People and Animals - A Public Health Perspective Dr. Paul ... · PDF fileA Webber Training Teleclass ... Cats, dogs, pocket pets, birds, reptiles, ﬁsh, exotics EXHIBITION ANIMALS

People and Animals - A Public Health PerspectiveDr. Paul Sockett, Public Health Agency of Canada

A Webber Training Teleclass

Hosted by Paul Webber [email protected]

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Dr. Paul SockettPublic Health Agency of Canada

People and Animals -A Public Health Perspective

Hosted by Paul [email protected]

www.webbertraining.com

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Animals contribute to Canada's economyAnimals impact us from economic, social andrecreational perspectives

Over 2 million people are employed directly andindirectly in

livestock farms zoos and aquariums

aquacultureparks and natures reserves

Animals, animal products and associated servicesectors are significant engines of the regionaleconomy in Canada.

A huge proportion of Canadians have pets in theirhomes

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Zoonoses in Canada-examples

Rabies*Tetanus*

Hantavirus*Listeria

BabasiosisTuberculosis*Anthrax

CryptosporidiosisTuleremiaBorrelia (Lyme Disease)

GiardiasisVibrio parahaemolyticusBotulism

TapewormPlague*Brucellosis

Systemic mycosesArbovirusesLeptospirosis

TrichinellosisQ-FeverEnteric bacterial infections

ToxoplasmosisPsittacosisEhrlichiosis

*Nationally notifiable Also notifiable: Yellow Fever; Malaria

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Arboviruses Isolated In Canada

Of over 500 known arboviruses; 19 have beenisolated in Canada – including:

• 2 midge-borne (Culicoides) viruses– Blue-tongue; epizootic hemorrhagic disease

• 11 mosquito-borne viruses– Western equine encephalitis; St. Louis encephalitis,

West Nile; snowshoe hare & Jamestown Canyonviruses.

• 6 tick-borne viruses– Powassan encephalitis virus; Colorado tick fever virus

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Risk to Human Health Arising from DynamicallyInteracting Populations in a Changing Environment

Microbes

Animals Humans

ENVIRONMENT

Human Population Activity

HabitatDisruption/modification

ClimateChange

CatastrophicNatural events

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Risk to Human Health Arising from DynamicallyInteracting Populations in a Changing Environment

Microbes

Animals Humans

ENVIRONMENT

Human Population Activity

HabitatDisruption/modification

ClimateChange

CatastrophicNatural events

Travel/leisure activities

Casual exposures Occupation

Food and Water Consumption




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Source: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/migrationmap.html

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FARMEDANIMALS

Cattle, sheep,swine, veal calves,

poultry, other livestock

WILDLIFEAnimals, birds,

fish, invertebrates

PETSCats, dogs, pocket pets,

birds, reptiles,fish, exotics

EXHIBITIONANIMALS

Zoos, petting zoos,open farms,

agricultural shows

Interaction between Animals and the Environment

Farm Effluent & Manure Spread

AnimalFeed

DeadStock Offal

Rendering

CommercialAbbatoirs/Processing

Plants

Soil

Rivers &Water Table

PotableWater

RecreationalWater

VegetablesGrain crops

FruitMeat

Handlingand Preparation

Sewage

Acknowledgements: AH Linton, RJ Irwin

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FARMEDANIMALS




fish, invertebrates



EXHIBITIONANIMALS


agricultural shows

Epidemiology of Human Disease: Occupational Contact


AnimalFeed

DeadStock Offal

Rendering


Plants

Soil

Rivers &Water Table

PotableWater

RecreationalWater


FruitMeat


Sewage


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FARMEDANIMALS




fish, invertebrates



EXHIBITIONANIMALS


agricultural shows

Epidemiology of Human Disease: Direct Contact (Non-Occupational)


AnimalFeed

DeadStock Offal

Rendering


Plants

Soil

Rivers &Water Table

PotableWater

RecreationalWater


FruitMeat


Sewage


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Dogs, Salmonellas, Pet Treats andRaw Food Diet in Canada• 3 outbreaks linked to pet treats:

– 1999 – S. Infantis (pig ears)– 2002 – S. Newport (dried beef patties)– 2005 – S. Thompson (beef jerky)

• Pig ear retail sampling studies (Clarke et al 2001)– Over 50% pet store samples positive (19 serotypes)

• Raw food diets:– Joffe & Schlessinge (2002) 8/10 homemade chicken diets

positive– Weese et al (2005) 5/25 manufactured RF diets positive

(also E. coli 16/25; C. perfringens 5/25)

12September 2004: 5 sick hamstersDetected in Minnesota

Traceback to Manitoba breeder (high mortality instock)

Pocket pet recall One possible human case




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FARMEDANIMALS




fish, invertebrates



EXHIBITIONANIMALS


agricultural shows

Epidemiology of Human Disease: Food & Water


AnimalFeed

DeadStock Offal

Rendering


Plants

Soil

Rivers &Water Table

PotableWater

RecreationalWater


FruitMeat


Sewage


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FARMEDANIMALS




fish, invertebrates



EXHIBITIONANIMALS


agricultural shows

Epidemiology of Human Disease: Environment


AnimalFeed

DeadStock Offal

Rendering


Plants

Soil

Rivers &Water Table

PotableWater

RecreationalWater


FruitMeat


Sewage


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Prairies•Hotter and drier•Increased severity and length ofdroughts(Water quality problems and scarcity, foodspoilage, vectorborne diseases, stress due toeconomic hardship)

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Impact of Climate Change

• Climate change will affect thedistribution and activity ofinfectious diseases elsewhere(Dengue, malaria, cholera, …)

• Climate change may contribute tothe emergence of new infectiousdiseases

• Climate change may facilitate theimportation and establishment ofdiseases and disease vectors intoCanada 18

West Nile virus Spread:August 1999 toNovember 2007

1999

2000 2001

2002

.CaymanIslands

DominicanRepublic

2003

2004

(number of deaths in brackets)

4256 (165)151 (2)2006

3000 (119)225 (9)2005

2539 (100)25 (2)2004

3510 (98)2353 (8)2007

9862 (264)1481 (12)2003

4156 (284)414 (19)2002

66(9)2001

21(2)2000

62(7)1999

USACanadaYear




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Impact of Climate Change on Lyme DiseaseModelled geographic limits projected for the establishment ofI. Scapularis ticks in degree days above OoC.

Known endemic tick populations

Further expansion of projected tick establishment is predictedUnder climate change to the end of the century.

Ogden et al, 2008

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Community

Surveillance Activities

Individual

Family

National

International

International collaboration insharing of surveillance data;developing and developed countries

Focus has been on monitoringtrends in pathogen reportingfrom limited sources

Notifiable Diseasereporting; outbreakreporting

Local enforcement;implementation of animalhealth regulations;focused prevention (eg.Rabies vaccine bait drops)

National standards; nationalpolicy and regulatory frame-works

Prevention Activities

International agreements onstandards; nationalimport/export policy and regulation

Risk factor studiesand targetted Investigations(eg hantavirus exposure risks)

Education inpersonalrisk avoidance(informed choice,eg. West Nile);travel advice,vaccination

Zoonotic disease activities operate at multiple levels….

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Federal Authorities

Roadmap: Interface of Human/AnimalHealth

Agriculture/Food Environment Public Health

Public Health Agency of Canada

EnvironmentCanada

Parks Canada

Indian Affairs andNorthernDevelopment

Agriculture andAgrifood Canada

Canadian FoodInspection Agency

Department ofFisheries andOceans

HealthCanada

First NationsAnd InuitHealthBranch

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Provincial and Territorial Authorities

• Major organizations include:

– Agriculture (Lands, Forests, Food, Rural initiatives)– Health and Wellness– Sustainable Development– Aquaculture– Natural Resources

• Relevant sub-groupings within departmentalstructures

Roadmap: Interface of Human/AnimalHealth

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Public Health ResponseEnteric and Zoonotic Diseases

NationalResponse toEnteric and

Zoonotic DiseaseIssues

Detection of and Rapid Responseto Public Health Issues

Integration of EmergencyResponse and Support

Activities

Support to decisionmaking,

policy/prioritysetting

Development and Integration ofSurveillance Tools and Approaches

TargettedInvestigation

of specific risks

Horizontal Linkages andMulti-Partner Collaborations

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Public Health Response must support…

• Identification of Zoonotic disease issues

• Evaluation of mitigation strategies

• Informing science-based assessments

• Engagement of industry, academia,government in focused research

• Synthesis of science-based data (via riskanalysis approaches) for application todecision-making

• Development of prevention strategies in boththe animal and human sectors




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These in turn require a betterunderstanding of:

• Objectives of surveillance programmes

• Complexity of human-animal-pathogen interactions

• Type, frequency and quality of data obtained

• Analytic products required (interpretation; risk analysis;contextual/integrative approaches)

• Needs of zoonotic diseases specialists (e.g. regulatorycommunity; animal health community, training etc.)

• Needs of animal “industry” (farmed, leisure, companion,wildlife)– welfare– social– economic

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This amounts to a vision presenting newchallenges to Public Health…

• Vulnerability assessment of specific populations (a proactive approach to assessing risk and responding to

regulatory needs)

• Presentation of information to more demandingclients (public, industry, policy-makers/regulators,academia)

• Response to regulatory priorities and requirements

• Tracing risks through global networks

• Rapid assessment of risk in “Emerging Pathogen”situations

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A new approach to publichealth risk management

Pathogenemerges

Disease inHumans

Recognition &Diagnosis

Response toepidemic

Surveillance/controlapplied in retrospect

(= too late?)

Riskassessment

Riskspecification

ForecastingPrediction

Surveillance

Intervention Human diseaseprevention

Traditional

Developing

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Effective Surveillance and Responserequires the Development of ActiveNetworks at many levels, and definingand linking these networks to integrateand coordinate action

ClinicianEmergency Department

Hospital Infection ControlHospital Laboratory

Local Federal

Health UnitHospital

Laboratory

P/T LaboratoriesP/T Health Departments

GovernmentDepartments and

AgenciesNational

Laboratory

Othercollectors ofpotentially

health-relateddata

Achieving The Vision – effective networks ….

Local

Community

Province/Territory

NationalInternational

agencies (WHO/FAO/OIE) and national governments

International

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Achieving the Vision –Critical Success Factors

• Agreed, common understanding of Canada’s zoonoticdisease/emerging pathogens imperatives

• Development and maintenance of integrated andcollaborative approaches to surveillance and response toachieve common goals (between various sectors)

• A highly reactive approach to new Public Health/AnimalHealth surveillance and response needs

• Explicit and clear targets for Public Health/Animal Healthissues that are tied to current and possible future risks

• Further development and maintenance of national andinternational information sharing and research networks

30The Next Few Teleclasses

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People and Animals - A Public Health Perspective Dr. Paul ... · PDF fileA Webber Training Teleclass ... Cats, dogs, pocket pets, birds, reptiles, ﬁsh, exotics EXHIBITION ANIMALS