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M. PourkashanianDirector, UKCCSRC PACT www.pact.ac.uk
J. GibbinsDirector, UKCCSRC www.ukccsrc.ac.uk
UK CCS Research CentrePilot Advanced Capture Technology Facilities• National facility – too big for an individual university to use fully• Established early 2012 as an integral part of the UK CCS Research
Centre, now fully operational• £3M capital + £1M operating costs from DECC and EPSRC for all PACT
facilities, plus equipment donation from RWE• Covers CCS and power from gas, coal and biomass• Right‐sized facilities – can be operated for extended periods at
sustainable costs and modified rapidly• Emphasis on capability to vary conditions and make detailed
measurements rather than size (i.e. we are researchers, not industry or equipment manufacturers seeking to demonstrate the biggest and shiniest plants)
• Allows the UK to compete in Europe with long‐established national research centres
• Contracts for approx £1M industry and £1M academic testing on solvents in place; amine plant fully booked for next 2 years
• Six applications involving 10 universities included PACT testing
in bids to the latest EPSRC Capture Challenge Call
IPCC Special Report on CCS, 2004
Hydrocarbon fuels
Types of Carbon Capture Technology
and hydrocarbon production
IEA GHG (2006), CO2 capture as a factor in power station investment decisions, Report No. 2006/8, May 2006
Costs include compression to 110 bar but not storage and transport
costs. These are very site‐specific, but indicative aquifer storage costs
of $10/tonne CO2
would increase electricity costs for natural gas
plants by about 0.4 c/kWh and for coal plants by about 0.8 c/kWh.
Natural gas plants Coal/solid fuel plants
IEAGHG 2006: electricity costs for capture options
Note high fuel component for gas
P O S T
P R E
O X Y P
O S T
P R E
O X Y
Illustrative
cost breakdown for UK generation options (2009/2011)
Based on Redpoint: Decarbonising
the GB power sector: evaluating investment pathways, generation
patterns and
emissions through to 2030, A Report to the Committee on Climate Change, September 2009.
2008 capital costs, assumed £30/tCO2
carbon price, gas price £12.5/MWhth
, coal price £6.25/MWhth
. 10% interest rate
£/MWh
If wind or nuclear is run as fill
in power then costs go up even
more than for fossil
If CCGT+CCS is costed
at 20%
LF then 63% LF electricity at
very low cost is not being used.
Generating Technology and Load Factor
Low carbon electricity supply and distribution – Grid balancing and threats to grid stability, Jon Gibbins, Presentation to DECC Science Advisory Group meeting, 15th
July 2011, London
The Energy Innovation Processhttp://www.energyresearchpartnership.org.uk/Innovation+Landscape
• Obvious that the 2nd
generation of a CO2
capture technology will be better than the 1st
generation and the 3rd
better than the 2nd
–
and so
on. This is ‘learning by doing’!
• But a novel technology that first comes to market at the same time as 2nd, 3rd
etc. generations of established technologies cannot itself
anything be anything but a 1st
generation of that particular novel technology.
7
Incremental development and novel technologies –
need both
•
Novel technologies may be better than later generations of pre‐ established technologies when they both come to market –
but this
cannot be taken for granted as for true 2nd and 3rd generations of a technology compared to the 1st generation of the same technology.
•
It is a common fallacy (or deliberate attempt to imply superiority) to call novel CO2
capture technologies ‘2nd or 3rd generation’
‐
when they come to market they will be 1st generation examples of that technology
•
Novel technologies will also need incremental development!
Previous expectation that fundamental CCS research will be either:• relatively high‐level exploration of a range of novel issues, with key
outputs often intended to inform policy makers, or • early stages of development for novel technologies.
Now additional learning‐by‐doing opportunities exist: • maximise future impact for ongoing research;• human and infrastructure capacity development
UKCCSRC complementary strategies for feedback from learning‐by‐doing:A.
Research and Pathways to Impact Deliver (RAPID) process; academics
and other stakeholders systematically identify knowledge required;B. Larger‐scale pilot plants and trial storage injections including UKCCSRC
PACT facilities
and links with other relevant facilities within the UK and overseas; and
C. Closest possible links with relevant full‐scale CCS projects
and the people who are, or will be, developing, building and operating them (anywhere in the world since there are currently so few opportunities).
Completing the chain ‐
a new age for CCS Research?
The name plaque for the UK‐China (GD) CCUS Centre, founded under the Guangdong MOU,
being handed over by Xie
Zhenhua, a vice chairman of the National Development and
Reform Commission and the lead negotiator for the People's Republic of China in the last
three United Nations Climate Change Conferences. This was part of the launch ceremony
for the Guangdong emission trading scheme, on 19 December 2013.
Guangdong – planning 1MtCO2
/yr demonstration project
Also wider China links:
MOST 20/2/14NDRC 27/3/14
About PACT
• Pilot‐scale Advanced Capture Technology facilities – Funded jointly by the EPSRC and DECC – Partners: Cranfield, Edinburgh, Imperial, Leeds, Nottingham,
Sheffield– Part of the UK Carbon Capture & Storage Research Centre
(UKCCSRC)• Scope: Specialist national facilities for research in advanced fossil‐
fuel energy, bioenergy
and carbon capture technologies– Comprehensive range of pilot‐scale facilities – Specialist research and analytical facilities – Supported by leading academic expertise
• Aim: Catalyse and support industrial and academic research to accelerate the development and commercialisation of novel
technologies• Objectives
– Bridge gap between bench‐scale R&D and industrial pilot trials– Provide shared access to industry and academia
PACT Locations
• 3 Facility Sites • PACT Office
Edinburgh PACT Facilities
• Advanced Capture Testing in a Transportable Remotely‐
Operated Mini‐lab (ACTTROM)
• Integrated, mobile carbon capture media testing
laboratory• Designed for long‐term on‐
site testing of CO2
capture media on real flue/process gases with a possibility of
multiple parallel tests • Facility is transported to the
test site and connected directly to onsite
flue/process gases• Remotely monitored and
operated by University of Edinburgh
• About to go on site at Peterhead
• ACTTROM–Aids technology development and scale‐
up for technology developers –Provides site‐specific operational data to
operators, for example, in advance of the deployment of a specific capture system
Cranfield PACT Facilities
• PACT is part of new energy facilities at Cranfield
• 750kWth Burner Rig for Gas Turbine Hot Gas Path
Research• 350kWth Circulating
Fluidised Bed Facility• 50kWth Chemical/Calcium
Looping Facility• 150kWth Pulverised Fuel
rig• Dense‐phase CO2
Flow Loop Rig
PACT Beighton Facilities
• Solvent‐based (Amine) Carbon Capture Plant (SCCP)
• Gas Mixing Facility (GMF) synthetic flue/process
• 250kW Air/Oxy Combustion Plant
• 25kW Air/Oxy Solid Fuel Combustion Rig
• 300kW (CHP)Gas
Turbine System planned FGR and HAT
• Analytical facilities: – Online monitoring
– Onsite analytical labs • Complementary combustion research facilities
CAPABILITIES: 1.
Post‐combustion carbon
capture (synthetic flue gas)
2.
Post‐combustion carbon
capture (coal/biomass)
3.
Oxyfuel
carbon capture
(coal/biomass)
4.
Post‐combustion carbon
capture (Gas Turbines)
PACT Core Facility: Overview A plug‐and‐play facility!
Gas heaters
250kW Air/Oxy
Combustion Rig
Oxyfuel
gas
mixing skidTrace
gases
Steam boiler
and injection
skid EGR
Large gas
storage tanks:
N2
, CO2
and O2
Gas TurbinesFuels
Site stack
Central
exhaust
duct
Exhaust Gas RecycleEGR
Amine Plant
Air
compressor
Synthetic Flue Gas
Mixing facility (O2
,
CO2
, N2
, trace gases)
Air supply skid
CAPABILITIES: 1.
Post‐combustion carbon
capture (synthetic flue gas)
2.
Post‐combustion carbon
capture (coal/biomass)
3.
Oxyfuel
carbon capture
(coal/biomass)
4.
Post‐combustion carbon
capture (Gas Turbines)
PACT Core Facility: Overview Key to components
Applications
• Testing & development of alternative solvents
• Benchmarking & energy requirements
• Solvent degradation & enhancement studies
• Real aged solvents assessment
• Plant and system modelling
• Assessment of plant flexibility and performance with different fuels
(e.g. biomass) or other conditions
• Integrated systems modelling and control
• Validation of baseline economics
Solvent‐based CO2
Capture Plant
Solvent‐based CO2
Capture Plant
1. Flue gas in
3. Solvent sprayed from top
6. Pre- heat CO2 rich solvent
4. Absorption at 40ºC, but temp raises due to exothermic reaction 7. Heat CO2 rich solvent to 120ºC to
reverse reaction and release solvent
2. Sulphur removal
8. Reflux condenser
9. Vent to atmosphere (or transport)
5. Flue gas (-CO2 ) wash 11. Water
top up
10. Fresh Solvent charge/top-up
Solvent‐based CO2
Capture PlantKey to processes
Synthetic Flue Gas/ Process Gas Facility
Overview
• Three gas metering and mixing lines, fed from
O2
, CO2
and N2
storage tanks
• Complemented by trace gas injection NOx
and
SOx, other trace gases
• Generate simulated flue/process gases
• Connected directly to the Solvent‐based
Carbon Capture Plant
ApplicationsCarbon capture from a variety of combustion processes with different concentration of CO2or trace gases Simulate system‐specific conditions Evaluate impact and system flexibility for different process conditions/fuels
CO2
capture from industrial processes
(Steel, Cement,…)capture from a variety of
combustion processes with
different concentration of
CO2
or trace gases Process gases can differ
considerably from
conventional power plant
flue gasesDevelop bespoke solutions
for industrial installations Enable work off‐site where
site/process constraints
might make it difficult to set‐
up onsite testingLong‐term solvent evaluation
Synthetic Flue Gas/ Process Gas Facility
250kW Air/Oxy Combustion Plant
Overview• ~250kWth, 4.5m high; 0.9m radius, cylindrical,
down‐fired rig with 8 sections
• Fuel: Coal, Biomass, Co‐firing, Gas (primarily preheating)
• 2 x (interchangeable) coal/biomass burners ‐
scaled
from Doosan
Power Systems commercial low‐NOx
burners
• Dedicated, high precession air metering skid
• Flue gas candle filter ( >99% ash removal);
• Furnace pressure (negative) balanced by exhaust fan• Temperature and flow monitored water cooling system for
the combustion rig, flue gas duct and heat exchanger.
• SCADA operating system with internet monitoring
250kW Air Combustion Plant
250kW Oxyfuel
Combustion Plant
250kW Air/Oxy Plant ‐
Analytical
Online monitoring
• Highly instrumented rig
• Temperature + pressure monitoring
• Combustion gas analysis: O2, CO, CO2, NOx, THC (Signal
analyser)
• Combustion Gas Analysis (Servomex
2700)
• Provisions for ash deposition, slagging
and fouling studies for
coal burnout and ash characterisation
• Thermal imaging and laser diagnostics
Probe access ports 3D/2D visualisation/imaging ports
250kW Air/Oxy Plant ‐
Analytical
• In‐flame temperature profiles using suction pyrometry
• Heat flux profiles using an ellipsoidal radiometer
and total heat flux probes
• Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
• In‐flame and exhaust species profiles
• 3D Particle Image Velocimetry
(PIV), Laser Doppler Velocimetry
(LDV);• Flame characterisation, including
shape, luminosity, and frequency, using 2D and 3D flame imaging with photographs and videos as well as computer tomographic
reconstruction
of the flame in 3D• Particle velocity profiles within the top section of the furnace
(for both
non‐reactive and reactive species)
3D laser diagnostics and thermal imaging
Gas Turbine System Overview
• Two Turbec
T100 Microturbines
• Consume 330kW of Natural gas
• Fuel: Natural gas, biogas, syngas, diesel, kerosene, methanol, LPC
• Generation 100kWe and 150kWth
• Overall efficiency up to 77% (33% electrical)
Gas Turbine System: EGR – Exhaust Gas Recycling
• EGR system
• Selective EGR with membrane
technology
250 kW plant Gas Turbine
Control & Monitoring System
Analytical Facilities: Labs
• Analytical labs• Unique Continuous Emission Monitoring
mobile laboratory for solid‐state detector
based ICP‐OES (SUWIC)
• Cambustion
DMS500 Fast
particulate
analyser
• CHNS/O Elemental Analyser
• GC MS and TG‐MS
• Thermogravimetric Analyser and TG‐MS
• FT‐IR and TG‐IR• Portable SERVOFLEX MiniMP
gas analysers
(CO2
and O2
)
Overview & Contacts
• Comprehensive research capability and support• Consolidating a wide range of facilities and supporting expertise• Maximising equipment utilisation through shared access to
industry and academia • Services
– R&D Services • Collaborative research • Contract research
– Analytical services – Technical consultancy – Training