OriginalArticle OpenAccess Chemical Composition …jnnsci.com/drupal8/sites/default/files/2019-03/osman_mar...OriginalArticle OpenAccess Chemical Composition and Polyphenolic Antioxidant

Osman1 et al. Journal of Nature and Natural Sciences. 3:1, 1-10, 2019.

Original Article Open Access

Chemical Composition and PolyphenolicAntioxidant Properties of active fractions of GuieraSenegalensis (J.F.Gmel) LeavesMalaz A. M. Osman1, Elkhansaa H. A. Nassir1, Awatif A. Fagir2, Ahmed O. Ali2 andAbdelhalim. A. Hamza2*

1 Ahfad University for Women, School of Pharmacy, Sudan2 Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, National Center for Research, Sudan

Received Jul 2018, Accepted Dec 2018, Published Online Mar 2019

AbstractGuiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (Combrataceae) is one of the most used plants in Sudan folkloric medicine. Thepowdered leaves of G. senegalensis were extracted using 70% methanol; the methanolic extract was thenfractionated by Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Phytochmical profiling was carriedout for all the four fractions ofGuiera senegalensis leaves by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). TheTLC chromatogram revealed the presence of Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Coumarins, Terpenoids and Alkaloids.However, the ethyl acetate fraction was the richest fraction with polyphenols. The radical scavenging activityof G. senegalensis leaves fractions was screened by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), theantioxidant results were expressed as concentration of inhibition (IC50) of the free radical DPPH, the ethylacetate fraction showed the highest scavenging activity with IC50 = 0.954334 µg/ml, compared to the controlstandard Gallic acid which yield IC50 = 4.424024 µg/ml, followed by petroleum ether IC50 = 9.048009 µg/ml,n-butanol IC50 = 10.46394 µg/ml and Chloroform IC50 = 24.53962 µg/ml. The scavenging activity of G.senegalensis leaves fractions increases correspondingly with the increasing polyphenolic content. Judging fromthe high antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of G. senegalensis leaves, it can be said that G.senegalensis leaves have a promising efficacy in treating oxidative stress-induced diseases.Keywords: Guiera senegalensis; antioxident; phytochemical profiling; leaves fractions

IntroductionMedicinal plants continue to be a major source ofmedicine as they have always been from the beginningof human civilization, (Ampofo 1977; Feansworth, etal., 1985). Management of many diseases by using tra-ditional remedies is very common in Africa in rural aswell as urban communities. The increasing number ofpatients who are using traditional herbs is driven bycombination of factors including financial constraintsor inadequacy of the healthcare systems as well asease of accessibility to traditional medicines. Medici-nal properties of plants are normally dependent on thepresence of certain phytochemical principles such as al-kaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, saponins,tannins and polyphenols (Mann, et al., 2008).

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

G. senegalensis is a shrub of 3 m height. The leavesare 3-5 cm long and 1.5-3.0 cm broad arranged op-posite or sub-opposite on the stem (Hutchinson etal. 2012). It is widely distributed in the savannah re-gion of west and central Africa Nigeria, Senegal, Gam-bia, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ghana and Sudan. Innorth Nigeria it is used extensively for wide range ofmedicinal purposes, (Fiot, et al., 2004) such as its ac-tivity against cough, respiratory congestion and fever,(Adedapo, et al., 2009; Ali et al., 2011). It is also usedagainst malaria fever, (Ancolio et al., 2002). A teamade from its leaves is prescribed through oral routeto treat eczema, (Somboro et al., 2012).Phytochemical screening of Guiera senegalensis leaves

showed positive results for alkaloids, flavonides, tan-nins, saponins, carbohydrates, sterol and triterpenes(Houacine et al., 2012).

Osman1 et al. Journal of Nature and Natural Sciences. 3:1, 1-10, 2019. Page 2

Polyphenols are well known antioxidants (Tiwari andRao, 2002) their Oxidant properties may be both anti-oxidant and/or pro-oxidant based upon the structureof the particular polyphenol and the cellular redox con-text that may include increased levels of oxidant scav-enging proteins or decreased levels of oxidized proteinsand lipids (Chen et al., 2013).Free radicals were reported to be the main reason

behind various type of diseases such as; cancer, neu-ropathy, diabetes and cardiovascular problems. Specialattention is focused on the isolation of natural pheno-lic antioxidants from inexpensive sources. Recently, in-terest has increased considerably in finding naturallyoccurring antioxidants for use in foods or medicinalmaterials to replace synthetic antioxidants, which arebeing restricted due to their carcinogenicity and tox-icity. Therefore, the search for preparations of usefulnatural antioxidants is highly desirable.The objective of this study is to investigate, the phy-

tochemical profile of Guiera senegalensis (J.F. Gmel)leaves and antioxidant activity of its polyphenolic con-stituents.

Material and MethodsPlant material preparation and extractionGuiera senegalensis leaves (Fig.1) were collected fromNorth Kordofan State, taxonomical identification wasmade at the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant ResearchInstitute (MAPRI), the fresh leaves were rinsed withtap water then they were shade dried and grounded.Hundred grams of dry powdered leaves were maceratedin 70% methanol for four successive days, and in eachday the extract is filtered and additional volume of70% methanol is added. The four portions of methano-lic extract was then collected together and fraction-ated (liquid/liquid) in sequence using solvents with in-creasing polarities petroleum-ether (PE), chloroform(CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtoAc) and normal Butanol(n. butanol).

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)Aluminum silica gel plates 60 F254 (Merck 5554)and pre-coated TLC plates SII, RP -18W /UV 254(Macherey-Nagel) were used as stationary phases incarrying out TLC of the different extracts of Guierasenegalensis leaves. Standard chromatograms wereprepared by applying 20 µl of the dissolved extractto a silica gel plate and developing it in different sol-vent systems depending on the type of extract. Chro-matograms were detected under UV light (254 nm and366 m) and sprayed with diagnostic reagents which in-clude: Vanillin -H2SO4 reagent, Dragendorff , KOHand Natural Product Reagent (NPR).

Figure 1: Guiera senegalensis leaves

Free radical scavenging procedureThis method was carried out according to that de-scribed by (Shyur et al., 2005) with some modifica-tions. Stock solution was prepared by dissolving 1mgof the sample in 1ml of absolute ethanol (98%). Stocksolution was diluted to final concentrations of 100, 50,25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.5625 µg /ml in ethanol. 0.9mlTris-HCL and 1ml of 0.1 mM DPPH in methanol solu-tion were added to each concentration and incubatedat room temperature in the dark for 30 minutes. Theabsorbance of the resulting mixture was measured at517 nm and converted to percentage antioxidant ac-tivity using the formula below:-

Scavenging activity(%) = (Acontrol−Asample)Acontrol ×100

solution of 0.9 ml Tris-HCL+ 0.1ml absolute ethanol+1ml absolute ethanol was used as blank, while solu-tion of 0.9 ml tris-HCL+0.1 ml absolute ethanol+1mlDPPH was used as a control.A freshly prepared DPPH solution exhibits a deep

purple colour with a maximum absorbance at 517 nm.The purple colour disappears when an antioxidant ispresent in the medium. Thus, the change in the ab-sorbance of the reduced DPPH was used to evalu-ate the ability of test compound to act as free radi-cal scavenger. Furthermore, the "Inhibitory concentra-tion" or IC50 value (the concentration of antioxidantthat causes 50% loss of the DPPH activity) was alsoused to assess the antioxidant activity of the plantextract compared to the standard drug. The higherthe antioxidant activity, the lower is the value of IC50(Molyneux, 2004).


Data analysis• TLC chromatogram will be analyzed for sec-ondary metabolite using UV light at 254 and 366wave length.

• Anti-oxidant activity of the different fractionswith different concentrations will be recorded asIC50 which will be calculated using Microsoft Of-fice Excel 2007.

ResultsYield percent of Guiera senegalensis leavesFrom the 100 g powdered Guiera senegalensis leaves,23.76% methanolic extract was obtained, the methano-lic extract was fractionated into four fractions, whichgives, n-butanol 8.2%, ethyl acetate 6.9%, Petroleumether 1.77% and Chloroform 1.09%.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of Guierasenegalensis leavesTLC profiles of the different fractions of the methano-lic extract of Guiera senegalensis leaves are presentedin Figures (2-5). (Wagner et al., 1984) is used as a ref-erence in color detection of the different phytochemicalcompounds.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of petroleum etherfractionTypical blue to purple colors were developed uponspraying with vanillin H2SO4 (heat 110◦C), by sixcompounds (Rf: 0.32, 0.37, 0.45, 0.52, 0.62, 0.95) (Fig2 2) Vanillin H2SO4 is a universal reagent that detectscomponents of essential oils, terpenoids, phenols.The presence of flavonoids was confirmed by their

colour change from quenching fluorescence (366 nm)to yellow or orange colour( Rf: 0.45, 0.52, 0.57) andprominent green to blue colour in case of flavonoidalacids or other phenolic acids ( Rf: 0.33, 0.40, 0.62,0.47) at UV 366 nm after spraying with natural prod-uct reagent (NPR) (Fig 2). Fluorescence behaviour offlavonoids in response to (NPR) is structure depen-dent.Only one alkaloidal compound (Rf: 0.72) was de-

tected upon the spraying with Dragendorff reagent(Fig 2). Dragendorff is a reagent which is use to detectalkaloids and it develop brown or orange visual daylight zones immediately upon spraying.Upon spraying with KOH the fluorescence of coumarines

became more prominent, giving us green to blue fluo-rescence, this reaction was observed in only one com-pound ( Rf 0.70), (Fig 2) .

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of chloroform fractionTerpenoids were detected after spraying of vanillinH2SO4 and heating at 110◦C. Seven compounds (Fig

3) were detected in the chloroform fraction with (Rf:0.32, 0.39, 0.54, 0.60, 0.65, 0.68, 0.82).Coumarins were detected by spraying of KOH de-

veloping green to blue fluorescence colors, this reactionwas observed twice in the chloroform fraction (Rf: 0.47,0.61), (Fig 3). Phenolic acid were also noted reactingblue and green to NPR (Rf: 0.47, 0.61) in this fraction,(Fig 3).Three compounds (Rf: 0.48, 0.71, 0.84) reacted with

Dragendorff reagent produces orange or brawn colorwhich suggesting alkaloidal compounds, (Fig 3).

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of ethyl acetatefractionTLC of the ethyl acetate fraction revealed the pres-ence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The presenceof flavonoids was confirmed by their colour changefrom quenching fluorescence (366 nm) to yellow ororange colour (Rf: 0.05, 0.097, 0.39, 050, 0.55) andprominent blue or green colour in case of flavonoidalacids or other phenolic acids (Rf: 0.16, 0.49, 0.64) afterspraying with natural product reagent (NPR). Eightcompounds with ( Rf: 0.05, 0.097, 0.16, 0.33, 0.39,0.49, 0.64, 0.77) reacted positively with vanillin H2SO4(heat 110◦C) producing blue to purple color, which ac-cording to (Wagner, et al., 1996) they are might beterpenoids, (Fig 4).Alkaloids were detected in the ethyl acetate fraction

of the methanolic extracts of the leaves after spray-ing with Dragendorff which developed brown or orangevisual day light zones immediately upon spraying re-ported in (Rf: 0.037, 0.087, 0.43, 0.68) (Fig 4).Upon spraying with KOH the fluorescence of coumarins

became more prominent, giving us green to blue flu-orescence. Only one spot was detected in the ethylacetate fraction with (Rf: 0.50), (Fig 4).

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of n-butanol fractionTypical pink to purple colors were developed afterspraying with vanillin H2SO4 and heating the plate at110oC indicating the presence of terpenoids. Only onecompound with (Rf: 0.05) was observed in n-butanolfraction of G. senegalensis leaves, (Fig 5).Flavonoids were detected by spraying of natural

product reagetnt NPR on the chromatogram, devel-oping yellow or orange color (Rf: 0.06, 0.09) and blueor green colors in case of phenolic acids (Rf: 0.19, 0.47,0.63), (Fig 5).Upon spraying with KOH the fluorescence of coumarines

became more prominent, giving us green to blue fluo-rescence, this reaction was observed in n-butanol frac-tion by two compounds (Rf: 0.06, 0.19), (Fig 5).


Figure 2: Petroleum ether fraction NP-TLC chro-matograms of G.senegalensis leave using different di-agnostic reagents and petroleum ether: acetone 7:3 sol-vent system.

Figure 3: Chloroform fraction NP-TLC chro-matograms of G. senegalensis leaves using differentdiagnostic reagents and Toluene: EtOAc: Formic acid5: 4: 1 solvent system

TLC of n-butanol fraction revealed two compounds(Rf: 0.05, 0.41) which reacted positively with Dragen-dorff reagent suggesting the presence of alkaloids. Al-kaloid develops brown or orange visual day light zonesimmediately on spraying, (Fig 5).

Antioxidant activity of Guiera senegalensis leavesfractions

The results of in vitro investigation of the antioxi-dant activities of G. senegalensis leaves extracts using


Figure 4: Ethyl acetate fraction NP-TLC chro-matograms of G. senegalensis leaves using different di-agnostic reagents and Toluene: EtOAc: Formic acid 5:4: 1 solvent system.

Figure 5: n-butanol fraction NP-TLC chromatogramsof G. senegalensis leaves using different diagnosticreagents and Toluene: EtOAc: Formic acid 5: 4: 1 sol-vent system.

DPPH radical scavenging techniques are presented inTable 1 and Fig (6-10).All fractions of G. senegalensis leaves produced high

to moderate radical scavenging activity. The antiox-idant activity are been expressed as IC50 . On the

level of G. senegalensis leaves fractions the ethyl ac-etate fraction produced the lowest IC50 0.954334 fol-lowed by the Petroleum ether fraction 9.048009, n-butanol fraction 10.46394, last of all was the Chlo-roform fraction 24.53962. This study compared the in


vitro antioxidant potential of different fractions of G.senegelensis leaves. The ethyl acetate fraction showedthe highest scavenging capacity followed by petroleumether, n-butanol and chloroform as evidenced fromtheir IC50 values 0.954334, 9.048009, 10.46394 and24.53962 µg/ml respectively. The results were com-pared to the control standard Gallic acid which yieldIC50 = 4.424024 µg/ml which suggest that the ethylacetate fraction of G. senegalensis leaves possess astronger antioxidant activity than Gallic acid.The results found justify this strong antioxidant ac-

tivity of the ethyl acetate fraction, that the accumula-tion of polyphenols in this fraction could be the mainreason behind this activity, this come in consistentwith (Mariod et al., 2006) who stated that G. sene-galensis leaves shows a very remarkable antioxidantactivity, only 0.08 mg were used to reach 50% reduc-tion in DPPH, he related his finding to the total phe-nolic content of the root and leaves 275.6±0.1 mg/gand 240.1±0.05 mg/g respectively.The literature reveled that Flavonoids are important

antioxidant as reported by (Rice-Evans 2001). The ma-jor structural characteristics which contribute to theirreducing properties are in the B-ring, an unsaturated2, 3double bond and a 3-hydroxyl group in ring C.flavonoids, including rhamnetin, showed significant an-tioxidant and radical scavenging activities in vitro, ac-cording to (Bucar et al., 1989) rhamnetin from Guierasenegalensis strongly inhibited peroxidation of phos-pholipids liposomes.

DiscussionChemical Composition of Guiera senegalensis leavesfractionsThe TLC profiling of different fractions of G. sene-galensis leaves revealed the presence of different phy-tochemicals, including; Flavonoids, Phenolic acid,Coumarins, Terpenoids and Alkaloids. These findingsare in consistency with who reported the presence ofAlkaloids, Flavonoids, Coumarins and terpenoids in amethanolic extraction of G. senegalensis leaves.Quercetin, rutin, myricitrin, catechin, (Ficarra et al.,

1997; Maleš et al., 1998) quercitrin, kaempferol, rham-netin and apigenin (Charles et al., 2005) are flavonoidsthat were reported in leaves of G. senegalensis. While(Bouchet et al., 1996) reported the presence of Gallicacid and its derivatives in the galls of G. senegalensis.All these studies are in agreement with our findingsthat Flavonoids and Phenolic acids were detected inG. senegalensis leaves fractions, and mainly they areaccumulated in the ethyl acetate fraction, followed bythe petroleum ether fraction, n-butanol fraction andlastly the chloroform fraction.

Regarding coumarins the ethyl acetate also wasfound to be the richest fraction, while the rest offractions were contain equal amounts of coumarins.(Williams et al., 2009) reported the presence ofcoumarins in the Leaves of G. senegalensis. In con-trast the coumarins were not detected by (Charles etal., 2005).Terpenoids also were accumulated in the Ethyl ac-

etate fraction, followed by the Chloroform fraction,Petroleum ether and n-butanol. Similarly the presenceof tepenoides in G. senegalensis leaves extract was alsoreported by (Tijjani et al., 2012).Alkaloids were mainly accumulated in the ethyl ac-

etate fraction, then the Chloroform fraction followedby n-butanol and lastly the Petroleum ether fraction.Hyoscyamine and solanine, are alkaloidal compoundsthat were found in G. senegalensis leaves by (Somboroet al., 2011). According to (Koumaré et al., 1968; Silvaand Gomes, 2003) the roots of G. senegalensis con-tain tetrahydroharman (eleagnine) which consider asthe main alkaloid in the roots, and harman and har-malan (dihydroharman) as minor compounds in theroot. Where, the leaves contain the alkaloids tetrahy-droharman and Harman.From these finding we observed that the ethyl ac-

etate is the richest fraction that contain the highestamount of Polyphenols, Terpenoids and Alkaloids. Wealso observed that the total polyphenols are the domi-nant phytochemicals in this plant leaves, this was alsoreported by (Charles et al., 2005) who found thatthe total Phenolic compounds in acetone extract ofG. senegalensis leaves made up half of the contents(50.6±0.7 g /100 g extract) while the total flavonoidcontent was 1.61±0.01 g /100 g extract. The total phe-nolic content in the aqueous decoction was 34.6±0.04 g/100 g extract and the flavonoid content was 0.79±0.00g /100 g extract.

Conclusion and Recommendations• The current study showed that G. senegalensisleaves extract fractions contain Polyphenols, Ter-pinoids and Alkaloids.

• The total phenolic content represents the high-est amount of all phytochemicals followed by Ter-penoids and Alkaloids.

• The polyphenols that were detected are Flavonoids,Phenolic acids and coumarins.

• The ethyl acetate Fraction was the richest frac-tion with polyphenols in contrast to the petroleumether, n-butanol and Chloroform fractions.

• This study also revealed the antioxidant potentialof G.senegalensis leaves, all fractions gave positiveresults and scavenge the free radical DPPH, WhileEthyl acetate fraction present the most reactivefraction due to its high polyphenolic content.


Table 1: DPPH radical scavenging activity of G.senegalensis leaves fractions

Concentration µg/ml % reduction in DPPH

Ethyl acetate Petroleum ether n-butanol Chloroform

100 85 86.38 87.2 78.88

50 81.66 84.4 85.8 73.88

25 80.2 83.88 85.8 43.88

12.5 77.7 70.8 63.05 38.6

6.25 75.8 37.06 33.3 -

3.125 68.05 - - -

1.5625 48.88 - - -

IC50 0.954334 9.048009 10.46394 24.53962

Figure 6: DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethylacetate fraction of G. senegalensis leaves

• The high antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetatefraction makes G. senegalensis leaves a significantsource of natural antioxidants.

• Employ other techniques for purification and iden-tification of compounds such as HPLC.

• Verification of the antioxidant activity of each pu-rified compound from G. senegalensis.

• Study the antioxidant activity of different partsof G. senegalensis mainely roots and bark.

• Proof the potentiality of G. senegalensis to workas antidiabetic, antihypertensive and antimicro-bial.


Figure 7: DPPH radical scavenging activity ofPetroleum ether fraction of G. senegalensis leaves.

Figure 8: DPPH radical scavenging activity of n-butanol fraction of G. senegalensis leaves


Figure 9: DPPH radical scavenging activity of Chloro-form fraction of G. senegalensis leaves.

Figure 10: Concentration of inhibition (IC50) of all thefour fractions of G. senegalensis leaves compared to thecontrol stander Gallic acid.


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How to cite this article:Osman M. A. M., Nassir E. H. A., Fagir A. A, Ali A. O., Hamza A. A., Chemical Compositionand Polyphenolic Antioxidant Properties of active fractions of Guiera Senegalensis (J.F.Gmel)Leaves, Journal of Nature and Natural Sciences, 3:1, 1-10, 2019.

Journal of Nature and Natural SciencesISSN: 2456-9488Received: Jul 2018, Accepted: Dec 2018Published Online: Mar 2019DOI Prefix: 10.26859Published by: Barkat Ali Firaq Trust for Education and Research (BAFTER) (Regd.)

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OriginalArticle OpenAccess Chemical Composition …jnnsci.com/drupal8/sites/default/files/2019-03/osman_mar...OriginalArticle OpenAccess Chemical Composition and Polyphenolic Antioxidant