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Anna University First Year PDS 1 Lab Manual
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SEMESTER: II BRANCH: CSE-A
LLAABB MMAANNUUAALL (EVEN Semester 2015-2016)
Prepared by
Mr.M.AZHAGIRI, Asst.Professor,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Kingston Engineering College.
CS6212 PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURES LABORATORY I L T P C
0 0 3 2
OBJECTIVES:
The students should be made to:
Be familiar with c programming
Be exposed to implementing abstract data types
Learn to use files
Learn to implement sorting and searching algorithms.
1. C Programs using Conditional and Control Statements
2. C Programs using Arrays, Strings and Pointers and Functions
3. Representation of records using Structures in C
– Creation of Linked List
– Manipulation of records in a Linked List
4. File Handling in C
– Sequential access
– Random Access
5. Operations on a Stack and Queue
– infix to postfix
– simple expression evaluation using stacks
- Linked Stack Implementation
– Linked Queue Implementation
6. Implementation of sorting algorithms
7. Implementation of Linear search and Binary Search.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
Design and implement C programs for implementing stacks, queues, and linked lists.
Apply good programming design methods for program development.
Apply the different data structures for implementing solutions to practical problems.
Develop searching and sorting programs.
LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS:
Standalone desktops with C compiler 30 Nos.
(or)
Server with C compiler supporting 30 terminals or more
1. C Programs using Conditional and Control Statements
A. Simple Calculator
B. Prime Number
C. Sum of Digits
D. Fibonacci Series
E. Perfect Number
2. C Programs using Arrays, Strings and Pointers and Functions
A. Shape Function
B. Factorial Recursion
C. Array Maximum
D. Matrix Addition
E. Matrix Multiplication
F. Palindrome
G. Paragraph Analysis
H. Pass by Reference
3. Representation of records using Structures in C
A. Student Data Base using Structure
B. Payroll Application using Union
C. Singly Linked List
D. Doubly Linked List
4. File Handling in C
A. File Handling
B. Sequential File Access
C. Random File Access
D. File Copy
5. Operations on a Stack and Queue
A. Stack Array
B. Expression Evaluation Infix to Postfix
C. Expression Evaluation Postfix to infix
D. Linked List Stack
E. Queue Array
F. Linked List Queue
6. Implementation of sorting algorithms
A. Bubble Sort
B. Insertion Sort
C. Selection Sort
D. Quick Sort
E. Merge Sort
F. Shell Sort
7. Implementation of Linear search and Binary Search.
A. Linear Search
B. Binary Search
Conditional Statements
The if-else statement is a two-way decision making statement. If a condition holds true, then
corresponding true-block is executed; otherwise false-block is executed. The else part of an If
statement is optional.
If (condition)
TRUE STA TEMENT
else
FALSE STATEMENT
The switch statement tests expression value against a list of case values. When a match is found,
statements associated with that case is executed until a break statement is encountered. The default
Block is executed when none of the case value matches.
switch (expression)
case 1:
Executable statement;
Break;
case 2:
Executable statement;
Break;
default:
Statement;
The while is an entry-controlled loop, i.e., the condition is evaluated first. If condition is true then
body of the loop is executed. The loop is executed repeatedly until the condition holds true.
Minimum number of times the loop executed is 0.
while (condition)
{
Executable statement;
}
The do… while construct provides an exit-controlled loop. Body of the loop is executed once and
then condition is evaluated. If true, then the process is repeated. The loop is executed at least once.
do
Executable statement;
while (condition)
{
Executable statement;
}
The for statement is an entry and counter controlled loop. It contains three parts namely initialize
condition and increment/decrement. The counter variable is initialized once and the condition is
evaluated. If condition is true, then body of the loop is executed. Counter variable is incremented/
decremented each time before testing the condition.
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
The break statement is used to exit from the loop in which it is contained. The continue statement
skips remaining part of the loop for that iteration.
break;
Ex No:1-A SIMPLE CALCULATOR
Date:
AIM
To implement a simple calculator using switch case statement.
ALGORITHM
Start
Display calculator menu
Read the operator symbol and operands n1, n2
If operator = + then
calculate result = n1 + n2
Else if operator = – then
calculate result = n1 – n2
Else if operator = * then
calculate result = n1 * n2
Else if operator = / then
calculate result = n1 / n2
Else if operator = % then
calculate result = n1 % n2
Else
print "Invalid operator"
Print result
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n1, n2, result;
char op;
clrscr();
printf("\n Simple Calculator");
printf("\n + Summation");
printf("\n - Difference");
printf("\n * Product");
printf("\n / Quotient");
printf("\n % Remainder");
printf("\n Enter the operator : ");
op = getchar();
printf("Enter operand1 and operand2 : ");
scanf("%d%d",&n1,&n2);
switch(op)
{
case '+':
result = n1 +n2;
break;
case '-':
result = n1 - n2;
break;
case '*':
result = n1 * n2;
break;
case '/':
result = n1 / n2;
break;
case '%':
result = n1 % n2;
break;
default:
printf("Invalid operator");
exit(-1);
}
printf("%d %c %d = %d", n1, op, n2, result);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus simple calculator functionality was executed using menu-oriented approach.
Ex No:1-B PRIME NUMBER
Date:
AIM
To print first 'n' numbers using for loop.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read the value of n
Loop j to generate numbers from 2 to 10000
Loop k in the range 2 to j/2
Check if divisor exists
If j%k = 0
then
Examine next j
If there are no divisor for j then
Print j
Increment i by 1
If i = n then
Stop
Else
Examine next j
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int i=0,j,k,n,flg;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter value for n : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Prime numbers : ");
for(j=2; j<=10000; j++)
{
flg = 0;
for(k=2; k<=j/2; k++)
{
if (j%k == 0)
{
flg = 1;
break;
}
}
if (flg == 0)
{
printf("%d ", j);
i++;
}
if (i == n)
break;
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus first set of prime numbers is displayed.
Ex No:1-C SUM OF DIGITS
Date:
AIM
To find the sum of the digits of a given number using while statement. .
ALGORITHM
Start
Read num
Initialize sum to 0.
Repeat until num = 0
Obtain last digit d = num % 10
Add d to sum
num = num / 10
Print sum
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n, d, sum;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
sum = 0;
while(n)
{
d = n % 10;
sum = sum + d;
n = n / 10;
}
printf("Sum of digits : %d", sum);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT Thus digits of the given number were summed up
Ex No:1-D FIBONACCI SERIES
Date:
AIM
To print first N terms of the Fibonacci series assuming the first two terms as 0 and 1
ALGORITHM
Start
Read no. of terms n
Initialize f1 to 0 and f2 to 1.
Print f1 and f2
Initialize i to 3
Repeat until i < n
Generate next term f3 = f1 + f2
Print f3
f1 = f2
f2 = f3
Increment i by 1
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int i, n;
long f1, f2, f3;
clrscr();
f1 = 0;
f2 = 1;
printf("Enter number of terms : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\n Fibonacci series \n");
printf("%d \t %d",f1,f2);
for(i=3; i<=n; i++)
{
f3 = f1 + f2;
printf("\t %d ",f3);
f1 = f2;
f2 = f3;
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus first ‘n’ terms of Fibonacci series was generated
Ex No:1-E PERFECT NUMBER
Date:
AIM
To find whether the given number is a perfect number or not.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number n
Initialize sum to 0
Loop i from 1 to n-1
Add the divisors
If n%i = 0 then
sum = sum + i
If sum = n then
Print "Perfect Number"
Else
Print "Not Perfect Number"
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n, i, sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any number : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=1; i<n; i++)
{
if (n%i == 0)
sum += i;
}
if (sum == n)
printf("It is a perfect number");
else
printf("It is not a perfect number");
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT Thus whether a given number is perfect or not is determined.
Arrays, Strings, Pointers and Function
A function is a block of code which is used or to achieve a specific task. Functions facilitate top-down
modular programming and avoid code redundancy. When functions are used in a program, its
prototype must be declared. Prototype specifies return type, function name, number and type of
arguments that the function may take.
Void is used as return type, if the function does not return a value. Parameters can be passed to
function either as value or reference (address). A function that calls itself is called recursive function.
An array is a collection of homogeneous elements i.e., of the same data-type. When an array is
declared a contiguous memory is allocated. Array index always start with zero and the last index is
size-1. Arrays can be either one dimensional or two dimensional. Array can be passed as an
argument to a function only by reference. Memory allocation using arrays are static whereas using
functions such as malloc is dynamic.
One dimensional int a [10]; Two dimensional int a [3][3];
String is a sequence of characters terminated by a null character '\0' . String is declared as character
array. C library provides string handling function under header file <string.h> String variables are not
preceded by a & in a scanf statement. gets function is used to read string with embedded
whitespace. Strlen(); strcpy(); strcat(); strcmp(); strrev();
Structure is a user-defined data type and is a collection of heterogeneous elements, i.e. elements
can have dissimilar types. Elements in a structure are referred as members. Each member within a
structure is assigned its own unique storage area.
Struct student
{
int roll[10];
Char name[10];
Int marks[10];
}
Memory allocation for a structure is sum of memory required for each member. It is generally
obtained using sizeof operator. Members of a structure are accessed using dot (.) operator.
Pointer variable is a variable that can store the address of another variable. Pointer variables are
prefixed with *operator in declaration statement. Address of a variable is obtained using & (address)
operator. A pointer variable can point to elements of the same type only. A pointer variable can
access value of the variable pointed to by using the *dereference operator. Arguments must be of
pointer type for pass-by- reference. When arguments are passed by reference, changes made within
the function are reflected in the calling function. Pointers can be used to voluminous data by passing
an array (starting address).
Int *a;
Int *b;
Ex No:2-A Shape Function
Date:
AIM
To invoke functions that compute areas of different shapes using switch case conditional statement.
ALGORITHM
Start
Display shape menu
Read choice
If choice = 1 then
Read side
Call square(side)
Else if choice = 2 then
Read radius
Call circle(radius)
Else if choice = 3 then
Read base, height
Call triangle(base, height)
Else if choice = 4 then
Read length, breadth
Call rectangle(length, breadth)
Else
print "Invalid choice"
Print area
Stop
Function square (s)
Compute area = s2
Return area
Function circle (r)
Compute area = 𝜋𝑟2
Return area
Function triangle (b,h)
Compute area = ½bh
Return area
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define pi 3.14
/* Function prototypes */
float square(float);
float circle(float);
float triangle(float, float);
float rectangle(float, float);
main()
{
int choice;
float side, radius, base, height, length, breadth, area;
clrscr();
printf("Area of Shapes \n");
printf("1.Square ");
printf("2.Circle ");
printf("3.Triangle ");
printf("4.Rectangle \n");
printf("Enter choice : ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf("Enter side : ");
scanf("%f", &side);
area = square(side);
break;
case 2:
printf("Enter radius : ");
scanf("%f", &radius);
area = circle(radius);
break;
case 3:
printf("Enter base and height : ");
scanf("%f%f", &base, &height);
area = triangle(base, height);
break;
case 4:
printf("Enter length and breadth : ");
scanf("%f%f", &length, &breadth);
area = rectangle(length, breadth);
break;
default:
printf("\n Invalid choice \n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Area : %5.2f", area);
getch();
}
float square(float s)
{
float a;
a = s * s;
return(a);
}
float circle(float r)
{
float a;
a = pi * r * r;
return(a);
}
float triangle(float b, float h)
{
float a;
a = 0.5 * b * h;
return(a);
}
float rectangle(float l, float b)
{
float a;
a = l * b;
return(a);
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus areas of various shapes were computed using function.
Ex No:2-B Factorial Recursion
Date:
AIM
To find the factorial of a number using recursive function.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read the value of n
Call function factorial(n)
Print return value
Stop
Function factorial (n)
If n=1 then return 1
Else return n*factorial(n-1)
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
long factorial(int);
main()
{
int n;
long f;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a number : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
f = factorial(n);
printf("Factorial value : %ld", f);
getch();
}
long factorial(int n)
{
if (n <= 1)
return(1);
else
return (n * factorial(n-1));
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus factorial value of a given number was obtained through recursive function
call.
Ex No:2-C Array Maximum
Date:
AIM
To find the greatest of ’N’ numbers stored in an array.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements as n
Read array elements A , i = 0,1,2,…n–1
Assume first element A to be max
Compare each array element A with maxi
If max <A then max = Ai
Print maxi
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a[10];
int i, max, n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter number of elements : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter Array Elements \n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
max = a[0];
for(i=1; i<n; i++)
{
if (max < a[i])
max = a[i];
}
printf("Maximum value = %d ", max);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus a C program for finding maximum element of an array was executed and the output
was obtained.
Ex No:2-D MATRIX ADDITION
Date:
AIM:
To write a C Program to perform Matrix Addition using array.
ALGORITHM:
Start
Declare variables
Get the rows and columns of two matrices M, N, O, and P respectively.
Check N is not equal to O, if go to step 10.
Set a loop and get the elements of first matrix A[i][i].
Set a loop and get the elements of second matrix B[i][j].
Initialise C[i][j]=0 & Add the two matrices and store the resultant in C[i][j]= A[i][k]+B[k][j].
Print the resultant matrix C[i][j]
Print the message “Column of first matrix must be same as row of second matrix”.
Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[25][25],b[25][25],c[25][25],i,j,m,n;
clrscr();
printf("\nMATRIX ADDITION");
printf("\nEnter the row n column of 2 matrices:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("\nEnter the Elements of A matrix");
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("\nEnter the Elements of B matrix");
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
printf("\nThe elements of A matrix are:");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("\t%d",a[i][j]);
}
printf("\nThe elements of B matrix are:");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("\t%d",b[i][j]);
}
printf("\nThe resultant matrix:");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
printf("\t %d",c[i][j]);
} }
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus a C program for the implementation of matrix addition was executed and the output was
obtained.
Ex No:2-E MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Date:
AIM:
To write a C Program to perform Matrix multiplication using array.
ALGORITHM:
Start
Declare variables
Get the rows and columns of two matrices M, N, O, and P respectively.
Check N is not equal to O, if go to step 10.
Set a loop and get the elements of first matrix A[i][i].
Set a loop and get the elements of second matrix B[i][j].
Repeat the step 6 until i<m, j<p and k<n.
Initialise C[i][j]=0 and multiply the two matrices and store the resultant in
C[i][j]= C[i][j]+A[i][k]*B[k][j].
Print the resultant matrix C[i][j] and go to step 11.
Print the message “Column of first matrix must be same as row of second matrix”.
Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10],i,j,k,m,n,o,p;
clrscr();
printf("\nMATRIX MULTIPLICATION\n");
printf("\n-------------------------------\n");
printf("\nEnter the rows & columns of first matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d",&m,&n);
printf("\nEnter the rows & columns of second matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d",&o,&p);
if(n!=o)
{
printf("Matrix mutiplication is not possible");
printf("\nColumn of first matrix must be same as row of second matrix");
}
else
{
printf("\nEnter the First matrix-->");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{ scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
} }
printf("\nEnter the Second matrix-->");
for(i=0;i<o;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
} }
printf("\n\nThe First matrix is\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
} }
printf("\n\nThe Second matrix is\n");
for(i=0;i<o;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",b[i][j]);
} }
for(i=0;i<m;i++) //row of first matrix
{
for(j=0;j<p;j++) //column of second matrix
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
c[i][j]= c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
} } }
printf("\n\nThe multiplication of two matrix is\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
} }
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus a C program for the implementation of matrix multiplication was executed and the output was
obtained.
Ex No:2-F PALINDROME
Date:
AIM:
To write a C Program to find whether the given string is Palindrome or not without using
string functions.
ALGORITHM:
Start
Declare variables and character array with necessary size.
Get the string STR
Set a while loop to count the character in the string. WHILE (STR [++J]! ='\0')
Decrement the character position (i.e.) to reach last position by J--;
Set a while loop to check the each character until it reaches the end of the string. If WHILE
(I<J) is fails then go to flag
Check IF (STR [I++]! = STR [J--]), then set flag=1. Else, increment I and decrement J
If two strings are same i.e flag = 0 then print as “Palindrome” else print as “Not Palindrome”.
Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[100];
int i=0,j=-1,flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nPRG TO FIND WHETHER THE GIVEN STRING IS PALINDROME OR NOT");
printf("\n\nEnter a string: ");
scanf("%s",str);
while(str[++j]!='\0');
j--;
while(i<j)
{
if(str[i++] != str[j--])
{
flag=1;
break;
} }
if(flag == 0)
printf("\n\nThe string %s is a palindrome.", str);
else
printf("\n\nThe string %s is not a palindrome.", str);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the string:malayalam
Reversed string is:malayalam
Given string is a palindrome
RESULT
Thus a C Program to find whether the given string is Palindrome or not without using string functions
was executed and the output was obtained.
Ex No:2-G Paragraph Analysis
Date:
AIM
To accept a line of text and to print the number of vowels, consonants, digits and
White spaces.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read paragraph using
gets
function.
Convert text to lower case
Assign 0 to vow, dig, con, ws
Consider each character
If character is a vowel then increment vow
Else if character is a digit then increment dig
Else if character is a space then increment ws
Else increment con
Print vow, dig, con, ws
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
main()
{
char str[80];
int i, j, len, vow, ws, dig, con, pun;
clrscr ();
printf("Enter a paragraph : \n");
gets(str);
len = strlen(str);
strlwr(str);
vow = ws = dig = con = pun = 0;
for(i=0; i<len; i++)
{
switch (str[i])
{
case ' ' :
ws++;
break;
case 'a' :
case 'e' :
case 'i' :
case 'o' :
case 'u' :
vow++;
break;
case '0' :
case '1' :
case '2' :
case '3' :
case '4' :
case '5' :
case '6' :
case '7' :
case '8' :
case '9' :
dig++;
break;
case '.' :
case ',' :
pun++;
break;
default:
con++;
}
}
printf("\n Vowel count : %d", vow);
printf("\n Consonant count : %d", con);
printf("\n Digit count : %d", dig);
printf("\n Whitespace count : %d", ws);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus statistics of the given paragraph was determined
STRUCTURES AND LINKED LISTS
C supports a constructed (user-defined) data type known as structure, which is a method of packing
related data of different types i.e., heterogeneous elements. A single structure may contain integer,
floating-point, character, arrays and pointer elements. The individual elements are referred as
members. Each member within a structure is assigned its own unique storage area. The amount of
memory required to store structure is sum of storage capacity of all members. Each individual
member of a structure is accessed by means of a member selector (.) operator.
struct student
{ int no;
char name[10],grade;
int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5;
float total,avg;
};
Union is similar to structures. The members that compose a union all share the same storage area.
The amount of memory required is same as that required for its largest member.
union student
{ int no;
char name[10],grade;
int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5;
float total,avg;
};
Self-Referential structure is a structure where one of its members is a pointer to the structure itself.
Such structures are very useful in applications involving linked data structures such as list and trees.
A linked list is a set of nodes where each node has two field’s data and a link. The link field points to
the next node by storing address of the next node. Operations on a linked list include insertion and
deletion of a node and traversal of the list. Backward traversal is not possible in a singly linked list.
Doubly linked list node contains an additional pointer that contains address of the previous node in
the list. Both forward and backward traversal is possible in a doubly linked list.
Ex No:3-A STUDENTS RECORDS USING STRUCTURE
Date:
AIM:
To write a C Program to maintain students records using structure.
ALGORITHM:
Start
Declare the Structure Student with data members such as no, name, m1, m2, m3, m4,
m5, total, avg and grade.
Get the number of students N
Set a for loop up to N to get the student details as input.
Enter the Student details such as Roll no, Name, Mark1, Mark2, Mark3,
Mark4, Mark5.
Calculate Total and Avg, Grade.
Repeat Step 4.1 and 4.2 up to N.
Print Student Roll No, Name, Total, Avg and Grade.
Stop.
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student
{
int no;
char name[10],grade;
int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5;
float total,avg;
};
struct student s[5];
void main()
{
int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nSTUDENTS RECORDS USING STRUCTURE");
printf("\n\nEnter the no. of students:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nINSERT FIRST RECORD....\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nRoll No.=");
scanf("%d",&s[i].no);
printf("Name=");
scanf("%s",s[i].name);
printf("Mark1=");
scanf("%d",&s[i].m1);
printf("Mark2=");
scanf("%d",&s[i].m2);
printf("Mark3=");
scanf("%d",&s[i].m3);
printf("Mark4=");
scanf("%d",&s[i].m4);
printf("Mark5=");
scanf("%d",&s[i].m5);
s[i].total=s[i].m1+s[i].m2+s[i].m3+s[i].m4+s[i].m5;
s[i].avg=s[i].total/5;
if(s[i].avg<50)
s[i].grade='D';
else if(s[i].avg<60)
s[i].grade='C';
else if(s[i].avg<80)
s[i].grade='B';
else s[i].grade='A';
if(i!=n)
{
printf("\n\nINSERT NEXT RECORD....\n");
}
else
{
printf("\nRECORD INSERTED SUCCESSFULLY.....\n\n");
} }
printf("\n");
printf("\nSTUDENT RECORD\t\tNO.\tNAME\tTOTAL\tAVG\tGRADE\n");
printf("\n--------------\t\t---\t----\t-----\t---\t-----\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nSTUDENT RECORD[%d]:\t",i);
printf("%d\t%s\t%.2f\t%.2f\t %c",s[i].no,s[i].name,s[i].total,s[i].avg,s[i].grade);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus a C program to implement the student records using structure was executed and the
output was obtained.
Ex No:3-B PAYROLL PROCESSING USING UNION
Date:
AIM:
To write a C Program to create payroll processing using union.
ALGORITHM:
Start
Declare the Union Employee with data members such as name, eno, basic, salary, net salary,
gross.
Get the details of an employee.
Enter the employee details such as Name, Emp No and Basic salary.
Copy the emp.ename to Name by using STRCPY(NAME,EMP.ENAME) and assign,
ID=EMP.ENO, BASIC=EMP.BSAL.
Calculate HRA=10%*BASIC, DA=35%*BASIC, and TDS=15%*BASIC
Calculate GROSS=BASIC+HRA+DA and NET SALARY=GROSS-TDS
Print Employee salary details such as Name, Id, Basic, HRA, DA, TDS, GROSS, and NET
SALARY.
Stop.
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
union employee
{
char ename[30];
int eno;
float bsal;
};
void main()
{
union employee emp;
char name[30];
int id;
float basic,hra,da,tds,net,gross;
clrscr();
printf("\EMPLOYEE PAYROLL PROCESSING\n");
printf("\----------------------------\n");
printf("\nDETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE\n\n");
printf("\nEnter the Employee Name: ");
scanf("%s",emp.ename);
strcpy(name,emp.ename);
printf("\nEnter the Employee Id: ");
scanf("%d",&emp.eno);
id=emp.eno;
printf("\nEnter the Basic Salary: ");
scanf("%f",&emp.bsal);
basic=emp.bsal;
hra=basic*.10;
da=basic*.35;
tds=basic*.15;
gross=basic+hra+da;
net=gross-tds;
printf("\n\nSALARY DETAILS FOR THE MONTH\n");
printf("\n-----------------------------\n");
printf("\n\nEmployee Name\t: %s",name);
printf("\n\nEmployee No.\t: %d",id);
printf("\n\nBasic salary\t: %.2f",basic);
printf("\n\nHRA\t\t: %.2f",hra);
printf("\n\nDA\t\t: %.2f",da);
printf("\n\nTDS\t\t: %.2f",tds);
printf("\n\nGross Salary\t: %.2f",gross);
printf("\n\nNet Salary\t: %.2f",net);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus a C program to implement the payroll processing using union was executed and the output was
obtained.
Ex No:3-C SINGLY LINKED LIST
Date:
AIM
To write a C program for singly linked list node and perform operations such as insertions
and deletions dynamically.
ALGORITHM
Start
Define single linked list node as self referential structure
Create Head node with label = -1 and next = NULL using
Display menu on list operation
Accept user choice
If choice = 1 then
Locate node after which insertion is to be done
Create a new node and get data part
Insert the new node at appropriate position by manipulating address
Else if choice = 2
Get node's data to be deleted.
Locate the node and delink the node
Rearrange the links
Else
Traverse the list from Head node to node which points to null
Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *next;
}*head;
void append(int num)
{
struct node *temp,*right;
temp= (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->data=num;
right=(struct node *)head;
while(right->next != NULL)
right=right->next;
right->next =temp;
right=temp;
right->next=NULL;
}
void add( int num )
{
struct node *temp;
temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->data=num;
if (head== NULL)
{
head=temp;
head->next=NULL;
}
else
{
temp->next=head;
head=temp;
} }
void addafter(int num, int loc)
{
int i;
struct node *temp,*left,*right;
right=head;
for(i=1;i<loc;i++)
{
left=right;
right=right->next;
}
temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->data=num;
left->next=temp;
left=temp;
left->next=right;
return;
}
void insert(int num)
{
int c=0;
struct node *temp;
temp=head;
if(temp==NULL)
{
add(num);
}
else
{
while(temp!=NULL)
{
if(temp->data<num)
c++;
temp=temp->next;
}
if(c==0)
add(num);
else if(c<count())
addafter(num,++c);
else
append(num);
} }
int delete(int num)
{
struct node *temp, *prev;
temp=head;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
if(temp->data==num)
{
if(temp==head)
{
head=temp->next;
free(temp);
return 1;
}
else
{
prev->next=temp->next;
free(temp);
return 1;
} }
else
{
prev=temp;
temp= temp->next;
} }
return 0;
}
void display(struct node *r)
{
r=head;
if(r==NULL)
{
return;
}
while(r!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",r->data);
r=r->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
int count()
{
struct node *n;
int c=0;
n=head;
while(n!=NULL)
{
n=n->next;
c++;
}
return c;
}
int main()
{
int i,num;
clrscr();
struct node *n;
head=NULL;
while(1)
{
printf("\n List Operations \n");
printf("===============\n");
printf("1.Insert\t");
printf("2.Display\t");
printf("3.Size\t");
printf("4.Delete\t");
printf("5.Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice : ");
if(scanf("%d",&i)<=0){
printf("Enter only an Integer\n");
exit(0);
} else
{
switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("Enter the number to insert : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
insert(num);
break;
case 2:
if(head==NULL)
{
printf("List is Empty\n");
}
else
{
printf("Element(s) in the list are : ");
}
display(n);
break;
case 3:
printf("Size of the list is %d\n",count());
break;
case 4:
if(head==NULL)
printf("List is Empty\n");
else{
printf("Enter the number to delete : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(delete(num))
printf("%d deleted successfully\n",num);
else
printf("%d not found in the list\n",num);
}
break;
case 5:
return 0;
default:
printf("Invalid option\n");
} } }
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus operation on single linked list is performed Successfully
Ex No:3-D DOUBLY LINKED LIST
Date:
AIM
To write a C program for singly linked list node and perform operations such as insertions
and deletions dynamically.
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
struct node
{
struct node *prev;
int info;
struct node *next;
}*start;
main()
{
int choice,n,m,po,i;
start=NULL;
while(1)
{
printf("1.Create List\t");
printf("2.Add at begining\t");
printf("3.Add after\t");
printf("4.Delete\t");
printf("5.Display\t");
printf("6.Count\t");
printf("7.Reverse\t");
printf("8.exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice : ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf("How many nodes you want : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the element : ");
scanf("%d",&m);
create_list(m);
}
break;
case 2:
printf("Enter the element : ");
scanf("%d",&m);
addatbeg(m);
break;
case 3:
printf("Enter the element : ");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("Enter the position after which this element is inserted : ");
scanf("%d",&po);
addafter(m,po);
break;
case 4:
printf("Enter the element for deletion : ");
scanf("%d",&m);
del(m);
break;
case 5:
display();
break;
case 6:
count();
break;
case 7:
rev();
break;
case 8:
exit();
default:
printf("Wrong choice\n");
}/*End of switch*/
}/*End of while*/
}/*End of main()*/
create_list(int num)
{
struct node *q,*tmp;
tmp= malloc(sizeof(struct node));
tmp->info=num;
tmp->next=NULL;
if(start==NULL)
{
tmp->prev=NULL;
start->prev=tmp;
start=tmp;
}
else
{
q=start;
while(q->next!=NULL)
q=q->next;
q->next=tmp;
tmp->prev=q;
}
}/*End of create_list()*/
addatbeg(int num)
{
struct node *tmp;
tmp=malloc(sizeof(struct node));
tmp->prev=NULL;
tmp->info=num;
tmp->next=start;
start->prev=tmp;
start=tmp;
}/*End of addatbeg()*/
addafter(int num,int c)
{
struct node *tmp,*q;
int i;
q=start;
for(i=0;i<c-1;i++)
{
q=q->next;
if(q==NULL)
{
printf("There are less than %d elements\n",c);
return;
}
}
tmp=malloc(sizeof(struct node) );
tmp->info=num;
q->next->prev=tmp;
tmp->next=q->next;
tmp->prev=q;
q->next=tmp;
}/*End of addafter() */
del(int num)
{
struct node *tmp,*q;
if(start->info==num)
{
tmp=start;
start=start->next; /*first element deleted*/
start->prev = NULL;
free(tmp);
return;
}
q=start;
while(q->next->next!=NULL)
{
if(q->next->info==num) /*Element deleted in between*/
{
tmp=q->next;
q->next=tmp->next;
tmp->next->prev=q;
free(tmp);
return;
}
q=q->next;
}
if(q->next->info==num) /*last element deleted*/
{ tmp=q->next;
free(tmp);
q->next=NULL;
return;
}
printf("Element %d not found\n",num);
}/*End of del()*/
display()
{
struct node *q;
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("List is empty\n");
return;
}
q=start;
printf("List is :\n");
while(q!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ", q->info);
q=q->next;
}
printf("\n");
}/*End of display() */
count()
{ struct node *q=start;
int cnt=0;
while(q!=NULL)
{
q=q->next;
cnt++;
}
printf("Number of elements are %d\n",cnt);
}/*End of count()*/
rev()
{
struct node *p1,*p2;
p1=start;
p2=p1->next;
p1->next=NULL;
p1->prev=p2;
while(p2!=NULL)
{
p2->prev=p2->next;
p2->next=p1;
p1=p2;
p2=p2->prev; /*next of p2 changed to prev */
}
start=p1;
}/*End of rev()*/
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus operations on doubly linked list is performed successfully.
Ex No:4-A SEQUENTIAL FILE ACCESS
Date:
AIM
To create a telephone directory and to locate a user details using sequential access.
ALGORITHM
Start
Open empseq.dat file in append mode
Add records to the file
Close the file
Open empseq.dat file in read mode
Get person name.
Check each record one by one from the first record
If person name matches then print the details.
Close the file
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct employee
{
char name[20];
long mno;
};
main()
{
struct employee emp1, emp2;
FILE *fd1, *fd2;
char str[20];
int found = 0;
fd1 = fopen("empseq.dat", "a");
printf("\n\t Enter employee details \n");
while(1)
{
printf("\n Enter Name (\"xxx\" to quit) : ");
scanf("%s", emp1.name);
if (strcmp(emp1.name,"xxx") == 0)
break;
printf("Enter Contact No. : ");
scanf("%ld", &emp1.mno);
fwrite (&emp1, sizeof(emp1), 1, fd1);
}
fclose(fd1);
fd2 = fopen("empseq.dat", "r");
printf("\n Enter Employee name to get phone no. : ");
scanf("%s", str);
while(fread(&emp2, sizeof(emp2), 1, fd2))
{
if (strcmp(emp2.name, str) == 0)
{
printf("Telephone No. : %ld\n", emp2.mno);
found = 1;
break;
}
}
fclose(fd2);
if(!found)
printf("\n Employee does not exist");
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus sequential access is performed to retrieve a person's contact details.
Ex No:4-B RANDOM FILE ACCESS
Date:
AIM
To create a address book and to locate employee details using random access.
ALGORITHM
Start
Open emprand.dat file in append mode
Automatically generate employee id.
Add records to the file
Close the file
Open emprand.dat file in read mode
Get employee id.
Move the file pointer to the desired record using fseek function
Print the details.
Close the file
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct employee
{
int empid;
char name[20];
char desig[20];
};
main()
{
struct employee emp1, emp2;
FILE *fd1, *fd2;
char str[20];
int id, eno, pos, size;
fd1 = fopen("emprand.dat", "a");
fseek(fd1, 0, 2);
size = ftell(fd1);
id = 100 + size / sizeof(emp1);
printf("\n Enter employee details \n");
while(1)
{
emp1.empid = id++;
printf("\n Employee Id : %d", emp1.empid);
printf("\n Enter Name (\"xxx\" to quit) : ");
scanf("%s", emp1.name);
if (strcmp(emp1.name,"xxx") == 0)
break;
printf("Enter Designation : ");
scanf("%s", emp1.desig);
fwrite (&emp1, sizeof(emp1), 1, fd1);
}
size = ftell(fd1);
fclose(fd1);
fd2 = fopen("emprand.dat", "r");
printf("\n Enter Employee id : ");
scanf("%d", &eno);
pos = (eno - 100) * sizeof(emp2);
if (pos < size)
{
fseek(fd2, pos, 0);
fread(&emp2, sizeof(emp2), 1, fd2);
printf("Employee Name : %s\n", emp2.name);
printf("Designation : %s\n", emp2.desig);
}
else
printf("\n Incorrect Employee Id \n");
fclose(fd2);
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus random access is performed to directly obtain employee details.
Ex No:4-C FILE COPY
Date:
AIM To copy a file using sequential operations and command-line arguments.
ALGORITHM Start Open source file in read mode Open dest file in write mode Till end of source file Read a character from source file Write a character onto destination file Print "File copied". Close all files Stop
PROGRAM #include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include <stdlib.h> main(int argc, char *argv[]) { FILE *src, *des; char ch; clrscr(); if (argc != 3) { printf("Arguments insufficient"); exit(-1); } src = fopen(argv[1], "r"); if( src == NULL ) { printf("Source File not Accessible"); exit(-1); } while (1) { ch = getc(src); if(ch == EOF) break; else putc(ch, des); } printf("File Copied"); fclose(src); fclose(des); getch(); }
OUTPUT
mycp hello.c hello1.c
File Copied
RESULT
Thus file is copied using character-based sequential operation.
STACKS AND QUEUES
The stack is a list of elements placed on top of each other. A pointer always points to the topmost
position of a stack called top. The two possible operations on stack is push and pop. It is
implemented either using arrays or linked lists. The top is an indicator where both push and pop
operations are performed. CDs in a disc spindle are an example of stack.
The insertion operation is termed as push. For each insertion the pointer top is incremented so
that it retains the top-most position in the stack. The deletion operation of stack is termed as pop.
Stack follows LIFO (Last In First Out) method i.e., the last inserted element would be the first
element to be deleted. The pointer top is made to point the next element in order.
In a Queue, the set of elements are placed one after another, just like people standing in a queue
at a reservation counter. In a Queue, there are two pointers namely front and rear. Front points
the first element and rear the last element in the Queue.
Queue is represented as FIFO (First In First Out). Insertions are carried out at the REAR end the
pointer is updated. Deletion is performed at the FRONT end removing the oldest element and the
pointer is updated.
Stack Queue
Applications of stack include infix to postfix conversion and evaluation of expression in postfix
form. An infix arithmetic expression can be converted into a postfix expression if precedence of
operators is known. Operators are sandwiched between operands in an infix expression whereas
operators appear after operands in postfix form. Expression in postfix form is evaluated by
applying operators on operands to its immediate left.
Ex No:5-A STACK USING ARRAY
Date:
AIM
To implement stack operations using array.
ALGORITHM
Start
Define a array stack of size max = 5
Initialize top = -1
Display a menu listing stack operations
Accept choice
If choice = 1 then
If top < max -1
Increment top
Store element at current position of top
Else
Print Stack overflow
If choice = 2 then
If top < 0 then
Print Stack underflow
Else
Display current top element
Decrement top
If choice = 3 then
Display stack elements starting from top
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define max 5
static int stack[max];
int top = -1;
void push(int x)
{
stack[++top] = x;
}
int pop()
{
return (stack[top--]);
}
void view()
{
int i;
if (top < 0)
printf("\n Stack Empty \n");
else
{
printf("\n Top-->");
for(i=top; i>=0; i--)
{
printf("%4d", stack[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
main()
{
int ch=0, val;
clrscr();
while(ch != 4)
{
printf("\n STACK OPERATION \n");
printf("1.PUSH ");
printf("2.POP ");
printf("3.VIEW ");
printf("4.QUIT \n");
printf("Enter Choice : ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
if(top < max-1)
{
printf("\nEnter Stack element : ");
scanf("%d", &val);
push(val);
}
else
printf("\n Stack Overflow \n");
break;
case 2:
if(top < 0)
printf("\n Stack Underflow \n");
else
{
val = pop();
printf("\n Popped element is %d\n", val);
}
break;
case 3:
view();
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
default:
printf("\n Invalid Choice \n");
}
}
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus push and pop operations of a stack was demonstrated using arrays.
Ex No:5-B APPLICATION OF STACK: INFIX TO POSTFIX EXPRESSION EVALUATION
Date:
AIM
To convert infix expression to its postfix form using stack operations.
ALGORITHM
Start
Define a array stack of size max = 20
Initialize top = -1
Read the infix expression character-by-character
If character is an operand print it
If character is an operator
Compare the operator’s priority with the stack [top] operator.
If the stack [top] operator has higher or equal priority than the input operator,
Pop it from the stack and print it.
Else
Push the input operator onto the stack
If character is a left parenthesis, then push it onto the stack.
If the character is a right parenthesis, pop all the operators from the stack and print it until a
left parenthesis is encountered. Do not print the parenthesis.
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <string.h> #define MAX 20 int top = -1; char stack[MAX]; char pop(); void push(char item); int prcd(char symbol) { switch(symbol) { case '+': case '-': return 2; break; case '*': case '/': return 4; break; case '^': case '$': return 6; break; case '(': case ')': case '#': return 1; break;
} } int isoperator(char symbol) { switch(symbol) { case '+': case '-': case '*': case '/': case '^': case '$': case '(': case ')': return 1; break; default: return 0; } } void convertip(char infix[],char postfix[]) { int i,symbol,j = 0; stack[++top] = '#'; for(i=0;i<strlen(infix);i++) { symbol = infix[i]; if(isoperator(symbol) == 0) { postfix[j] = symbol; j++; } else { if(symbol == '(') push(symbol); else if(symbol == ')') { while(stack[top] != '(') { postfix[j] = pop(); j++; } pop(); //pop out (. } else { if(prcd(symbol) > prcd(stack[top])) push(symbol); else { while(prcd(symbol) <= prcd(stack[top])) { postfix[j] = pop(); j++; }
push(symbol); } } } } while(stack[top] != '#') { postfix[j] = pop(); j++; } postfix[j] = '\0'; } main() { char infix[20],postfix[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter the valid infix string: "); gets(infix); convertip(infix, postfix); printf("The corresponding postfix string is: "); puts(postfix); getch(); } void push(char item) { top++; stack[top] = item; } char pop() { char a; a = stack[top]; top--; return a; }
OUTPUT
RESULT Thus the given infix expression was converted into postfix form using stack.
Ex No:5-C APPLICATION OF STACK: POSTFIX TO INFIX EXPRESSION EVALUATION
Date:
AIM
To evaluate the given postfix expression using stack operations.
ALGORITHM
Start
Define a array stack of size max = 20
Initialize top = -1
Read the postfix expression character-by-character
If character is an operand push it onto the stack
If character is an operator
Pop topmost two elements from stack.
Apply operator on the elements and push the result onto the stack,
Eventually only result will be in the stack at end of the expression.
Pop the result and print it.
PROGRAM #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> struct stack { int top; float a[50]; }s; main() { char pf[50]; float d1,d2,d3; int i; clrscr(); s.top = -1; printf("\n\n Enter the postfix expression: "); gets(pf); for(i=0; pf[i]!='\0'; i++) { switch(pf[i]) { case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': s.a[++s.top] = pf[i]-'0'; break; case '+':
d1 = s.a[s.top--]; d2 = s.a[s.top--]; s.a[++s.top] = d1 + d2; break; case '-': d2 = s.a[s.top--]; d1 = s.a[s.top--]; s.a[++s.top] = d1 - d2; break; case '*': d2 = s.a[s.top--]; d1 = s.a[s.top--]; s.a[++s.top] = d1*d2; break; case '/': d2 = s.a[s.top--]; d1 = s.a[s.top--]; s.a[++s.top] = d1 / d2; break; } } printf("\n Expression value is %5.2f", s.a[s.top]); getch(); }
OUTPUT
RESULT:
Thus the given postfix expression was evaluated using stack.
Ex No:5-D STACK USING LINKED LIST
Date:
AIM
To implement stack operations using linked list. ALGORITHM
Start Define a singly linked list node for stack Create Head node Display a menu listing stack operations Accept choice If choice = 1 then Create a new node with data Make new node point to first node Make head node point to new node If choice = 2 then Make temp node point to first node Make head node point to next of temp node Release memory If choice = 3 then Display stack elements starting from head node till null Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <process.h> #include <alloc.h> struct node { int label; struct node *next; }; main() { int ch = 0; int k; struct node *h, *temp, *head; /* Head node construction */ head = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node)); head->next = NULL; while(1) { printf("\n Stack using Linked List \n"); printf("1->Push "); printf("2->Pop "); printf("3->View "); printf("4->Exit \n"); printf("Enter your choice : "); scanf("%d", &ch); switch(ch) { case 1: /* Create a new node */
temp=(struct node *)(malloc(sizeof(struct node))); printf("Enter label for new node : "); scanf("%d", &temp->label); h = head; temp->next = h->next; h->next = temp; break; case 2: /* Delink the first node */ h = head->next; head->next = h->next; printf("Node %s deleted\n", h->label); free(h); break; case 3: printf("\n HEAD -> "); h = head; /* Loop till last node */ while(h->next != NULL) { h = h->next; printf("%d -> ",h->label); } printf("NULL \n"); break; case 4: exit(0); } } }
OUTPUT
RESULT:
Thus push and pop operations of a stack was demonstrated using linked list.
Ex No:5-E QUEUE USING ARRAY
Date:
AIM
To implement queue operations using array. ALGORITHM
Start Define a array queue of size max = 5 Initialize front = rear = –1 Display a menu listing queue operations Accept choice If choice = 1 then If rear < max -1 Increment rear Store element at current position of rear Else Print Queue Full If choice = 2 then If front = –1 then Print Queue empty Else Display current front element Increment front If choice = 3 then Display queue elements starting from front to rear. Stop
PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int q[10]={0},i,front=-1,rear=-1,max=10,n,item; printf("\n\tMENU\n1.ENQUEUE\n2.DEQUEUE\n3.DISPLAY\n4.EXIT\n"); do { printf("\nEnter your choice\n"); scanf("%d",&n); switch(n) { case 1: if(rear<max-1) { printf("Enter the element\n"); scanf("%d",&item); if(rear==-1) { front=0; rear=0; q[rear]=item; } else q[++rear]=item;
} else printf("Overflow\n"); break; case 2: if(front>=0) { printf("The deleted item =%d",q[front]); if(front==rear) { front=-1; rear=-1; } else front++; } else printf("Underflow\n"); break; case 3: if((front==-1)&&(rear==-1)) printf("The queue is empty\n"); else { printf("The elements of the queue are :"); for(i=front;i<=rear;i++) printf("%d\t",q[i]); } break; case 4: break; default: printf("Invalid choice\n"); break; } } while(n!=4); getch(); }
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus insert and delete operations of a queue was demonstrated using arrays
Ex No:5-F QUEUE USING LINKED LIST
Date:
AIM
To implement queue operations using linked list.
ALGORITHM
Start
Define a singly linked list node for stack
Create Head node
Display a menu listing stack operations
Accept choice
If choice = 1 then
Create a new node with data
Make new node point to first node
Make head node point to new node
If choice = 2 then
Make temp node point to first node
Make head node point to next of temp node
Release memory
If choice = 3 then
Display stack elements starting from head node till null
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct node
{
int label;
struct node *next;
};
main()
{
int ch=0;
int k;
struct node *h, *temp, *head;
head = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
head->next = NULL;
while(1)
{
printf("\n Queue using Linked List \n");
printf("1->Insert ");
printf("2->Delete ");
printf("3->View ");
printf("4->Exit \n");
printf("Enter your choice : ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
temp=(struct node *)(malloc(sizeof(struct node)));
printf("Enter label for new node : ");
scanf("%d", &temp->label);
h = head;
while (h->next != NULL)
h = h->next;
h->next = temp;
temp->next = NULL;
break;
case 2:
h = head->next;
head->next = h->next;
printf("Node deleted \n");
free(h);
break;
case 3:
printf("\n\nHEAD -> ");
h=head;
while (h->next!=NULL)
{
h = h->next;
printf("%d -> ",h->label);
}
printf("NULL \n");
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
} } }
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus insert and delete operations of a stack was demonstrated using linked list.
Ex No:6-A Bubble Sort
Date:
AIM
To sort an array of N numbers using Bubble sort.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements n
Read array elements Ai
Outer Index i varies from last element to first element
Index j varies from first element to i-1
Compare elements A and Aj To j+1
If out-of-order then swap the elements
Display array elements after each pass
Display the final sorted list
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
Void main()
{
int n, t, i, j, k, a[20], p=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter total numbers of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d elements: ", n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
for(i=n-1; i>=0; i--)
{
for(j=0; j<i; j++)
{
if(a[j] > a[j+1])
{
t = a[j];
a[j] = a[j+1];
a[j+1] = t;
}
}
p++;
printf("\n After Pass %d : ", p);
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
printf("%d ", a[k]);
}
printf("\n Sorted List : ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT:
Thus the elements have been sorted in array using Bubble sort.
Ex No:6-B INSERTION SORT
Date:
AIM
To sort an array of N numbers using Insertion sort.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements n
Read array elements Ai
Outer index i vary from second element to last element
Inner index j is used to compare elements to left of outer index
Insert the element into the appropriate position.
Display the array elements after each pass
Display the sorted array elements.
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, k, n, temp, a[20], p=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter total elements: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter array elements: ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
for(i=1; i<n; i++)
{
temp = a[i];
j = i - 1;
while((temp<a[j]) && (j>=0))
{
a[j+1] = a[j];
j = j - 1;
}
a[j+1] = temp;
p++;
printf("\n After Pass %d: ", p);
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
printf(" %d", a[k]);
}
printf("\n Sorted List : ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf(" %d", a[i]);
getch(); }
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus the elements have been sorted in array using insertion sort.
Ex No:6-C SELECTION SORT
Date:
AIM
To sort an array of N numbers using Selection sort.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements n
Read array elements Ai
Outer index i vary from first to last but one element
Inner index j is used to compare from i+1thelement to last element.
Find the smallest element. Swap ith element and the smallest element
Display the array elements after each pass
Display the sorted array elements.
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, i, j, k, t, min, a[20], p=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter total elements: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d elements : ", n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
for(i=0; i<n-1; i++)
{
min = i;
for(j=i+1; j<n; j++)
{
if(a[j] < a[min])
min = j;
}
t = a[i];
a[i] = a[min];
a[min] = t;
p++;
printf("\n After Pass %d : ", p);
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
printf("%d ", a[k]);
}
printf("\n Sorted List : ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus the elements have been sorted in array using Selection sort.
Ex No:6-D QUICK SORT
Date:
AIM
To sort an array of N numbers using Quick sort.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements n
Read array elements Ai
Select an pivot element x from Ai
Divide the array into 3 sequences:
Recursively quick sort both sets (Ai < x and Ai > x)
Display the sorted array elements
Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void qsort(int arr[20], int fst, int last);
main()
{
int arr[30];
int i, size;
printf("Enter total no. of the elements : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter total %d elements : \n", size);
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
qsort(arr,0,size-1);
printf("\n Quick sorted elements \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
printf("%d\t", arr[i]);
getch();
}
void qsort(int arr[20], int fst, int last)
{
int i, j, pivot, tmp;
if(fst < last)
{
pivot = fst;
i = fst;
j = last;
while(i < j)
{
while(arr[i] <=arr[pivot] && i<last)
i++;
while(arr[j] > arr[pivot])
j--;
if(i <j )
{
tmp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[j];
arr[j] = tmp;
}
}
tmp = arr[pivot];
arr[pivot] = arr[j];
arr[j] = tmp;
qsort(arr, fst, j-1);
qsort(arr, j+1, last);
}}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus the elements have been sorted in array using Quick sort.
Ex No:6-E MERGE SORT
Date:
AIM
To sort an array of N numbers using Merge sort.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements n
Read array elements Ai
Divide the array into sub-arrays with a set of elements
Recursively sort the sub-arrays
Display both sorted sub-arrays
Merge the sorted sub-arrays onto a single sorted array.
Display the merge sorted array elements
Stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void qsort(int arr[20], int fst, int last);
main()
{
int arr[30];
int i, size;
printf("Enter total no. of the elements : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter total %d elements : \n", size);
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
qsort(arr,0,size-1);
printf("\n Quick sorted elements \n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
printf("%d\t", arr[i]);
getch();
}
void qsort(int arr[20], int fst, int last)
{
int i, j, pivot, tmp;
if(fst < last)
{
pivot = fst;
i = fst;
j = last;
while(i < j)
{
while(arr[i] <=arr[pivot] && i<last)
i++;
while(arr[j] > arr[pivot])
j--;
if(i <j )
{
tmp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[j];
arr[j] = tmp;
}
}
tmp = arr[pivot];
arr[pivot] = arr[j];
arr[j] = tmp;
qsort(arr, fst, j-1);
qsort(arr, j+1, last);
}}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus the elements have been sorted in array using Merge sort.
Ex No:6-F SHELL SORT
Date:
AIM
To sort an array of N numbers using Shell sort.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements n
Read array elements Ai
Use an increment sequence h to determine how far apart elements are to be sorted t
Sort elements at distance h , then elements at ht....t-1 , etc.
Finally sort the array using insertion sort.
Display the sorted array elements.
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, i, j, k, temp, x, arr[100];
clrscr();
printf("Enter no. of elements : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter array elements : ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
for(i=n/2; i>0; i=i/2)
{
for(j=i; j<n; j++)
{
for(k=j-i; k>=0; k=k-i)
{
if(arr[k+i] >= arr[k])
break;
else
{
temp = arr[k];
arr[k] = arr[k+i];
arr[k+i] = temp;
}
}
}
printf("\n After Pass :");
for(x=0; x<n; x++)
printf("%d ", arr[x]);
}
printf("\n Sorted List: ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus the elements have been sorted in array using shell sort.
SEARCHING
Searching is the process of locating a particular element in an array. The two searching techniques
are: 1.Linear search 2.Binary search
Linear search involves each element to be compared against the key value starting from the first
element. Linear search uses a for structure containing an if structure to compare each element of an
array with a search key. If search key is not found, then value of –1 is returned. If the array being
searched is not in any particular order, then half the elements of an array are likely to compare.
Binary search algorithm locates the middle element and compares with search key.
If they are equal, the search key has been found and the subscript of that element is
returned.
If the search key is less than the middle array element, the first half of the array is searched;
Otherwise, the second half of the array is searched.
The binary search continues until the search key is equal to the middle element of a sub array or
until the sub array consists of one element that is not equal to the search key. After each
comparison, the binary search algorithm eliminates half of the elements in the array being searched.
Ex No:7-A LINEAR SEARCH
Date:
AIM
To perform linear search of an element on the given array.
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements n
Read array elements A i, i = 0,1,2,…n–1
Read search value
Assign 0 to found
Check each array element against search
If Ai = search then
found = 1
Print "Element found"
Print position i
Stop
If found = 0 then
print "Element not found"
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a[50],i, n, val, found;
clrscr();
printf("Enter number of elements : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter Array Elements : \n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
printf("Enter element to found : ");
scanf("%d", &val);
found = 0;
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
if (a[i] == val)
{
printf("Element found at position %d", i);
found = 1;
break;
}
}
if (found == 0)
printf("\n Element not found");
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus the elements have been found in array using linear search.
Ex No:7-B BINARY SEARCH
Date:
AIM
To locate an element in a sorted array using Binary search method
ALGORITHM
Start
Read number of array elements, say n
Create an array arr consisting n sorted elements
Get element, say key to be located
Assign 0 to lower and n to upper
While (lower < upper)
Determine middle element mid = (upper+lower)/2
If key = arr[mid] then
Print mid
Stop
Else if key > arr[mid] then
lower = mid + 1
else
upper = mid – 1
Print "Element not found"
Stop
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[50],i, n, upper, lower, mid, val, found, att=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter array size : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
a[i] = 2 * i;
printf("\n Elements in Sorted Order \n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%4d", a[i]);
printf("\n Enter element to be found : ");
scanf("%d", &val);
upper = n;
lower = 0;
found = -1;
while (lower <= upper)
{
mid = (upper + lower)/2;
att++;
if (a[mid] == val)
{
printf("Found at index %d in %d attempts", mid, att);
found = 1;
break;
}
else if(a[mid] > val)
upper = mid - 1;
else
lower = mid + 1;
}
if (found == -1)
printf("Element not found");
getch();
}
OUTPUT
RESULT
Thus the elements have been found in array using Binary search.
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