pengantar sistem komputer

PENGANTAR SISTEM KOMPUTERPENGANTAR SISTEM KOMPUTER

Presented by Dr. Suryani Alifah

.: Apa itu Komputer ?.: Apa itu Komputer ?

Kata komputer berasal dari bahasa Latin yaitu Computareyang artinya menghitung. Dalam bahasa Inggris disebut tocompute.

definisi komputer :sekumpulan alat elektronik yang salingbekerja sama, dapat menerima data (input), mengolah data definisi komputer :sekumpulan alat elektronik yang salingbekerja sama, dapat menerima data (input), mengolah data(proses) dan memberikan informasi (output) serta terkoordinasidibawah kontrol program yang tersimpan di memorinya.

Semua komputer memiliki 4 fungsi:Pengolahan data - Data processingPenyimpanan data - Data storagePemindahan data - Data movementKendali - Control

Komponen-

komponen KomputerMONITOR: to output data

SPEAKER: to output

data

CPU: to process

command & data

KEYBOARD: to input

command/data MOUSE: to input

command/data

DISK: to

input/output data

5 Komponen Utama

Komputer

Processor(active)

Computer

Control(brain)

Memory(passive)(where

Devices

Input

Keyboard, Mouse

Disk(where programs, (brain)

Datapath(brawn)

(where programs, data live whenrunning) Output

Display, Printer

programs, data live whennot running)

CPU

Struktur dan fungsi komputerStruktur dan fungsi komputer

fungsi komputer didefinisikan sebagai operasi masing-masing komponen sebagai bagian dari struktur. Adapunfungsi dari masing-masing komponen dalam struktur diatas adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Input Device (Alat Masukan)1. Input Device (Alat Masukan)

Adalah perangkat keras komputer yang berfungsi sebagai alatuntuk memasukan data atau perintah ke dalam komputer.Contoh : keyboard

2. Output Device (Alat Keluaran)

Adalah perangkat keras komputer yang berfungsi untukmenampilkan keluaran sebagai hasil pengolahan data.Keluaran dapat berupa hard-copy (ke kertas), soft-copy (kemonitor), ataupun berupa suara.

3. I/O Ports

Bagian ini digunakan untuk menerima ataupun mengirim data ke luar sistem.Peralatan input dan output di atas terhubung melalui port ini.

4. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU merupakan otak sistem komputer, dan memiliki dua bagian fungsioperasional, yaitu: ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit) sebagai pusat pengolah data,CPU merupakan otak sistem komputer, dan memiliki dua bagian fungsioperasional, yaitu: ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit) sebagai pusat pengolah data,dan CU (Control Unit) sebagai pengontrol kerja komputer.

5. Memori

Memori terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu memori internal dan memorieksternal. Memori internal berupa RAM (Random Access Memory) yangberfungsi untuk menyimpan program yang kita olah untuk sementara waktu,dan ROM (Read Only Memory) yaitu memori yang hanya bisa dibacadan berguna sebagai penyedia informasi pada saat komputer pertama kalidinyalakan.

.

6. Data Bus

Adalah jalur-jalur perpindahan data antar modul dalam sistem komputer.Karena pada suatu saat tertentu masing-masing saluran hanya dapatmembawa 1 bit data, maka jumlah saluran menentukan jumlah bit yang dapatditransfer pada suatu saat. Lebar data bus ini menentukan kinerja sistemsecara keseluruhan. Sifatnya bidirectional, artinya CPU dapat membaca danmenerima data melalui data bus ini. Data bus biasanya terdiri atas 8, 16, 32,atau 64 jalur paralel.atau 64 jalur paralel.

7. Address Bus

Digunakan untuk menandakan lokasi sumber ataupun tujuan pada prosestransfer data. Pada jalur ini, CPU akan mengirimkan alamat memori yang akanditulis atau dibaca.

8. Control Bus

Control Bus digunakan untuk mengontrol penggunaan serta akses ke Data Busdan Address Bus. Terdiri atas 4 sampai 10 jalur paralel.

.: Evolusi Komputer :..: Evolusi Komputer :.

KOMPUTER GENERASI PERTAMA (1941)

Pemicu Perang Dunia II

Penggunaan Vacum Tube & instruksi menggunakan bahasa mesin

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) : 18000tabung, 30 ton.

KOMPUTER GENERASI KEDUA (1948)

Menggunakan Transistor ( IBM 1401 )

Sudah memiliki SO , program , media penyimpan (disket)

Munculnya COBOL , FORTRAN

Software house, programmer, analyst

Pemanfaatan pada skala industri

KOMPUTER GENERASI KETIGA (1958)

penggunaan IC (Integrated Circuit )

mengkombinasikan tiga komponen elektronik dalam sebuah piringan silikonkecil yang terbuat dari pasir kuarsa

munculnya chip semikonduktor : gabungan banyak IC dalam 1 chip yangdapat diprogram sesui dengan kebutuhandapat diprogram sesui dengan kebutuhan

KOMPUTER GENERASI KEEMPAT (1980)

Setelah IC, tujuan pengembangan menjadi lebih jelas: mengecilkan ukuransirkuit dan komponen-komponen elektrik.

Large Scale Integration (LSI) dapat memuat ratusan komponen dalamsebuah chip.

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) memuat ribuan komponen dalam sebuahVery Large Scale Integration (VLSI) memuat ribuan komponen dalam sebuahchip tunggal.

Mikroprosesor : penggabungan seluruh komponen komputer ( CPU ,memori, kendali I/O) dan diprogram sesuai dengan kebutuhan.

Munculnya PC

Komputer Generasi Kelima

Sudah tidak berorientasi pada kecepatan atau ukuran

fisik, namun lebih menonjolkan performance

Artificial Intelegence

Patern recognation, bioinformatikaPatern recognation, bioinformatika

Perkembangan Sistem Komputer1946: ENIAC Stored Program Computer pertama

50 x 30 feet, 30 Ton, 25 kWatt, 100 k Kalkulasi/detik

- Penurunan : (1) Ukuran fisik (tabung transistor IC

(2) Biaya

1960: Main frameComputer

1970: Mini Computer

14

200_ : Komputer meja (PC), PDA, Bionic,

- Peningkatan (1) Kapasitas memory(2) Kinerja (kecepatan)

1980: Mikrokomputer

Produk utama: PC, workstation. Mainframe digantikan multiprosesor.

Minicomputer digantikan server.

optimalisasikinerja - biaya

Generasi Komputer berdasarkan tekologinya

Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 Transistor - 1958-1964 Small Scale Integration - 1965 on

Up to 100 devices on a chip Medium Scale Integration - to 1971

100-3,000 devices on a chip

15

Large Scale Integration - 1971-1977 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip

Very Large Scale Integration - 1978 to date 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Ultra Large Scale Integration Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Teknologi IC

Pentium Evolution

8080 first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path Used in first personal computer Altair

8086 much more powerful

16

much more powerful 16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC

80286 16 Mbyte memory addressable up from 1Mb

80386 32 bit Support for multitasking

80486 sophisticated powerful cache and instruction

pipelining built in maths co-processor

Pentium

17

Pentium Superscalar Multiple instructions executed in parallel

Pentium Pro Increased superscalar organization Aggressive register renaming branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution

Pentium II MMX technology graphics, video & audio processing

Pentium III Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics

18

Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics Pentium 4

Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals Further floating point and multimedia enhancements

Itanium 64 bit

Pendekatan Software Efisiensi program,

Struktur data

Pendekatan Teknologis/hardware

Penggunaan komponen2 ICkecepatan tinggi,kerapatan tinggi

Pendekatan

Peningkatankinerja

Peningkatan Kinerja

19

Pendekatan Arsitektural Peningkatan aspek

fungsional dan struk-tural

Contoh :- Arsitektur Instruction set- Struktur pipeline dalam CPU- Pengingat cache- Memory interleaving- Struktur Bus- Prosesor paralel

Arsitektur

teknologi/hardware

software

Kecenderungan TeknologiKomputer modern

20

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1010GG

1G1G

100M

1010MM

Memory(DRAM)

1 Mb4 Mb

16 Mb

64 Mb

256 Mb1 Gb

4 Gb

PentiumPII

PIII

Pentium IV

22

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1M1M

100K

10K

1K1K1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Microprocessor

4 Kb16

Kb

64 Kb

256 Kb

4004 80808085

808668000

8028668020

8038680486,680

Pentium

Struktur Dasar Sistem Komputer

Fungsi Komponen

Data processing CPU Control Data movement I/O unit Data storage Memory

Main Memory

CentralProcessing Unit

Computer

23

Memory

InputOutput

SystemsInterconnection

Tren Teknologi

1000000

10000000

100000000

Pentium

i80486

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor

Alpha 21264: 15 million

Pentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 million

Alpha 21164: 9.3 million

Moores Law

Pentium 4: 42 million

Pentium III: 9.5 million

Year

1000

10000

100000

1000000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

i80386

i4004

i8080

i80286

i80862X transistors/Chip

Every 1.5 years

CalledMoores Law

Alpha 21164: 9.3 million

Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million

Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor

400500600700800900 DEC Alpha 21264/600

DEC Alpha 5/500

1.54X/yr

0100200300400

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

DEC Alpha 5/500

DEC Alpha 5/300

DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100

DEC AXP/500

HP 9000/750

Sun-4/260

IBMRS/6000

MIPS M/120

MIPS M

2000

Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moores Law (transistors/chip)

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM)

size

10000000

100000000

1000000000

year size(Megabit) 1980 0.06251983 0.251986 11989 41992 16

Year

1000

10000

100000

1000000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

1996 642000 256

Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years4000X since 1980

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas

DiskYear Areal Density

1973 1.71979 7.71989 631997 30902000 17100

110

1001000

10000100000

1970 1980 1990 2000

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1970 1980 1990 2000Year

A

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D

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Areal Density = BPI x TPI- BPI: Bit Per Inch- TPI: Tracks Per Inch

Change slope 30%/yr to 60%/yr about 1991

Teknologi Komputer Perubahan Dramatis

Prosessor

2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun

100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir

Memori

Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 yearsKapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years

Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun

Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun

Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir

Disk

Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun

Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun

Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir

Komputer Berkinerja Tinggi

(High Performance Computers)

Intel Pentium Pro

Quad

P-Pro bus (64-bit data, 36-bit address, 66 MHz)

CPU

Bus interface

MIU

P-Promodule

P-Promodule

P-Promodule256-KB

L2 $Interruptcontroller

PCIbridge

PCIbridge

Memorycontroller

1-, 2-, or 4-wayPC

I

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P

C

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b

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sPCII/O

cards

All coherence and multiprocessing glue in processor module

Highly integrated, targeted at high volume

Low latency and bandwidth

1-, 2-, or 4-wayinterleaved

DRAM

SUN

Enterprise

Gigaplane bus (256 data, 41 address, 83 MHz)

CPU/memcardsP

$2

$P

$2

$

Mem ctrl

Bus interface/switch

Proc + mem card - I/O card

16 cards of either type

All memory accessed over bus, so symmetric

Higher bandwidth, higher latency bus

Gigaplane bus (256 data, 41 address, 83 MHz)

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B

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Bus interfaceI/O cards

Cray

T3E

P$

External I/O

Memctrl

and NI

Mem

Scale up to 1024 processors, 480MB/s links

Memory controller generates request message for non-local references

No hardware mechanism for coherence

SGI Origin etc. provide this

SwitchXY

Z

Intel

Paragon

Memory bus (64-bit, 50 MHz)

i860

L1 $

DMA

i860

L1 $

Memctrl

IntelParagonnode

NIDriver

ctrl

4-wayinterleaved

DRAM

8 bits,175 MHz,bidirectional2D grid network

with processing nodeattached to every switch

Sandia s Intel Paragon XP/S-based Supercomputer

IBM SP-2 node

L2 $

Power 2CPU

IBM

SP-2

Made out of essentially complete RS6000 workstations

Memory bus

MicroChannel bus

I/O

i860 NI

DMA

D

R

A

M

Memorycontroller

4-wayinterleaved

DRAM

General interconnectionnetwork formed from8-port switches

NIC

essentially complete RS6000 workstations

Network interface integrated in I/O bus (bw limited by I/O bus)

Berkeley NOW 100 Sun Ultra2

workstations

Inteligent network interface

proc + mem

Myrinet Network

160 MB/s per link

300 ns per hop

Types of Storage Devices

Describing Storage Devices

Store data when computer is off

Two processes

Writing data

Reading data

6A-38

Reading data

Describing Storage Devices

Storage terms

Media is the material storing data

Storage devices manage the media

Magnetic devices use a magnet

6A-39

Magnetic devices use a magnet

Optical devices use lasers

Solid-state devices have physical switches

Magnetic Storage Devices

Most common form of storage

Hard drives, floppy drives, tape

All magnetic drives work the same

6A-40

Magnetic Storage DevicesFloppy DiskFloppy Disk

Hard DiskHard Disk

6A-41

TapeTape


Data storage and retrieval

Media is covered with iron oxide

Read/write head is a magnet

Magnet writes charges on the media

6A-42

Magnet writes charges on the media

Positive charge is a 1

Negative charge is a 0

Magnet reads charges

Drive converts charges into binary

Data Retrieval

6A-43


Data organization

Disks must be formatted before use

Format draws tracks on the disk

Tracks is divided into sectors

6A-44

Tracks is divided into sectors

Amount of data a drive can read

Tracks and Sectors

6A-45


Finding data on disk

Each track and sector is labeled

Some are reserved

Listing of where files are stored

6A-46

Listing of where files are stored

File Allocation Table (FAT)

FAT32

NTFS

Data is organized in clusters

Size of data the OS handles


Diskettes

Also known as floppy disks

Read with a disk drive

Mylar disk

6A-47

Mylar disk

Spin at 300 RPM

Takes .2 second to find data

3 floppy disk holds 1.44 MB


Hard disks

Primary storage device in a computer

2 or more aluminum platters

Each platter has 2 sides

6A-48

Each platter has 2 sides

Spin between 5,400 to 15,000 RPM

Data found in 9.5 ms or less

Drive capacity greater than 40 GB

Illustrated Hard Disk

6A-49


Removable high capacity disks

Speed of hard disk

Portability of floppy disk

Several variants have emerged

6A-50

Several variants have emerged

High capacity floppy disk

Stores up to 750 MB of data

Hot swappable hard disks

Provide GB of data

Connect via USB


Tape drives

Best used for

Infrequently accessed data

Back-up solutions

6A-51

Back-up solutions

Slow sequential access

Capacity exceeds 200 GB

Optical Storage Devices

CD-ROM

Most software ships on a CD

Read using a laser

Lands, binary 1, reflect data

Pits scatter data

6A-52

Pits scatter data

Written from the inside out

CD speed is based on the original

Original CD read 150 Kbps

A 10 X will read 1,500 Kbps

Standard CD holds 650 MB

Optical Storage Devices

DVD-ROM

Digital Video Disk

Use both sides of the disk

Capacities can reach 18 GB

6A-53

Capacities can reach 18 GB

DVD players can read CDs

Recordable Optical Technologies

CD Recordable (CD-R)

Create a data or audio CD

Data cannot be changed

Can continue adding until full

6A-54

Can continue adding until full


CD Regrettable (CD-RW)

Create a reusable CD

Cannot be read in all CD players

Can reuse about 100 times

6A-55

Can reuse about 100 times


Photo CD

Developed by Kodak

Provides for photo storage

Photos added to CD until full

6A-56

Photos added to CD until full

Original pictures cannot be changed


DVD Recordable

Several different formats exist

None are standardized

Allows home users to create DVDs

6A-57

Allows home users to create DVDs

Cannot be read in all players


DVD-RAM

Allow reusing of DVD media

Not standardized


6A-58


Solid State Devices

Data is stored physically

No magnets or laser

Very fast

6A-59

Solid State Devices

Flash memory

Found in cameras and USB drives

Combination of RAM and ROM

Long term updateable storage

6A-60

Long term updateable storage

Solid State Devices

Smart cards

Credit cards with a chip

Chip stores data

Eventually may be used for cash

6A-61

Eventually may be used for cash

Hotels use for electronic keys

Solid State Devices

Solid-state disks

Large amount of SDRAM

Extremely fast

Volatile storage

6A-62

Volatile storage

Require battery backups

Most have hard disks copying data

Text Book

William Stalling, Computer Organization &

Architecture, Prentice Hall, 2000

Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Structured Computer

Organization, Prentice Hall, 1999 Organization, Prentice Hall, 1999

Documents

pengantar sistem komputer