peningkatan hasil belajar akuntansi melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif

7/24/2019 peningkatan hasil belajar akuntansi melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif

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VGBIBN OL ]OL B CLQIK EGKLDLU LO WB ]L BQI JGKLKWI

JHMGK VGJEGKLDLULB OHHVGUL]I@

Lnubn Kistilmi mlb Bgkky Yubilty Qithrus

@louktls Gohbhji, Wbgsl, Oljpus Ogtibtlbn Qurlelyl

LEQ]ULA]

]cg aurrgbt rgsglrac is ibtgbmgm th gxljibg tcg usg h ` Bujegr Cglm ]hngtcgr (BC]) h ` ahhpgrltivg kglrbibn jhmgk th gbclbag tcg kglrbibn lacigvgjgbt h` laahubtibn kgsshb. ]cis stumy is l aklssrhhj

latihb rgsglrac wciac ahbsists h ` tcrgg ayakgs. It is hu bm tclt Bujegr Cglm ]hngtcgr (BC]) is lekg th

ibarglsg tcg kglrbibn lacigvgj gbt h ` tcg stumgbts. ]cis alb eg sggb rhj tcg rgsukts h` glac ayakg ib

wciac tcg kglrbibn lacigvgjgbt ib ayakg I rglacgs ey 00,0>%, ib ayakg II >3,7>%, lbm ayakg III 96,=3%. @urtcgrjhrg, tcg stumgbts schwgm phsitivg rgsphbsg th tcg usg h ` tcg BC], wciac alb eg sggb

`rhj tcg l at tclt 97,5=% h ` tcg stumgbts gbdhygm tcg BC] kglrbibn.

O gy w hrm s4 Bujegr Cglm ]hngtcgr, Ahhpgrltivg Kglrbibn, lbm Kglrbibn Lacigvgjgbt

Mlklj jgbalpli ogegrclsiklb plml prhsgs

pgjegkldlrlb ylbn sgsuli mgbnlb ourioukuj, oibgrdl

nuru mlb lblo mitubtut ubtuo jgbngkhkl mlyl aiptlbyl

mgbnlb jgbncueubnolb situlsi byltl ubtuo mielwl

mlklj ogkls, tgtlpi sgribn olki siswl jgrlsl ehslb

mgbnlb jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ylbn sljl sgtilp clri.

Mlklj ogniltlb pgjegkldlrlb timlo clbyl nuru ylbn

egrpgrlb pgbuc tgtlpi sgelkiobyl, nuru tgtlp egrpgrlb

pgbtibn mlklj prhsgs egkldlr jgbnldlr olrgbl tlbpl

nuru pgjegkldlrlb timlo lolb egrclsik. Lmlpub pgrlb

nuru mlklj prhsgs pgjegkldlrlb ylitu nuru sgelnli

`lsikitlthr, nuru sgelnli pgbngkhkl, mlb nuru sgelnli

gvlkulthr mlklj pgjegkldlrlb. Vgrlb g`goti` ibi ylbn

jgbmhrhbn nuru ubtuo jgjpgrcltiolb jgthmg lpl

ylbn miploli mlklj jgbyljpliolb jltgri pgkldlrlb.

Vlml pgbgkitilb ibi slklc sltu pgbmgoltlb ylbn

lolb miogjelbnolb hkgc pgbgkiti ylitu jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]h

ngtcgr ltlu pgbhjhrlb egrìoir egrsljl jgruplolb

pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrl ti ` ylbn mirlba lbn ubtuo

jgjpgbnlruci phkl ibtgrlosi siswl mlb sgelnli

lktgrblti` tgrclmlp struotur ogkls trlmisihblk mlb

jgkieltolb kgeic elbylo siswl mlklj jgbgkllc jltgri

ylbn tgraloup mlklj sultu pgkldlrlb mlb jgbngago

pgjlcljlb jgrgol tgrclmlp isi pgkldlrlb tgrsgeut.

Mlri clsik wlwlbalrl ylbn tgklc miklouolb

pgbgkiti plml sllt hesgrvlsi lwlk plml tlbnnlk 1<

Hothegr 5669 mgbnlbnuru jltl pgkldlrlb loubtlbsi

ogkls SII IVQ QJL Bgngri <5 Qurlelyl ylitu Mrl.

Qukistylwlty jgbnltlolb elcwl mlklj ogniltlb

egkldlr jgbnldlr plml jltl pgkldlrlb Loubtlbsi mlri

sgkuruc siswl ogkls SII IVQ, clsik egkldlr loubtlbsi

siswl ogkls SII IVQ <pgrku ubtuo mitibnoltolb tgreuoti

mlri bikli uklbnlb clrilb siswl SII IVQ <ylbn jlsic

mielwlc bikli stlbmlr ogtubtlslb egkldlr jgbnldlr

(QOEJ). Mijlbl bikli stlbmlr ogtubtlslb egkldlr

jgbnldlr ylbn mitgtlpolb hkgc sgohklc lmlklc >6,

sgmlbnolb clsik uklbnlb clrilb ylbn mimlplt siswl

ogkls SII IVQ < ibi miogtlcui elcwl lml >7% siswl

ylbn egkuj tubtls egkldlrbyl, plmlclk bikli ogtutlslb

oklsiolk ylbn clrus jgbalpli lmlklc >6%. Egkuj

tubtlsbyl clsik egkldlr siswl ibi sgelnilb egslr

miolrgblolb siswl sgribn olki ehslb mlb sgblbn olki

mgbnlb ogniltlb ylbn miklouolb mikulr ogkls,hkgcolrgblbyl mgbnlb pgbgkitilb ylbn lolb miklouolb

miclrlpolb mlplt jgbnurlbni rlsl ehslb.

Egrmlslrolb ahbthc tgrsgeut bljplo dgkls

elc wl oglmllb ehsl b plm l si sw l ylb n lml

jgbubduoolb jgburubbyl jhtivlsi egkldlr plml

siswl sgcibnnl jgbygeleolb ourlbn jlosijlkbyl

mlklj jgbygrlp jltgri pgkldlrlb ylbn mildlrolb mlb

plml locirbyl jgbygeleolb jgburubbyl prgstlsi

egkldlr plml siswl. Mlri jlslklc miltls mlplt mikiclt

pgjikiclb jgthmg egkldlr ylbn ourlbn tgplt mgbnlb

LL



Vgbibnoltlb Clsik Egkldlr Loubtlbsi ... (Lnubn Kistilmi & Bgkky Yubilty)

ohbmisi ylbn lml mlplt jgbijeukolb egrelnli

jlslklc mlb mlplt pukl jgbncljelt ogegrclsiklb

sultu prhsgs pgjegkldlrlb elio elni siswl jlupub

elni nuru, sgcibnnl mipgrkuolb jhmgk pgjegkldlrlbylbn mlplt jgbibnoltolb jiblt, lotivitls, mlb clsik

egkldlr siswl mlb ylbn tgrpgbtibn lmlklc clsikbyl

siswl mlplt jgbalpli stlbmlr ogtubtlslb ylbn

mitgtlpolb. Egrmlslrolb tghri egkldlr ohnbiti`, slklc

sltu jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ylbn mlplt jgbibnoltolb

jiblt, lotivitls, mlb clsik egkldlr siswl lmlklc mgbnlb

jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti`.

Mdljlrlc (56604<6), prhsgs egkldlr jgbnldlr

lmlklc pgruelclb tibnolc klou, elio ylbn jgbylbnout

pgbngtlculb, ogtgrljpiklb jlupub siolp, elcolb

jgkiputi sgngblp lspgo hrnlbisjg ltlu prielmi.

Ogniltlb egkldlr jgbnldlr sgpgrti jgbnhrnlbislsi pgbnlkljlb egkldlr, jgbnhklc ogniltlb eg kldlr

jgbnldlr, jgbikli prhsgs, mlb clsik egkldlr, ogsgjulbyl

tgrjlsuo mlklj alouplb tlbnnubn dlwle nuru.

Jgburut Qupridhbh (5669417), pgjegkldlrlb

ohhpgrlti` jgruplolb ohbsgp ylbn kgeic kuls jgkiputi

sgjul dgbis ogrdl ogkhjpho tgrjlsuo egbtuo-egbtuo

ylbn kgeic mipijpib hkgc nuru ltlu milrlcolb hkgc nuru.

Qgalrl ujuj pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` milbnnlp kgeic

milrlcolb hkgc nuru, mijlbl nuru jgbgtlpolb tunls

mlb pgrtlbyllb-pgrtlbyllb sgrtl jgbygmilolb elclb-

elclb mlb ib`hrjlsi ylbn mirlbalbn ubtuo jgjelbtu

pgsgrtl mimio jgbygkgsliolb jlslklc ylbn mijlosum.

Nuru eilslbyl jgbgtlpolb egbtuo udilb tgrtgbtu plml

locir tunls.

Qgklbdutbyl Ierlcij (5666416), Bujegr

]hngtcgr (BC]) lmlklc sultu pgbmgoltlb ylbn

jgkieltolb kgeic elbylo siswl mlklj jltgri ylbn

tgraloup mlklj sultu pgkldlrlb mlb jgbngago

pgjlcljlb jgrgol tgrclmlp isi pgkldlrlb tgrsgeut.

Qgelnli nlbtibyl jgbnlduolb pgrtlbyllb ogplml

sgkuruc ogkls, nuru jgbnnublolb struotur gjplt

tlclplb ylitu pgbhjhrlb, jgbnlduolb pgrtlbyllb,

egrpior egrsljl mlb jgbdlwle.Jgburut Ierlcij (5666453) jgbyltlolb

tlclplb mlklj pgbnnubllb Bujegrgm Cglms ]h

ngtcgr sgelnli egriout4 ]lclp <4 Vgbhjhrlb. Nuru

jgjelni siswl og mlklj ogkhjpho egrlbnnhtlolb

7-0 hrlbn. ]lclp 54 Jgbnlduolb pgrtlbyllb. Nuru

jgbnlduolb sgeulc pgrtlbyllb ogplml siswl.

Vgrtlbyllb mlplt egrvlrilsi. Vgrtlbyllb mlplt

spgsi io mlb mlklj egbtuo olkijlt tlbyl ltlu egbtuo

lrlclb. ]lclp 14 Egrpioir egrsljl. Qiswl

jgbyltuolb pgbmlpltbyl tgrclmlp dlwlelb

pgrtlbyllb itu mlb jgyloibolb tilp lbnnhtl mlklj

tijbyl jgbngtlcui dlwlelb itu. ]lclp =4 Jgbdlwle.

Nuru jgjlbnnik siswl mgbnlb bhjhr tgrtgbtu,

ogjumilb siswl ylbn bhjhrbyl sgsulijgbnlaubnolb tlbnlbbyl mlb jgbahel ubtuo

jgbdlwle pgrtlbyllb ubtuo sgkuruc ogkls.

Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr (BC]) jgjikioi

egegrlpl ogkgeiclb ylitu 4 sgtilp siswl jgbdlmi silp

sgjul, mlplt jgklouolb misousi mgbnlb subnnuc-

subnnuc, siswl ylbn plbmli mlplt jgbnldlri siswl

ylbn ourlbn plbmli, bikli-bikli ogrdl sljl lbtlr siswl

kgeic tgrud i, orgltiìtls siswl tgrjhtivlsi mlb wlwlslb

siswl egrogjelbn, olrgbl jgrgol clrus jgbali

ib`hrjlsi mlri egrelnli sujegr. Bujegrgm Cglms

]hngtcgr (BC])dunl jgjikioi egegrlplogkgjlclb,

yl itu 4 ogjubnoiblb bhjhr ylbn miplbnnik, miplbnnikklni hkgc nuru? timlo sgjul lbnnhtl ogkhjpho

miplbnnik hkgc nuru. Qgmlbnolb plml ogbmlkl tgobis,

jislkbyl jlslklc tgjplt mumuo olmlbn sukit ltlu

ourlbn jgbmuoubn miltur ogniltlb ogkhjpho,

tgrutljl ubtuo ogkls-ogkls mgbnlb dujklc jurim ylbn

kgeic mlri 17 hrlbn. Qumdlbl (566741>), clsik egkldlr

jgruplolb clsik ylbn mipgrhkgc siswl mlri prhsgs

egkldlr jgbnldlr ylbn bljplo mlklj egbtuo tibnolc

klou sgalrl jgbygkuruc ylbn tgrmiri mlri ubsur

ohnbiti`, l`goti` mlb psiohjhthrio sgalrl tgrplmu plml

miri siswl.

Jltgri Vhoho Vgbyusublb Klphrlb Ogulbnlb

Vgruslcllb Mlnlbn

Vgruslcllb mlnlbn lmlklc pgruslcllb ylbn

ogniltlbbyl jgklouolb pgjegkilb elrlbn mlnlbn

ubtuo midulk ogjelki tlbpl jgbnuelc egbtuobyl.

Ylbn mlplt minhkhbnolb sgelnli pgruslcllb mlnlbn

lbtlrl klib mistrieuthr, lngb tubnnlk, pgbngagr, thoh

swlklylb, thsgrel, pklzl, puslt egklbdl, mlb klib-klib.

Qujegr mltl mlklj klphrlb ogulbnlb pgruslcllb

mlnlbn egrlslk mlri ogrtls ogrdl pgruslcllb mlnlbn.

Lbtlrl klphrlb ogulbnlb pgruslcllb dlsl mgbnlbklphrlb ogulbnlb pgruslcllb mlnlbn tgrmlplt

pgregmllb, ylitu plml kl phrlb klel-runib yl.

Vgregmllb itu tgrkiclt mlklj ohbsgp pgbmlpltlb.

Vgbmlpltlb plml pgruslcllb dlsl lmlklc pgbmlpltlb

ylbn miclsikolb mlri jgbdulk dlsl, sgmlbnolb

pgbmlpltlb mlri pgruslcllb mlnlbn lmlklc clsik mlri

pgbdulklb mlb pgjegkilb elrlbn mlnlbn.

Clrnl Vhoho Vgbdulklb lmlklc clrnl pgrhkgclb

elrlb n ylb n tg rdulk. Clrnl Vhoho Vgb dulklb

jgruplolb elnilb mlri klphrlb klel-runi pgruslcllb

Ln



mlnlbn. Wbsur-ubsur ylbn lolb minublolb ubtuo

jgbncitubn clrnl phoho pgbdulklb lmlklc pgrsgmillb

lwlk mlb locir sgrtl pgjegkilb egrsic elrlbn mlnlbn.

Ylbn mijlosum mgbnlb pgjegkilb egrsic lmlklcsgjul pgjegkilb elrlbn mlnlbn elio sgalrl tubli

jlupub orgmit mitljelc eilyl lbnout, miourlbni rgtur

pgjegkilb mlb pgbnurlbnlb clrnl sgrtl phthbnlb

pgjegkilb.

Klphrlb klel-runi lmlklc slklc sltu klphrlb

ogulbnlb ylbn jgbyldiolb ib`hrjlsi jgbngbli clsik

dulk-egki elrlbn mlnlbn, pgbmlpltlb klib, mlb egelb

uslcl ylbn tijeuk mlklj sultu pgrihmg tgrtgbtu mlklj

rlbnol jgjpgrhkgc ogubtubnlb. Egelb uslcl plml

klphrlb klel-runi pgruslcllb mlnlbn miegmlolb

lbtlrl egelb pgbdulklb sgrtl egelb ujuj mlb

lmjibistrlsi, sgcibnnl jgjumlcolb pgjijpib

pgruslcllb ubtuo jgbnlblkisis pgbngkulrlb egelb

uslcl. Egelb pgbdulklb lmlklc egelb uslcl ylbn

klbnsubn egrcueubnlb mgbnlb pgbdulklb, jislkbyl

egelb ioklb, egelb nldi elnilb pgbdulklb , egelb

pgrkgbnolplb thoh, mlb sgelnlibyl. Egelb ujuj mlb

lmjibistrlsi lmlklc egelb uslcl ylbn timlo klbnsubn

egrcueubnlb mgbnlb pgbdulklb, jislkbyl egelb

tgkgphb mlb kistrio, egegb nldi elnilb lmjibistrlsi,

egelb pgbyusutlb pgrlkltlb olbthr, mlb sgelnlibly.

Mlklj cueubnlbbyl mgbnlb pgbaltltlb egelb,

klphrlb klel-runi pgruslcllb mlnlbn mlplt misusubmgbnlb mul alrl, ylitu alrl klbnsubn (sibnkg stgp)

mlb alrl egrtlclp (juktipkg stgp).

Klphrlb pgruelclb jhmlk lmlklc slklc sltu

klphrlb ogulbnlb ylbn jgbyldiolb ib`hrjlsi

jgbngbli pgrogjelbnlb jhmlk pgruslcllb ubtuo

sultu pgrihmg tgrtgbtu. Alrl pgbyusublb klphrlb

jhmlk pgruslcllb mlnlbn sljl mgbnlb pgbyusublb

klphrlb jhmlk pgruslcllb dlsl. Qgmlbnolb bgrlal

lmlklc slklc sltu klphrlb ogulbnlb ylbn jgbyldiolb

ib`hrjlsi oglmllb clrtl, utlbn mlb jhmlk pgruslcllb

plml sultu wlotu tgrtgbtu, eilslbyl plml locir tlcub.

Alrl pgbyusublb bgrlal pgruslcllb mlnlbn sljlsgpgrti pgbyusublb bgrlal pgruslcllb dlsl. Bgrlal

mlplt egregbtuo ]/loub/sohbtrh mlb mlplt pukl

egregbtuo klphrlb/stl``gk.

JG]HMG VGBGKI]ILB

Dgbis pgbgkitilb mlklj soripsi ibi jgbnnublolb

Vgbgkitilb ]ibmlolb Ogkls (Aklssrhhj Latihb Ug

sglrac) mgbnlb jgthmg mgsoripti` oulbtitlti`.

Vgbgkitilb ]ibmlolb Ogkls lmlklc pgbgkitilb tibmlolb

ylbn miklouolb mgbnlb tudulb jgjpgrelioi jutu

prlotio pgjegkldlrlb mi ogklsbyl. (Quclrmdhbh,

5669473). Queygo pgbgkitilb ibi lmlklc siswl mi QJL

Bgngri <5 Qu rlel yl tlcub ldlrlb 5669 -56< 6.

Vgbgbtulb ogkls miljeik jgbnnublolb tgobio purphrsivg sljpkibn mgbnlb jgbgtlpolb sltu ogkls

ylitu ogkls SII IVQ < sgelnli sueygo pgbgkitilb ylbn

egrdujklc =5 siswl. Heygo pgbgkitilb ibi lmlklc

pgbgrlplb jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg Buj

egrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr. ]gjplt pgbgkitilb lmlklc

tgjplt ylbn minublolb mlklj jgklouolb pgbgkitilb

ubtuo jgjpgrhkgc mltl ylbn miibnibolb. Kholsi

(tgjplt) ylbn minublolb mlklj pgbgkitilb ibi lmlklc

QJL Bgngri <5 Qurlelyl ylbn tgrkgtlo mi Dlklb

Qgjgji - Egbhwh Qurlelyl. ^lotu pgbgkitilb

lmlklc wlotu egrklbnsubnbyl jgklouolb pgbgkitilb

ibi mikloslblolb plml sgjgstgr nlbdik tlcub ldlrlb

5669-56<6. Mltl prijgr mijlosumolb sgelnli mltl

jgbngbli pgbnnubllb jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti`

tipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr ylbn mipgrhkgc mlri

ogniltlb pgjegkldlrlb ylbn miklouolb hkgc nuru mlb

siswl, rgsphb siswl jgklkui lbnogt sgrtl bikli clsik

egkldlr siswl ylbn mipgrhkgc mlri bikli `hrjlti` tgs

mlb bikli tunls siswl. Mltl sgoubmgr mijlosumolb

sgelnli mltl-mltl ylbn mimlplt mlri prhìk sgohklc,

bikli uklbnlb clrilb ltlupub klphrlb clsik egkldlr siswl

egru pl rl phr ylbn mie gri olb hkgc sg ohklc.

Ulbalbnlb pgbgkitilb ylbn minublolb lmlklc sgsulimgbnlb rlbalbnlb Vgbgkitilb ]ibmlolb Ogkls.

Mimlklj pgbgkitilb ibi ylbn tgrkielt lbtlrl klib

nuru, siswl, mlb pgbnljlt. Mlklj pgbgkitilb ibi

pgbgkiti dunl egrpgrlb sgelnli pgbnldlr mi ogkls ylbn

lolb mitgkiti mlklj pgjegkldlrlb Loubtlbsi. Vgbgkitilb

]ibmlolb Ogkls (V]O) mikloslblolb olrgbl jljpu

jgblwlrolb pgbmgoltlb mlb prhsgmur elru ylbn

kgeic jgbdlbdiolb mljplo klbnsubn mlklj egbtuo

pgreliolb mlb pgbibnoltlb prh`gsihblkisjg nuru

mlklj jgbngkhkl prhsgs egkldlr jgbnldlr mi ogkls.

Vgkloslbllb pgbnujpuklb mltl mlklj pgbgkitilb ibi

miklouolb mlklj tinl olki putlrlb mlb tilp putlrlb plml pgbgkitilb ibi jgbniouti lkur rlbalbnlb pgbgkitilb

tibmlolb. Mlklj pgbgkitilb ibi ibstrujgb ylbn

minublolb lmlklc sgelnli egriout4 Ibstrujgb

pgjegkldlrlb egrupl4 Qikleus, Ugbalbl Vgkloslbllb

Vgjegkldlrlb (UVV), Euou Qiswl, mlb shlk-shlk

gvlkulsi/ kgjelr tgs. Ibstrujgb pgbgkitilb egrupl 4

Kgjelr hesgrvlsi ylbn tgrmiri mlri kgjelr

pgbngkhkllb pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg Bujegrgm

Cglms ]hngtcgr. Kgjelr lbnogt ubtuo jgbnuour

rgsphb siswl. Vgbgkiti jgbnnublolb lbnogt mgbnlb

Lu




solkl Nuttjlb ylbn mieult mlklj egbtuo pikiclb nlbml

mlb eisl dunl mieult mlklj egbtuo acgokist. Dlwlelb

rgsphbmgb mlplt egrupl sohr tgrtibnni egrbikli (<) mlb

sohr tgrgbmlc (6). Vgbgkitilb jgbnnublolb solklNuttjlb lpleikl ibnib jgbmlpltolb dlwlelb dgkls

ltlu .tgnls mlb ohbsistgb tgrclmlp sgsultu

pgrjlslklclb ylbn mitlbylolb. (Uimuwlb, 56694<>)

]gobio pgbnujpuklb mltl ylbn minublolb mlklj

pgbgkitilb ibi lmlklc mgbnlb jgthmg hesgrvlsi,

mhoujgb, lbnogt, sgrtl wlwlbalrl. Qgtgklc

jgklouolb sgrlbnolilb mltl, klbnolc sgklbdutbyl

lmlklc jgkloulob lblkisis mltl. Lblkisis mltl

mijlosumolb ubtuo jgbngtlcui clsik sgrlbnolilb

ogniltlb pgbgkitilb ylbn sumlc miklouolb. Lmlpub

jgthmg ylbn minublolb mlklj pgbgkitilb ibi lmlklc

jgthmg Mgsoripti` Oulbtitlti` mgbnlb lblkisl Gxagk.Quniyhbh (566045<) jgbmgìbisiolb stltistio mgsoripti`

lmlklc stltistio ylbn egrùbnsi ubtuo jgbmgsoripsiolb

ltlu jgjegri nljelrlb tgrclmlp hedgo ylbn mitgkiti

jgklkui mltl sljpgk ltlu phpuklsi sgelnlijlbl

lmlbyl, tlbpl jgklouolb lblkisis mlb jgjeult

ogsijpuklb ylbn egrklou ubtuo ujuj. Vgbgkitilb

mgsoripti` minublolb ubtuo jgbmgsoripsiolb lotivitls

nuru, siswl mlb rgsphb ltlu pgbmlplt siswl mlklj

pgjegkldlrlb. Qgmlbnolb mltl oulbtitlti` lmlklc mltl

ylbn egregbtuo eiklbnlb ylbn mipgrhkgc mlri bikli prg

tgs mlb phst tgs siswl.

CLQIK MLB VGJELCLQLB

@usg < J gbylj plio lb ]udul b mlb

Jgj htivls i Qiswl Nuru jgbyljpliolb tudulb

pgj egkl dl rl b mgb nlb jgbnoli tolb jltgr i

pgjegkldlrlb ylbn klku mgbnlb jltgri ylbn lolb

mipgkldlri. Nuru jgjhtivlsi siswl. Ogniltlb ibti.

@lsg 5 Jgbyldiolb Ib`hrj lsi Nuru jgbdgklsolb

jltgri klphrlb ogulbnlb pgruslcllb mlnlbn. @lsg

1 Jgbnhrnlbislsiolb Qiswl Ogmlklj Ogkhjpho-

Ogkhj pho Egkldlr (Klbnolc < 4 Vgbhjhrlb).

Nuru jgjelni siswl ogmlklj ogkhjphoylbn tgrmirimlri 7 sljpli mgbnlb 0 hrlbn ylbn ogjljpulb

lolmgjiobyl cgtgrhngb mlb tilp lbnnhtl miegri bhjhr

<-0. @lsg = Jgjeij eibn ogkhjpho egogrdl mlb

egkldlr . (Klbnolc 5 Jgbnlduolb pgrtlbyllb).

Nuru jgbnlduolb pgrtlbyllb egrupl pgjelnilb

kgjelr ogrdl ogplml siswl. (Klbnolc 1 Egìoir

egrsljl). Qiswl jgbmisousiolb pgrtlbyllb ylbn

milduolb nuru. Qiswl jgbngrdlolb kgjelr ogrdl mlb

jgbdlwle pgrtlbyllb ylbn lml. Nuru egrogkikibn

jgjeijeibn siswl egogrdl mlb jgbnibnltolb lnlr

jgbnnublolb ogtgrljpiklb-ogtgrljpiklb ohhpgrlti`

ylbn mitgbtuolb. @lsg 7 Gvlkulsi. (Klbnolc = 4

Jgbdlwle). Nuru jgjlbnnik slklc sltu bhjhr mlri

tilp ogkhjpho sgalrl lalo. Qiswl ylbn misgeutolb

bhjhrbyl jgbnlbaubnolb tlbnlb. Qiswl jgbahel

jgbdlwle pgrtlbyllb ubtuo sgkuruc ogkls mlb

titlbnnlpi hkgc ogkhjpho klib. @lsg 0 Jgjegriolb

pgbnclrnllb. Nuru jgjegriolb pgbnclrnllb elni

ogkhjpho ylbn mlplt jgbdlwle mgbnlb egblr.

Ogniltlb Vgbutup. Nuru jgjeixbeibn siswl

jgrlbnouj jltgri ylbn tgklc mipgkodlri. Nuru

jgjegriolb tgs locir plml siswl

Mltl lot ivi tls s iswl mlklj ogniltlb

pgj egkldlrlb

Mltl lotivitls siswl mlklj ogniltlb pgjegkldlrlb jgbnnublolb jhmgk ohhpgrlti` Buj

egrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr mipgrhkgc mlri clsik

pgbnljltlb lotivitls siswl.

V ut lrl b pg rtlj l. Lotivitls siswl sgkljl

pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]h

ngtcgr plml putlrlb I sgalrl ogsgkuruclb jgbmlplt

bikli rltl-rltl 5,1< mgbnlb oulkiìolsi auoup elio, mijlbl

clsik tgrsgeut jgruplolb clsik mlri dujklc sohr

ogsgkuruclb mielni mgbnlb itgj pgbiklilb plml lspgo

ylbn miljlti. Lotivitls siswl mlklj jgbngrdlolb /

jgbmisousiolb pgrtlbyllb nuru mlklj kgjelr shlk,

jgbyljpliolb pgbmlplt, egrtlbyl lbtlr siswl ltlu

nuru, jgrlbnouj jltgri pgkldlrlb, mlb egrngrlo mgbnlb

agplt jgbudu tgjplt ogkhjphobyl jlsibn-jlsibn

jgbmlpltolb bikli 5 (auoup elio). Qgmlbnolb pgbiklilb

lotivitls siswl jgbmgbnlrolb/ jgjpgrcltiolb

pgbdgklslb nuru ltlu tgjlb mlb lotivitls siswl mlklj

jgbdlwle pgrtlbyllb lmlklc 1 (elio).

V utl rlb ogm ul. Lotivitls siswl sgkljl


ngtcgr plml putlrlb II sgalrl ogsgkuruclb jgbmlplt

bikli rltl-rltl 1,60 mgbnlb oulkiìolsi elio, mijlbl

clsik tgrsgeut jgruplolb clsik mlri dujklc sohrogsgkuruclb mielni mgbnlb itgj pgbiklilb plml lspgo

ylbn miljlti. Lotivitls siswl ylbn jgbibnolt lmlklc

jgbdlwle pgrtlbyllb jgbmlpltolb bikli = (slbnlt

elio), mlb lotivitls siswl egrngrlo mgbnlb agplt

jgbudu tgjplt ogkhjphobyl, jgbngrdlolb /


jgbyljpliolb pgbmlplt, egrtlbyl lbtlr siswl ltlu

nuru, jgrlbnouj jltgri pgkldlrlb jlsibn-jlsibn

jgbmlpltolb bikli 1 (elio). Clk tgrsgeut

jgbubduoolb elcwl ogtgrkieltlb siswl mlklj

Lb



ogniltlb egkldlr jgbnldlr sumlc elio mlb siswl jukli

jgbygsuliolb miri mgbnlb pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti`.

Vutlrlb ogtinl. Lotivitls siswl sgkljl

pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr plml putlrlb I sgalrl ogsgkuruclb jgbmlplt

bikli rltl-rltl 1,7 mgbnlb oulkiìolsi elio, mirblblclsik

tgrsgeut jgruplolb clsik mlri dujklc sohr ogsgkuruclb

mielni mgbnlb itgj pgbiklilb plml lspgoylbn miljlti,

dujklc ibi jgbibnolt eikl mielbmibnolb plml putlrlb

I mlb putlrlb II. Lotivitls siswl ogsgkuruclb tgklc

jgbnlklji pgbibnoltlb elio. Lotivitls siswl ylbn

egrcueubnlb mgbnlb ogtgrljpiklb ohhpgrl ti` ylitu

jgbngrdlolb / jgbmisousiolb pgrtlbyllb nuru mlklj

kgjelr shlk, egrtlbyl lbtlr siswl ltlu nuru, lotivitls

siswl egrngrlo mgbnlb agplt jgbudu tgjplt

ogkhjphobyl, mlb jgbyljpliolb pgbmlplt sumlc

slbnlt elio. Jgsoipub plml lotivitls jgjelal mlb

jgbukis ylbn rgkgvlb mgbnlb ogniltlb egkldlr

jgbnldlr, sgrtl jgrlbnouj jltgri pgkldlrlb tgtlp

jgbmlpltolb bikli ylbn sljl sgpgrti plml putlrlb

sgegkujbyl bljub oulkiìolsi ylbn mimlplt sumlc

elio mgbnlb jlsibn-jlsibn jgbmlplt bikli 1 (elio).

Clk tgrsgeut jgbubduoolb elcwl egkldlr mlklj

ogkhjpho tgklc egrdlklb slbnlt elio.

Egrmlslrolb clsik pgjelclslb mlri tinl putlrlb

miltls, jlol mlplt misijpukolb sgelnli eg riout4

Vgbngkhkllb jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr. Vgbngkhkllb jhmgk

pgjeg kldlrlb jgbnlklji pgbibno ltlb sgalrl

egrtlclp plml tilp putlrlb, ylitu putlrlb I : 5,7>,

putlrlb II : 1,6>, putlrlb III :1,0=, olrgbl plml tilp

putlrl b tg rm lplt rg `kg osi mlb rg vis i ubtuo

jgjpgrelioi ogourlbnlb nuru sllt jgbnldlr mi

ogkls. Lotivitls siswl plml sgtilp putlrlb dunl

jgbnlklji pgbibnoltlb rltl-rltl ylitu plml putlrlb

I : 5,1<, putlrlb II : 1,60, putlrlb III :1,7. Mgbnlb

sgjloib jgbibnoltbyl rltl-rltl pgbiklilb lotivitls

siswl lolb mlplt jgjelbtu siswl mlklj jgjlclji

jltgri sgcibnnl jgjegriolb ib`hrjlsi ylbn kgeic

elbylo mlb timlo jumlc ciklbn, sgrtl egogrdl sljl

mgbnlb tgjlb mlb slkibn egrelni sltu mgbnlb ylbn

klibbyl. Clk ibi mlplt jgjelbtu siswl mlklj

jgjpgkldlri jltgri ylbn miegriolb.

Vgbgrlplb Jhmgk Vgjegkldlrlb Ohhpgrlti`

]ipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr

Mlb plml pgbngkhkllb jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb

ohhpgrlti` tipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr plml

putlrlb III sgalrl ogsgkuruclb jgbmlplt bikli rlt-

LnubKi stblmlmBKb gBkbkymY QkihrY @khiY Lnbm oGjG

rltl 1,7= mgbnlb oulkiìolsi slbnlt elio, jgbubduoolb

elcw l prhsgs pgj egkld lrlb tg klc jgbnlklj i

pgbibnoltlb eikl mielbmibnolb plml putlrlb I mlb

putlrlb II. Vlml putlrlb III sgjul lspgo tgklcjgbnlklji pgbibnoltlb elio. Bljub Ruml egegrlpl

lspgo ylbn pgbiklilbbyl jlsic tgtlp sgpgrti putlrlb

sgegkujbyl ylitu jgjhtivlsi siswl, jgbyljpliolb

jltgri, jgbnujujolb pgbnclrnllb, jgjeijeibn

siswl jgjeult rlbnoujlb mlb jgjegri uklbnlb

clrilb plml siswl jlsibn-jlsibn jgbmlpltolb bikli

1 (elio). Jgsoipub mgjioilb lspgo-lspgo tgrsgeut

jlsuo mlklj oulkiìolsi elio. Vlml putlrlb ibi nuru

kgeic elbylo jgjhtivlsi siswl mlklj jgbnnublolb

ogtgrljpiklb ohhpgrlti`. Klbnolc ibi tljplobyl

egrclsik sgcibnnl sulslbl pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti`

tgklc egrdlklb mgbnlb elio ylbn tgrkiclt mgbnlb kgeic

elbylo siswl ylbn jgbnnublolb ogtgrljpiklb

ohhpgrlti`. Egrmlslrolb clsik pgbnljltlb tgrsgeut

mlplt miljeik ogsijpuklb elcwl pgbngkhkllb

pgjegkldlrlb nuru sgalrl ogsgkuruclb slbnlt elio

mlb sulslbl pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tgklc egrdlklb

mgbnlb elio.

Lotivitls siswl sgkljl pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti`

tipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr plml putlrlb III

sgalrl ogsgkuruclb jgbmlplt bikli rlt-rltl 1,7 mgbnlb

oulkiìolsi elio. Dujklc ibi jgbibnolt eikl

mielbmibnolb plml putlrlb I mlb putlrlb II. Lotivitlssiswl ogsgkuruclb tgklc jgbnlklji pgbibnoltlb elio.

Lotivitls siswl ylbn egrcueubnlb mgbnlb

ogtgrljpiklb ohh pgrlti` ylitu j gbngrdlolb /


egrtlbyl lbtlr siswl ltlu nuru, lotiv itls siswl

egrngrlo mgbnlb agplt jgbudu tgjplt ogkhjphobyl,

mlb jgbyljpliolb pgbmlplt sumlc slbnlt elio.

Jgsoipub plml lotivitls jgjelal mlb jgbukis ylbn

rgkgvlb mgbnlb ogniltlb egkldlr jgbnldlr, sgrtl

jgrlbnouj jltgri pgkldlrlb tgtlp jgbmlpltolb bikli

ylbn sljl sgpgrti plml putlrlb sgegkujbyl bljub

oulkiìolsi ylbn mimlplt sumlc elio mgbnlb jlsibn-

jlsibn jgbmlplt bikli 1 (elio). Clk tgrsgeut

jgbubduoolb elcwl egkldlr mlklj ogkhjpho tgklc

egrdlklb slbnlt elio.

G`gotivitls Clsik Egkldlr Qiswl

Vlml putlrlb < mlb putlrlb II miogtlcui

ogbtubtlslb ibmivimulk tgklc mialpli hkgc 53 siswl mlb

11 siswl bljub plml putlrlb III ibi ogbtubtlslb ib

mivimulk mialpli hkgc 13 siswl mlri =5 siswl.

Qgjgbtlrl itu ubtuo ogtubtlslb oklsiolk miogtlcui

nK




plml putlrlb I lmlklc 00,0>% mlb putlrlb II lmlklc

>3,7>%, sgmlbnolb plml putlrlb III ibi ogtubtlslb

oklsiolk plml ogkls SII IVQ < jgbalpli 96,=3%.

Egrmlslrolb ogtgbtulb QJL Bgngri <5 Qurlelyl

ogtubtlslb oklsiolk jibijlk lmlklc >6%, sgcibnnl

plml putlrlb II ibi ubtuo ogtubtlslb oklsiolk dunl

tgralpli sgsuli ogtgbtulb sgohklc, sgcibnnl plml

putlrlb III dunl tgklc jgbalpli ogtubtlslb ylbn

mitgbtuolb QJL Bgngri <5 Qurlelyl ylitu >6%.

Qohr pgrogjelbnlb ogkhjpho ohhpgrlti`

jgbubduoolb lmlbyl prgmiolt-prgmiolt jlsibn-

jlsibn ogkhjpho plml sgtilp putlrlb. Qgalrl ujuj

pgrogjelbnlb ogkhjpho eikl mikiclt mlri putlrlb I

sljpli putlrlb III jgbnlklji pgbibnoltlb ubtuo sohr

ylbn egrpgbnlruc plml prgmiolt ylbn mipgrhkgc.

Qgjul ogkhjpho plml putlrlb tgrlocir jgjpgrhkgc prgmiolt ‛Qupgr‚ prgmiolt ibi jgruplolb prgmiolt

plkibn tibnni mlklj jgjegriolb pgbnclrnllb ubtuo

pgrogjelbnlb ogkhjpho egkldlr.

Ugsphb Qiswl ]grclmlp Jhmgk Vgjegkldlrlb

Ohhpgrlti` ]ipg Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr

Mlri ogsgkuruclb pgjelclslb mlplt mioltlolb

elcwl pgjegkldlrlb oh hpg rl ti` tipg Bujegrgm

Cglms ]hngtcgr plml jltgri clrnl phoho pgbdulklb,

klphrlb klel runi, klphrlb pgruelclb jhmlk, mlb

bgrlal ubtuo pgruslcllb mlnlbn mlplt mitgrijl hkgc

siswl. Jgsoipub eisl mitgrijl hkgc sgelnilb siswltgtlpi lml ylbn jgbyltlolb timlo sgblbn, timlo elru,

mlb timlo sgtudu sgcibnnl mlklj clk ibi jlsic pgrku

lmlbyl pgreliolb-pgreliolb sgcibnnl lolb mlplt

mitgrijl siswl <66%.

QIJVWKLB MLB QLULB

Qijpuklb

Vgbgrlplb jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg

Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr plml jltl pgkldlrlb

loubtlbs i mi ogkls SII IVQ < QJL Bgngri <5

Qurlelyl ylbn miklouolb hkgc pgbgkiti sgklkujgbnlklji ogbliolb mgbnlb rltl-rltl plml Vutlrlb

I : 5,7>, Vutlrlb II : 1,6>, mlb Vutlrlb III : 1,0=

mgbnlb oulkiìolsi Elio. Wbtuo lotivitls siswl dunl

jgbnlklji ogbliolb rltl-rltl plml sgtilp putlrlb,

mgbnlb rltl-rltl ubtuo Vutlrlb I : 5,1<, Vutlrlb II

: 1,60, mlb Vutlrlb III : 1,7 mgbnlb oulkiìolsi Elio.

Mgbnlb mitgrlpolbbyl pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg

Bujegrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr clsik egkldlr jgbibnolt

ylitu tgrkiclt mlri ogtubtlslb oklsiolk mlri Vutlrlb <

: 00,0>%, Vutlrlb II : >3,7>%, mlb Vutlrlb III :

96,=3%. Ugsphb ltlu pgbmlplt siswl tgrclmlp

ogniltlb pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg Bujegrgm

Cglms ]hngtcgr sgalrl ogsgkuruclb phsiti` mlb clk

tgrsgeut jgruplolb sgsultu ylbn elru elni plrl

siswl. Mijlbl mlplt mikiclt mlri prhsgbtlsg lbnogt

ylbn mimlpltolb sgegslr 36% siswl egrpgbmlplt

sgtudu eikl jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrlti` tipg Buj

egrgm Cglms ]hngtcgr mitgrlpolb ubtuo phoho

elclslb sgklbdutbyl mlb jltl pgkldlrlb ylbn klib.

Qlrlb

Jhmgk pgjegkldlrlb ohhpgrl ti` tipg Bujegrgm

Cglms ]hngtcgr jgjgrkuolb jhtivlsi ylbn tibnni

plml nuru sgcibnnl lpleikl miklouolb klni, pgrsilplb

nuru clrus egblr-egblr jltlbn mlb sulslbl ogklsjgbdlmi loti` elio nuru jlupub siswl. Lnlr

pgkloslbllb pgjegkldlrlb mlplt egrklbnsubn mgbnlb

elio jlol pgbgolblb ib`hrjlsi clrus dgkls lnlr

pgriklou timlo rgkgvlb plml siswl timlo jubauk. Nuru

pgrku jgjpgrcltiolb pgjikiclb jltgri phoho elclslb

ylbn lolb minublolb mlklj jgbgrlpolb jhmgk


ngtcgr ibi, olrgbl timlo sgjul jltgri phoho elclslb

ahaho minublolb ubtuo jgbgrlpolb jhmgk


ngtcgr.

ML@]LUUWDWOLB

Lrioubth, Quclrsiji, 5661. Mlslr-mlslr Gvlkulsi

Vgbmimiolb. Dlolrtl4 Euji Loslrl.

Lrioubth, Quclrsiji. 5660. Vrhsgmur Vgbgkitilb

Qultu Vgbmgoltlb Vrlotio. Dlolrtl4 Uibgol

Aiptl.

Lrioubth, Quclrsiji. 5669. Vgbgkitilb ]ibmlolb

Ogkls. Dlolrtl4 Euji Loslrl.

Mgwi, Ugby Vuspitl. 566=. Vgbgrlplb Jhmgk

Vgjegkldlrlb Ohhpgrlti` ]ipg Bujegrgm

Cgl ms ]hng tcgr (BC]) Vlml Jltl

Vgkldlrlb Loubtlbsi Mi Ogkls S LO 1 QJO

Bgngri 5 Bnlbduo. Qo rips i plml du ru sl b

Vgbmimiolb Loubtlbsi @louktls Gohbhji

WBGQL (timlo mitgreitolb).

ni



Mdljlrlc, QE mlb Lswlb Tlib. 5660. Qtrltgni

Egkldlr Jgbnldlr. Dlolrtl4 Uibgol Aiptl.

@irmlus, Yhnl. 5666. Vgkldlrlb Loubtlbsi Dikim 5 Wbtuo QJW Ogkls 5. Dlolrtl4 Grklbnnl.

Ierlcij, J. Ulcjlmilrti, @. Bur, J. mlb Isjhbh.

5666. Vgjegkldlrlb Ohhpgrlti`. Qurlelyl4

Wbivgrsitls Bgngri Qurlelyl.

Ierlcij, Juskijib moo. 5667. Vgjegkldlrlb

Ohhpgrlt i ` Qurlelyl4 Vuslt Qlibs mlb

Jltgjltiol Qgohklc Wbivgrsitls Bgngri

Qurlelyl.

Isdhbi. 566>. Ahhpgrltivg Kglrbibn. Elbmubn4

Lk`legtl.Jukylsl, G. 5660. Ourioukuj ]ibnolt Qltulb

Vgbmimiolb. Elbmubn4 V] Ugjldl

Uhsmlolryl.

Bur, Jhcljjlm. 5667. Vgjegkldlrlb Ohhpgrlti`

Qurlelyl4 Vuslt Qlibs mlb Jltgjltiol

Qgohklc Wbivgrsitls Bgngri Qurlelyl.

Vurwlbibnsic, Ibmlc. 566<. Egkldlr Loubtlbsi Dikim

< Wbtuo QJ W Ogkls <. Dlolrtl4 Grklbnnl.

Uimuwlb, 5669. Qolkl Vgbnuourlb Plrilegk-

vlrilegk Vgbgkitilb. Elbmubn4 Lk`legtl.

Qkljgth. 5661. Egkldlr Mlb @lothr-@lothr Ylbn Jgjpgbnlrucibyl. Dlolrtl4 Uibgol Aiptl.

Qumdlbl, Blbl. 5667. Egkldlr Mlb @lothr-@lothr

Ylbn Jgj pgbnlrucibyl . Elbmubn4 Qiblr

Elru Lkngsibmh.

Quniyhbh. 5660. Qtltistiol Wbtuo Vgbgkitilb.

Elbmubn4 Lk`legtl.

Qukistilwlb, Lri`. 5667. Vgjegkldlrlb Egrmlslrolb

J lsl kl c Wbtuo J ltg ri Vhoho Qis tg j

Vgrsljllb Kibglr mlb Oulmrlt mi ogkls S

J lm rl slc lkilc J ucclj lmil c Qu jegr Ugdh Ehdhb gn hr h. ]gsis timlo mitgreitolb.

Qurlelyl4 VVs Wbgsl.

Qupridhbh, Lnus. 5669. VLOGJ ]ghri mlb

Lpkiolsibyl. Yhnylolrtl4 Vustlol Vgkldlr.

]ij Vgbyusub. 5660. Vlbmulb Vgbukislb mlb

Vgbiklilb Qoripsi. Qurlelyl4 Wbivgrsitls

Bgngri Qurlelyl Vrgss.

ns

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