Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean: The Pacific Ocean is the biggest
ocean of the world and covers more than 30% of the Earth's surface.
The ring of fire is located in the Pacific Ocean.
Slide 3
Slide 4
Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean: The Atlantic is the second
biggest ocean in the world and is between the continents of America
and Europe and Africa. The Atlantic Ocean is about half the size of
the Pacific Ocean and covers roughly 20% of the Earth's surface.
However it is growing in size as it is spreading along the
Mid-Atlantic Coasts. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the longest mountain
range on Earth. It spreads from Iceland to Antarctica beneath the
Atlantic.
Slide 5
Slide 6
Indian Ocean Indian Ocean: The Indian Ocean is located between
Africa, Australia and Asia. The waters of the Indian Ocean provide
the largest breeding grounds of the world for humpback whales.
Slide 7
Slide 8
Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean: The Arctic Ocean is located around
the North Pole across the Arctic Circle. There are many polar bears
living on the Arctic ice.
Slide 9
Slide 10
Southern Ocean Southern Ocean: The Southern Ocean is located
around the South Pole across the Antarctic Circle in the Southern
Hemisphere off Antarctica.
Slide 11
Slide 12
TIDES
Slide 13
Tides Tides are the daily rise (high tide) and fall (low tide)
of water along coastlines.
Slide 14
Gravity and Tides: Tides are caused by the gravitational
interaction between the Earth, the moon and, the sun. Gravity is
the force where one object pulls on another object. The pull of the
moon on Earths waters causes a tidal bulge on the side of the Earth
facing moon. The opposite side has the least amount of force
pulling on its water, so there is a bulge there as well.
Slide 15
Slide 16
The Daily Tidal Cycle: The rotation of the Earth through these
bulges causes most coastlines to experience two high tides and two
low tides each day. The difference in water level between high
tides and low tides varies from place to place.
Slide 17
The Monthly Tidal Cycle: The position of the sun, moon, and
Earth in relation to one another affects tidal levels on a monthly
basis.
Slide 18
Spring tides occur during full and new moons, when the sun,
moon, and Earth are arranged in a straight line. Spring tides have
the largest difference between high and low tides.
Slide 19
Neap tides occur during first and third quarter moons, when the
sun, Earth, and moon are arranged in a ninety degree angle to one
another. Neap tides have the smallest difference between high and
low tides.
Slide 20
Regular Tide Description: Pull of the moon on Earths waters
causes a bulge on the side of the Earth facing the moon and the
opposite side. As long as it is not lined up with the sun or at a
ninety degree angle it is a regular tide.
Slide 21
Write a description for each tide and draw the positions of the
moon for a Spring Tide, Neap Tide and a Regular Tide. Spring Tide
Description: occur during full and new moons, when the sun, moon,
and Earth are arranged in a straight line. Neap Tide Description:
occur during first and third quarter moons, when the sun, Earth,
and moon are arranged in a ninety degree angle to one another.
Regular Tide Description: pull of the moon on Earths waters causes
a bulge on the side of the Earth facing the moon and the opposite
side. As long as it is not lined up with the sun or at a ninety
degree angle it is regular. Earth
Slide 22
Write a description for each tide and draw the positions of the
moon for a Spring Tide, Neap Tide and a Regular Tide. Spring Tide
Description: occur during full and new moons, when the sun, moon,
and Earth are arranged in a straight line. Neap Tide Description:
occur during first and third quarter moons, when the sun, Earth,
and moon are arranged in a ninety degree angle to one another.
Regular Tide Description: pull of the moon on Earths waters causes
a bulge on the side of the Earth facing the moon and the opposite
side. As long as it is not lined up with the sun or at a ninety
degree angle it is regular. Earth
Slide 23
Write a description for each tide and draw the positions of the
moon for a Spring Tide, Neap Tide and a Regular Tide. Spring Tide
Description: occur during full and new moons, when the sun, moon,
and Earth are arranged in a straight line. Neap Tide Description:
occur during first and third quarter moons, when the sun, Earth,
and moon are arranged in a ninety degree angle to one another.
Regular Tide Description: pull of the moon on Earths waters causes
a bulge on the side of the Earth facing the moon and the opposite
side. As long as it is not lined up with the sun or at a ninety
degree angle it is regular. Earth
Slide 24
Write a description for each tide and draw the positions of the
moon for a Spring Tide, Neap Tide and a Regular Tide. Spring Tide
Description: occur during full and new moons, when the sun, moon,
and Earth are arranged in a straight line. Neap Tide Description:
occur during first and third quarter moons, when the sun, Earth,
and moon are arranged in a ninety degree angle to one another.
Regular Tide Description: pull of the moon on Earths waters causes
a bulge on the side of the Earth facing the moon and the opposite
side. As long as it is not lined up with the sun or at a ninety
degree angle it is regular. Earth H H H HH H H H H H H H L L L L L
L L L L LL L
Slide 25
Slide 26
The driving energy source for heating of Earth and circulation
in Earths atmosphere comes from the Sun and is known as solar
energy. There are three ways thermal energy can be transferred,
radiation, conduction and convection.
Slide 27
Radiation Radiation is the solar energy from the sun warms the
surface of the earth, however different materials heat at different
rates, which causes the earths surface to heat unevenly. Uneven
heating causes air to move.
Slide 28
Conduction As the surface of the earth is heated, it in turn
heats the air which is touching the earths surface. This type of
heat transfer is called conduction. Conduction is heat transfer
through direct contact.
Slide 29
Convection The warm air that touches the surface becomes
warmer, less dense and rises. This is the third type of heat
transfer known as convection. Convection is the type of heat
transfer that occurs with the movement of liquids and gases through
convection currents. Solar radiation warms Earth's surface. The
ground warms the air that touches it through conduction. Energy
moves upward through convection as warm air is pushed upward by
cooler, denser air.
Slide 30
Winds
Slide 31
Local Winds: Small-scale convection currents arise from uneven
heating on a small scale. This kind of heating occurs along a coast
and in the mountains. Local winds blow over a small area and change
direction and speed over a shorter period of time than global
winds.
Slide 32
On a hot summer day at the beach, the land heats up faster than
the water. The warmer air over land becomes less dense (low
pressure) and rises; while the cooler denser (high pressure) air
over the ocean rushes in to take its place. This wind is called a
sea, or onshore, breeze.
Slide 33
After sunset, the land cools down faster than the water and
becomes denser (high pressure). The warmer air, less dense (low
pressure) over the ocean rises, while the cooler denser (high
pressure) air over land rushes in to take its place. This wind is
called a land, or offshore, breeze.
Slide 34
Slide 35
Global Winds: travel over long distances from a specific
direction. Global winds are caused by the unequal heating of Earths
surface. Air over the equator is heated at a direct angle from the
Sun. This causes the air at the equator to heat up, become less
dense and have lower pressure than the Polar Regions.
Slide 36
Global Convection Currents: At the equator, warm air becomes
less dense (has lower pressure) due to heating and rises. At the
poles, cold air is denser (has a higher pressure) and sinks. This
causes huge convection currents. Winds at the surface tend to blow
from the poles to the equator, while higher in the atmosphere; the
winds tend to blow from the equator to the poles.
Slide 37
Global Wind Belts Doldrums: This is an area of little wind at
the equator, because of warm temperatures.
Slide 38
Trade Winds: These winds travel from about 30 o latitude to the
equator.
Slide 39
These winds travel from about 30 o latitude to 60 o latitude in
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Prevailing westerlies play
an important role in our weather. Prevailing Westerlies:
Slide 40
Polar Easterlies: These winds travel from the poles to 60 o
latitude. The mixing of cold and warm air at this latitude has a
big impact on our weather
Slide 41
The Coriolis effect Is a result of Earths rotation Causes
moving objects to follow curved paths: In Northern Hemisphere,
curvature is to right In Southern Hemisphere, curvature is to left
Changes with latitude: No Coriolis effect at Equator Maximum
Coriolis effect at poles
Slide 42
A merry-go-round as an example of the Coriolis effect To an
observer above the merry-go-round, objects travel straight To an
observer on the merry-go-round, objects follow curved paths
Internet video of balls being rolled across a moving merry-go-round
Internet video of balls being rolled across a moving merry-go-round
Figure 6-8
Slide 43
The Coriolis effect on Earth As Earth rotates, different
latitudes travel at different speeds The change in speed with
latitude causes the Coriolis effect Figure 6-9a
Slide 44
Missile paths demonstrate the Coriolis effect Two missiles are
fired toward a target in the Northern Hemisphere Both missiles
curve to the right Figure 6-9b
Slide 45
Ocean Currents An Ocean Current is a large volume of water
flowing in a certain direction.
Slide 46
Surface Currents Wind-driven currents are called surface
currents. Surface currents carry warm or cold water horizontally
across the oceans surface. Surface currents extend to about 400 m
below the surface, and they move as fast as 100 km/day.
Slide 47
Prevailing winds Earths major wind belts, called prevailing
winds, influence the formation of ocean currents and the direction
they move.
Slide 48
Density Currents: Density current is a type of vertical current
that carries water from the surface to deeper parts of the ocean.
Density Currents are caused by changes in density rather than wind.
Density currents circulate thermal energy, nutrients and
gases.
Slide 49
Climates Warm-water currents and cold-water currents affect
weather and climate in different ways. Regions near warm-water
currents are often warmer and wetter than regions near cold-water
currents.
Slide 50
Examples The Gulf Stream is a warm-water current that affects
coastal areas of the southeastern United States by transferring
lots of thermal energy and moisture to the surrounding air. The
greatest impact the Gulf Stream has on climate is found in Europe.
It helps keep places like Ireland and England much warmer than they
would otherwise be at such high latitude.
Slide 51
Examples The cold California Current affects coastal areas of
the southwestern United States.
Slide 52
Slide 53
Waves A wave is a way in which energy travels from one place to
another. There are many kinds of waves, such as water waves, sound
waves, light waves, radio waves, microwaves and earthquake
waves.
Slide 54
Waves The highest point the wave reaches is called the crest.
The lowest point is called the trough. The distance from one crest
to the next is the wave length. The number of waves that pass a
given point in one second is the wave's frequency.
Slide 55
When wind blows over the ocean's surface, it creates waves.
Their size depends on how far, how fast and how long the wind
blows. A brief, gentle breeze forms patches of tiny ripples on the
surface; strong, steady winds over long distances create large
waves. But even when you feel no wind at all, you may encounter
large swells created by distant storms.
Slide 56
In the open sea, waves make floating boats bob up and down
instead of pushing them along. This is because the waves travel
through water; they do not take the water with them. As a wave
arrives it lifts water particles. These travel forward, then down
and back so that each particle completes a circle. Circling
movements of particles near the surface set off smaller circling
movements below them.
Slide 57
Fill in the LHA on Waves page 141 1. 4.4. 5. 3.3. 2.
Slide 58
1. Crest 2. Trough 3. Rest Position or Still water level 4.
Wave Length 5. Wave Height