue is to ivestigate some acusti corelates o emotionby usig speec sytess. Diferet aalysis-y-sytesis teciques sow geatpmise i derivig data r te sytesis dieret vices styles an emotis. peically we ivestigated a iteractive prduti paradigm. Weaske suecs to sit at a cmputer termial ad cage te rizontal advetical Y positi o a pit witi a squae te screen y means of a

muse. Te X and Y values ca e used a set sytesis rules cagig differet aspects o te voice. I tis way e set up a umber ules that cageditc deviatios itensity dynamics or voice source paameters o a synthesizedsetece. The subjects ere asked to y different combiatios of these ameters y movig te mouse ad reportig te impressi tat te synthecsetece made on them i tems emtioal content.

VOCE BREAK

WORRD

HAPPy

OPTIMISTIC

NEUTRAL

ETENING CUTION

ANGRY

UNNURL INDIFRNT

CONTENT

SELF-ASSERTIVE

SURE DETERMIND

DISPPOINTED

COMPLANT

Figure1 Exmple of free verl responses in speech synthesis production experiment with four suject See text for tested dimensions


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In gure a resu from suc an expemen s swn Te X dmensn coespnds e slpe te declan le were a lw crdnae value, (le)cespnds a sng cnur and a g valu, (rg) cepnds a fallngcntur w e mdp e senenc ep a a cnsa pc value Te Ydmensn s te pc dynamcs were e lw end cespnds small pcmvemens and e p ger lcal pc excursns Te esed senence wasne used n e sberg Oser sudy "m er p trsdag" (ey wll arrve n Tursday) .e. a nguscally ue neual saeme. Obvusly evaans sugges several dferent atdes t ur seer. Te as appeaque manageable e subjecs w respnded w a far dee o consstncy We are pursung s lne of expermens furer nclung as ocsourc vtons

5 Fina remas

In s conbuon we ave ndcated sme ways of exprng spaker cacterscs and speakng syle usng e spec daabase and syness envronm K e wr s sll a a very premnary sage. Te presntd exmfrm emove speec suggess ta e descrbed ecnque s useul als fooer speec dmenss uure applcans f e ganed nwledge ae bfund n nex generaon speec syness and speec undersandng systms

AcowedgemensTs work as been suppred by grant m T Sweds atnal Boad o

Tecncal Deelopment T Sws Cuncl fr esec n e Humnsand Socal Scences and te Sweds Telecom.

RefeencesBlon, A., Carlson, R., Gransm, B., Hunicutt, S. & Karlsson I. 1987: "Text-tosehsystem for rtis Englis, and issues of dialect and stye", Eropea Conference on SpeechTecnology vol. 1 Ednburg, Scolnd.Can J. E. 1990: "Te generaton of affect i syntesized speec" Jo of the mercaVoice I/O Socety vol. 8 pp. 1-9Carlson, R Grstrm, B. & Hunnicutt, S. 1990: "Mltling tex-to-spee developmen applicatons", in A.W. Answort (), Advances in spee, ering d lguge pocessing, JAI Press, LononCalson, R., Gnstm, B. & Klsson, I. 1990: "Experimets wit voce modellng in spechsynhess", i Laver, J, Jack, M. & Gdner, A. (eds.), ESCA Workshop on Se Chcton n peeh echnoogy, pp.2839 CSTR, dnburgh.

Calson, R., Gansm, G. & Nord, L. 1990: "Te KTH speec datbase", Speech Comcton, vol. 9 pp. 375-380.Grnsm, . & Nord, L. 1991a: "Negled dmensions in spee syntess", ESCA woksop on Te Ponetcs and Ponology f Sg Styles, eloa.Gransm, . & Nord, L. 1991b: "ays of exploring speaker ctristics and speakingsyles", Proc. of XIIt ICPS Aix-en-ovence, Fracester AM. & Rsberg, A. 1986: "Te identication of e md of a speaker by earng impaired istene", SQPS 4/1986p. 79-90Scerer K. 1989 "Voca corelaes of emoion", i (Wagne, H. & Manstead, T., ed., Hdbok f Psycopysoogy: Emotion d Social eavior, pp. 165-197 Cceste: Wley.Wills, C. E. & Stevens, K. . 1972: "Emtons and speec: some acostcal corlaes",JASA vol. 5pp. 2381250


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CHILD ADJUSTED PEECH; REMARKON TH WEDISH TONA WORD ACCENT

Ua Sundberg

Instiute of Linuistics, Sockholm Universi, S-106 91 Stockholm

A huge body f evidence verfies the adjustments takers make when addessin infnts and childen, often efere to as Baby Tlk o motherese.Adjustments re generaly made at sel lgustic els ie prosodi (highpitch, grter ptch crsns ver a phrse) lical ( secial wod frmsinclng hocrstics) syntctc comlexi ( shrte tteances, feweebdd claus e setc ( rtrcton to tocsi the hld' word),enda ( more epettis ) ( Sow, 1977, Kaye 1980 ).

l thee adjustments make ths speeh style a e speal oe. t i atat then ask wht prperties in the lngage emn constant or unaffected inthis special speech registe Wht cnstts does the phonooical system oa laguage have n this peech stle? F exae, ow oes the child adjustedsph style ffect the tnl structure f grve accent or accent 2? Words wtgrave accent are chctezed by a rm stressed syllabe fllowed by asecondary stresse syllble he ndmental equen correlte is a HIGHLOW sequence f the pmry stessed syllable, and when the word hssetence-stress r focus, a second HIGH occurs at the secnday stessedsyllable. (Bruce 1977, Engstrand 1989) This characteristc tpeaked Fcotour is very ommon in Swedish; most dsyllabic a polysyllabi andpilly cpounds have this gve acent. In a std with ae aewrds sontneous speech Engstrnd,(1989), found hat the fllng Fcntou in the prmary strsed sybe ws a very obus grave accent fturad tat it as frequenty followed by a se in the seconday stressed sylble.

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If the F fll is obust gve ccent fete in dult diected spontneousspeech, ne cld wne if iants podue hese gavelike pich pttens inthei vociztions/bbling. In coss inguisti sudy ngstn et al (1991)analyze valiztins by wedish and meian nglish nfants at the age f17 monhs when thei vocabulry conined ppox. 50 wods. he esults weeve inteesting s they shwed the ints sing iffeent kin f stategy inthei gve-like ppximtins. he Rise pamete (pning t theul- poduced secnd HIGH t the senday stesse syllable) diffeedsignificntly beeen the lnguage goups.In the childens vcaliztins, htwee judged to be epesenttions towds wods with gve ccent in ultlnguge, the cue signling gve ccent seemed to be the F Rise in thesecond stessed syllble.

he thos discss wheth this finding is elat to the Rise nd Fllpmete chcteistics being diffeent in child djusted speech in compisont ult dieted speech. hey pint ut tht speech adesse t ints ftenis exggete in stess nd tht the Rise pt in ws with gve w centis sensitive to stess. If the infnts behve uneectedly in this mtte, wht oesthei input look like? Do the gve wd ccent in chld djusted spchcoom with dt fom dult diected spech nd show the same consisten?If nt wht e the ieences an d they nfm with the infnt puindt? he pent study is undetken o elucidte the qutions.

w wedish mothes wee coded fu to six times in sound poof omwhile engged in intection with thei infnts. he infns ges nge fomthee t five months. e mthes wee instcted t se some tys nd plywith thei ints the wy they nomly d t home. fte appox. ve mintesa male college o myself enteed the om n taked o he mthe in nioml onvestin. We tied to tlk bout what hd jst been sid ohappene the pevius minues in de to elicitte speech smples cntiningsimil linguistic content. We imd t btining the wds with gve ctdessed both t the infnt nd to he dut espectively. he nlyzingciteion used in the coss linguistic study bove will be used in ode to btin

comptible ta.

Peliminry esults will be pesentd t the symposium.


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REFERENCES

Bruce, G. (1977), "Swedish word accents in sentence pespective, Trav d I'insute denisiqe de Lund 12 Lund: Gleerup

Engsta, o. (1989), "F crrelates of tonal wr acens sponteous speech: rage andsystematcity f variaton", PERLUS X -

Engstrd, 0 Wila K. and Strmqst, S. (11), PERLUS X

Kaye, K, (19), ''Wy we dont tk bby tak tobbies", Joal of Chld anage 7,49-57.

Snow, C.E, (1977),Mothersspeech research: rom inpu to interaction, i .E. Snow andC.A. Ferguson (Eds) Talkng to childn: ana nput an Acqision, CambrdgeUiversiy Press, Cambrdge.

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Motivaed Deicic Forms in Early LanguageAcquisition

Sh W, p f h Sh U

Introduio

Id i an lmnt that ccur croslinguitically in arly languag acquisitionand apar to hav a dictic fnction cf ark, 978). n a rcnt doctoraldirtation William, 99) th xistnc of an arly motivatd dictic ystmwa uggtd, in which Id and variation of Id ar inhrently lind to thaction of pointing and touching, on th one hand, and correpnd to th featu+1- contact on th other. t was suggested that this tak place through thagncy of crossmodal transfer cfMeltzo, 96); pointig with the forgeri rtd in an apicoalvolar movment rsulting in th production of [dand its cooccrrn with pointing, whilt th strtching of th a involvd inpointing to mor dital objt i reted in a largr oral cavity, reultig in

th productin f [] throgh to [- roximal), and th coourrnc of thsound with th fatur -proxal, +proximal, resptivly.

n ordr to tudy thi hypothei using h data avaiabl, th phoetic vaiations ofl produd by a vry young bilingual child wr tudied in conjunction with th ind of actions th accompanied

Mthd

Th study carid out was an mpirical on, bad on data from one child, taenfrom th DUFD projec, Hamburg Univrsity Dirctor, .M.Meil). Aon-or vidrording a mad f th cld ndr tdy vry fortnight,

3 minut of thi bing ntraction with a rnch-peaking partnr, 3 minuteswith a Geanpaking partnr. or tchnical detailsseMeiel 990) Thag of th child duing th priod tudied wa ca 4-26. h stdy was badon a dat corpu rpnting 26 hors of vidorcording and comprising atotal of 796 uttranc.

ach uttrance wa coded veral times for dieent features. hat is her oflvan is that uttrancs comprising or containing a l elemnt wer

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tranrid phonetically and coded for th feture +1- contct and +I-interction. he oer referred to whether te child had physicl contct with theobjt involv in her actions or not, and the latter to whether or not th childappard to xting some kind f respon frm the aner.

3 ResuHs \

Id or varition of Ida! tnded generally o ur mor with pinting actionsthan did non-Ida! eements, and showed a initialy strong but gradullydeclining -interaction tendency. Also, it w found tht vocalic vritions of

Id showed a reltonship t the feture +1- cotact; in both Frenc d Gen context, [E] was initialy ud reltivey more thn r hen

th fetre +contact was prent, a phenomenon wich diminished with geTowards the end f th period studied, Ida! and ts variations showed lowlevel of occurrence in th French context, and the relationsip twn Ide dId, and +I-cotct restively me ls clear te Gen context Also,it could shwn tt the pttern of occurren of Ida! i both lgugecontexts ws similar up to c ;9, aer which point the pttes of is occurrecediverged in French and Gen contexs

4 Dicn

though the possibity of the data eing idosyncratic cnnot rled out dueto th fact tht this study was caried out on one chl only, the results re,hwever, upported by ings from other studies Apart from the generldocumenttion in th literature of Ida! as being sm kind of deictic element,vocic variton of it have also bn fond lwere to have a +1- proxiityfunction (Carer, 979) The tendency for Id! lemets in this to occur initillwith th fatr -interction in conjunciton with te fact tt languge dierentition here rst aprs to e plce somewht lter, from ;9 onwardsindictes tht the of Ida! eleents is ot strogly inueced b the iput, ift l. his, together with the fct tht Ia! elemets occur in erl uereacross languag wold sggest that this my b some kind of univers.

Th ary motivation of phonetc fos, ten, in this c, deictic, my provideom nd of tranion btween early phonetic praci and th ginngs ofreferntial language Thi may also sh some ight on the peipheral butrsitent occurenc of soud ymbolim in adult langage; h mechansmo crossmodal transfer exists a bridge t the acqusition of lnguge, there isn reason to suppo that t disps entirely once it has fullled is function,so to spek, even thouh it y lter rere as redunt.


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5 Rfrncs

artr, L (99, h disaparanc ha: a ca study of a sond- yarcounicativ bhavior n: Ochs & BB chiin (ds, Dvelopmentlpraa, Nw York: cadmic Prssark, V ( 98, From Gstr o Wor: O h natra hisory of dixis agag acqisition n: S Bnr (, Ha ow and developmen,arndon PrssMi, M (990, Two t langg - ly gramatal development inbilingu chn, Dordrh: ForsMo, (986, mitation, intda rprntation and th origins ofmind n: B. indbom & R Zttrstr (ds), Psors of e sh.

Nw York: Stockton Prssilliams, S (99, A stud of the en and funcons of "d " in a eyyoung bingu ch Doctora disrtation, Univrsity of Hamburg

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Cluster production at grammaticboudre by Swedish chilren:

some peliminry obevation

ntroductio

P Czgp h

Uv U

The present investigation examines phonoogica preses affecting custers ofsix and seven consonants that span grammatica boundie in the speech ofSwedish chiren Conceing the deveopmenta aspect of consonant equences,certain modications have been observed in chidren's speech, especiay reduction and spitting of consonant custers (Kofed, 91; Menyuk & Katt,198 The eatment of consonant custers in the speech of Swedsh chidren hasbeen described by Line & ennische (980 Enesk (9 howed that wordinitia consonant custers (C e more often coecty pronounced than wordn consonant custers (FC by 4 and -yea-od Swedish chidren Chidren's

difcuties with the timing and motor cono of sepate ticatory gestures incompex custers e aso we mented (Gibe & ohnson, 98; Gibert&Pures,19; Hawkins,193; Ohaa,190 These investigations a have chidren's production of consonant custers in singe words as their object

n Swedish,IC's my contain up to three consonants and FC's even consonant at a maximm Howve,eucn f cste of the o mo cosonntsat moheme and word boundies is common In effect,sch eductions are prtof the pronunciation rues fo Swedish though the extent to which they occur depends on te stye of speech and especiay on speech rate (Eert,1989; Eisson,198 t hs so een pointed out tht such reductions work on C's, wieC's remain intact (Gding,194 Accordng to Gding (194,FC's hve

ess informtion vaue than C's; FC's often conist of more than one morpheme, whereas C' constitte part of on morpheme; and, in addition, inFC's the cuation moves towds a neua position,whie the consonnts ofC's e coticated with the foowing vowe

n the ight of (a chidren' dicties with the production of consonant equences; (b the compexity of consonant eqences at gammatica boundrie,whenFC is foowed by C; (c the reductions in infoa peech (by aduts ofthreemember or onger consonant custers that spn gammatica boundaries,thefoowing questions have been actuaized: (1 do Swedish chidren, mastering

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complex clusters in sngle words,appy ad-ke ecins when hey produceclusters a grammaica bnds? (2) A hee ay her hnlgca processes working when Swedsh chiren nnce ch ces? (3) T wha xten o hese processe work in C' an WIC' scivy? (4) Regadngthe currence of alt-ke redcn ad he hnogic prese,e ereany ffeences between yonge an der chen ?

2 Material

Sx noal chdren (4-9 year-l,and w aus (f referece) sered as sbject for the experimen Al ubjec w naive speaer f Sedsh Before theexpermen,te chlren were examned brey o ensure ha hey would no haveeelopmentl dfcultes wt the pructon of consonan custers n sngle

wors The materl consisted of welv nomna phrases (NP,elcted by pctures Ech NP inclde an ajectve ith a WFC of hree or four consonntsdansk+(t), nsk+(, svensk+(t) foloed by a nou with IC of hee consonans skrat, skrot, skruv, strut. The subjecs ttered befoe he NP's a carrerprase "It s a " r "I see a " The recordngs of a es sessons werenscred phonecally

3 Resuts and Discssion

All sx or seven consonans n he cluses of he pres cou e ponouncedby e adult sujects,an n most case by he oler (9-year-old cren Teponoogcal and ohe processes, which characerze h prducons of he

ouner,and to some exen even the older chldren,wl be resented n heollong orer: processe whch ae wrking in he C(.1); processes whcoccur between te C and te WIC (ha i a grammatca boundaes (.2);processes whch ar worng n he WIC(.)

.1 Processe working in he word-al clusers

Deeos Th 9-y-l chilrn shod crain ndncs o rece th numbe of consonans from sven to sx, by in f I svenkt skrat[senssat Ths kn of deetion seems o coepon o he econs ofC,whch e plenfu in nfoal speech in Swedsh (Eler,1989 In e present investgton, he ault subjecs dd no euc he consnan custers It s

herefore an open question whether he ler chien' reductions are ob

regd as a mnfestaton f he acqur nuncian uls,r shouldb seen as aconsequence of ei more or ess me abiy o maser h og and compexconsonant clustes The yonger chdren (age 4- howed only a lmtedoccence of -deleon,bu on the othr had hey ende to reduce the umberof consonants by lin f daskt skratt [dansksrat More or lessconssten eleons ofI n FC n the resen cous would gve evence of ansucent gramcl blty (nadeqate aeement Howeve,he chen hs inestgaton were udge as havng well-acqure use of agreement


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Consequeny, ou b ohhe o examn h osbe easons fo heffeences beeen he younge an o chen' eeons.

Otheprocesses. In some cases he consonan equenc afe // n he onacuse as eete by he younge chen (ag 4),an he /s as ongate,obaby as a esu of fuson beeen he ona an he ona /s/danskt skratt ans:kat. In som othe cases, hen ofna // wasdeete, an /s/ as ade afe he / danskt skratt- ansks # sa].Fuhemoe,a fe cases ofsequnce rduplication ee obseed in he speechof he chen,esecve of age sveskt skrattsvensstsa. These pocesses shou be egae as cea manfesaons of chen's ack of mngcono an he naby to apy e aprae segmenng ues.

.2 Processes at word bounries

P wih r h in a he o bounes ee common n heseech of he younge chen (age 4-) Fo exame: danskt skrattanst#sa]; nskt skrot nsk # su: (# = ause h aube nsaon.hen pauses occued, the FC an the IC ee amos aays ponouncedthou educton. Accodng o Lnel & Jennsche (1980,chlen have oulecoodnang beang and cuaon,o hey can mae a bea anywhee n allutteances. On the othe hn,he beas th o whou nspaton oseedhee, ony occued a o boundaes, an heefoe shoul be egde astemo emcaons beeen he os,o beeen he consonan cuses. Thees theefoe seem o eect e ac of g conol.

Only one of he chen (age nsete a schavowe beween the FC and eIC. Ths occcue only n a few case svenskt skrot svensksku:].Snce voe nseon has been obsee n a numbe of sues (e. g. Kofe,191; Menyuk & Kat,198; Lne & Jennsche,1980),he susngy ecuence n the pesen maera ases quesons abou he compabty of thepesen study an ohes.

. Processes working in the word-inial clusters

Smlcaon of e ICocce n a few cases. Bo he ole an he youngchien delete he stop in he WIC. Fo exame danskt skrot- [anssu:t].Fuhemoe,he youngest chid (age 4 elee both he sop ad he receding /s(nsk strut- [nk:t]). In cae of suh "spch rs" h hild oedhimsef,an he uteance as reeae wo ohee imes o be "coec" ihregard to the WIC. On the other hand,the child did not coect himself when heponounceskruv-[ns:v. This onunciaion seems o coesondoau-ike educions,o haploogy (Ee,1989; Eiasson,1986)

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Summary

The pesen invesigaion shows ha he Swedish hide (age 4-9 in hisivestigaion seem o have ad-ike redcons of onon sers a ca ondes On he ohe had i caob eiv deide wheher hechidren's edcions shod e egaded as aied aii o appy heappopiae ponniaio es, o seen a a onseece of he chiden'sdces with he ming and moo cono of ndivid icaoy gesres incompex stes

The FC's are more e o e eded, o ae mo esiive o oher pocesses, han he IC's Processes working in he ICs occ more ofen in hespeech of he yonger chlen

These premnary obserations aise some ineresing esions egarding hesctra simariies and diffeences bewee FC's and IC's, and egardingsmlaies and differences beween chiden's acisiion of FC's and IC'srespecivey Frhe ivesigaions wih phonoogia, acostica andphysioogica anayses are panned, o iminae hiden's acsion anproducon of consonan csters in Swedsh

Refereces

Eneskr,B 19,"Longtudnell undersknng av vssa sprrdgheter hosbarn Del I: Studer av barns uttal vd 4 och 6 r" Lnds niverse,

Pedagogiska insionenEe,C-C 1989,"Allmn och svensk fonetk" Noseds, SkhomEasson, S 198, "Sandhi phenomena in Peninsar Scandinavian", n: Ander

son, (Ed: "Sandh Phenomena n the Language of Europe" Moon deGruyer,Bern 21-300.

Glber,J V & Johnson,C 98, "Tempora and eenia consains onix-year-od's honoogica prions: some obsaion on he ambiancephenomenon",Joual of Cld ngage 11-2.

Gbert, J H V & Pres, B A 96, "Tempoa consrains on consonantclsters in chid speech prction",Journalof Chld ngage , 41-432.

Grding, E 94, "Sandhieger svenska konsonane", in: Pazack, C(Ed: Svenskans beskrvnng 8 Lnds niversie,Insiionen r nordskasprk, Lnd 9-10.

awkins,S 93, "Tempora crdinaion of consonans in he peech of chiden premn dt" Jornal of Phonetcs 1 8-2.

Kofeld,J R 19, "Theoreica isses in chd phonoogy",Chcago Lngustc Soce ,454-48

Line,P & Jennische,M 19,"Baets ttalseclng" Libe,ndMenyk,P & Kat,D. 98. "The chid's pcio of iniia consonant cls

ers",QPR M Electronc Research Laboorum, 9 205-215.Ohala, J J 190, "Aspecs of he cono and poducon of speech ", UCLA

Workng Papers on Phonetcs, 5


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INFANT SPEECH PERCEPTION STUDSReflections on heoreca impicaions

Abstract

Francisco LacerdIsttute f LinguistiStockholm Univei

The pape will pesent a shot view of aspects of pec peption ta apa of th theoctical bakgound fo ou inan sc pcpion pojec,cred out at the Institut of Linguisic of Stkholm Uniesity. Th pjec'ain goal is to gah iial data on th nfant's spec pcton caabilitiand study how those capabilities evolv duing h inants' s ea of life.

The daa collcion has of ou st ssaic infan sch ion studs now big onclud Th sus wi b oed in h oal esnion and

publisd in a othomgPERIUS ogss o which w also b availablat the sosiu


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Reading and writing processes in hildrenwith Down syndrom - reseah prject.

I{ J Pyy EUy K

To be unable to read and wrie is a serious handicap that prevents the individual

to lly participate in society. However, in spite of schooling of considerableduration, even today in Sweden many adults are excluded om writteninformation and communication.

Among those with reading and wriing handicaps are the enally retardedpersons - about 40 000 peope in Sweden. However, his subgroup of theSwedish population has been offered changed and more advance conditions oflife during the las decades due o a poiical ambition to have entally disabledpersons to participate in socitey according to their abiities. is eans, amongother things, that the menally retarded chidren are to be offered teaching in

reading and writing in schoo.

e knowledge of the sate and corse of reading aquisition in entally retardedchildren is, however, very rdimenary. According o this lack of knowledge, theteaching of reading in many schools is adapted to noraity in learning anddevelopment and he success of teaching is not very great.

e necessity of descriptive and experimental inguistic research in mentalyretarded children is huge. In order to provide successful teaching we have toknow in what general and specific ways the reading developent of mentallyretarded children differ om the norma deveopment. We have to know about

inter- and intraindivual differences and he origins of hese differences.

On the basis of studies of normal reading aquisition, it is well known that manyvariables may interfere with reading aqcuisition. One of the ost crucialqestions is to decide which variables are independent and which are

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epenent an which are the unknown "third" variables. E.g o sex age socialan cultural backgroun or emotional an motivationa sate mean the same thingto reaing evelopment of chilren with mental rearation an of noallytalente chilren?

However I think the far most imporant question is the following one: What ismental retardaion an what kinds of interferences are uniqually ependent onmental retardaton?

My own research is guide by a hypothesis that sates that an inividual ismentally retare if he or she oes not manage to cope with the expectancies an

attitudes of other people. Mental retaration is then a problem of relationshipsbetween he inividual an other human beings. his hypohesis also states thatan ndivua becomes mentally reare ue to malfuncions of the informationsystem of the representational an memory systems or of the acing system.

I would le to mention some variables in mental retardation that may interferewith reaing acquisition.

e first step in leaing is the processing of information which inclues generalan specific perceptual an cognitive factors but also emotional an motivational

factors. Mentally retare chilren may be isable to selectively choose amonglinguistic and other kinds of stimuli in a proper way ue to eficits in attentioniscrimination and ientification processes. For many chilren it is harer oatten to to discriminate an to identify auditory than visual an tactualinformation. Even the thresholds of stimli may be ifferent some kins ofstimuli have to be much more intense but other kins of stimuli may have to beless intense than normally to evoke a response.

Mentally retarde chilren may be isabled to categorize to generaize osequentiate to integrate to code to organie these coes for saving in emoryand to recognie or recall linguistic information in a proper way. e character

of these problems may be ifferent on ifferent occasions and times an thisseems to be related to the actual motivational and emotional stae of the chil.


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Reading acquisition requires also a system for acting. is system incudes theplanning and the execution o motor activities Hypotonia, hyprtonia,

hypermobility of te joints, ow srength of the musces, aaxi and dyspaxi arejust a few common words associated to te moor performance o entayrtarded cidren. Al hese words indicate that entally retarded children , alsothose without obvious motor handicas, have moor roblems.

Normally taente children are very active in eang. ey fnd their own wayof laing and they seem to be guided by impcit hyothesis bout ther oncaacities. On heir own initiative and desire they ractise the new leaing tasksand on teir own they discover and correct failures.

Children wit nora development search for knowlege but many menallyretarded cildren have acqired e strategy of eaed elplessness and conitiveavoidence. ese strategies el the cild to be passive, wthout initiative anddependen upon oter people and tey seem to be more motivated to avoid faiurethan to acieve success.

is cognitive macinery jus outlined, varies in effeciency due to superordinatemental factors e g menta speed. In te noally talented person perception,representation, memory and te planning of the motor anser have a certainduation tat fits oter peoples expectations. I te entally retarded person themenal speed is uch slower.

This is the back-ground to the reserc oject "Reading and wrting processesin children wit Down syndrome". e project stared in september 1990 and itis divided nto a descritive, an experimental and an expanatory part.

e aim of te descrptve part of te project is to describe the present radingand witing compence of cildren wit Down syndrome , ages 810 years.

e aim of the experimenal part of the roject is to try an atenaivemethodology in teaching reaing and writing o cildrn wi Down syndrom.e xpermental roup of chldren are coosen among chidren that duing their

pre-scoo perod took par of te project "Eary anguag interventon inchildren ith Down syndrome" (Joansson, 1990a). is prorame as ocusedon general language development, audtory and visual perception and fine-motorability. Tus, the prereading skils of the exerimental childen have beenstimulated in a systematically way oansson,1988, 1990b). E g the programme

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comprsed tasks o identify and to discriminate soundpattes (prosodic andsegmental cues) important to te Swedis anguage on eves of te word and ofte syllable, to discriminate minimal pairs on te level of semens, to categorizeforms geometrical, letters, to discriminate and understand picures drawingsand word-pictures), to recognie te dection of readng and to reaize thegrapeme-poneme correspondence.

e aim of te trd pat of te project is to test some ypoteses of connecionswit reading acquisition and aspects of anguage deveopment.

References

Joansson,I.(1988), Spkutvklig ho hadippad ba. Studentlittertur.

Joansson,I (1990a), "arly anguage intervention in cildren wit Downsyndrome", in E.Cigier (ed) Lookig up at Dow dom. Freund Pbl House.

Joansson,I (1990b), Sputvklg ho hdippd ba 2. Studentlitteratur.


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Velum and Epigotts behaviour urin heproucton of Aa pnea and

rnea: a ercopic suy.

Am M Elgny Insiu of Lnguis Sockolm Univrsi

1. IntroduionThe anguages f the rd hich utiize the pharnx t prduce sh sunds

are ver e. Araic has thr pairs f struents articuated in the ack cavitf the vca tract: I X in hich the ack f the tngue in ontac th theuvua cnstricting the upper ren f the rparynx; 1 hich have a

ar cnstrictin in the arngepharynx area re nferior at the eve ofthe nd cera verterae; and to aryngeas ? , h The hanisundering the prdutin f pharngea ents is et pr understd.Te prductin f r 1 fr insance caied t be attaed erey puing the drs f the tngue tard the ack a f the pharynx.Hever that des nt expain h the nn-native speakers prduce ? rxhen the intend r 1 respectei

In additin there is anther t f spch sund artiuatd the frnt

cavit viz. z s d t hich can pharngeaized The feature f phangeaitin achieved depressing the ade the tngue dnard andpug its drs ackard t apprach the pstrir phrgea a ruting in a arger frnt cavit due t the ccavit f the ade of the tngue anda narrer ack cavit due t the retratin f the tngue od This ca fsunds knn in the iterature as the ephati sunds f Araic , d t The ephati ent spreads its phnetic infratin t the adacent segents (regardess f the syaic undari) in th directins i.e. anticipatrand carr-ver articuatin. Furthere a pain pharngea ent canccur in ephati envirent eg. c: z vs. fa: Z (f. [1]).

2 MtivatiThere are severa rvatins hich pint out the pssie nteractin eteenthe arngea pharngea and nasa artiuatin:1) A pharyngea nsnant an phnetica deved nder a eripress tie t a nasa sund This prcess sound hange es t epassed thruh t deent stes st the phrngea ent is sustitutedfr a larngea ? r ten in a ater rid f tie te cnsnant ndus

8


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8

nasalization on th foowing vowl wc fur dompos ito "vowl +nasa consonant". Morov, it as ound that th ols ar asald aftrlowr harngals I C , h I but not aftr ur pharngals I x I, [4] .2) Childn with cl alt tnd to comnsat or t incy of poducig sph souns articultd in th o cavty , (g. I s , , t k I) by soundsaricltd n th pharynx and or th l [2 [6].3) One ofthe most common sdsorder aon te Egyptian patients of

yslala s kown as "hryngeal siatsm". T patien tends to substituteth oal-dental I s I by a deft alald, parygeald (emphati) [][3]).The obrvatons ma lead to the followngqution: What could be tecmon fct (if ny) bwn lnel, hyngl and nasl ticultin?

t cn b hhize tht the vic mvnts wil be ceted wih the ntof constiction aong th hanx n is itn fom th gttis sin it hasben eportd tht the vlu h high oitin f high vowels thn thtor low vows [5] n aition t hs en nstat tht th nib assgnd vaus gs of lion ning n th constrictin loction inth hx g I I quis owjw imnt tn tht uifor I II an fo I I 1]

t ms tht uing th back o th tngu aganst th postrior wl of thhnx is nt nough to u a hnal nt, on osibiit is thtctivity o th hi bn, lnx o th iott cig is nvolv in schmchnim t cn aum a ii, h h mvmnt of h v icooin wih tht of th , tongu, igttis n th lnx sin hctivit of h articus wil t th munt of h coustic inci th voc ct and wi n th g th nslol couing. Thnt stuy ws intn to invigat th namics f h vlum n thglot durng th ucton o a t of c un whc our n thback cvty of th ocal tac

3. Eperimental proceduresTh namcs of h vhnga t as w as h bhvi f thigottis during th ouctin o vaius phangl nts w m

tord using a wi-angl, Rhnongo sco Th ti of th tu, waintd thoug th no of th ubjt an was pushd through th ifinsal mtus an it ws cl t th ntil whn it rachd a sitin whth of th o il boh vs o maximl tin of th v(g uing I s I oucton) an th lwst possb ostn (ung toston) Vou vs f v hight w mau along th axs connctig th two int Th cn int f brvation ws jut bv th tg th igottis This pition i sib t obr th gttis


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85

pgotts and t atral wals o th aryngparyn. N Egypta malspakrs w kd to rd a tota of 92 words rprntng varous tys oparynga, arynga and nsa artcuato vcnty o thr vownvronmnts .. , u, . A vdo cama wt a Hi-F mcophon wasconnt to th dist nd of th rop. mtra was rcordd onvra profssiona vdo ts. A tmr cock sows ours, nuts,onds and vr undth o a ond wr rordd on t vdo ms forsncronton purpo. Th audo chann was dvdd nto 60 ond-longrvas usng a pp sgna and was n dgtad and stor n mmoryof a computr for uthr strographc anayss and ntaton. A mb-fam nsctin ws md on th ms using a motio pctur anar,

and pots of v hit nd tr n w dismnts wmsud n t n itr

4 Resuts ad DiscussiDta nstn rv ht I , , h poucd with n on

vohnl rt in th nnns cntxt. Th dg of vl hit vss a function of t hntic ntxt n th oint o th constricion octn th phnx n it rts i-sk vriabity. h mphatc csonnts d not show any sncnt t on t vic onng thn thtdsla dg th non-tic rticution.

c

12"

8

' 4-

0" h X G n s>

Velar Height durn vrous cao in e vicn of e vowes I= ad ! '/ r pk MH.

uh instin f th t sh tht th iottis actv an movsndnt fm th tn th poucton of tho nts whchv a mj nsttion lot in t nf ion of th hrnx, . I n o a s xtnt for I I X . o instn dng , th igotts son th top of th atni cts ving a naow pssag twn th


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86

edg of th epiottis and te posterior pharyngel wal for he ar to ea.

Th ieresting mdng as that the ateral hryngeal walls dispayed asubstantial ial dispaceent concant with th titing of the pigotti.Furtheore, the artenides we obrved to ov anerior, he, raxing the voca flds, hich ght explai why / C / i harcted by a

arkedy ow FO During / h / th voal fol w brogt oget t tporo g w apr t tr ba, t ltt a w

o lik latra riagl the tti urg /C , h /indt that ajor otcto the x lf b rudthat th possie nteracti btwn the aal, pharyngeal ad aryngeaaticuain is cndiined y th aedynaic and echanica cnstaints.

Bad n te min tained the pent erient, it an besugested tt ents ic he cnstrictin at nerior regins in thephaynx i ae re ant f nasa copling tha ho at superiorregins, accoingy tey ay ret geter aount of aatin.

AcknwedgmentsThe authr ishes to than B Fize, Anika Iserg and B McAiser the u suesins and dissin, and Per-ke Lndestad fr his cntiion in te edical and tecnic apts o dat coectn.

eferences

[1] Elgendy, A. (1985): Mdibua Ascts of Pharyngea Coartication. unppliedMaster' Ths Departmet of Ponetics, Institte of Linguistic, Sockom Universty,Sockom, Sweden.

[2] Henigsso, G. & Isrg, A. (986): Veophygea oven Patte n PaanAltaatig twn Oral and Gottal Artcaio: A Clil an CineaoralSudy.CJepateouma 23:1-9.

[3] Kotby, N.& Bara, M.(1979): Patte of ysai n Egyp.Folia Phoniac 3, p.125-128.

[4 Matiso, J. (1975): Rngottopiia: e mysteros conneton tween nasait andGttaity in Nasaft, rs a sypi on nasa d nasalizaon StanfordUniversity, Caifa.p 2287.

[5 Lber, (1968) A Electromygrapccneuorograph nvesgaton o velar functorg noal sh producion.CePateoum , pp.-18.

[6 Tos 1 81 Acuaory Adion to te Cassca pon of he h o esonsth Cle Palate. ClPate oum Vo18, No.3, pp 93-203.


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NSNG ESTRE RM X-Y MT FIL OF PEC

n J. WUnversitis of ud ad Umes

87

s pnon isses e eo n bi of naing inMu ng fm urh o . Catila rr aay n p lk hw a a hm m t hw l may kp wt n we bnr , n In t ne lmnu phonml

r a of ic impl at aa and ausc atbuc

sng u dl,d ad agn er e pone The dc o mny tu isou dinl polc ur o phonm y x(blbi r Ib o gr I e ouh ere innc signmn b bgu. Fhrmr x-ry data vl po nfng n trs of ei l alan el (W, 197); r rt wr ur ong gure nis r vl - p, ptvar, hngvr (uvula) lo yngl 1979). Orge have obvous unons, r xe l sson urn runl (oel exe Wd 1, don li nig ud ditul nv lngul ala, at Ulus ly desio ni n tat eini runi o t s of u n nd

ls n milr lnu gtu A puzzling etu i W 11wa s e veent n e hnx n lsJ by Sih akera imil uw l ob durng c ps y oe s ernd b Ai sr W 1975) Tr m l ust so u r rn nming o g lk s, nd w n rni nd uns e

Wood S.AJ (1975) What is the diference beeen English and Swedish dental tp? kkolng Pers1 0, 13-93Dept of Lnguisic Lund Unversy.

Woo SAJ (1 A radioraphcy c c w. JOII18lofPhnetcs7, 25-43.OO SAJ (1986) Th scl snnc o onue, lp an laynx manuvrs n roue palaal vowes

Jumafhe AuscaSetv tAe8 9141.

OO A 987) Th hsu e clscal vowe culaon moel; a repl Fser-gensn n Crceedis he ll Inena CngessofPhoticSd vl 2 3-56 Tallnn.WOO A 9 Xay one empral coornaon spec sure Pcn he 2n Euopeanmi on Seeh Pduio, Leeds 990 Oma/ ne p


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SOM CROSS LNGUAG ASPCTS OCO-ARTICTION

ABSTRACT

Robe MAster and Oe EngsandIntiute of Linguistics Stockholm, Sweden

The work reported n this pper concerns som emporl spects o voweldynmics in Englsh, French nd wedish. The lnguge speciic uditory

ects o dynmic complxity nd direction o togue movement re strtingpoints or study o VCV suences thse thre lnguges using dynmcelectropltogrphy. Togue movement is compred eten the thre lguges. Results support the ssumtion tht dierencs in uitor ipreioso vowels n wedish nd English re dependent on direces i te tigo similr rtcultor events wheres French seems to employ uit diretrticultory strtegies.

Introducio

This pper s re progress report on rsrch ctivites in connecton with

the ACCOR proect (ArticultoryAcoustic Correltions in Cortcultoyrocses: A Cross-Lnguge Invstigion) whch s prt o ER's icResrch Action progrm. The work eig rported o here is cuse ortiultoy dyncs in VCV utternces nd, in prticulr, voel dynics inthese seuences. In mny dilecs o English, high vowels such s Ii nd lu reherd to glide rom somwht centrlized tords mor crdil vowlulity. The correspondig Centrl edih vowels tnd to dily orecomplex dynmc ehvior with inl oglide rom crdil to centrlizd. InFrench, on the other hnd, these vowel colors sound ssentilly constt. Theselnguge secic, uditory eects re uite chrcteristic. From cross-linguistc point o vew, hese dynic ptterns tend to p a phonetic typolosed on to continuous dmensions: 1) dynmc compley (monophthongl,diphthongl, triphtong, ... ), nd 2) drection o ovement (ogliding, ongidng). Among te lnguges mentioned aove, French would pproximte thedynmiclly less complex ype, wheres English nd edish would proxite the dynmicly more complex e; nd English would proximte teoglidig e, wheres wdish would proxite the ogliig tp.


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From a motor control point of ew, t s o some nterest to elore theartculatory means employed to bring aout these eects. It gt e assued,in particulr, tat dierences n perceived vowel dynamics etween soelanguages (perhaps English and Swedish are brought about essentially ymeas o dierent relatve timing o onsets an osets o parallel ctvi in theartculator and ponatory susytes, wereas te activi pttern i eacpartcular susystem varies less eeen te anages; other lguges (perhps French) might eploy a derent artculator schee altogether. In thispper, we present soe preliir electropalatorphic (EPG dt relevtto ths question

2 METHODS

We used the PG system ville at Readig to record a set o vowel-cnsontvowel VCV) tternces, oring al possile coitions o V=/i,nd C=/p,/, spoken by n Austrlin Engsh, a French, ad a wedheker. The Englih and Sedsh voes oged to te set o tee vo;the French vowel iveto h no tense vs. l ditiction. Rdoy orrdts o these coitions were red sever tes y ech peker

3. ESULTSWe will lit this report to soe rests on the sequece /ii/ s prdced ythe three spekers. Figre 1 shows nuer o ctivated electrodes (out o atotal o 62) at various points in te or Egish and wedish; fro let to right:) coustic oet o V, ) um numer o activate electroes durig, c) acostic oset of , d) minimum nuer o ctvted electrodes (orEnglis = acoustic /p/ reee, e) (oly Swedsh coustic /p/ release, ium number of activted electrodes durng V2, g acoustic oet o 2.For Frenc, where no cer ia or min cold e dicered, the trigscrreond to a) acoustic oet o , ) acoutc oet o , c) cotc //release, d acoustic oset o 2. Acoustic segents correpodig to /i/, /p/

and /2 are ndicated at te ottom o te igure or ec sujct. The dtaeet aveage of5 reetitons of te tst utterce Te weds dta reshown y illed squres, te English dt y illed circles, and te rech dt

y trangles. These symols e connected y straigt

Documents

Perilus XIII Phonetics Engstrand Et Al 1991