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Gavriel Salomon, Center for Research on Peace Education University of Haifa, Israel. Peace Education in the Midst of Conflict: Its nature and its challenges. May, 2011. [email protected] http://edu.haifa.ac.il/personal/gsalomon/index.htm. Two Implications. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Peace Education in the Midst of Conflict: Its nature and its challengesGavriel Salomon, Center for Research on Peace EducationUniversity of Haifa, IsraelMay, [email protected]://edu.haifa.ac.il/personal/gsalomon/index.htm
1. Deligitimization and dehumanization of the other side
Two Implications
Develop empathy for the others suffering and fearsAcknowledge ones own role in the conflictDevelop positive mindsets toward the Other sideAccept the legitimacy of the others collective narrative
Acknowledging ones own role in the conflict Develop a more complex identity Come to see the two sided nature of the conflict
Empathy Come to understand the other side Come to feel the other side Humanize; reduce stereotypes & prejudices
Develop positive mindsets toward the Other side Acquire relevant skills & behavior tendencies Acquire relevant attitudes
Roadblocks facing peace educationBarriers facing peace education
1. Conflicting collective historical memories
2. Conflicting collective beliefs
Typical (symmetrical!) beliefs We are right and our goals are justThey pursue illegitimate goalsWe are the victims; we only respondEven when we do harm, it is they to blameIf theyd only listen to us we are so moderateThey only understand the language of force
3. Grave inequalities
4. Excessive emotionality
5. A Belligerent Environment
Until yesterday I hated them, but now, after I spent a weekend with them, I understand why...
A participant in an encounter groupUntil yesterday I hated them, but now, after I spent a weekend with them, I understand why...
Nevertheless
Non-ParticipantsParticipants
Chart1
26.45.4
379.6
0.71.1
2.36.7
Posttest
Pretest
Percent of "positive Peace" (N=819) (Biton, 2002)
Sheet1
PalestiniansIsraelisPalestiniansIsraelis
Posttest26.4370.72.3
Pretest5.49.61.16.7
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart1
26.852
3230
Participants
Non-Participants
Percent advocating war as a strategy for peace (Biton, 2002)
Sheet1
PosttestPretest
Participants26.832
Non-Participants5230
Sheet1
00
00
Participants
Non-Participants
Percent advocating war as means for peace (Biton, 2002)
Sheet2
Sheet3
Does Friendship Between Adversaries Generalize? (Bar-Natan, 2005)
Pretest Posttest
But
Declining impact of the PE program (Rosen, 2006)
Does Friendship Between Adversaries Generalize? (Bar-Natan, 2005) Pretest PosttestDelayed Posttest
Peace education is a subversive activity;
the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs it affects are extremely vulnerable to opposing social and political forces
What then would make peace education effective during conflict?
Our challenge today is not just to create changes of perceptions, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors, but to learn how to sustain them over time and against opposing forces
*
Apply a differential approach to the different groups
JEWSARABS
StrengtheningOnes own Collective N.
LegitimizngThe others Collective N.
One size does not fit all
*
Create a social ripple effect: Multiply the number of peace education partners
Thank you
So, does peace education make a difference? Yes, it does, even during outbursts of violence Effects disappear after a short while Effects are moderated by initial views Peace Education may be a barrier against deterioration Strong positive emotions appear to support change
We all walk on our own path, but it is when we step off that path that we really get to know each other! Arundel Begbie
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