Pb Kontaminasi in Water

8/8/2019 Pb Kontaminasi in Water

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"Water pollution is the introduction of creatures life,matter, energy and / or other components into thewater by human activities so that water quality downto a certain level that causes the water does not workanymore in accordance with the designation

(PP. 20/1990 on the Control of Water Pollution Article 1, point 2).

DEFINITION OF WATER POLLUTION


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Fig. 21-10, p. 505

Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-richwaters promote growthof plankton and sea grasses,and support fish.

Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses, useup oxygen, and degrade habitat.

Red tidesExcess nitrogen causesexplosive growth oftoxicmicroscopic algae,

poisoning fish andmarine mammals.

FarmsRunoff of pesticides, manure, andfertilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.

Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxicmetals contaminateshellfish beds, killspawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.

Construction sitesSediments are washed intowaterways, choking fish and plants,clouding waters, and blockingsunlight.

Urban sprawlBacteria and virusesfromsewers and septictanks contaminateshellfish beds

Oxygen-depletedzone

Closedbeach

CitiesToxic metalsand oil fromstreets andparking lotspollute waters;

IndustryNitrogen oxidesfrom autos andsmokestacks,toxic chemicals,and heavy metals ineffluents flow into

bays and estuaries.

Closedshellfish beds


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LEAD(Pb)

Lead is known as a metal element Pb in the composition is a heavy metal

found naturally in the earth's crust and spread into the wild in small numbers

through natural processes including volcanic eruptions and geochemical

processes

Pb is a soft metal is bluish or silvery gray with a melting point at 327.5 C and

boiling point 1740 C at atmospheric pressure

Lead has the largest atomic number of all stable elements, namely 82.

Lead is highly toxic metal. As with mercury which is also a heavy metal


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Lead PoisoningLead Poisoning Lead has no known biological function.Lead has no known biological function.

There is no proven safe lower limit for lead.There is no proven safe lower limit for lead.

LeadLead PbPb++++, competes with, competes with CaCa++++, Fe, Fe++++

It is cheap,It is cheap, useful,easyuseful,easy to mine, thereforeto mine, therefore

Lead is ubiquitousLead is ubiquitous-- in air, food, water, soil,in air, food, water, soil,

ceilings etc.ceilings etc.

Leaded petrol means that all environmentalLeaded petrol means that all environmentaldusts are high in leaddusts are high in lead-- contaminatingcontaminating

ceiling dust, topsoil, window wells etc.ceiling dust, topsoil, window wells etc.


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*

* Paint (until 1970)

* Petrol (tetraethyl lead)

* Household dust (via settlement of air pollution)

* Ceiling dust

* Occupational

*Solder

* Ceramic glazes

* Pesticides (lead arsenate)

* Cigarettes

* Mines, smelters


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*

* TV's, Computer monitors

* Batteries, Bullets Sinkers

* Aviation

* X-ray shields

* Crystal-ware (high levels in decanters)

* Explosives

* Non-stick linings of pots (in the past)

* Plastic colouring (wire, blinds)

* Pewter


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usefulness ofusefulness of leadlead

7


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presence of lead in the

environment

8

lead

water air soil


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THE SOURCE PB IN THE WATER

Naturally:

Pb can enter the water body through the

crystallization of Pb in the air with thehelp of rain water

The erosion of rock minerals that many

nearby waters

From human activity:

effluent (waste) of Pb-related industries,

wastewater from mining tin ore and

waste the rest of the battery industry.


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Figure 1 Shows the flow of lead exposure on humans


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The types of industrial waste

containing lead metal

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No Limbah Logam Berat

1 Kertas Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni

2 Petro-chemical Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn

3 Pengelantang Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn

4 Pupuk Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu,Ni

5 Kilang Minyak Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu

6 Baja Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Sn

7 Logam Bukan Besi Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu

8 Kendaraan Bermotor, Pesawat Terbang Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Sn

9 Gelas, Semen, Keramik Cr

10 Tekstil Cr

11 Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Cr, Zn


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GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82

YEAR 2001 DATED 14 DECEMBER 2001


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GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 DATED 14

DECEMBER 2001


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Desa Kemaduh Kecamatan Baron Kabupaten Nganjuk Kali Klinter

The waters have been contaminated by

waste from PT Jaya Paper (Jaker) located at

Jalan Raya Surabaya-Madiun precisely in

the Village Nglawak Kertosono Waste disposed PT Jaker form sludge or

the fibers of the paper materials that

escaped from the screen and waste water

treatment unit that contains heavy metal

lead.

waste of time the water began to seepkesumur citizen-wells that cause heavy

metal contaminated wells earga.


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Desa Kemaduh Kecamatan Baron Kabupaten Nganjuk Kali Klinter

No Nama Pemilik Sumur Kandungan

Pb(Mg/L)

Acuan terhadap

Baku Mutu

Ibu Sumali 0,03 sesuaiKetentuan

Bapak Mulyadi 0,036 0,06 Melebihi

Ketentuan

Bapak Muharjo 0,03822 0,0822 Melebihi

KetentuanBapak Suwito < 0,0030 0,05 Dibawah

Ketentuan


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TELUK JAKARTA

The presence of pollution because in

general the rivers that flow into the bayinto a variety of industrial waste

disposal site and surrounding

residential content of heavy metals in sediment of

Jakarta Bay are very worrying. namelyHg (0.427 to 0.554 g / g), Cd (0.52 to 1.72

g / g), and Pb (27.8 to 104.9 g / g), whilethe results of research Diniyab (1995)

revealed the heavy metal content in thewaters of Jakarta Bay as follows, Hg (tid

- 0.0008 g/m1), Cd (0.084 to 0.096 g /ml), and Pb (1.570 to 1.750 g / m1)


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SIKLUS PERPUTARAN LOGAMPBSIKLUS PERPUTARAN LOGAMPB

SECARAALAMISECARAALAMI

KERAK

BUMI

1

LAPISANTANAH

2

MAHLUK HIDUP-MANUSIA-TANAMAN-HEWAN

3

KEDALAM AIR

(MENGENDAP)

4


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three metal removal processthree metal removal process

ofof PbPb from water into thefrom water into the

body of organismsbody of organisms

19

Precipitation

Adsorption

Absorpsion


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S:\Leadgpc\BB LeadPoisoning.ppt 20

AbsorptionAbsorption

of Leadof Lead Lead goes down iron or calcium absorptionLead goes down iron or calcium absorption

pathway in GIT.pathway in GIT.

Children absorb lead well orally (~50%) cfChildren absorb lead well orally (~50%) cfadults poorly (~10%). Children also haveadults poorly (~10%). Children also have

more hand to mouth activity.more hand to mouth activity.

Lead absorption is enhanced if diet is poorLead absorption is enhanced if diet is poor

in iron or calcium.in iron or calcium.

Pica is one of the worst risk factors.Pica is one of the worst risk factors.

Lead can be inhaled.Lead can be inhaled.

Tetraethyl lead can be absorbed via skin.Tetraethyl lead can be absorbed via skin.


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Absorption of LeadAbsorption of Lead


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Contribution ofContribution of

SourcesSources


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GEJALA KERACUNAN AKIBATGEJALA KERACUNAN AKIBAT

PAPARAN PBPAPARAN PB

1.1. GASTROENTERISTISGASTROENTERISTIS

DISEBABKAN OLEHREAKSI RANGSANG GARAMPBPADAMUKOSADISEBABKAN OLEHREAKSI RANGSANG GARAMPBPADAMUKOSASALURANPENCERNAAN SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANSALURANPENCERNAAN SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANPEMBENGKAKAN,DAN GERAK KONTRAKSI RUMENDAN USUSPEMBENGKAKAN,DAN GERAK KONTRAKSI RUMENDAN USUSBERHENTI ,PARISTALTIK USUS MENURUN SEGINGGA TERJADIBERHENTI ,PARISTALTIK USUS MENURUN SEGINGGA TERJADIKONSTIPASI DAN KADANGKONSTIPASI DAN KADANG--KADANG DIARE.KADANG DIARE.

2.2. ANEMIAANEMIA

TIMBAL (PB) TERBAWADALAMDARAH LEBIHDARI 95 %TIMBAL (PB) TERBAWADALAMDARAH LEBIHDARI 95 %BERIKATANDENGANERITROSIT SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANBERIKATANDENGANERITROSIT SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANMUDAHPECAHNYA SEL DARAHMERAHDANBERPENGARUHMUDAHPECAHNYA SEL DARAHMERAHDANBERPENGARUHTERHADAP SINTESAHB, SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANANEMIAYGTERHADAP SINTESAHB, SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANANEMIAYGDITANDAI DENGANANISOSITIS,POLIKOMRASIA.DITANDAI DENGANANISOSITIS,POLIKOMRASIA.

33 ENCELOPATIENCELOPATI

PBMENYEBABKAN KERUSAKAN SEL ENDOTEL DAN KAPILERPBMENYEBABKAN KERUSAKAN SEL ENDOTEL DAN KAPILERDARAHDI OTAK SEHINGGAMENGAKIBATKANBERBAGAIDARAHDI OTAK SEHINGGAMENGAKIBATKANBERBAGAIPERUBAHANANATOMI BAIKPADA SISTEM SARAFPUSAT MAUPUNPERUBAHANANATOMI BAIKPADA SISTEM SARAFPUSAT MAUPUNPERIFER.PERIFER.


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GEJALA KERACUNAN PBGEJALA KERACUNAN PB

PADA ANAKPADA ANAK --ANAKANAK

NAFSU MAKANBERKURANGNAFSU MAKANBERKURANG

SAKIT PERUT DANMUNTAHSAKIT PERUT DANMUNTAH--MUNTAHMUNTAH

BERGERAK TERASA KAKUBERGERAK TERASA KAKU

KE

LE

LAHAN

KE

LE

LAHAN

TIDAK INGINBERMAINTIDAK INGINBERMAIN

PEKA TERHADAPRANGSANGANPEKA TERHADAPRANGSANGAN

SEMPOYONGANBILABERGERAKSEMPOYONGANBILABERGERAK

SULIT BICARASULIT BICARA

HASIL TES PSIKOLOGIK TERLIHAT SANGAT RENDAHHASIL TES PSIKOLOGIK TERLIHAT SANGAT RENDAH

GANGGUANPERTUMBUHAN OTAKGANGGUANPERTUMBUHAN OTAK

KOMAKOMA


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GEJALA KERACUNAN PBGEJALA KERACUNAN PB

PADA ORANG DEWASAPADA ORANG DEWASA

SAKIT PERUTSAKIT PERUT

GANGGUAN SALURANPENCERNAAN(MUAL,GANGGUAN SALURANPENCERNAAN(MUAL,DIARE, KONSTIPASI).DIARE, KONSTIPASI).

NEUROPATI SARAFPERIFERNEUROPATI SARAFPERIFER

KELEMAHAN OTOT TERUTAMA TANGANDAN KAKIKELEMAHAN OTOT TERUTAMA TANGANDAN KAKI LESU DAN LEMAHLESU DAN LEMAH

SAKIT KEPALA.SAKIT KEPALA.

NAFSU MAKANHILANG,BERAT BADAN TURUNNAFSU MAKANHILANG,BERAT BADAN TURUN

ANEMIAANEMIA

HIPERIRITASIHIPERIRITASI

GANGGUAN TIDURGANGGUAN TIDUR

DEPRESI.DEPRESI.


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Pb Kontaminasi in Water