Our goal will be to interpret this quote by the end of this
unit!
Slide 3
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the
age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of
belief, it was the epoch of incredulity -- Charles Dickens A Tale
of Two Cities
Slide 4
Monarchy on the eve of the Revolution Marie Antoinette &
Louis XVI
Slide 5
Let Them Eat Cake! YMarie Antoinette NEVER said that! YMadame
Deficit YThe Austrian Whore
Slide 6
Causes of Revolution 1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas Motto:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity 2. Inspired by the success of
American Revolution 3. Financial difficulties Debt & heavy
taxation 4. Weak leadership 5. Three Estates Voting inequity 6.
Lattre de cachet
Slide 7
1. Enlightened ideas France has been a central point in the
enlightenment. Louis XVs mistress patron of enlightenment Reading
Revolution
Slide 8
2. American Revolution France supported to weaken the British
Supplied guns and powder = large debt Supplied military leadership
Strengthened ideas of individual liberty and representative
government
Slide 9
3. Finances Debt, debt, and more debt Borrowed money from other
nations Series of wars Lack of a central bank Refused to declare
partial bankruptcy Louis XVI tried to institute own taxes declared
void Called for a session of the Estates General
Slide 10
4. Weak Leader That says it all Louis XV disliked by people
Court filled with scandal Weakened idea of divine right Louis XVI
What I should like most is to be loved Dismissed any strong
government officials he had
Slide 11
5. 1789:ancien regime= Old Regime 3 Large social classes
(estates) 1 st Estate: Clergy 2 nd Estate: Nobility Paid no taxes 3
rd Estate: Commoners 98% of population Heavily taxed Discontented
& Angry
Slide 12
Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate
The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates 1 1 1 Louis XVI
insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be
conserved in its entirety.
Slide 13
Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate
The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head!
300 648 That means 1200 ppl have a say!
Slide 14
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes 1 st What is the Third Estate? (
Everything! ( Qu'est-ce que le tiers tat?) Everything! 2 nd What
has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3 rd What
does it demand? To become something therein! Abb Sieys
1748-1836
Slide 15
6. Lettres de Cachet YThe French king could warrant
imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal. YA
carte-blanche warrant. YCardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the
reign of Louis XV! YEliminated in 1790.
Slide 16
3 Stages of French Revolution 1 st Stage: 1789-17: Absolute
Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Meeting of Estates General
(parliament) May 5, 1789 1 st time called into session since
1614
Slide 17
Oath of the Tennis Court June 20, 1789 Jacques Louis David
Slide 18
Storming of Bastille July 14, 1789 Rumor that the king was
planning a military coup against the National Assembly 1 st act of
violence July 14 = French day of Independence 18 died 73 wounded 7
guards killed It held 7 prisoners ( 5 ordinary criminals & 2
madmen)
Slide 19
August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of
aristocratic privileges!) Libert! Egalit! Fraternit!
Slide 20
The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED &
BLUE of Paris. The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of
Paris. 1 st used in 1789 1 st used in 1789 Officially adopted
February 15, 1794 Officially adopted February 15, 1794 Citizen!
Citizen!
Slide 21
The Liberty Cap: Bonne Rouge
Slide 22
Revolutionary Symbols Cockade Revolutionary Clock La Republic
Libert
Slide 23
Declaration of the Rights of Man August 26, 1789 Liberty,
Property, Resistance to oppression! Thomas Jefferson was in Paris
at this time. VWomen played a vital role in the Revolution. VBut,
The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the rights and
protections of citizenship to women. VDeclaration of the Rights of
Women by de Gouges Olympe de Gouges
Slide 24
Womens March October 5, 1789 A spontaneous demonstration of
Parisian women for bread. We want the baker, the bakers wife, and
the bakers boy!
Slide 25
Constitutional/Limited monarchy is established in 1790 La
Maresillaise French National Anthem French National Anthem Composed
by Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle on April 24, 1792 This was adopted
July 14, 1795. Banned by Napoleon because of its revolutionary
ideals. Reinstated in 1879.
Slide 26
National Convention 1 st act was the formal abolition of the
monarchy on this date Decree of Fraternity: Offered French
assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their
governments. When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!
Slide 27
Constitution Ruled on womens rights National Assembly created
Monopolies, guilds, and workers associations prohibited Trade
barriers abolished Reorganized religion Religious freedom to Jews
& protestants Catholic land confiscated and monasteries
closed
Slide 28
the Revolution is over Robespierre Not quite
Slide 29
Louis XVI & the royal family attempts to flee France - June
1791 Seen as his lack of support for the new constitution Austria
and Prussia pledge to defend monarch Flight to Varennes
Slide 30
Stages of French Revolution 2 nd Stage: 1792-1795: Republic
Anarchy Second Revolution Popularly elected National Convention
declares France a Republic All documents henceforth will be dated,
Year One of the French Republic September Massacres
Slide 31
Louis XVI executed January 21, 1793; he was 38 years old. 'I
die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those
who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you
are going to shed may never be visited on France.'
Slide 32
Republic Divided Girondists Did not want to kill Louis XIV The
Mountain led by Robespierre Both moved to end Tyranny French army
defended the nation along the borders Prussia & Austria
Declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain Peasants revolted
against military draft Counter-Revolution began Catholics,
royalists, and foreign agents
Slide 33
Deadlock Committee on Public Safety led by Robespierre Emigries
vs. Sans-culottes Mountain gained support of poor peasants June 2,
1793 Sans-culottes invaded the National Convention Arrested 29
Girondists for treason French provinces revolted and armies were
driven back on al fronts
Slide 34
Guillotine Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin did not invent the
execution machine that bears his name. A similar device known as
the Halifax Gibbet had been in use in that Yorkshire town since
1286 and continued until 1650 a Scotsman, James Douglas Earl of
Morton, built one in Edinburgh in 1556, which became known as the
Maiden and remained in use until 1710 Guillotine facts: Total
weight was about 1278 pounds Blade weighed over 88 pounds Height of
side posts was just over 14 feet Distance the blade dropped was 88
inches Blade fell at 21 feet a second taking 1/70 of a second to
fall Took 2/100 of a second for the head to be cut off Power at
impact was 888 pound per square inch
Slide 35
Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin 1738 1821 French physician,
president of the Chamber of the Provinces in 1775, founder of the
French Academy of Medicine, and deputy to the French assembly in
1789.. Dr. Guillotin (Deputy of Paris) on October the 10th, 1789
proposed to the Constituent Assembly that all condemned criminals
should be beheaded on the grounds of humanity and egalit
(equality)! More humane, efficient means of decisive death!
Slide 36
Killed over 15,000 people by the end of the Revolution Basket
by guillotine for fallen heads Method of execution was seen as
being more humane than earlier forms Symbol of cruelty
Guillotine
Slide 37
LAST OF THE EXECUTIONS Last public execution was in 1939 Eugene
Weidmann convicted for six murders, was guillotined on June 17th
1939,outside the prison Saint Pierre at rue Georges Clmenceau in
Versailles. Conspiracy, --- kidnapping, fraud, robbery, murder,
resisting arrest 1939
Slide 38
Madame Guillotines Last Kiss Hamida Djandoubia Tunisian
Immigrant was the last to die at the hands of the Maiden in
1977!!!!! He was convicted of the torture & murder of 21 year
old Elisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend, in Marseille. Though
the death penalty was grinding to a halt in 1970s France, Djandoubi
was not the last person condemned ; the guillotine was only
abolished with the election of the Francois Mitterand government in
1981!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Slide 39
Marie Antoinette on her way to her execution!
Slide 40
Execution of Marie Antoinette Was tried, convicted of treason
and executed by guillotine on 16 October 1793, nine months after
her husband. Her last words were, "Pardon me Sir, I did not mean to
do it," to Sanson the executioner, whose foot she accidentally
stepped on before she was executed by guillotine. She was 37 years
old.
Slide 41
Committee of Public Safety Created in April 1793 by the
National Convention Spoke for the General Will Unify or Die!
Slide 42
Established a planned economy (socialism) Bread Weapons Raw
materials Revolutionary Tribunal 300, 000 arrested
Slide 43
Committee of Public Safety 1793 Supervised trials &
executions The committee was responsible for thousands of
executions, with many high- profile executions at the guillotine,
in what was known as the "Reign of Terror."
Slide 44
The Reign of Terror Terror is nothing other than justice,
prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre Let terror be the order
of the day! c The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed
2,639 victims in 15 months. c The total number of victims
nationwide was over 20,000!
Slide 45
Reign of Terror June 1793 27 July 1794 Period of violence Mass
executions of "enemies of the revolution. Maximilien Franois Marie
Isidore de Robespierre Guillotine became the killing Machine.
Called, The Incorruptible because of his austere moral devotion to
revolutionary political change.
Slide 46
Also Govt sponsored revolutionary art and music Secular
holidays and republican festivals Dechristianization Butstrong
sense of nationalism developed
Slide 47
The Thermidorean Reaction, 1794 March economic controls are
relaxed economic controls are relaxed Robespierre executes many of
his critics Robespierre executes many of his critics July 26
Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots &
conspiracies. many felt threatened by his implications. July 27 the
Convention arrests Robespierre. July 28 Robespierre is tried &
guillotined!
Slide 48
Execution of Robespierre 28-Jul-1794 Most revolutions devour
their own
Slide 49
3 rd Stage - Thermidorian Reaction: Directory Dictatorship 1795
Abolished economic controls Used army to suppress sans-culottes
protest National Convention wrote another constitution Elected new
assembly Chose 5 man executive
Slide 50
Reaction to Directory Disgust New election 1797 voided
Established a dictatorship
Slide 51
18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) Coup dtat by Napoleon. Approved by a
plebiscite in December. Abbe Sieys: Confidence from below;
authority from above. Brumaire was the second month in the French
Republican Calendar. Brumaire often refers to the coup d'tat of 18
Brumaire in the year VIII (November 9, 1799), by which General
Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to
replace it with the Consulate.
Slide 52
Napoleon sets up the Consulate with himself as First Consul
1799The Revolution is coming to an end. Napoleon becomes Emperor of
France 1804
Slide 53
1789 : Absolute Monarchy/Louis XVI 1791: Limited Monarchy 1792:
Monarchy Abolished; Republic Established 1793-94-Reign-
Terror/Anarchy 1795: Directory 1799: First Consulate; back to one
man rule./Napoleon Cycle of the French Revolution Sowhat was the
significance of the French Revolution? Started with one- man rule
and ended with one man rule???
Slide 54
Napoleon becomes Emperor of France 1804: Took place in
cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, France on December 2 nd, 1804.
Crowned himself emperor in presence of Pope Pius VII to send a
message that the Church will be excluded from all political
affairs.
Slide 55
An unmanned balloon, ablaze with three thousands lights in an
imperial crown pattern was launched from the front of Notre Dame
during the celebration. Crown of Napoleon Napoleon called his new
crown the Crown of Charlemagne, the name of the ancient royal
coronation crown of France that had been destroyed in the French
Revolution
Slide 56
Crane Brintons Anatomy of a Revolution Crane Brintons Anatomy
of a Revolution YHe borrowed his terms from pathology. YCompares a
revolution to a fever or a disease: The revolutionary fever begins
with the appearance of certain symptoms. It proceeds by advances
and retreats to a crisis stage, or delirium. The crisis ends when
the fever breaks. A period of convalescence follows, interrupted by
a relapse or two before the recovery is complete.
Slide 57
Crane Brintons Anatomy of a Revolution The Anatomy of
Revolution is a book by Crane Brinton->American historian of
France outlined uniformities in four revolutions: the English
Revolution of the 1640s, the American, the French, and the 1917
Russian Revolution cycle from the Old Order to a moderate regime to
a radical regime, after which came a Thermidorian reaction.
Slide 58
Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs 1.
People from all social classes are discontented. 2. People feel
restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society,
religion, the economy or the govt. 3. People are hopeful about the
future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had
hoped for. 4. People are beginning to think of themselves as
belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness
between social classes. 5. The social classes closest to one
another are the most hostile.
Slide 59
Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs 6.
The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society
operates. 7. The government does not respond to the needs of its
society. 8. The leaders of the government and the ruling class
begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the opposition groups. 9.
The government is unable to get enough support from any group to
save itself. 10. The government cannot organize its finances
correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and
unjustly.