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8/6/2019 Pa Tho Physiology of Digestive System
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Digestive system Appendicitis
Stomatitis
Gastritis
Peptic ulcer
Peritonitis
Diverticulosis
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Appendicitis
� The appendix is afingerlike pouch
attached to the
large intestine
and located in thelower right area
of the abdomen.
� Inflammation of appendix is called
appendicitis
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� Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen causes appendicitis. Mucus
backs up in the appendiceal lumen, causing bacteria that normally
live inside the appendix to multiply. As a result, the appendix swellsand becomes infected.
Sources of obstruction include
� Feaces , parasites, or growths that clog the appendiceal lumen
� Enlarged lymph tissue in the wall of the appendix, caused by
infection in the gastrointestinal tract or elsewhere in the body� Crohn¶s disease and ulcerative colitis
� trauma to the abdomen
Anyone can get appendicitis, but it is more common among people 10
to 30 years old.
� The main symptom of appendicitis is abdominal pain. loss of
appetite ,nausea ,vomiting ,constipation or diarrhea
� inability to pass gas ,a low-grade fever that follows other symptoms
� abdominal swelling
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StomatitisStomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous
lining of any of the structures in the mouth,
which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue,
lips, throat, and roof or floor of the mouth. The
inflammation can be caused by conditions in
the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene,
dietary protein deficiency, poorly fitted
dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food
or drinks, toxic plants, or by conditions that
affect the entire body, such as medications,
allergic reactions, radiation therapy, or
infections.
Severe iron deficiency anemia can lead to
stomatitis
Deficiency in vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), B3
(Niacin), B6 (Pyridoxine), B9 (folic acid) or B12
(Cyanocobalamine).
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Gastritis
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Gastritis
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach liningknown as themucosais inflamed.
The stomach lining contains special cells that produce acid andenzymes, which help break down food for digestion, and mucus, whichprotects the stomach lining from acid.
When the stomach lining is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes,and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic.
Sudden, severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acutegastritis.
Inflammation that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
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Causes of Gastritis
�Helicobacter Pylori�Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
like aspirin , ibuprofen etc
�Other agents
alcohol, cocaine, and radiation.
�Stress gastritis is caused by trauma , critical
- illness, severe burns, and major surgery.
�Viruses, parasites, fungi,
�Crohns disease and pernicious anemia
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes
most cases of chronic nonerosive gastritis.
H. pylori are bacteria that infect the stomach
lining. H. pylori are primarily transmitted fromperson to person.
In areas with poor sanitation, H. pylori may betransmitted through contaminated food or water.
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Symptoms Of Gastritis
Upper Abdominal Discomfort Or PainNausea
Vomiting
These Symptoms Are Also Called Dyspepsia.
Erosive Gastritis May Cause Ulcers Or Erosions InThe Stomach Lining That Can Bleed. Signs Of Bleeding In The Stomach Include
Blood In VomitBlack, Tarry Stools
Red Blood In The Stool
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Complications Of Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease,
Gastric Polyps,
Benign and Malignant Gastric Tumors
Lymphoma
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Peptic ulcer
A peptic ulcer, peptic ulcer disease,[1] is an ulcer
(defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than0.5 cm) of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that isusually acidic and thus extremely painful.
As many as 70-90% of ulcers are associated withHelicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium thatlives in the acidic environment of the stomach,however only 40% of those cases go to a doctor. Ulcerscan also be caused or worsened by drugs such as
aspirin and other NSAIDs.
Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs suchas aspirin and other NSAIDs.
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About 4% of stomach ulcers are caused by a malignanttumor, so multiple biopsies are needed to exclude
cancer. Duodenal ulcers are generally benign.Symptoms of a peptic ulcer
Abdominal Pain, Classically Epigastric With
Severity relating to mealtimes,Bloating And Abdominal Fullness;
Water brash
Nausea, And Copious Vomiting;
Loss Of Appetite And Weight Loss;
Hematemesis (Vomiting Of Blood);
Melena
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ComplicationsGastrointestinal bleeding is the most common complication.
Perforation (a hole in the wall)
Perforation at the anterior surface of the stomach leads toacute peritonitis,
Penetration is when the ulcer continues into adjacent organssuch as the liver and pancreas.[6]
Scarring and swelling due to ulcers causes narrowing in theduodenum and gastric outlet obstruction.
Cancer 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancerfrom the ulcer
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Peritonitis
Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum,the tissue that lines the wall of the abdomen andcovers the abdominal organs.
Causes
Ruptured Appendix,
Ruptured peptic Ulcer , intestinal ulcers
Ruptured Diverticula,
E. histolytica infection ,
Bile or Chemicals released by the pancreas
(pancreatic enzymes) leak into the lining of the
abdominal cavity.
Dialysis-associated peritonitis
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Symptoms
Abdominal distention
Abdominal pain or tenderness
Fever
Fluid in the abdomen
Inability to pass feces or gas
Low urine output
Nausea and vomiting
Tenderness
Thirst
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Small pouches in the lining of the colon, or large intestine,
that bulge outward throughweak spots.
Each pouch is called adiverticulum. Multiple pouchesare called diverticula.
The most common symptom of diverticulitis is abdominal pain.The most common sign onexamination is tenderness inthe lower left side of the
abdomen.