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ConsoleApplicationl class Classl static void MainO
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= Convert.ToDoubleC buf ); Console.WriteLineC " " ); buf =
Console.ReadLineO: double = double.ParseC buf ); int kol = 0: if (
x * x + y * y < l ) k o l = 2 ; else if ( x * x + * < 4 ) kol
= 1; Console.WriteLineC " = { 0 } ", kol );
, , if:
73-f ( temp < 1 ) k o l = 2; T o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n
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6 ) ...
// ! // !
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!= 1 . 0 ) .
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s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n ! : class Classl { i s t r i n g buf;
d o u b l e . b. res, " : " b u f i; " " ); ): s t a t i c void
Main()
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h a r op Console.ReaciLmec);f
buf" = C o n s o l e R e a d L i n e C ) :
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).
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75
bool ok = t r u e : s w i t c h (op) I i 1 case ' + : r e s = a
+ b; b r e a k : 1 case ' : r e s = a - b: b r e a k ; case ' * ' :
r e s - a * b: b r e a k : case ' / ' : r e s = a / b: b r e a k :
default : r e s = d o u b l e . N a N : ok = f a l s e : b r e a k
: i if (ok) Console.WriteLineC ". " + res ): else Console W r i t e
L i n e C " "
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77
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// 11 //' //
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, , . , 4. t c k j , . , Ctrl+Break, : ; ; .1
w h i l e ( t r u e ) ; - ' . 4.4 ] . 4 . 4 . u s i n g System;
namespace C o n s o l 1 i c a t i o n l { class Class! { s t a t i
c void MainO string buf:
while ( true )
{C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C "1 - _ 1 . 2 - __2. 3 - "
): buf = Console.ReadLineO: switch buf ) // 1 case " 1 " : C o n s
o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " - _ 1 " ):
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2
case " 3 " default
do , . 4.4, , do while ; , , ( b o o l ) . , . , f a l s e - . ,
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I i c a t i o n i class Classl { s t a t i c void MainO char do
answer:
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Console.Read ; Console.ReadLineO; w h l i e ( answer != ' );
a?"
):
80
4.
, c o s ( x ) = 0,0001. , , . . . , (, ). . , , , , . , . ( 4.6)
, . , , , ( ) , . 4 . 6 . using System; namespace { {
ConsoleApplicationi class Classl static void MainO double x, l e f
t = 0, right = 1; do x = ( l e f t + right ) / 2; if ( (
Math.Cos(x) - x ) * ( Math.Cos(left) - l e f t ) < 0 ) right =
x; else l e f t = x; } while ( Math.Abs( right - l e f t ) <
le-4 ); Console.WriteLineC " " + x );2 1
.
81
for :
for ( ; ; ) ; , , . , , : - ( i n t i - 0. j 20: . . . nt k. m;
"" ( k = 1 , m = 0 : . . . , , . . b o o l : t r u e , . . . , :
-~: ( i n t i = 0 , j = 2 0 ; i < 5 && j > 1 0 ; i +
+ , j - - ) ... . f o r ( !). 1 100: " t 5 - 0: - V ( i n t i - 1 ,
i < - 100; i + + ) s += i : 4.7 , 4.3. 4 . 7 . , for . 5 1 n g
System: -amespace class { ConsoleApplicationl Classl s t a t i c
void MainO d o u b l e Xn = - 2 , Xk = 1 2 . dX = 2. t = 2, y; "| x
| |"; // // 1 , 4 , 5 // 2 // 2 &
Console.WriteLineC
f o r ( d o u b l e x = Xn; x = 0 && x < 10 ) = t * x
;
82 4.7 () i f ( >= 10 ) C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C
"| = 2 * t; {0,6} | {1.6} |". , ):
4.
/ / 2 // 3
}
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w h i l e f o r . , : f o r : f o r ( b l ; 2: ) ; whi 1: : w h
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}
foreach f o r e a c h , , . , , foreach ( . . 136).1
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83 f o r e a c h . f o r . , , (, 1 ) . . , : , , , ( ); , , ; (
); , , , , .
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goto g o t o :
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: ;
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4.
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4.8 . 4 . 8 . j s i n g System: 'aniespace Conso 1 eAppl i c a t
i o n l { class Class! { s t a t i c void MainO { double e = le-6;
const i n t M a x l t e r = 500; C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e
C " / / :" );
s t r i n g buf = Console.ReadLineO; d o u b l e x = C o n v e r
t . T o D o u b l e C b u f ); b o o l done = t r u e ; d o u b l e
ch = 1, = c h : f o r ( i n t n = 0: M a t h . A b s ( c h ) >
e; n++ ) //
{ , .
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4.8
() c h * = x * x / ( 2 * n += c h ; if ( n > M a x l t e r )
+ l ) / ( 2 * n + 2 ) ; } " + ); );
// { done = f a l s e ; break:
}if ( done ) C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C else
Console.WriteLineC " " "
}
}} , , . , , d o u b l e , - , . . "!: ( ); ( ) ; ( ); ( ). , ,
, , ! , , .
continue c o n t i n u e , , . 4 . 8 c o n t i n u e : f o r i n
t n = 0; M a t h . A b s ( c h ) > e; n++ ) { ch * = x * x / ( 2
* n + 1 ) / ( 2 * n + 2 ) ; += c h ; if ( n temp.health ) return 1;
if ( this.health < temp.health ) return -1; return 0;
}string name; int health, ammo;
}class CI ass 1 { static void MainO { const int n = 3; Monster[]
stado = new Monster[n]; stado[0] = new Monster( 50, 50, "" ); s t a
d o [ l ] = new Monster( 80, 80, "" ); stado[2] = new Monster( 40,
10, "" ) ' ; Array.Sort( stado ); } //
foreach ( Monster el em in stado ) elem.Passport();
} } : Monster Monster Monster health = 40 a m = 10 m o health =
50 a m = 50 m o health = 80 a m = 80 m o
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, , . ( ). ( Name, SortByName) ( Ammo, EortByAmmo) 9.2. , M o n
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o n s ; 'amespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i class { p u
b l i c Monster( int health, i n t ammo, s t r i n g name )
Monster
{this.health = health; this.ammo = ammo; this.name = name;
}p u b l i c i n t Ammo { g e t { r e t u r n ammo; set }
{if ( v a l u e > 0) else ammo = v a l u e ; ammo = 0;
} }p u b l i c s t r i n g Name { g e t { r e t u r n name;
}
}virtual { Console.WriteLineC "Monster {0} \t h e a l t h = {1}
name, h e a l t h , ammo ); ammo = { 2 } " , public void
PassportO
}p u b l i c c l a s s SortByName : IComparer o b j e c t ob2 )
//
{i n t IComparer.Compare( o b j e c t o b i , ^
202 9.2 ()
9.
M o n s t e r ml = ( M o n s t e r ) o b i : M o n s t e r m2 =
( M o n s t e r ) o b 2 ; return String.Compare( m1.Name, m2.Name
);
p u b l i c c l a s s SortByAmmo int. {
:
IComparer object obi, o b j e c t ob2 )
IComparer.Compare(
M o n s t e r ml - ( M o n s t e r ) o b i : M o n s t e r ni2 -
( M o n s t e r ) o b 2 ; if ( ml.Ammo > m2.Ammo ) r e t u r n
0. return 1; if ( ml.Ammo < m2.Ammo ) r e t u r n - 1 ;
string mt
name: ammo;
health,
Class{
Class1
s t a t i c void M a m ( ) const int n=3. s t a d o new M o n s
t e r ] , "" "" "" ); ); ): ); j;
Monster3
s t a d o [ 0 ] = new M o n s t e r ( 50. 5 0 . s t a d o [ l ]
= new M o n s t e r ( 8 0 . 8 0 . s t a d o [ 2 ] = new M o n s t e
r ( 4 0 . 10. Console.WriteLine( Array.Sort( stado, "
: "
new M o n s t e r SortByName
f o r e a c h ( M o n s t e r el em in s t a d o ) el em. P a s
s p o r t ' , ' ) . Console.WriteLine( Array.Sort ( stado. " " new
M o n s t e r . S o r t B y A m m o O );%:
:
f o r e a c h ( M o n s t e r elem in s t a d o
) elem.Passport();
: : Monster M o n s t e r M o n s t e r h e a l t h 50 ammo h e
a l t h = 40 ammo h e a l t h = 80 ammo 50 10 30
.NET
20310 50 80
: M o n s t e r M o n s t e r Monster h e a lltth = 40 ammo hea
h h e a lltth = 50 ammo hea h h e a lltth = 80 ammo hea h
I C o m p a r a b l e , . , . : < >, =, == ! =. , Is.
IComparable, fcqual s GetHashCode. o b j e c t . object* (. .
183).
9.3 M o n s t e r . h e a l t h , , 9 . 3 . u s i n g System;
namespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i c l a s s Monster {
p u b l i c Monster( { this.health = health; this.ammo = ammo;
this.name = name; Equals( o b j e c t obj II GetTypeO ) ) return
false; int health, i n t ammo, s t r i n g name ) : IComparable
p u b l i c o v e r r i d e bool { if ( obj == n u l l
!= obj.GetType()
M o n s t e r temp = ( M o n s t e r ) o b j ; r e t u r n h e a
l t h == t e m p . h e a l t h && ammo name == temp.ammo ==
temp.name; &&
public override
i n t GetHashCode()
iP
204 { return name.GetHashCode(); 9.3 ()
9.
}public s t a t i c bool operator == ( Monster a. Monster b ) {
return a.Equals( b );
}// ////
: public static bool operator == ( Monster a, Monster b ){
//// }
return ( a.CompareTo( b ) == 0 j;
public s t a t i c bool operator != ( Monster a, Monster b ) {
return ! a.Equals( b ); } // ////
: public s t a t i c bool operator != ( Monster a, Monster b
){
//// }
return ( a.CompareTo( b ) !- 0 );
public static bool operator < ( Monster a, Monster b ) return
( a.CompareTo( b ) < 0 );
public static bool operator > ( Monster a. Monster b ) return
( a.CompareTo( b ) > 0 );
public s t a t i c bool operator = 0 );
public int CompareTo( object obj
)
.NET
205
M o n s t e r temp = ( M o n s t e r ) o b j ; if ( t h i s . h
e a l t h > temp.health ) r e t u r n 1; if ( t h i s . h e a l
t h < temp.health ) return - 1 : r e t u r n 0;
}s t r i n g name; i n t h e a l t h , ammo;
}class { Classl s t a t i c void Main()
{M o n s t e r = new M o n s t e r ( 7 0 , 8 0 , M o n s t e r =
new M o n s t e r ( 8 0 , 8 0 , if e l s e if else ( > ) ( = )
"" ); "" ); " " " " ); ); " " );
Console.WriteLine( Console.WriteLine( Console.WriteLine(
} } :
( ICIoneable) . . , , ( . 9.1, ). , w
e m b e r w i s e C l o n e , o b j e c t .
, , , (. 9.1, ). .
. 9 . 1 .
206
9.
, , , , . . (. 9.1, ). , . , , I C l o n e a b l e 1 9.4 M o n s
t e r MemberwiseClone, I C l o n e a b ' r . , MemberwiseClone . ,
o b j e c t ( p r o t e c t e d ) . 9 . 4 . u s i n g System:
namespace { c l a s s Monster { p u b l i c Monster( i n t h e a l
t h , { this.health = health: this.ammo = ammo: this.name = name; i
n t ammo, s t r i n g name ) : ICloneable ConsoleApplIcationi
}p u b l i c Monster S h a l l o w C l o n e ( ) / /
{return (Monster)this,MemberwiseClone();
}public object CloneO //
{r e t u r n new M o n s t e r ( t h i s . h e a l t h , t h i s
. a m m o . " " + t h i s . n a m e );
}virtual { Console.WriteLineC "Monster {0} \t h e a l t h = { 1
} ammo = { 2 } " , name, h e a l t h , ammo ); public void
PassportO
}s t r i n g name; i n t h e a l t h , ammo;
}class { Classl s t a t i c void MainO
.NET
207
{Monster = new Monster( 70. 80. "" ); Monster X = ; Monster Y =
.ShallowClone(); Monster Z = (51).CIone();
} } } X , . , , . Y Z, , .
( I Enumerable) foreach . . N E T , IEnumerable IEnumerator.
foreach . , . IEnumerable () GetEnuraerator, IEnumerator (), .
IEnumerator : Current, ; MoveNext, ; Reset, .
foreach , . , , foreach, : GetEnumerator, Current, MoveNext
Reset. , , , , MoveNext 1 , Current . . , , 2.0 , . , . foreach
208
9.
, . y i e l d . ( 9.5). , Monster, . . 9 . 5 . using System;
using System.Col lections; namespace ConsoleApplicationi
{class Monster { . . . } class Daemon { . . . } class Stado ;
IEnumerable // 1
{private Monster[] mas; private int n; public { mas = new
Monster[10]; n = 0; } public IEnumerator GetEnumeratoK) { for ( int
i = 0; i < n; ++i ) y i e l d return mas[i]; } public void Add(
Monster m ) { if ( n >= 10 ) return; mas[n] = m: ++n; // 2
StadoO
class Classl { static void MainO { Stado s = new StadoO; s.Add(
new Monster() ); s.Add( new Monster("") ): s.Add( new Daemon );
foreach ( Monster m in s ) m.Passport();
.NET
209
, 2.0 , , IEnumerable ( 1), ( 2 ) . MoveNext Current
IEnumerator. , 9.5, . foreach , . , , , , , , . 9.6 , . 9 . 6 .
using System; using System.Collections; namespace
ConsoleApplicationi
{class N m : IEnumerable u { public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
{ y i e l d return "one"; y i e l d return "two"; y i e l d return
"three"; y i e l d return "oops";
} }class Classl { static void MainO { foreach ( string s in new
NumO ) Console.WriteLineC s );
} : one two three oops ( 1 5 ) : using System; using System.Col
lections;
111
- , 7 ( . , 154), .
-- :
, - : . o i d ( i n t ) . . , (. . : , , , . , , , , . . , - , ,
. , , , . , , , , , - . *. , : -nt X = 1; ; ; y t e = 1: . s h o r
t = 1: , , :;
):
( ) :
( ) :
( 200 ) ;
( / 4 + 1 ) ;
- , , , , , return. , , . ,
- ( . . 4 5 ) .
210namespace { { public static IEnumerable Count(
ConsoleApplicationi class Classl
9.
int from,
int to )
{from = 1; while ( from = 0; --i ) y i e l d return m a s [ i ]
:
public
IEnumerable MonstersOnlyO
//
112 - . -.
- r e f :
ref , - : v o i d ( ref int )
, , , . , - ( ) . , , , , . - . r e f .
, . - - ( 5.4). 5 . 4 . - - u s i n g System; namespace C o n s
o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i % { class Classl
{s t a t i c void P( i n t a, { a = 44; b = 33;
Console.WriteLine( " {0} {1}", a, b ); ref int b )
}s t a t i c void Main() { i n t a = 2 . b = 4;
Console.WriteLineC P( a , r e f b ) ; Console.WriteLineC " {0}
{!}", a, b ): " {0} {1}", a, b );
113 : :;. 2 4 44 33 2 33 , Main , , b , . , , , . , - , , , . ,
, . , .
, , .
, , , . : . o u t . , , , . . 5.4 , ( 5.5). 5 . 5 . , s i n g
System; "smespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i class { s t
a t i c v o i d P( i n t a. out int b ) Classl
{ }^
a = 44; b = 33: Console.WriteLineC void MainO
"
{0}
{1}".
a,
b );
static
&
114 5.5 () int = 2 , ; ( a, out b ) : Console.WriteLineC "
5. :
{ 0 } { ! } " , a, b );
out. , . , .
this . , , . this, . this , , , , : '< class Demo double ;
public Demo TO ** //
return this; 1 public void Sety( double ) this. = ; //
. new. . : , void.
115
.
- , , n u l l .
"J
, , .
| ., , 5.1). , . , ;. 5.6 Demo , ( ) . . 5 . 6 . ..s-ng S y s t
e m ; "=mespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i c l a s s
Demo { p u b l i c Demo( i n t a, d o u b l e ) //
{t h i s . = ; t h i s . = :
}p u b l i c double GetyO //
{return ;
}i n t ; double ;
}class { { Demo a = new Demo( 3 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 2 )
Console.WriteLineC Console.WriteLineC a.GetyO b.GetyO ): ); Demo b
= new Demo( 1, 5 . 7 1 ); // // ; // : 0,002 5,71 // Classl s t a t
i c void MainO
}}
}
116
5. :
, . , : class Demo { public D m C int a ) e o // 1
{this.a = a: this. = 0.002;
}public Demo( double ) // 2
{this.a = 1: t h i s . = ; }
Demo x = new Demo( 300 ); Demo = new D m C 5.71 ); e o
// 1 // 2
. - , -, . this , : class Demo { public D m C int a ) e o //
1
{this.a = a;
}public D m C int a, double ) : thisC a ) e o { t h i s . = ; }
// 1
}, . , # object. , , . , , ,
= 0 && i < length ) return a [ i ] : else throw new
IndexOutOfRangeExceptionC); set { if ( i >= 0 && i <
length ) a [ i ] = value; else throw new
IndexOutOfRangeExceptionC);
II []
public void PrintC string name ) { Console.WriteLineC name + " :
" ); for ( int i = 0; i < length; ++i ) Console.WriteC "\t" + a
[ i ] Console.WriteLineC);
i n t [ ] a; int length;
// //
class Classl { static void MainO
167
try SafeArray al = new SafeArrayC 5, 2, -1, 1, -2 ); a l . P r i
n t ( " 1" ); SafeArray a2 = new SafeArray( 1, 0, 3 ); a2.Print( "
2" ); SafeArray a3 = al + a2; a3.Print( " 1 2" ); al = al + 100; a
l . P r i n t ( " 1 + 100" ); al = 100 + a l ; al.PrintC "100 + 1"
); a2 += ++a2 + 1 ; a2.Print( "++a2, a2 + a2 + 1" ); 113 ! // 2 //
1
catch ( Exception e ) { Console.WriteLine( e.Message ) ;
: 1: 5 i 2: 2 -1 3 3 100 200 9 102 202 99 199
1 0 1 2: 7 3 J 1 + 100: 106 103 100 + 1: 206 203 ++2. 2 + 2 + 1:
5 3
: , , ( 2 1 ) . += ( 3) , .
168
7. :
, . 3 , .
. : temp.a[i] = + y . a [ i ] .
. :
implicit operator ( ) explicit operator ( )
// //
, . , . , , . . Monster, 5: public static implicit operator i n
t ( Monster m ) return m.health:1
}public static e x p l i c i t operator Monster( int h ) {
return new Monster( h. 100, "Fromlnt" ); . , : Monster Masha = new
Monster( 200, 200, "Masha" ); int i = Masha; Masha = (Monster) 500;
1
// //
:
, ; , ; ; .
, object , .
169
. . , , . implicit e x p l i c i t , , . , . , .
# , . . , , , , , , ( , . . ) . :
[ ] [ extern ] - , , . ( ~ ) , . , (extern). , . . , , . , , .
.
, . , .
107
: o u b l i c double GetyO //
{return ;
} , . , , , , 'Stum (. 5.3). , void, return .
return .. . 5 . 3 . . , . . , , Sin Math, , WnteLioe Console
;cuble = 0 . 1 : :; - Math . S i n ( x ) : 2i'isole.Wri t e L i n e
( x ) ; Sin , , Wntel ine . , , , , , .
, , , . ,
170
7. :
. ( ) . , . , Monster Gun. , : using System; namespace { { class
G n u { ConsoleApplicationi class Monster1
}
} } : , . 9.
, , , ( p r i v a t e ) : , , ; , ; , . , , , , , , . (, + -, ).
- , , + ++ ( ). , .1
: (. . 104).
171
, , . , , , . , , , , , , , params, .
8
. , . , . , - . , . , , , . . , , . . , : ; ; .
, , , .
# .
173
. , System.Object:
[ ] [ ] class [ : ] , , . , , . .
. ( . . 120) Monster, . , , Monster, . Monster ( 8.1). 8 . 1 .
Daemon, Monster using System; namespace ConsoleApplicationi
class Monster
class Daemon
Monster
public Daemon brain = 1:
public Daemon( string name, int brain ) this.brain = brain;
: base( name )
// 1
public Daemon( int health,
int ammo,
string name,
int brain ) // 2
: base( health, ammo, name ) this.brain = brain;
new public void PassportO
// 3 &
174 { Console.WriteLineC 8.1 ()
8.
"Daemon { 0 } \t health = { 1 } a m = { 2 } brain = { 3 } " . m
o Name, Health, Ammo, brain ):
}public void ThinkO // 4
{Console.Write( Name + " i s " ); for ( int i = 0; i < brain;
++i ) Console.WriteC " thinking" ); Console.WriteLine( );
}int brain; //
}class Classl { static void MainO { Daemon Dima = new Daemon(
"Dima", 3 ) Dima. Passport (); Dima.ThinkO; Dima.Health -= 10;
Dima.PassportO; // 5 // 6 // 7 // 8
}
} } Daemon brain Think, , Passport. Monster Daemon . : Daemon
Dima Dima is Daemon Dima health = 100 a m = 100 brain = 3 m o
health = 90 a m = 100 brain = 3 m o1
thinking thinking thinking...
, Daemon ( 5 - 7 ) , ( 8) . , 8.1. , . :1
Monster , Daemon, .
175
, . Daemon.
, , , . , , , . , .
, ( , 1 2 ) . base. , , base.
, , new . 8.1 Passport. . Passport Daemon , . base, :
case.PassportO: , . , , , . , .1
, , Passport, Daemon , : *ev public void PassportO
base.PassportO; Console.WriteLineC " brain = { 1 } " , brain );
, . (warning) , , ...
176
8.
, private, . Passport name, health a m m o . , protected, ,
Monster. . , , .
, . , . : , ; , , ; , ; , . , 2 1
.
. 8.2 Monster Monster Daemon. 8 . 2 . using System; namespace
.ConsoleApplicationl { class Monster {
}class Daemon : Monster1
2
, . , . .NET 13. , , , , .
177
{. . . / / . 8.1
}class Classl { static void MainO { const int n = 3; Monster[]
stado = new Monsterln]; stado[0] = new Monster( "Monia" ); s t a d
o [ l ] = new Monster( "Monk" ); stado[2] = new Daemon ( "Dimon", 3
); foreach ( Monster elem in stado ) elem.PassportO; for ( int i =
0; i < n; ++i ) stado[i].Ammo = 0 ; Console.WriteLineC); foreach
( Monster elem in stado ) el em. PassportO; // 1 111
// 3
}}} : Monster Monia Monster Monk Monster Dimon Monster Monia
Monster Monk Monster Dimon health = 100 ammo = 100 health = 100 a m
= 100 m o health - 100 a m = 100 m o health = 100 ammo = 0 health =
100 ammo = 0 health = 100 ammo = 0
: Daemon , Monster, , . 2, 1 3 , Passport, . , , , . , , , . : ,
, , ( ). , (, stadoli ] .Ammo). ,
178 .
8.
, , , , , , , . # , .
, , , . , , , ', , . , - , -. # virtual. , : virtual public void
Passport!) ...
virtual . , , , . . , , , (Virtual Method Table. V M T ) . ( ) .
. V M T . , . V M T , . , override, : override public void
PassportO ...
, . , , , , .
179
8.2 virtual override Passport, , ( 8.3). 8 . 3 . using System;
namespace ConsoleApplicationi
class Monster { virtual { Console.WriteLineC "Monster { 0 } \t
health = { 1 } a m = { 2 } " , m o name, health, a m ); m o public
void PassportO
} }class Daemon ; Monster { override public { Console.WriteLineC
"Daemon {0} \t health = { 1 } a m = { 2 } brain = { 3 } " , m o
Name. Health, Ammo, brain ); void PassportO
} }class Classl { static void MainO { const int n = 3; Monster[]
stado = new Monster[n]; stado[0] = new MonsterC "Monia" ); s t a d
o [ l ] = new MonsterC "Monk" ): stado[2] = new Daemon ( "Dimon", 3
); foreach ( Monster elem in stado ) elem.PassportO; for ( int i =
0; i < n; ++i ) stado[i].Ammo = 0; Console.WriteLineC): foreach
( Monster elem in stado ) elem.PassportO;
} }}
108 . . . , S i n : p u b l i c s t a t i c double Sin( double a
):
, , . . 5.2 Demo ( , , ) . , s , p r i v a t e , Gets, . 5 . 2 .
using { class i pub'ic int = 1 ; p u b l i c c o n s t d o u b l e
- 1.66; s t a t i c s t r i n g s = "Demo"; double y; p u b l i c
double GetyO // Demo System; ConsoleApplicationl
namespace
{return ;
}p u b l i c v o i d SetyC d o u b l e y_ ) //
{ = _:
}p u b l i c s t a t i c s t r i n g Gets // s
{return s;
class Classl { s t a t i c void MainO { Demo x = new Demo();
x.Sety(0.12): //
180 : Monster Monia Monster Monk Daemon Dimon Monster Monia
Monster Monk Daemon Dimon health = 100 a m = 100 m o health = 100
ammo = 100 health = 100 ammo = 100 brain = 3 health = 100 a m = 0 m
o health = 100 a m = 0 m o health = 100 a m = 0 brain = 3 m o
8.
, 1 3 Passport, , . . . : , . : V M T , V M T , . , , . , , V M
T , .
- . , . . . , . , , , . , -. , . .
181
. , , . . . , , . , . , . abstract. , , . .
, , : abstract class S p i r i t i
public
abstract :
void
PassportO:
}class Monster { override public void PassportO {
Console.Writel_ine( "Monster { 0 } \t health = { 1 } a m = { 2 } "
, m o name, health, a m ); m o Spirit
} }class Daemon : Monster
{override public void PassportO { Console. Writel_ine( "Daemon {
0 } \t health = { 1 } a m = { 2 } brain = { 3 } " , m o Name,
Health, Ammo, brain );
}. . . // 12
182
8.
, , . , , , . , . . , . . foreach (. . 136) , P r i n t A r r a
y . 10.
# s e a l e d , , , , : sealed i class Spirit
}// c l a s s Monster : Spirit { ... } ! s e a l e d . , , , : .
, , , . , , , , . , , . , , . . 8.4. 8 . 4 . - u s i n g System;
namespace { class { p u b l i c v o i d ) ConsoleApplicationi
object
183Console.WriteLine( "!!" );
{}
}class { public () { = new ; = new ;
}public void _() { .(); .);
} , ;
}class Classl { static void MainO { AH24_1 = new ); 24_1.3_();
}
} : !! !! _ , , , . , (is ) , - (has ). , , , .
object System.Object . N E T , # object, . .
184
8.
object , . System.Object . Equals true, . : public virtual bool
Equals( object obj );
Equals true, . : public static bool Equals( object obi, object
ob2 );
GetHashCode - , . . Equals, GetHashCode. - ( . . 291). : public
virtual int GetHashCodeO;
GetType , , , . . , . : public Type Get ;1
ReferenceEquals
true,
. : public static bool( object obi, object ob2 );
ToString , , . , . : public virtual string ToStringO j ! j
. , Equals , , ( ) , ( ). object Monster 8.5.1
*
12 (. . 279).
object
185
8 . 5 . object using System; namespace ConsoleApplicationl class
Monster { public Monster( int health, int ammo, string name )
{this.health = health; this.ammo = ammo; this.name = name;
}public override bool Equals( object obj ) { if ( obj == null ||
GetTypeO != obj.GetTypeC) ) return false; Monster temp = (Monster)
obj; return health == temp.health && a m m o name ==
temp.ammo == temp.name; &&
}public override int GetHashCode() { return
name.GetHashCode();
}public override string ToStringO { return string.Format(
"Monster { 0 } \t health = { 1 } a m = { 2 } " , m o name, health,
a m ); m o
}string name; int health, ammo;
}class Classl { static void Main() { Monster X = new Monster(
80, 80, "" ); Monster Y = new Monster( 80, 80, "" ); Monster Z = X;
if ( X == Y ) Console.WriteLine( X == Y " ) ; else
Console.WriteLine( X != Y " ) ; &
186 8.5 () if ( X == Z ) Console.WriteLineC X == Z " ) ; else
Console.WriteLineC X ! = Z " ) ;
8.
if ( X.Equals(Y) ) Console.WriteLineC " X Equals Y " ); else
Console.WriteLineC " X not Equals Y " );
Console.Wri teLi ne(X.GetTypeC));
} } } : X != Y X * Z X Equals Y ConsoleAppli cati onl.Monster
Equals . nul 1 , , false. true . GetHashCode . ToString , . , , ,
Equals . , ( . . 203).
. . Y X , Y X, , . 1 1
, Y . , X, Y, (, ) . , 1
, , .
187 , . , , , . , , , , . , , . , . , , . , , . , , , -. ( ) , ,
new, , . , , , , ( ) . . , . Y X Y X. , Y X ( Y X ) . , , X Y , Y
X, Y X ( Y X ) .
9
, .
. , , . , , . , . -. : - . :1
[ ] [ ] interface _ [ : ] [ ; ] , new, publ i , protected,
internal private. new , . . . , ( i n t e r n a l ) .1
, , 10.
189
, . , , . , , , , , , .
I Act ion, , . , , : interface IAction
{void Draw(); int Attack(int a ) ; void D i e ( ) ; int Power {
get; }
} IAction Power, . , , set, : int Power { get; set; } , - . - ,
, . , , ( Health, A m Name m o ). .
: publ i , ; ;
Console.WriteLineC x . G e t y O // Console.WriteLinet GetsO );
); ); // // s //
109
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e t Demo.Gets )
} }} , . , s t a t i c , . , , / . .
, . : 1. , . 2. . 3. ( ) . 4. . 5. , ; v o i d , , . . . 5.3 . 5
. 3 . . s i n g System; -amespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o
n i class { s t a t i c i n t MaxCint a , { if ( > b ) r e t u r
n ; else r e t u r n b; i n t b) / / Classl
}s t a t i c void MainO { i n t a = 2, b = 4 : i n t x = Max( a,
b ); C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C x ); // Max // : 4
190
9.
, , , ( );
, .
.NET , . , , IComparable. .
, , , . , # . , . , IAction Monster : using System: namespace
ConsoleAppl i c a t i o n l { interface IAction
{void DrawO; int Attack( int a ) : void D i e O : int Power { g
e t ; }
}class Monster : { public void DrawO { Console.WriteLineC " " +
name ): IAction
}public int Attack( int ammo_ ) { a m -= ammo_; m o if ( a m
> 0 ) Console.WriteLineC "-!" ); m o else a m = 0: m o
191r e t u r n ;
}public { Console.WriteLineC h e a l t h = 0: " M o n s t e r "
+ name + " RIP" ); void OieO
}public I ciet { r e t u r n ammo * h e a l t h ; int Power
}, . publ i c . , 1: Monster V a s i a = new MonsterC 5 0 . 5 0
, Vasia.DrawC): I A r t i o n A c t o r = new MonsterC 10,
Actor.DrawC); 10, "" ); "" ); // M o n s t e r // : // // :
I Action , . , : s t a t i c void Act IAction A ) , .
{A.DrawC);
)s t a t i c v o i d Maine) { M o n s t e r V a s i a = new
MonsterC 5 0 , 5 0 , ActC V a s i a 1 ); "" );
, . , , , .
192
9.
: . . , : class Monster IAction { int IAction.Power { get {
return a m * health; m o
} }void IAction.DrawO { Console.WriteLineC " " + name );
} }IAction Actor = new Monster( 10, 10, "Mama" ); Actor.Draw();
//
// Monster Vasia = new MonsterC 50, 50, "" ); // Vasia.DrawO; !
, . , - . , , . , , Monster : , : interface { void DrawO;
ITest1
}interface IAction1
, , .
193
void Draw(); int Attack( int a ) ; void D i e ( ) ; int Power {
get; }
lass Monster :
IAction,
ITest
void ITest.DrawO
{Console.Writel_ine( "Testing " + name );
void IAction.DrawO { Console.WriteLineC " " + name );
Draw . . , , : Monster Vasia = new MonsterC 50, 50, "" );
:(ITest)Vasia).DrawO; ;(IAction)Vasia).DrawO; // : //: Testing
, , ( public), : slass Monster : IAction. ITest public void
DrawO { Console.WriteLineC " " + name ):
Draw, , : Monster, IAction ITest. , , . .
1 94
9.
. is as , . is. , , is, , . true, , false . : 1f ( is )
{// /'/ "" ""
, - object. , , . , , : static vo'd Act( object A )
{if ( A is IAction )
{IAction Actor = ( I A c t i o n ) A; Actor.Draw(); 1
} Act , , IAction. is , : . as. , , null, : static void Act(
object A )I
IAction Actor = A as IAction; if ( Actor != null )
Actor.Draw();
, .
195
-, , . , . , , private internal, (publ i c ) '. , , . - , . new,
. . # : interface 1 Base i void F( int i ):
}interface I l e f t : IBase ); // F
{new void F( int i interface I n g h t\R
;
IBase
void G ( ) : interface Iderived : I Left, I Right {} class A
void Test( IDerived d ) { d.F( 1 ); ( ( I B a s e ) d ) . F ( 1 ):
( ( I L e f t ) d ) . F( 1 ); v ( I R i g h t ) d ) . F ( 1 ); // I
Left F // IBase.F //' I Left. F /7 IBase.F
F IBase ILeft, IDerived IRight IBase . , , , . ,
, .
196, : class : IRight { IRight.GO { . . . } IBase.F( int i ) { .
. . }
9.
,
// IRight.F( int i ) -
}, , , : class : { // IRight.GO { . . . } !
}class : A. IRight { IRight.GO { ... } IBase.F( int i ) { ... }
II //
} , , . new, . , : interface { void : IBase
}class Base : IBase { public void AO { . . . }
}class Derived: Base { new public void AO { . . . }
}Derived d = new Derived ( ) ; d.AO; IBase id = d; id.AO; //
Derived.AO; // Base.AO;
, ( ) :
197
interface
IBase
{void ;
}class Base : IBase { public virtual void AO { ... }
}class Derived: Base { public override void AO { . . . }
}Derived d = new Derived ( ) : d.AO; IBase id = d; id.AO;
// Derived.AO; // Derived.AO;
, , . : , , . IBase _, Base: interface IBase
{void A O ;
class Base : IBase
{void IBase.AO { A _ ( ) ; } protected virtual void A _ ( ) { .
. . }
class Derived: Base protected override void A _ ( ) { . . .
}
, -, . : interface IBase
{void ;
1 98
9.
}c l a s s Base : I void IBase.A() { ... } / / D e r i v e d
IBase
c l a s s D e r i v e d : Base, p u b l i c v o i d AO {
IBase ... }
i i
, , , : interface
Interfacel
void
FO:
}class Classl { { ... ... } }
p u b l i c void F() p u b 1 ic v o i d GO}
c l a s s Class-2F
:
Classl.
Interfacel { ... }
new p u b l i c v o i d GO
j Class2 C l a s s l F. I n t e r f a c e l F. , Class2 , . . ,
, .
.NET ."NET , . , I C o m p a r a b l e , . l E n u m e r a b l e
e n u m e r a t e f o r e a c h , I C l o n e a b l e .
199 . , f o r e a c h , A r r a y I E n u m e r a b l e I E n u
m e r a t o r . , , .
( IComparable) I C o m p a r a b l e System. CompareTo, :
interface IComparable )
i n t CompareTo( o b j e c t o b j
: 0, ; , ; , .
IComparable M o n s t e r . h e a l t h . 9.1 , , ( , , ). 9 . 1
. IComparable j s i n g System; 'iamespace Consol eAppl i c a t i o
n i c l a s s Monster { p u b l i c MonsterC i n t . h e a l t h ,
{ this.health = health; this.ammo = ammo: this.name = name; i n t
ammo, s t r i n g name ) : IComparable
}virtual { Console.WriteLineC " M o n s t e r { 0 } \t h e a l t
h = { 1 } name, h e a l t h , ammo ); ammo = { 2 } " , public void
PassportO
}p u b l i c i n t CompareToC o b j e c t o b j ) //
.NET
211
{for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i ) if ( mas[i] .GetTypeO .Name ==
"Monster" ) y i e l d return m a s [ i ] ;
}public void Add( Monster m ) { if ( n >= 10 ) return: mas[n]
= m; ++n:
class Classl { static void MainO
{Stado s = new StadoO; s.Add( new Monster() ); s.Add( new
Monster("Bac") ): s.Add( new Daemon() ); foreach ( Monster i in s )
foreach ( Monster i in s.Backwards ) foreach ( Monster i in
s.MonstersOnly() i.PassportO i.Passport ) i.PassportO
}, , . , get , IEnumerable IEnumerator . : y i e l d return , ;
y i e l d break .1
y i e l d . , . -, MoveNext , y i e l d . MoveNext - , .
IEnumerable IEnumerator System. C o l l e c t i o n s .Generic,
13.
212
9.
-\ . , ^ ^ ^ , :
^ ^\
crnvi
Q , a -fte , .\ \ , , , ; , ; , ( ); ,
, # .
: , , . ! ! , , ! , , .
:
[ ] [ ] struct [ : ] _ [ ; ] , , public, internal private ( ; ).
, , . , , , , , , , . , : , : , ' protected protected internal;
(abstract), ( s e a l e d ) ;
213
; ( o v e r r i d e ) , o b j e c t ;
t h i s , , ;1
, ( , n u l 1 ) . 9.8 , . . T o S t r i n g : , C o n s o l e .
W r i t e L i n e . . 9 . 8 . u s i n g System; namespace i s t r u
c t Complex { p u b l i c double r e , im; ConsoleApplicati onl
p u b l i c Complex( d o u b l e r e _ , d o u b l e i m _ ) re
= r e _ ; im = i m _ ; / / t h i s . r e , Complex b ) this.im
p u b l i c s t a t i c Complex o p e r a t o r + ( Complex a. r
e t u r n new Complex( a.re + b.re,
a . i m + b . i m );
public override string ToStringO r e t u r n ( s t r i n g . F o
r m a t ( " ( { 0 . 2 : 0 . # # } ; { 1 , 2 : 0 . # # } ) " . r e ,
im ) );
}class { { Complex a = new Complex! 1.2345, 5 . 6 ); 1
Classl s t a t i c void MainO
i
.
214 9.8 () Console.WriteLineC " = " + ); Complex b: b.re = 10;
b.im = 1; Console.WriteLineC "b = " + b ); Complex = new ComplexO;
Console.WriteLineC "c = " + ); = a + b; Console.WriteLineC "c = " +
); }
9.
} } : b = = = = (1.23:5,6) (10; 1) ( 0; 0) (11,23:6.6)
, . ( , . . 3 6 ) , , , , . .
, , , . . ref out. , . , 100 101 , . , : Complex [] mas = new
Complex[4]; for ( int i = 0; i < 4; ++i )
{mas[i].re = i; mas[i].im = 2 * i;
}foreach ( Complex elem in mas ) Console.WriteLine( elem );
215
Main 9.5, : ( ( ( ( 0 1 2 3 0) 2) 4) 6)
, . , , : enum Menu { Read, W r i t e , Append, E x i t } enum {
, , ,
,
,
}
. i n t , 0, , : enum Nums { two = 2, t h r e e , f o u r , t e
n = 10, e l e v e n , f i f t y = t e n + 40 }:
t h r e e f o u r 3 4, e l e v e n 11. , . , ; , , , . :
[ ] [ ] enum _ [ : ] _ [ ; ] , , new, p u b l i c , p r o t e c
t e d , i n t e r n a l p r i v a t e . , . i n t , , ( c h a r ) ,
: b y t e , s b y t e , s h o r t , u s h o r t , i n t , u i n t ,
l o n g u l o n g . , i n t . , . , . p u b l i c .
216
9.
, - . 9.9. 9 . 9 . using System; namespace
ConsoleApplicationl
{struct { public enum _ { , , ,
}public string ; public _3 ;
}class Classl { static void MainO { x; x. = ""; x. = ._.;
Console.WriteLineC . + " " + . );
} } } : , : enum Flags ; byte { , . 2, = 0x04, 4 = 0x08, 5 =
0x10, 6 = 0x20, 7 = 0x40
}
( + , -, ++, - - ) , ( * , &, |, ~ ) , ( < , , >=, ==,
! = ) ( s i z e o f ) . . ,
217
, , . . : Flags = Flags.2 | Flags.4; Console.WriteLineC " = {0}
{ 0 , 2 : } " , ); ++; Console.WriteLineC " = {0} int = ( i n t ) ;
Console.WriteLine( "x = {0} Flags b = (Flags) 65;
Console.WriteLine( "b = {0} ): = 10 = 11 = 11 D = 65 0 0 41 { 0 . 2
: X } " , b ); ( { 0 , 2 : } { 0 . 2 : X } " . ):
{ 0 . 2 : X } " , x );
9.10. 9 . 1 0 . using System; namespace ConsoleApplicationi
{struct { public enum _ { , , , , ,
}public string ; public _ ;
}class Classl { static void MainO { x; x. = " x. = ._.; for (
int i = 1976; i < 2006; i += 5 ) { if ( x. < ._. ) ++.; ^
218 9.10 () Console.WriteLineC
9.
" : {0} {1} { 2 } " . 1 . . . .
: 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
System.Enum # System.Enum, . GetName , : Console.WriteLineC
Enum.GetName(typeof( Flags ) . 8 ) ) ; // fc>4
Console.WriteLineC Enum.GetNameCtypeof( ._ ) , ! ) ) : // typeof (.
12).
GetNames GetValues , , , , : Array names = Enum.GetNames(
typeof(Flags) ); Console.WriteLineC " : " + names.Length ); foreach
( string elem in names ) Console.WriteC " " + elem ); Array values
= Enum.GetValuesC typeof(Flags) ); foreach ( Flags elem in values )
Console.WriteC "
" + (byte) elem );
IsDefined true, , false , : if ( Enum.IsDefinedC typeof( Flags
), "5" ) ) Console.WriteLine( " 5 " ); else Console.WriteLine( " 5
" ); GetUnderlyingType , . , Flags System.Byte: Console.WriteLine(
Enum.GetUnderlyingType( typeof(Flags) ) );
219
. , , , , -. - , , . # . . , . . N E T . . , IComparable
IComparer. IEnumerable IEnumerator foreach, ICloneable . . , , , .
, . , , . , , , .
10 , # , . .
, . , , , \ . , . .
:
, 0 ) health = value; else health -= 0;
}}public int A m m o { get { return a m ; m o
}set { if ( value > 0 ) a m = value; m o else a m = 0; m
o
}}public string N m a e {
277
pet
{} }
return inSTfe ,-
override public void PassportO { Console.WriteLineC "Monster {0}
\t health = {1} a m = { 2 } " , m o name, health, a m ); m o
}string name; int health, a m ; m o
}public class Daemon : Monster { public Daemon() brain = 1 ;
public DaemonC string name, int brain ) : baseC name ) this.brain =
brain;
public D e o C int health, int a m , string name, int brain ) :
amn m o baseC health, a m , name ) m o this.brain = brain;
override public void PassportO Console.WriteLineC "Daemon {0} \t
health = {1} a m = {2} brain = { 3 } " . m o Name, Health, A m ,
brain ); m o
public void ThinkO Console.WriteC N m + " is" ); a e for ( int i
= 0; i < brain; ++i ) Console.WriteC " thinking" );
Console.WriteLineC " . . . " ) ;
int brain;
}
278
12. , , ,
, MonsterLib.dll ...\bin\ Debug ...\obj\Debug. MonsterLib.dll
ILDasm.exe, (. 12.3).
. 1 2 . 3 . ILDasm.exe
, . , , (. . 178), MonsterLib.dll. , ( , ) Project Add Reference
( ). , , Browse. , . 12.2.
279
1 2 . 2 . using System; namespace ConsoleApplicationi
{using MonsterLib: class Classl { static void MainO { const int
n = 3; MonsterC] stado = new Monster[n]: stado[0] = new MonsterC
"Monia" ); stadoll] = new MonsterC "Monk" ); stado[2] = new Daemon
( "Dimon", 3 ); foreach ( Monster elem in stado ) elem. PassportO;
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i ) stado[i].Ammo = 0;
Console.writeLineO; foreach ( Monster elem in stado )
elem.PassportO;
}
}} 8.3. ...\bin\Debug , MonsterLib.dll, , . , , . , . *
.NET , , . , , , VB.NET.
. , , , . . . System. System.Reflection.
280
12. , , ,
, . System.Reflection , , , . . 12.1. 1 2 . 1 . IsAbstract,
IsArray, IsNestedPublic, IsClass, IsNestedPrivate, IsCOMObject,
IsEnum, Islnterface, IsPrimitive, IsSealed, IsValueType
GetConstructors, GetEvents, GetFields, Get Interfaces, GetMethods,
GetMembers, GetNestedTypes, GetProperties , (, , , . .). , (, , .
.). , , GetFields Fieldlnfo, GetMethods Method Info. ( S ), (,
GetMethod GetMethods) Member Info ,
FindMembers GetType InvokeMember
. , new , : 1. object GetType, , . , : Monster X = new
MonsterC); Type t = X.GetTypeO; 2. Type GetType , (), : Type t =
Type.GetTypeC "Monster" ); 3. typeof , , : Type t = typeof Monster
);
281
. . 12.1, (, Memberlnfo). System. Ref lection. . 12.2. 1 2 . 2 .
System.Reflection Assembly AssemblyName EventInfo Fieldlnfo
Memberlnfo Methodlnfo Module Parameterlnfo Propertylnfo , (, , , .
.) , Eventlnfo, Fieldlnfo, Methodlnfo Propertylnfo
12.3 12.1. 1 2 . 3 . using System; using System.Reflection;
namespace ConsoleApplicationl
{using MonsterLib; class Classl { static void InfoC Type t ) {
Console.WriteLineC " = = = = " + t.FullName ) ; if ( t.IsAbstract )
Console.WriteLineC "" ); if ( t.IsClass ) Console.WriteLineC "" );
if ( t.IsEnum ) Console.WriteLineC "" ); Console.WriteLineC " " +
t.BaseType ); MethodInfo[] met = t.GetMethodsO; foreach (
Methodlnfo m in met ) Console.WriteLineC m );
Console.WriteLineC):
.
282 12.3 ()
12. , , ,
PropertyInfo[] prs = t.GetPropertiesO; , foreach ( PropertyInfo
p in prs ) Console.WriteLineC p ); Console.WriteLineC);
}static void MainO { Type t = typeof( Spirit ); InfoC t ); t =
typeof( Monster ): InfoC t ); t = typeof( Daemon ); InfoC t );
}
}} : ======= MonsterLib.Spirit System.Object Void PassportO
Int32 GetHashCodeO Boolean Equals(System.Object) System.String
ToStringO System.Type Get Type ======= MonsterLib.Monster
MonsterLib.Spirit Void PassportO Int32 GetHashCodeO Boolean
Equals(System.Object) System.String ToStringO Int32 get_Health()
Void set_Health(Int32) Int32 get_Ammo() Void set_Ammo(Int32)
System.String get_Name() System.Type GetType() Int32 Health Int32 A
m m o System.String Name
283
======= MonsterLib.Daemon MonsterLib.Monster Void PassportO
Int32 GetHashCodeO Boolean Equals(System.Object) System.String
ToStringO Void Think Int32 getJealthO Void set_Health(Int32) Int32
get_Ammo() Void set_Ammo(Int32) System.String get_Name()
System.Type GetTypeO Int32 Health Int32 A m mo System.String Name ,
, . , . , .
(, , . .). . System. Attribute. . .NET , . , , , , . () , , . ,
. . , , . : [Serializable] class Monster
{
284[NonSerialized] string name; int health, a m ; m o
12. , , ,
} [Serializable], , , Monster. name [NonSerialized], , . 10. , ,
. , . , , . 12.3. 1 2 . 3 . , assembly field event method pa ram
property return type
, , ABC: [ABC] public void Do() { ... }
. , , , : [return:ABC] public void Do() { ... }
. . = , . , CLSCompliant true. ,
285
, using, : using System; [assembly:CLSCompliant(true)] namespace
ConsoleApplicationl { ... [CLSCompliant] , C L S (Common Language
Specification) . , , , , () . , , , , . [STAThread], , , . , , . ,
["Conditional!, . Assemblylnfo.cs, . [AssemblyVersion], :
[assembly: AssemblyVersion("1.0.0.0")] . [27].
, . : , ; , .
, , , . , ( ), . , , , .
286
12. , , ,
1
, : namespace State { namespace City{
} } : namespace State.City{
} , , .NET. , - : 1. . ,
System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary BinaryFormatter. :
System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter bf =
new System.Runtime.Seri ali zati on.Formatters.Bi nary.Bi
naryFormatter(); 2. using, ; . , using
System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary; BinaryFormatter bf
= new BinaryFormatterO; using , ; .
3. . using: using BinF = System.Runtime.Seri ali zati
on.Formatters.Bi nary.Bi naryFormatter; BinF bf .= new BinFO; , , ,
.
8
287
# 2.0 : : , : SI0 = System.10: ig MIO = MyLibrary.IO; ss Program
// //
static void MainO { SI0::Stream s = new MIO: .-Empty St ream ;
//
, ( . :: )bal. , , , . : , , ; . , , . , ) , , .
+ + , . # , - + + , , . , , . , . / //. . 12.4. ' . ^ , . , ,
.
288
12. , , ,
1 2 . 4 . fdefine, fundef (, #def i ne DEBUG) (fundef DEBUG) , .
. . , , , (. ) , , (, #1 i 200 "ku_ku.txt"). , 1 , , . f error (,
ferror ). fwarning , . # 2.0. (#pragma warning disable) (#pragma
warning restore )
#if,#elif, felse, fendif #line
terror, fwarning
#region, fendregion fpragma
:
#if [ #e1if ...] [ #elif
...][ #else
...]#endif # e l i f . , . , ==, ! =, !, && 11. . true,
#def i ne.1
... , . . . .
289
12.4. 1 2 . 4 . // #define V R A 1 // #define V R A 2 using
System; namespace ConsoleApplicationi { class Classl { #if VAR1
static void F ( ) { Console.WriteLine( " 1" ): } #elif V R A 2
static void F(){ Console.WriteLineC " 2" ); } #el se static void F
( ) { Console.WriteLineC " " ); } #endif static void MainO {
FO:
}
} } , , F. #def i . Conditional . , . 12.5. ,
System.Diagnostics. 1 2 . 5 . Conditional // #define V R A 1
fdefine V R A 2 using System; using System.Diagnostics: namespace
ConsoleApplicationi { class Classl { [Conditional ("VAR1")] static
void A ( ) { Console.WriteLineC " A" ); } [Conditional ("VAR2")]
&
290 12,5 ()
12. , , ,
static void ( ) { Console.WriteLineC " " ); } static void MainO
{ : } BO;
}
} Main , , V R . A 1
, : , , , . , [20], [21], [26], [27], [30].
13 , -3 , , . N E T . , , # 2.0, - [generics), (partial types)
(nullable types) .1
, . , . : , , , , , -, . . . , , . . , , . , . . 1
, 2.0, . , 9, 10.
292
13. , -
, . . , . , , . . , , , , , : , , , . . : ; ; ; ; .
, , , . , . , , . . . , L I F O (Last In First Out, ). , . , . ,
, . , , . . . , F I F O (First In First Out, ). , -. , , , , -. , ,
. . .
293
. 13.1 ( ). , , . , . , .
. 1 3 . 1 . , , , . . , . , , . , : ,, . , , . . -, , , , .
294
13. , -
, , (. 13.1). . (-), -. 1 3 . 1 . - boy girl dog '
-, . - , , ( hash , ). - , , . - -, . -:, - , - (). , , .
- , . , - -. - . , . , . , , . . , , , . , . - ,
System.Collections
295
. , . , , , . . :
, . , . , , , . .
. N E T , . , , System.Collections, System. Col 1 ecti ons.
Speci al i zed System. Col 1 ecti ons. Generi ( 2.0). . System.
Array, , System.Array (. 6. 133).
System.Collections System.Collections , . . 13.2 , . N E T (. .
198). 1 3 . 2 . System.Collections ICol 1 ecti on I Compare (, ) ,
IDictionary ^
IDictionary IDictionaryEnumerator
296 13.2 () IEnumerable IEnumerator IHashCodeProvider I Li
st
13. , -
IEnumerator foreach - ,
. 13.3 , System. Collections . 1 3 . 3 . System.Collections
ArrayList BitArray Hashtable Queue , - 2 1
IList, ICollection, IEnumerable, ICloneabl I Col lection,
IEnumerable, ICloneable IDictionary, ICollection, IEnumerable,
ICloneable ICollection, ICloneable, IEnumerable IDictionary,
ICollection, IEnumerable, ICloneable
SortedList , . Stack
ICollection, IEnumerable
System.Collections.Specialized , StringCollection -
StringDictionary. ArrayLi st.
ArrayList , , , . ArrayList .1 2
13.2 13.3 [27] . , Hashtabl System.Object.GetHashCode.
System.Collections
297
ArrayLi st 16 object. , Capacity, : ArrayList arrl = new
ArrayList(); // 16 ArrayLi st arr2 = new ArrayList(1000); // 1000
ArrayList = new ArrayList(); arr3.Capacity = 1000; //
ArrayLi st . 13.4. 1 3 . 4 . ArrayList Capacity Count Item Add
AddRange BinarySearch Clear Clone CopyTo GetRange IndexOf Insert
InsertRange LastIndexOf Remove RemoveAt RemoveRange Reverse
SetRange Sort TrimToSize ( , ) t ArrayLi st ( -1, ) ( ) , 1
(. . 205).
298
13. , -
ArrayLi st Array, . # object, . , , object, -. , , . , , ArrayLi
st. , , , . ArrayLi st: arrl.AddC 123 ) ; arrl.Add( - 2 ) :
arrl.AddC "" ); , , : int int = (int) b = (int) arrl[0] arrl[l]
string s = (string) a r r l [ 2 ] , , InvalidCastException. :
ArrayLi st , " , , ArrayLi st. ~ 13.1, Monster . (. . 178), ~ ,
Stado . 1 3 . 1 . using System; using System.Col lections;
namespace ConsoleApplicationl
{class Monster { . . . } class Daemon : Monster { . . . } class
Stado : IEnumerable {
-
299
private ArrayList l i s t ; public StadoO { l i s t = new
ArrayListO; } public void Add( Monster m ) { list.Add( m ) ; }
public void RemoveAtC int i ) { list.RemoveAtt i ); } public void
ClearO { list.ClearO; } public IEnumerator GetEnumeratorO { return
list.GetEnumeratorO; }
}class Classl { static void MainO { Stado stado = new StadoO;
stado.Add( new Monster( "Monia" ) , ) ; stado.Add( new MonsterC
"Monk" ) ); stado.Add( new Daemon ( "Dimon", 3 ) ); stado. RemoveAU
1 ); foreach ( Monster x in stado ) x. PassportO;
} } } : Monster Monia Daemon Dimon health = 100 a m = 100 m o
health = 100 a m = 100 brain = 3 m o
, -, . , . # , 2.0, - (generics), . .
- , . . - (generics) , . , , . generics -: , , , , , - . - , ,
.
300
13. , -
. N E T , , , , , . . , System.Collections.Generic,
System.Collections, System.CoIlections (. . 295). . 13.5 . N E T (,
, , ). 1 3 . 5 . .NET 2.0 - ( 2.0) Comparer Dictionary LinkedList
List Queue SortedDi cti ona ry Stack Comparer HashTable
ArrayList Queue SortedList Stack
, . N E T 1.0 1.1, , , object: , , , ; , . - , . . ArrayLi st
List Monster Daemon, 5 8, . 1 3 . 2 . List using System; using
System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text: (. . 275)1
-
301
namespace ConsoleAppl icationi { using MonsterLib; class Program
{ static void MainO { List stado = new List(); stado.Add( new
MonsterC "Monia" ) ); stado.Add( new MonsterC "Monk" ) );
stado.AddC new Daemon ( "Dimon", 3 ) ); foreach ( Monster x in
stado ) x.PassportO; List lint = new List(); lint.AddC 5 );
lint.AddC 1 ); lint.AddC 3 ); lint.SortO; int a = l i n t [ 2 ] ;
Console.WriteLineC a ); foreach ( int x in lint ) Console.WriteC x
+ " " );
} }
} : Monster Monia Monster M n ok Daemon Dimon 5 1 3 5 health =
100 a m = 100 m o health = 100 a m = 100 m o health = 100 a m = 100
brain = 3 m o
1
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