Our G-enealogy Original Slides from Brough Turner Founder &
CTO Ashtonbrooke.com [email protected]
http://blogs.broughturner.com Original slides:
http://images.tmcnet.com/expo/west-09/presentations/4g3-01-turner-ashtonbrook.ppthttp://images.tmcnet.com/expo/west-09/presentations/4g3-01-turner-ashtonbrook.ppt
Slide 2
2 Our G-enealogy Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA Mobile core network
architectures Demographics & market trends today 3.5G, WiMAX,
LTE & 4G migration paths
Slide 3
3 Source: ITU World ICT Indicators, June 2008 Mobiles overtake
fixed
Slide 4
4 Mobile Generations GSummaryData Rates 1 Analog Typical 2.4
Kbps; max 22 Kbps 2 Digital TDMA, CDMA 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit
data) 2.5 GPRS mux packets in voice timeslots 15 - 40 Kbps 3
Improved modulation, using CDMA variants 50 144 Kbps (1xRTT); 200
384 Kbps (UMTS); 500 Kbps 2.4 Mbps (EVDO) 3.5 More modulation
tweaks 214 Mbps (HSPA), then 28 Mbps & 42/84 Mbps future
evolution 4 New modulation (OFDMA); Multi-path (MIMO); All IP LTE:
potentially >100 Mbps with adequate spectrum (20 MHz)
Slide 5
5 First Mobile Radio Telephone, 1924 Courtesy of Rich Howard
First two-way, voice-based radio telephone
Slide 6
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 7 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3
Cellular Mobile Telephony Antenna diversity Cellular concept Bell
Labs (1957 & 1960) Frequency reuse typically every 7 cells
Handoff as caller moves Modified CO switch HLR, paging,
handoffs
Slide 7
7 First Generation (nearly all retired) Advanced Mobile Phone
Service (AMPS) US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (79) & US (83)
800 MHz; two 20 MHz bands; TIA-553 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland Launched 1981 450 MHz; later
at 900 MHz (NMT900) Total Access Communications System (TACS)
British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
Slide 8
8 2nd Generation digital systems Leverage technology to
increase capacity Speech compression; digital signal processing
Utilize/extend Intelligent Network concepts Improve fraud
prevention; Add new services Wide diversity of 2G systems IS-54/
IS-136 Digital AMPS; PDC (Japan) DECT and PHS; iDEN IS-95 CDMA
(cdmaOne) GSM
Slide 9
9 2G CDMA (cdmaOne) Code Division Multiple Access all users
share same frequency band discussed in detail later as CDMA is
basis for 3G Qualcomm demo in 1989 claimed improved capacity &
simplified planning First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994 Major
success in Korea (1M subs by 1996) Adopted by Verizon and Sprint in
US Easy migration to 3G (same modulation)
Slide 10
10 GSM Global System for Mobile Originally Groupe Spcial Mobile
joint European effort beginning 1982 Focus: seamless roaming all
Europe Services launched 1991 time division multiple access (8
users per 200KHz) 900 MHz band; later 1800 MHz; then 850/1900 MHz
GSM dominant world standard today well defined interfaces; many
competitors; lowest cost to deploy network effect took hold in late
1990s
Slide 11
11 GSM Dominant Today GSM+3GSM used by 88% of subscribers
worldwide Asia leads with 42% of all mobile subscriptions AT&T
and T-Mobile use GSM/3GSM in US today Source: Wireless Intelligence
/ GSM Association GSM Subscribers
Slide 12
12 GSM substantially enhanced Widely deployed significant
payback for enhancements HSCSD - high speed circuit-switched data
GPRS - general packet radio service Synchronization between cells
Minimize interference; help fix mobiles location AMR vocoder
increase capacity (& fidelity) Frequency hopping (to overcome
fading) Discontinuous transmission (more calls/ cell) Cell overlays
with reuse partitioning
Slide 13
13 1G, 2G, 3G Multi-Access Technologies Courtesy of Petri
Possi, UMTS World 4G and future wireless systems optimize a
combination of frequency, time and coding e.g. OFDMA & SC-FDMA
(discussed later)
Slide 14
14 2G & 3G Code Division Multiple Access Spread spectrum
modulation originally developed for the military resists jamming
and many kinds of interference coded modulation hidden from those
w/o the code All users share same (large) block of spectrum All 3G
radio standards based on CDMA CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA
Slide 15
15 Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
Slide 16
16 The 3G Vision Universal global roaming Sought 1 standard
(not 7), (but got 3: 3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA) Increased data
rates Multimedia (voice, data & video) Increased capacity (more
spectrally efficient) Data-centric architecture (ATM at first,
later IP) But deployment took much longer than expected No killer
data app; new spectrum costly; telecom bubble burst; much of the
vision was vendor-driven
Slide 17
17 3G Radio technology today CDMA 2000 Multi Carrier CDMA
Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA)
Direct Spread CDMA Defined by 3GPP Asynchronous CDMA TD-SCDMA Time
Division Synchronous CDMA Defined by Chinese Academy of
Telecommunications Technology under the Ministry of Information
Industry Paired spectrum bands Single spectral band with time
division duplexing
Slide 18
18 Why CDMA 2000 lost out Had better migration story from 2G to
3G Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA (IS-95) cdmaOne operators
didnt need additional spectrum Higher data rates than UMTS, at
least at first Couldnt compete with GSMs critical mass Last straw
when Verizon Wireless selected 3GPPs Long Term Evolution (LTE) for
their 4G network Verizon selection 11/2007 Qualcomm abandons
further development 11/2008
Slide 19
19 Japan USA 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
Partnership of 6 regional standards groups, which translate 3GPP
specifications to regional standards Controls evolution of GSM,
3GSM (UMTS, WCDMA, HSPA) & LTE
Slide 20
20 UMTS (3GSM) is market leader GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA,
HSPA, + leverages GSMs dominant position Legally mandated in Europe
and elsewhere Requires substantial new spectrum 5 MHz each way
(symmetric) at a minimum Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now
the accepted leader Network effect built on GSMs >80% market
share Surely LTE will benefit in the same fashion
Slide 21
21 TD-SCDMA (Time division synchronous CDMA) Chinese
development IPR bargaining tool with West? Late to market, but big
deployment plans Single spectral band unpaired spectrum; as little
as 1.6 MHz; time division duplex (TDD) with high spectral
efficiency Power amplifiers must be very linear relatively hard to
meet specifications
Slide 22
22 China 3G Largest mobile market in world (630 M subs) Largest
population in world (1.3 billion) Home-brew 3G standard: TD-SCDMA
3G licenses were delayed until TD-SCDMA worked 2008 trials: 10
cities, 15K BSs & 60K handsets 3G granted January 2009 China
Mobile: TD-SCDMA China Unicom: 3GSM (UMTS) China Telecom: CDMA
2000
Wireless Subscribers in Korea 26 2012.22012.3 Changes +/-+/-
%
Slide 27
27 Wireless capacity / throughput 19701980199020002010 First
cell phones AMPS GSM CDMA Wi-Fi WiMAX LTE Increasing throughput and
capacity UMTS/HSPA 2G 3G 4G OFDM OFDMA MIMO
Slide 28
28 ITU Framework 3GPP 3GPP WWAN (wireless wide area network)
IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16 WMAN (wireless metropolitan area network)
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 WLAN (wireless local area network) ITU ITU
United Nations telecommunications standards organization Accepts
detailed standards contributions from 3GPP, IEEE and other groups
Pervasive connectivity WLAN - WMAN - WWAN
Slide 29
29 ITU-R Mobile Telecommunications IMT-2000 Global standard for
third generation (3G) wireless Detailed specifications from 3GPP,
3GPP2, ETSI and others IMT-Advanced New communications framework:
deployment ~2010 to 2015 Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for
high mobility and 1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs) High
mobility case via either or both evolved LTE & WiMAX 802.11ac
and 802.11ad addressing the nomadic case
Slide 30
30 LTE highlights Sophisticated multiple access schemes
DownLink: OFDMA with Cyclic Prefix (CP) UpLink: Single Carrier FDMA
(SC-FDMA) with CP Adaptive modulation and coding QPSK, 16QAM, and
64QAM 1/3 coding rate, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a
contention-free internal interleaver Advanced MIMO spatial
multiplexing (2 or 4) x (2 or 4) downlink and uplink
Slide 31
31 4G Technology OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants OFDMA = Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical
multiplexing Optimization of time, frequency & code
multiplexing OFDM already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g Took
Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond
Slide 32
32 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Many
closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal, thus
eliminating inter-carrier interference Varies bits per sub-carrier
based on instantaneous received power
Slide 33
33 Statistical Multiplexing (in OFDMA) Dynamically allocate
user data to sub-carriers based on instantaneous data rates and
varying sub-carrier capacities Highly efficient use of spectrum
Robust against fading, e.g. for mobile operation
Slide 34
34 FDMA vs. OFDMA OFDMA more frequency efficient Dynamically
map traffic to frequencies based on their instantaneous throughput
FDMA Channel Guard band OFDMA
Slide 35
35 4G Technology - MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output smart
antenna technology Multiple paths improve link reliability and
increase spectral efficiency (bps per Hz), range and
directionality
Slide 36
36 Municipal Multipath Environment
Slide 37
37 SDMA = Smart Antenna Technologies Beamforming Use
multiple-antennas to spatially shape the beam Spatial Multiplexing
a.k.a. Collaborative MIMO Multiple streams transmitted
Multi-antenna receivers separate the streams to achieve higher
throughput On uplink, multiple single- antenna stations can
transmit simultaneously Space-Time Codes Transmit diversity such as
Alamouti code reduces fading 2x2 Collaborative MIMO give 2x peak
data rate by transmitting two data streams
Slide 38
38 4G Technology SC-FDMA Single carrier multiple access Used
for LTE uplinks Being considered for 802.16m uplink Similar
structure and performance to OFDMA Single carrier modulation with
DFT-spread orthogonal frequency multiplexing and FD equalization
Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Improves cell-edge
performance Transmission efficiency conserves battery life
Slide 39
39 Key Features of WiMAX and LTE OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access) Users are allocated a slice in time and
frequency Flexible, dynamic per user resource allocation Base
station scheduler for uplink and downlink resource allocation
Resource allocation information conveyed on a frame by frame basis
Support for TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division
duplex) DL UL DL UL FDD Paired channels TDD: single frequency
channel for uplink and downlink
41 WiMAX vs. LTE Commonalities IP-based OFDMA and MIMO Similar
data rates and channel widths Differences Carriers are able to set
requirements for LTE through organizations like NGMN and LSTI, but
cannot do this as easily at the IEEE-based 802.16 LTE backhaul is,
at least partially, designed to support legacy services while WiMAX
assumes greenfield deployments
Slide 42
42 Commercial Issues LTE Deployments likely slower than
projected But Eventual migration path for GSM/3GSM, i.e. for >
80% share Will be lowest cost & dominant in 2020 WiMAX 2-3 year
lead, likely maintained for years Dedicated spectrum in many
countries But Likely < 15% share by 2020 & thus more
costly
Slide 43
43 3G Partnership Project Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM
to LTE Release Specs complete First deployedMajor new features
defined 981998Last purely 2G GSM release 991Q 20002003W-CDMA air
interface 42Q 20012004Softswitching IP in core network 51Q
20022006HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS) 64Q 20042007HSUPA,
MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration 74Q 2007futureHSPA+, Better
latency & QoS for VoIP 84Q 2008futureLTE, All-IP W-CDMA
Wideband CDMA modulation HSxPA High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet
Access MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service GAN Generic
Access Network PoC Push-to-talk over Cellular LTE Long Term
Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation * * Rush
job?
Slide 44
44 Core Network Architecture Two widely deployed architectures
today 3GPP evolved from GSM-MAP Used by GSM & 3GSM operators
(88% of subs globally) Mobile Application Part defines signaling
for mobility, authentication, etc. 3GPP2 evolved from ANSI-41 MAP
ANSI-41 used with AMPS, TDMA & CDMA 2000 GAIT (GSM ANSI
Interoperability Team) allowed interoperation, i.e., roaming
Evolving to common all IP vision based on 3GPP
Slide 45
Core Network Architecture 45
Slide 46
46 Summary Brief history of cellular wireless telephony Radio
technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA Mobile core network architecture
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