Peer to peer networks Distributed innovation

Niloy Ganguly

IIT KharagpurNational Conference on

Decentralized Innovation:

Focus on Rural and Small Urban Enterprises

16-17 March 2007

Talk Overview Peer to peer networks

Introduction and various utilities

P2p in social perspective Random thoughts

Emerging Technologies Ultra cheap Telephony

Peer To Peer NetworkMost Direct Method of Connecting Computers

Simple

Inexpensive

No Boss

No Regulation

Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers

Simple

Inexpensive

No Boss

No Regulation

Peer To Peer Network

PCs at the edge of the network are called “Peers”

Peers can retrieve objects directly from each other

Advantages of a P2P NetworkA large collection of peers may be

available for content distribution--sometimes millions!

User takes advantage of the network’s currently available resources.

Peer To Peer Network

Application – File sharing

Topology of Gnutella Network

Machines exchange files within themselvesEach machine shares a set of files

P2P networks generate more traffic than any other internet application

2/3 of all bandwidth on some backbones

Application – File sharing

VoIP: Voice over IP (Internet Protocol) Telephony over the Internet

Skype: Most popular VoIP application Free calls to other Skype users Cheap calls (~ 1p/min) to landlines

& mobiles Various add-on facilities also

available

Sky

pe

Application – Internet Telephony

Skype as a telephone Skype can be used as a conventional

telephone Particularly useful on laptops for the

traveller Sense of presence – know if recipient

is online (can switch off) Instant messaging

Additional features: Integration with Web browser (sharing

browsing) Video Skype

Sky

pe

Application – Internet Telephony

Usage ScenariosHow Skype can be used:

Conventional phone replacement (office/home) On laptops, when travelling Conference calls (on-the-fly) Listening in to lectures (nb. accessibility benefits) Recording talks (e.g. interviews for Podcasts) Support for remote workers Help desk support (e.g. VoIP-based Ask Me reference desk) ….

Application – Distributed ProcessingHuge number crunching for Cancer ResearchSeti@Home - Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Two million computers crunching data gathered from the Arecibo radio

telescope in Puerto Rico. The project produces over 15 teraflops[4] of

processing throughput. As a comparison, ANSI white, the world's

most powerful supercomputer, produces 12 teraflops of processing throughput at a cost of us$110 million.

Application – Publisher Subscribe

Publisher Publisher

Subscriber Subscriber

Subscriptions

Publications

NotificationNotification

IBM=84

MSFT=27 INTC=19 JNJ=58ORCL=12

HON=24

AMGN=58

Stock marketsNYSE

NASDAQTSX

Subscriptions:IBM > 85ORCL < 10JNJ > 60

BrokerNetwork

Talk Overview Peer to peer networks

Introduction and various utilities

P2p in social perspective Random thoughts

Emerging Technologies Ultra cheap Telephony

Tribal-era technologies – extremities of limbs Agricultural technologies – extension of muscular

systems Industrial era – central body and internal

metabolic functions Information age – nervous system (telephone and

telegraph), mind (computer),

Placing p2p in the context of the evolution of technology

Placing p2p in the context of the evolution of technology

Participative but not differentiated Differentiated but not participative

Humans become dumb extension of machine

Machine become intelligent Machine seen as extension of brain rather than

limbs A participation paradigm arises

Hacker ethics Mass intellectuality increases through

formal and informal education Meaning in life is no longer sought in the

sphere of salaried work but through in life in general.

Entertainment is sought through “work” guiding free software production (socialization)

Emergence of p2p network Technological artifacts are a social

construction, reflecting various social interests Capital, engineering communities, critical voice

within society, consumers Internet was explicitly defined to enable peer-to

peer collaboration Technology reflects a new way of being or feeling

Emergence of Peer to peer network One-to-one to many-to-one to many-to-many media Information abundance Redundancy of information Hence extremely robust p2p networks emerge

Corporate Changes Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword becomes flow and

integration of endless flow

Corporate Changes Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword becomes flow and

integration of endless flow Flattening of hierarchy

Sub-unit becomes complex, hence to be granted more autonomy

What is produced and not how is it produced. Peer to peer form of communication is becoming

imperative for corporate competitiveness

Communism of Capital Processes no longer internally integrated,

externally integrated in vast webs of inter-company cooperation.

Potential damaging consumers. Workers learning in a series of interaction/

training program Complexity, innovation-dependent and time-

based E-bay, amazon – consumer feedback

Distributed Innovation Open software

Free software – rejects the ownership of software Open Source – ownership is there but one can change

Within the systems but partly transcends it Attractive for efficiency Used by IBM and Microsoft’s rival, EU Internet infrastructure – Apache server, Linux

P2p dialogues are not representative dialogues in which participants represent their various religions, rather they are encounters of composite and hybrid experience in which each full expresses his different understanding, building a spiritual commons.

No formal rules to engage in knowledge exchange (no formal degrees)

Open Universities – university of Openness The uo is a framework in which individuals and

organizations can pursue their shared interest Any member may start a faculty to socialize their

research with the Uo. News regulation (trustworthiness)

No need of any Wall Street journal

Distributed Innovation Deinstitutionalization

Dotcom burst shows use value cannot be converted to exchange value

P2p creates massive use-value, but no automatic exchange value and thus it cannot fund itself

P2p sphere can work with more and more autonomy, creating more and more use value, slowly creating a cohesive system within system

Distributed Innovation Dot-com burst and decommodification

Marginal trend or premise of new civilization

Historical development of capitalism in 11th to 13th century

Roman empire Bernat poirot-delpech in Le Monde –

nothing ever changes, we are bored with this country

Argentina after the economic shock

Talk Overview Peer to peer networks

Introduction and various utilities

P2p in social perspective Random thoughts

Emerging Technologies Ultra cheap Telephony

Emerging Technology – Grid and cluster

Supercomputer formed by connecting together a number of small computers with high speed interconnectivity

Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network

A network where the nodes are the mobile devices.

Mobile devices themselves form connectivity within themselves without the help of any base station

Emerging Technology – Mesh Network

A network of low cost mesh, some of the meshes having satellite connection

Emerging Technology – Delay Tolerant Network

No need of connection-oriented network.

Here nodes act as post-man carrying the information to the destination

Talk Overview Peer to peer networks

Introduction and various utilities

P2p in social perspective Random thoughts

Emerging Technologies Ultra cheap Telephony

A few phones (or just one) cover a whole village ”Telephone ladies” = entrepreneurs: they buy phones and other

equipment, & then charge for their use Loans (microcredit) from Grameen Bank, support from Grameen

Telecom Grameen Phone uses GSM (not the cheapest technology), but

charges ½ the urban rate for local calls (0.04$/min in 2001) Everyone wins! Farmers & other callers save $$ Telephone ladies earn well, gain independence & respect Grameen Phone earns $$ (major owner: Telenor!) Grameen Bank earns $$, Nobel Peace Prize

Bangladesh (GrameenPhone)

Local = low cost

Standard GSM is used, but all equipment is produced in Brazil low cost

Other needed goods purchased locally when possible Employees are all locally hired (except 2 on management

team) Intense local interaction & contact with customers Local calls (in town) are cheap

unlimited local calls 16$/month, or Plano Basico, local calls, 0.10$/min

Launched in Quixadá May 2005, profitable after 10 mos

Ruralfone (Brazil)

Mesh in the jungle

Isolated complex (2.5 hours by motorized canoe): high school, ecotourism lodge, science center, medical clinic, offices

Wireless broadband (WiFi) in a mesh network (many-to-many, so access points are also routers)

VoIP over the WiFi mesh Solar power, satellite uplink VoIP to Skype: cheap,

but has a delay Plans to link to the cellphone network

Yachana (FUNEDESIN),Amazonas, Ecuador

Towards ultra-cheap telephony(Telenor R&I project) Choose wireless broadband in unlicensed band

no license fee mass-produced components low cost mesh topology, smart antennas open source software handset is not (yet) cheap

focus on stand-alone but accessible communities local calls can be very cheap estimate: 70—80% of calls are local

backhaul: wireless point-to-point connection to nearest town with cellular network

A possible cost target: 0.0015$/minute for local calls

What about peer-to-peer?

P2P works best on top of reliable connections, building an ’overlay network’

So other technologies are needed for cheap local access, while P2P can give very cheap connection on a global scale

localcheap

backhaulmaybe expensive

InternetP2P; cheap

Evolution of Collective Intelligence Tribal Intelligence Pyramidal Structure Swarm Intelligence Collective Intelligence

Sufficient money Open standard Information system to regulate symbolic exchange Permanent connection with cyberspace Personal development to acquire the capabilities of such

cooperation

Cognitive Capitalists All assets abstracted into stocks,

predominance of immaterial flows Knowledge workers clearly becomes the

key sector of the multitudes Vectorial class - hacker class producing

new means of production

P2p Dialogues P2p dialogues are not representative

dialogues in which participants represent their various religions , rather they are encounters of composite and hybrid experience in which each full expresses his different understanding, building a spiritual commons.

Three scenarios of co-existence

Peaceful co-existence Cognitive capitalism partly incorporates,

partly destroying p2p ethos. P2p sphere can work with more and more

autonomy, creating more and more use value, slowly creating a cohesive system within system.

Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network