Other Construction Other Construction ProjectsProjects

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Highways (Pg 383)Highways (Pg 383) Flexible RoadwayFlexible Roadway Sub grade (Packed Sub grade (Packed

Soil)Soil) Sub base (Sand or Sub base (Sand or

gravel)gravel) Pavement (Asphalt Pavement (Asphalt

Layer.Layer.

Rigid RoadwayRigid Roadway Sub grade (Packed Sub grade (Packed

Soil)Soil) Sub base (Sand or Sub base (Sand or

Gravel) Gravel) Steel BarsSteel Bars Pavement Pavement

(Concrete)(Concrete)

Substructure of BridgesSubstructure of Bridges AbutmentsAbutments -are the supports at the -are the supports at the

end of the bridge.end of the bridge. PiersPiers – Vertical structural supports – Vertical structural supports

placed between abutments in longer placed between abutments in longer bridgesbridges

Span Span – The distance between each – The distance between each pier is called a span.pier is called a span.

PilesPiles – A solid base that the piers – A solid base that the piers rest on.rest on.

Piles

7 Types of Bridges7 Types of Bridges Beam BridgeBeam Bridge Arch BridgeArch Bridge Truss BridgeTruss Bridge Cantilever BridgeCantilever Bridge Suspension BridgeSuspension Bridge Cable-Stayed BridgeCable-Stayed Bridge Movable Bridge.Movable Bridge.

Beam BridgeBeam Bridge Piers support beams that support Piers support beams that support

spans of reinforced concrete slabs.spans of reinforced concrete slabs. This is the most frequently used type This is the most frequently used type

of bridge because it is normally least of bridge because it is normally least expensive.expensive.

Arch BridgeArch Bridge The load of the bridge is transferred The load of the bridge is transferred

along the arch to the abutments or along the arch to the abutments or piers at the end of the arch.piers at the end of the arch.

Truss BridgeTruss Bridge Trusses may be used above or below Trusses may be used above or below

the roadway to support the bridge.the roadway to support the bridge.

Cantilever BridgeCantilever Bridge Beams called cantilevers extend Beams called cantilevers extend

from each end of the bridge. They from each end of the bridge. They are connected by a section called a are connected by a section called a suspended span.suspended span.

Suspension BridgeSuspension Bridge These have two tall towers that These have two tall towers that

support main cables that run the support main cables that run the entire length of the bridge.entire length of the bridge.

Cable-Stayed BridgeCable-Stayed Bridge These are similar to suspension These are similar to suspension

bridges except the cables are bridges except the cables are connected directly to the roadway.connected directly to the roadway.

Movable BridgeMovable Bridge These bridges are designed so that a These bridges are designed so that a

portion of the roadway can be moved portion of the roadway can be moved to allow large water vessels to pass to allow large water vessels to pass underneath.underneath.

DamsDams A dam is a structure that is placed A dam is a structure that is placed

across a river to control or block the across a river to control or block the flow of water.flow of water.

A reservoir is a lake in which water is A reservoir is a lake in which water is stored for use.stored for use.

Dams may be made of earth, Dams may be made of earth, concrete, steel, masonry, or wood.concrete, steel, masonry, or wood.

DamsDams Embankment Embankment – blocks the flow of water.– blocks the flow of water. Outlet WorksOutlet Works – used to control the flow – used to control the flow

of water through or around the dam.of water through or around the dam. SpillwaySpillway – acts as a safety valve that – acts as a safety valve that

allows excess water to bypass the dam allows excess water to bypass the dam when it becomes too full.when it becomes too full.

CofferdamsCofferdams – Temporary watertight walls. – Temporary watertight walls.

CanalsCanals Irrigation Canals – Carries water from a Irrigation Canals – Carries water from a

place where water is plentiful to another place where water is plentiful to another place where water is needed. place where water is needed.

Navigation Canals – Connects two bodies Navigation Canals – Connects two bodies of water. Construction of a canal requires of water. Construction of a canal requires earth moving.earth moving.

Navigation canals may also require the Navigation canals may also require the construction of construction of lockslocks if the two waterways if the two waterways being connected are at different being connected are at different elevations.elevations.

A A locklock is an enclosed part of the canal is an enclosed part of the canal that is equipped with a gate.that is equipped with a gate.

Canal LockCanal Lock

Three Types of TunnelsThree Types of Tunnels EarthEarth – are constructed in soil or sand. – are constructed in soil or sand.

These are hazardous to build because soil These are hazardous to build because soil can be unstable. can be unstable.

ImmersedImmersed – pre-manufactured sections – pre-manufactured sections are floated to the tunnel site. The sections are floated to the tunnel site. The sections are connected.are connected.

RockRock – blasting away material or by using – blasting away material or by using a giant boring machine. Conveyors carry a giant boring machine. Conveyors carry out rock and the tunnels are formed.out rock and the tunnels are formed.

PipelinesPipelines Are an efficient way to transport Are an efficient way to transport

products such as crude oil, refined products such as crude oil, refined petroleum, and natural gas.petroleum, and natural gas.

Most pipelines are buried Most pipelines are buried underground.underground.

Air-Supported StructureAir-Supported Structure There is no frame or load-bearing There is no frame or load-bearing

wall to support the roof.wall to support the roof. Air pressure supplied by a fan Air pressure supplied by a fan

supports the walls and the roof.supports the walls and the roof.

ReviewReview Surveying, earthmoving, and paving Surveying, earthmoving, and paving

are used to build roads and are used to build roads and highways.highways.

Types of bridges included beam, Types of bridges included beam, arch, truss, cantilever, suspension, arch, truss, cantilever, suspension, cable stayed, and movablecable stayed, and movable

Dams provide a dependable water Dams provide a dependable water supply, help control flooding, and supply, help control flooding, and provide hydroelectricity. provide hydroelectricity.

ReviewReview Canals are built for navigation or irrigation Canals are built for navigation or irrigation

and may require locks.and may require locks. The three main types of tunnels are earth, The three main types of tunnels are earth,

immersed, and rock.immersed, and rock. Most pipelines are buried underground, Most pipelines are buried underground,

with only the pumping stations above with only the pumping stations above ground.ground.

Air-supported structures consist of a Air-supported structures consist of a structural membrane supported by air structural membrane supported by air pressure.pressure.