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Pattern Matching Pattern Matching for for
Construct ValidityConstruct Validity
Pattern Matching Pattern Matching for for
Construct ValidityConstruct Validity
The Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching Model- Theories- Theories
- Ideas- Ideas- Hunches- Hunches
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
The Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching Model- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
The Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching Model- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas- Hunches- Hunches
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
The Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching Model- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas- Hunches- Hunches
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
The Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching Model- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas- Hunches- Hunches
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data- Measures- Measures
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
Data OrganizationData Organization
The Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching Model
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data- Measures- Measures
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data- Measures- Measures
Patternmatching
The Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching Model
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data- Measures- Measures
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
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Patternmatching
The Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching ModelThe Pattern-Matching Model- Theories- Theories
- Ideas- Ideas- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleT
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Ob
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Patternmatching
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
- Arithmetic- Arithmetic- Geometry- Geometry- Reading- Reading
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleT
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caT
heo
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call
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lmR
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Ob
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Ob
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na
llR
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Rea
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Patternmatching
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
Concept mappingConcept mapping
- Arithmetic- Arithmetic- Geometry- Geometry- Reading- Reading
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleT
heo
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caT
heo
reti
call
Rea
lmR
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Ob
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Ob
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llR
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Rea
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Patternmatching
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
Concept mappingConcept mapping
Concept MapConcept Map
- Arithmetic- Arithmetic- Geometry- Geometry- Reading- Reading
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleT
heo
r eti
caT
heo
reti
call
Rea
lmR
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Ob
serv
ati o
na
Ob
serv
ati o
na
llR
ealm
Rea
lm
Patternmatching
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
Concept mappingConcept mapping
Concept MapConcept Map
- Arithmetic?- Arithmetic?- Geometry?- Geometry?- Reading?- Reading?
- Arithmetic- Arithmetic- Geometry- Geometry- Reading- Reading
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching Example
- Arithmetic- Arithmetic- Geometry- Geometry- Reading- Reading
Th
eor e
tica
Th
eore
tica
llR
ealm
Rea
lm
Ob
serv
ati o
na
Ob
serv
ati o
na
llR
ealm
Rea
lm
Patternmatching
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
Concept mappingConcept mapping
Concept MapConcept Map
- Arithmetic?- Arithmetic?- Geometry?- Geometry?- Reading?- Reading?
Data AnalysisData Analysis
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching Example
- Arithmetic- Arithmetic- Geometry- Geometry- Reading- Reading
Th
eor e
tica
Th
eore
tica
llR
ealm
Rea
lm
Ob
serv
ati o
na
Ob
serv
ati o
na
llR
ealm
Rea
lm
Patternmatching
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
Concept mappingConcept mapping
Concept MapConcept Map
- Arithmetic?- Arithmetic?- Geometry?- Geometry?- Reading?- Reading?
Data AnalysisData Analysis
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching Example
- Arithmetic- Arithmetic- Geometry- Geometry- Reading- Reading
Th
eor e
tica
Th
eore
tica
llR
ealm
Rea
lm
Ob
serv
ati o
na
Ob
serv
ati o
na
llR
ealm
Rea
lm
Patternmatching
- Theories- Theories- Ideas- Ideas
- Hunches- Hunches
Conceptualization taskConceptualization task
Theoretical patternTheoretical pattern
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Data OrganizationData Organization
- Observations- Observations- Data- Data
- Measures- Measures
Concept mappingConcept mapping
Concept MapConcept Map
- Arithmetic?- Arithmetic?- Geometry?- Geometry?- Reading?- Reading?
Data AnalysisData Analysis
Observed PatternObserved Pattern
Patternmatch r
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Test questionsTest questions
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Closer if Closer if moremore similar similar
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Farther if Farther if lessless similar similar (low distance means (low distance means
moremore similar) similar)
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Farther if Farther if lessless similar similar (low distance means (low distance means
moremore similar) similar)
12
34
5
12
34
5
3Scan a m
ultitude of in
formation and decide
what is im
portant.
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
1Manage tim
e effectively
2Manage resources effectively.
3Scan a multitu
de of information and decide
what is im
portant.
4Decide how to manage multip
le tasks.
5Organize the work when directions are not specific
.
1Manage tim
e effectively
Rating Sheet
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Farther if Farther if lessless similar similar (low distance means (low distance means
moremore similar) similar)
12
34
5
12
34
5
3Scan a m
ultitude of in
formation and decide
what is im
portant.
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
1Manage tim
e effectively
2Manage resources effectively.
3Scan a multitu
de of information and decide
what is im
portant.
4Decide how to manage multip
le tasks.
5Organize the work when directions are not specific
.
1Manage tim
e effectively
Rating Sheet High interitem High interitem
correlation means correlation means moremore similar. similar.
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
12
34
5
12
34
5
3Scan a m
ultitude of in
formation and decide
what is im
portant.
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
1Manage tim
e effectively
2Manage resources effectively.
3Scan a multitu
de of information and decide
what is im
portant.
4Decide how to manage multip
le tasks.
5Organize the work when directions are not specific
.
1Manage tim
e effectively
Rating Sheet
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
12
34
5
12
34
5
3Scan a m
ultitude of in
formation and decide
what is im
portant.
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
1Manage tim
e effectively
2Manage resources effectively.
3Scan a multitu
de of information and decide
what is im
portant.
4Decide how to manage multip
le tasks.
5Organize the work when directions are not specific
.
1Manage tim
e effectively
Rating Sheet
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
Matrix of Matrix of inter-iteminter-item
correlationscorrelations
12
34
5
12
34
5
3Scan a m
ultitude of in
formation and decide
what is im
portant.
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
1Manage tim
e effectively
2Manage resources effectively.
3Scan a multitu
de of information and decide
what is im
portant.
4Decide how to manage multip
le tasks.
5Organize the work when directions are not specific
.
1Manage tim
e effectively
Rating Sheet
A Patter- Matching ExampleA Patter- Matching ExampleA Patter- Matching ExampleA Patter- Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra
Reading
Spelling
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
Matrix of Matrix of inter-iteminter-item
correlationscorrelations
Patternmatch r
12
34
5
12
34
5
3Scan a m
ultitude of in
formation and decide
what is im
portant.
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
12
34
5
1Manage tim
e effectively
2Manage resources effectively.
3Scan a multitu
de of information and decide
what is im
portant.
4Decide how to manage multip
le tasks.
5Organize the work when directions are not specific
.
1Manage tim
e effectively
Rating Sheet
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
Matrix of Matrix of inter-iteminter-item
correlationscorrelations
Patternmatch r
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
Matrix of Matrix of inter-iteminter-item
correlationscorrelations
PatternMatch r
PairPair DistanceDistance1,21,2 .342.3421,31,3 .457.457...... ......
n,n-1n,n-1 3.2413.241
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
Matrix of Matrix of inter-iteminter-item
correlationscorrelations
PatternMatch r
PairPair DistanceDistance1,21,2 .342.3421,31,3 .457.457...... ......
n,n-1n,n-1 3.2413.241
ItemsItems CorrelationCorrelation1,21,2 .92.921,31,3 .89.89...... ......
n,n-1n,n-1 .03.03
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
Matrix of Matrix of inter-iteminter-item
correlationscorrelations
PatternMatch r
PairPair DistanceDistance1,21,2 .342.3421,31,3 .457.457...... ......
n,n-1n,n-1 3.2413.241
ItemsItems CorrelationCorrelation1,21,2 .92.921,31,3 .89.89...... ......
n,n-1n,n-1 .03.03
r = -.93
A Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleA Pattern-Matching ExampleTheoreticalTheoretical
realmrealm
ObservationalObservationalrealmrealm
Matrix of Matrix of inter-point inter-point distancesdistances
Matrix of Matrix of inter-iteminter-item
correlationscorrelations
Patternmatch r
PairPair DistanceDistance1,21,2 .342.3421,31,3 .457.457...... ......
n,n-1n,n-1 3.2413.241
ItemsItems CorrelationCorrelation1,21,2 .92.921,31,3 .89.89...... ......
n,n-1n,n-1 .03.03
r = -.93
Estimate ofEstimate ofconstruct validityconstruct validity
Why Does Pattern Matching Work?Why Does Pattern Matching Work?Why Does Pattern Matching Work?Why Does Pattern Matching Work?
Theoretical pattern is like a Theoretical pattern is like a fingerprintfingerprint -- more -- more detail is better, if you can match it to reality.detail is better, if you can match it to reality.
If you find a match If you find a match to a detailed theoretical to a detailed theoretical pattern, it provides evidence for your theory.pattern, it provides evidence for your theory.
The more detail, the The more detail, the less likely there are less likely there are alternative explanations alternative explanations (threats) to construct (threats) to construct validity.validity.
Disadvantages of Pattern MatchingDisadvantages of Pattern MatchingDisadvantages of Pattern MatchingDisadvantages of Pattern Matching
Requires a Requires a detaileddetailed conceptual conceptual frameworkframework
Requires that theoretical and observed Requires that theoretical and observed patterns are patterns are structured the samestructured the same
Advantages of Pattern MatchingAdvantages of Pattern MatchingAdvantages of Pattern MatchingAdvantages of Pattern Matching
More More generalgeneral and and flexibleflexible than MTMM than MTMM Yields an overall Yields an overall estimateestimate of construct of construct
validityvalidity RequiresRequires you to specify what you think you to specify what you think
about the constructsabout the constructs Treats convergence and discrimination Treats convergence and discrimination
as a as a continuumcontinuum