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1 Emerging nail reactions to anticancer therapy Anisha B. Patel, M.D. Assistant Professor, Dermatology UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Science CenterHouston Outline and Objectives Background: cytotoxic versus targeted cancer therapies Nail reactions to cytotoxic chemotherapy Nail reactions to novel cancer therapies Background Cytotoxic chemotherapy Target rapidly replicating cells Hair: Anagen effluvium Skin: Toxic erythema Nails: Onycholysis, Beau’s lines, Pigmentation change Targeted therapies Targeted inhibition of small molecules Emergence in 1990s Higher efficacy for cancer treatment Decreased systemic toxicities New hair, skin, nail toxicities

Outline and Objectives - American Academy of Dermatology · 5 Paronychia and Periungual pyogenic granuloma • Pathogenesis: Nail folds • Clinical presentation: Nail folds erythematous,

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Page 1: Outline and Objectives - American Academy of Dermatology · 5 Paronychia and Periungual pyogenic granuloma • Pathogenesis: Nail folds • Clinical presentation: Nail folds erythematous,

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Emerging nail reactions to anti‐cancer therapy

Anisha B. Patel, M.D.Assistant Professor, DermatologyUT MD Anderson Cancer Center

UT Health Science Center‐ Houston

Outline and Objectives

• Background: cytotoxic versus targeted cancer therapies

• Nail reactions to cytotoxic chemotherapy

• Nail reactions to novel cancer therapies

BackgroundCytotoxic chemotherapy

• Target rapidly replicating cells

• Hair: Anagen effluvium

• Skin: Toxic erythema

• Nails: Onycholysis, Beau’s lines, Pigmentation change

Targeted therapies

• Targeted inhibition of small molecules

• Emergence in 1990s

• Higher efficacy for cancer treatment

• Decreased systemic toxicities

• New hair, skin, nail toxicities

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Legend• Erlotinib, Gefitinib, Cetuximab• Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Regorafenib• Trametinib, Selumetinib• Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib• Lapatinib, Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab• Sirolimus, Everolimus, Temsirolimus• Pazopanib, Regorafenib• Vandetanib• Dasatanib, Nilotinib, Ponatinib

• EGFR inhibitors• Multikinase inhibitors• MEK inhibitors• BRAF inhibitors• HER2 inhibitors• mTOR inhibitors• VEGF inhibitors• RET inhibitors• Bcr‐Abl TKIs (2nd & 3rd gen)

Legend• CTLA4 inhibitors• Ipilimumab‐ Mar 2011, metastatic melanoma• Tremelimumab‐ failed Phase III trials

• PD‐1 inhibitors• Nivolumab‐ Dec 2014, metastatic melanoma• Pembrolizumab‐ Sep 2014, metastatic melanoma

• PD‐L1 inhibitors• Atezolizumab‐ May 2016, urothelial carcinoma• Avelumab‐ Phase III trials• Durvalumab‐ Phase III trials

Background

Piraccini BM, Alessandrini A. Drug‐related nail disease. Clinics in Dermatology (2013) 31, 618–626.

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Beau’s lines

• Pathogenesis: Proximal nail matrix

• Clinical presentation: Transverse depressions of the surface of the nail – depth indicates damage to the matrix

– length indicates the insult’s duration 

• Causative chemo:– Any cytotoxic chemotherapy

https://www.dermnetnz.org/imagedetail/7335

True transverse leukonychia• Pathogenesis: Distal nail 

matrix– Persistence of cell nuclei in the 

nail plate ‐> reflects light

• Clinical presentation: Transverse opaque white bands 

– Affects all nails at the same level 

– Moves distally with nail growth 

• Causative chemo:– Doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, 

and vincristine http://www.dermnetnz.org/imagedetail/7337

Onychomadesis• Pathogenesis: Proximal nail 

matrix• Clinical presentation: Shedding 

of the nail or a sulcus that splits the nail plate – Begins at the proximal nail fold– Extreme degree of Beau’s lines

• Causative chemo:– Any cytotoxic chemotherapy– EGFR inhibitors

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Onycholysis

• Pathogenesis:  Nail bed epithelium

– Dose related

– Photo‐induced (thumbs spared)

• Clinical presentation:  Loss of the nail plate and loss of nail bed adhesion

– Appears white

Onycholysis

• Causative chemo:– Taxanes (docetaxel and paclitaxel)

– PD1 inhibitors

– Tetracyclines and psoralen (photo)

• Complications:– Subungual abscesses

No photo‐onycholysis for targeted (yet)

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Paronychia and Periungual pyogenic granuloma

• Pathogenesis: Nail folds

• Clinical presentation: Nail folds erythematous, swollen, and painful

– Involvement of several nails of both the fingers and the toes

• Causative chemo:

– Taxanes, capecitabine, systemic retinoids, antiretrovirals

– EGFR inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors

• Mechanism

– EGFR expressed in undifferentiated basal keratinocytes

– Blockade causes • Early differentiation (increased KRT1, STAT3, p27)

• Decreased replication (downregulated Ki67, MAPK)

• Increased inflammatory cytokines ‐> apoptosis

– Thin stratum corneum, abnormally differentiated epidermis, dyskeratosis

– Follicular rupture ‐> Inflammation and Pustules

Lacouture ME. Mechanisms of cutaneous toxicities to EGFR inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(10):803‐12.

Paronychia and Periungual PG

• EGFR inhibitors

• MEK inhibitors

• mTOR inhibitors

Paronychia and Periungual PG

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Nail fragility• Pathogenesis: Alteration of the nail plate production

– Superficial nail fragility: proximal nail matrix– Thin brittle plate: diffuse damage to the nail matrix

• Clinical presentation:– Onychoschizia: upper layers of the plate are detached – Elkonyxis: fragility of the surface of the proximal part of the plate– Onychorrhexis: ridging of the nail plate

• Causative chemo:– EGFR inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, PD1 inhibitors

• Complications: Ingrown toenails and pyogenic granuloma

Onychoschizia

Onychoschizia

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Onychorrhexis

Onychorrhexis and onychoschyzia

• Ibrutinib (CD20 targeted inhibitor)

– 66 study participants

– 55 to 85 years old

– 43 men and 23 women

– 44 (67%) with new‐onset fingernail changes (median 6.5 months) 

– 15 (23%) with brittle toenails (median 9 months) 

– mild to moderate onychoschizia and onychorrhexis, Grade 1 and 2

Bitar C, FarooquiMZ, Valdez J, et al. Hair and Nail Changes During Long‐term Therapy With Ibrutinib for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(6):698‐701.

Splinter subungual hemorrhage

• Clinical presentation: – Asymptomatic red, brown, or 

black longitudinal lines

• Causative chemo: – VEGFR inhibitors

http://www.regionalderm.com/Regional_Derm/RD_Large/Splinter_hemor.jpg

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Pigmentation• Pathogenesis:  Distal matrix activation of melanocytes

• Clinical presentation:– Longitudinal melanonychia

– Transverse melanonychia

• Causative chemo:– Doxorubicin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin, dacarbazine, 5‐fluorouracil, 

methotrexate, and hydroxyurea

– Transverse melanonychia: electron beam therapy, radiation therapy, psoralen with ultraviolet A, infliximab

– Bcr‐Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib), BRAF inhibitors

Melanocytic neoplasms

• BRAF inhibitors

Melanocytic neoplasms

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Psoriasiform dermatitis

• PD‐1 inhibitors

Psoriasiform dermatitis

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Psoriasiform dermatitis

• PD‐1 inhibitors

Lichenoid dermatitis• CTLA4 inhibitors

• PD‐1 inhibitors

Lichenoid dermatitis

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Lichenoid dermatitis• CTLA4 inhibitors

• PD‐1 inhibitors

http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/lichen‐planus‐nail‐images/

Summary

• Targeted inhibitors and immune therapies have overlapping nail reactions with cytotoxic chemotherapies– Onychomadesis, onycholysis, paronychia, nail fragility, melanonychia, 

• Some can be dose limiting – Paronychia, pyogenic granuloma

• Inflammatory and neoplastic cutaneous toxicities can have classic nail manifestations/toxicities– Psoriasis, lichen planus

• Future questions: predictive of tumor response or further, more severe adverse events?

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