36
Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González

Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: [email protected] Federal

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    3

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

Organized by

Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González

Page 2: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

Internet: www.exceed.tu-braunschweig.de

E-mail: [email protected]

Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar)

Prof. Ernesto A. Urquieta-González

Department of Chemical Engineering

C. Postal 676 – CEP: 13565-905

São Carlos – SP - Brazil

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel.: +55(16)3351-8264

Technical University of Braunschweig

Prof. Dr. Andreas Haarstrick

Scientific Coordinator

Excellence Center for Development Cooperation

Sustainable Water Management

Beethovenstraβe 51a

D-38206 Braunschweig

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel.: +49 531 391-3935

Page 3: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

Table of Contents

Water repellency and changes in soil physical properties induced by long-term irrigation with

treated and untreated sewage effluents in Ado Ekiti, southwest Nigeria

AWE, Gabriel Oladele ................................................................................................................ 1

Inventory and statement of wastewater treatment in Burkina Faso in 2012, collect system,

treatment method, repartition within the country, actors and programme

COMPAORE, Wendkuuni Florentin .......................................................................................... 2

Waste Water Treatment and sanitation situation in Kathmandu, Nepal

KHATIWADA, Medha and SHRESTHA, Sailesh .................................................................... 3

Application of 2-methoxy-phenyl-calax[4]resorcinarene triphenylphosphonium chloride

immobilized on alginate to remove hexavalent chromium

MARDJAN, Muhammad Idham Darussalam, JUMINA, PURWONO, Bambang,

SISWANTA, DWI, MIHARA, Yoshihiro, TANAKA, Shunitz and YAMIN, Bohari

Mohammad ................................................................................................................................. 4

Corporate social responsability, water consumption and management issue: responsiveness of

hoteliers in Aqaba special economic zone, Jordan

AL MAHASNEH, Mohammad Fadel Salman ........................................................................... 5

Evaluation of the use of wastewater for sorghum forage production under greenhouse

conditions

ALULAYYAN Bani Ata, Ahmad .............................................................................................. 6

Environmental Engineer

AYYASH, Rula .......................................................................................................................... 7

Indicators as a tool for sludge management in WTP: subwatershed Piracicaba in Brazil

ACHON, Cali Laguna ................................................................................................................ 8

Chemometric and quantitative analysis by 1H NMR and non-targeted analysis by HPLC-UV-

SPE-NMR of organic compounds in urban wastewater

ALVES FILHO, Elenilson de Godoy ......................................................................................... 9

A liquid chromatography ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of proton

pump inhibitors in estuarine and wastewaters

BARREIRO, Juliana Cristina, VANZOLINI, Kênia Lourenço, MADUREIRA, Tânia Vieira,

TIRITAN, Maria Elizabeth, CASS, Quezia Bezerra ................................................................ 10

Industrial wastewater treatment linked to biofuel production

BRAGA, Gabriel Bastos .......................................................................................................... 11

Evaluation of removal efficiency of emerging contaminants by the wastewater treatment plant

of São Carlos

CAMPANHA, Mariele Barboni, FADINI, Pedro Sérgio, MOZETO, Antonio Aparecido ..... 12

Page 4: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

Phosphorous retention efficiency in constructed wetlands with Typha sp. and its relation with

vegetal transpiration

CAMPOS, Julyenne Meneghetti, TEIXEIRA FILHO, José .................................................... 13

Experimental studies and mathematic modeling of anaerobic bioreactors (UASB and EGSB)

with zeolite addition

CORREIA, Gleyce Teixeira ..................................................................................................... 14

Process integration as a way of recovering by-products and decreasing the amounts of

generated effluents

CRESTANI, Carlos Eduardo .................................................................................................... 15

Microfauna characterization of an anaerobic-aerobic combined system treating wastewater

from a hospital area and its relation to physical, chemical parameters and ecotoxicological

essays

DA SILVA, Guilherme Augusto .............................................................................................. 16

Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation of fruit

DE SOUZA FILHO, Edécio José ............................................................................................. 17

Alternative treatment technology for rural communities: nonwoven synthetic fabrics in slow

filtration

DOS SANTOS, Flavia Ferreira de Souza ................................................................................ 18

Environmental management in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) through ISO 14001: the

case of WTP of São Carlos City, São Paulo State

FAJARDO, Poliana Arruda ...................................................................................................... 19

Biological nutrient removal process preceded by UASB reactors at Gama WWTP

FELIZATTO, Mauro Roberto .................................................................................................. 20

San Juan province – laws of effluent inconsistency pf official data published

MARATTA, Ariel, VILLAFAÑE, Gastón, AUGUSTO, Miriam, DELIA, Pappano.............. 20

Thick TiO2 films for photocatalysis

MORALES MEJÍA, Julio César, ALMANZA, M. S. Rafael .................................................. 22

Heavy metals removal with adsorbents obtained from regional industry waste

NAVAS, Cintia, SARDELLA Fabiana, DEIANA, Cristina, GUIMÉNEZ, Marianela, SILVA,

Hugo, GARNADOS, Dolly, RUIZ, Virginia ........................................................................... 23

Quality of an urban stream used for drinking water supply

NIÑO, Leidy R., FADINI, Pedro S., MOZETO, Antonio A. .................................................. 24

Electroflotation on water and wastewater treatment

LÓPEZ OLIVARES, Leslie ..................................................................................................... 25

Development of strategies for phosphorus sources quantification and impacts minimization in

a reservoir eutrophicated by raw sewage discharges

Page 5: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

PANTANO, Glaucia, MOZETO, Antonio Aparecido, FADINI, Pedro Sergio ....................... 26

Microbiological pretreatment of tequila vinasses applied to a pilot scale anaerobic fixed bed

reactor

GUERRA RENTERIA, Aracely Suggey ................................................................................. 27

Cu, Fe and Co oxides supported during the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2 -A proposal to be used in

the catalytic degradation of organic water contaminants

SIERRA-PEREIRA, Cristiane Alves, URQUIETA-GONZÁLEZ, Ernesto A. ....................... 28

Microbial dynamics during temperature phased anaerobic digestion to produce Class A

biosolids

DE LOS COBOS VASCONCELOS, Daniel ........................................................................... 29

Overview of the antibiotic degradation in the waste water treatment

VÉLEZ, Ana María .................................................................................................................. 30

Simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen from pet food wastewater in an

intermittently aerated fixed-bed reactor

WOSIACK, P. A1., BARANA, A. C., LOPES, D. D., DAMIANOVIC, M. H. R. Z. ............. 31

Page 6: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

1

AWE, Gabriel Oladele

[email protected]

Water repellency and changes in soil physical properties induced by long-term

irrigation with treated and untreated sewage effluents in Ado Ekiti, southwest Nigeria

Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti

State University, PMB 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

Irrigation with treated and untreated wastewater effluents can mitigate the utilization of

depleting natural water resources. However, applying effluents to arable lands also involves

certain environmental problems and long-term sustainability issues. Effluents with varied

contents of electrolytes, dissolved organic matter, suspended solids and others can adversely

affect soil physical and hydraulic properties such as decreased hydraulic conductivity and

infiltration rates, reduced root growth and yield by water repellency phenomenon.

Bioavailability and accumulation of toxic elements in plant tissues are also health concern. In

Ado Ekiti, southwest Nigeria, small- medium- and large-scale irrigation projects use both

treated and untreated wastewater effluents without recourse to the environment. The study

commenced in late 2010 on long-term effluent-irrigated vegetable gardens in Ado Ekiti,

southwestern Nigeria to examine: (i) temporal and spatial changes in soil physical, chemical

and biological properties in wastewater irrigated fields (ii) degree of occurrence of soil water

repellency, (iii) the distribution of water in the profiles of repellency-affected soils, (iv) the

recurrence of repellency in the upper soil surface layer following the rainy season, (v)

bioavailability and accumulation of toxic elements by crops at harvest using vegetable crops

such as okra, amaranth, tomatoes, corn, celosia, lettuce and cabbage. Sampling will take place

during two seasons: the irrigation season, December to March and rainy season, April to

November. Small core samplers of known volume will be used to collect undisturbed soil

samples from the surface soil, 0-5 cm depth in predetermined transects for the determination

of soil water repellency while profiles, up to 50 cm, will be used to evaluate water repellency

influence on other soil physical properties. Water repellency will be quantified using the

water drop penetration time (WDPT) test. Disturbed samples will be collected for analysis of

SAR, electrical conductivity, and organic matter content using standard techniques. Water

samples from surface streams and rivers, wells and boreholes as well as treated and untreated

sewage effluents will be collected and analyzed for physico-chemical and biological

parameters. Roots, stems, fruits and leaves from each crop will be sampled and analyzed for

bioavailability and accumulation of toxic metals using standard techniques. All values

obtained will be compared with set limits based on international standards. It is expected that

the study will generate a data base for policy and decision making on wastewater generation,

treatment, use and reuse for sustainable wastewater irrigation management and environmental

protection.

Page 7: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

2

COMPAORE, Wendkuuni Florentin

[email protected]

Inventory and statement of wastewater treatment in Burkina Faso in 2012, collect

system, treatment method, repartition within the country, actors and programme

National Public Health Laboratory09 BOX 0924 Ouagadougou

Laboratoire de Biochimie Alimentaire, Enzymologie, Biotechnologie Industrielle Bio-

informatique - Unité de Formation et Recherche en /Science de la Vie et de la Terre

Université de Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso

Developing country have set an agenda for an economical and social development that will

bring them to emerging countries by 2015 for some and beyond for others. This fast growing

is follow by a fast rising of waste generation. Burkina Faso, a sub-Saharan developing country

faces nowadays crucial lack of infrastructure of sanitation within it territory and especially in

big cities like Ouagadougou the capital city and Bobo Dioulasso the economical city. This

lack leads to damage of the environment of living, jeopardizes health, work and threats a

balanced sustainable economical development of the country. Aware of that, a study have

been undertaken to draw up an inventory and statement of the wastewater management

system in the country in objectives to highlight the shortfall and draw up a planning for the

future. The method used has consisted of inventories, interviews, and on site visits. The study

reveals that management system exists only in three big cities. Ouagadougou, the capital with

154 km of gutter, 25 km of open and 30 km of collectors. The second city Bobo Dioulasso has

183 km of gutter, 28.3 km of collector. The third city Ouahigouya has 15 km of gutter and 2.8

km of collectors. The country has a capacity of wastewater treatment of 11 248 m3 per day

located in the two main cities. The technique use for the treatment consist of two to three

stages stabilization ponds using micro and macro-organisms. The study revealed manual

sewage operation without any protection mainly in suburbs. Mechanical sewage operations

have been noticed officially since 2007. The sewage sludge treatment capacity of

Ouagadougou is 125 m3 and is planned to be extended to 250 m

3 by 2020. However, sludge is

poured in the environment without any control and any treatment threaten the health of

population living in the nearby. In addition, many programmes have been put in place to fill

the gap in wastewater management. Huge investment need to be done in wastewater

management in Burkina Faso starting by construction of a suitable and reliable collectors

system and building of adapted capacity plants within the country with emphasis on big cities.

Approved method and high qualified personal exist in the country capable to take up the

challenges. Universities, public institutes and high school are involved in waste management

issue and adequate databases exist on the topic. Institutional, policy, planning and training

axes have already been set and need to put in practice.

Page 8: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

3

KHATIWADA, Medha and SHRESTHA, Sailesh

[email protected]

Waste Water Treatment and sanitation situation in Kathmandu, Nepal

Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Nepal (28º 00’N; 84º 38’E) is a small landlocked country with a total area of 147,181 km2and

varies between an altitude of 60 and 8,850 m. Nepalis bestowed with water resources where

approximately6,000 rivers and rivulets flow with a total drainage area of 194,471 km2 .When

it comes to basic sanitation, Nepal lags behind all the other nations of South Asia as well as

most other developing countries and only 43% of the population has accessed to improved

sanitation. In urban areas like Kathmandu Valley the lack of basic sanitation has been

devastating to the quality of local streams and rivers, namely the Bagmati and Bishnumati

Rivers. Methods of sanitation lacking in much of Kathmandu include adequate wastewater

collection and treatment, toilet facilities and solid waste collection and disposal. The capital

city of Kathmandu is estimated to produce150 tons of waste daily and almost half of this is

dumped into rivers and 80 percent of the wastewater is generated by households. In addition,

due to the increasing population and establishments, surface water sources alone has become

inadequate to service everyone. Agricultural runoff and industrial discharge without

pretreatment contribute to the detrimental effects on water quality, not to mention public and

environmental health. Surface water pollution is one of the serious environmental problems in

urban centers in Nepal due to the discharge of untreated wastewater into the river-system

turning them into open sewers. Wastewater treatment plants are almost non-existing in the

country except for a few in the Kathmandu Valley and even these are not functioning well. As

a result, wastewater treatment is often abandoned — only 5 percent of sewage is treated in

Nepal and the situation is equally dismal throughout South Asia. Kathmandu Valley currently

has five municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP): an activated sludge plant at

Guheshwori, non-aerated lagoons at Kodku and Dhobighat, and aerated lagoons at Sallaghari

and Hanumanghat. But there is currently only one fully operational central wastewater

treatment plant in Kathmandu at Guheshwori. Due to lack of strong legislation and guidelines

to control untreated wastewaters and industrial effluents, surface and groundwater sources

have been deteriorated seriously in Kathmandu Valley. It was estimated that

approximately176 m3/d of wastewater is generated from Kathmandu (with population

approximately 2.2 million), however, the treatment efficiency of the existing treatment plants

are just 37 m3/d. Lack of financial capability, poor operation and maintenance, and lack of

expertise are some of the important reasons for the failure of centralized wastewater treatment

plants in Kathmandu Valley.

Page 9: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

4

MARDJAN, Muhammad Idham Darussalam1*

, JUMINA2, PURWONO,

Bambang2, SISWANTA, DWI

2, MIHARA, Yoshihiro

3, TANAKA, Shunitz

3

and YAMIN, Bohari Mohammad4

[email protected]

Application of 2-methoxy-phenyl-calax[4]resorcinarene triphenylphosphonium chloride

immobilized on alginate to remove hexavalent chromium 1Graduate School of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas

Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah

Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 3Graduate School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.

4School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), is extensively employed in the industrial processes. The use of

Cr(VI) in huge amount, consequently leads the increase of the waste produced. Method which

can be employed to remove Cr(VI) is adsorption. Adsorption offers significant advantages,

like low cost, availability, profitability, ease of operation, effectiveness and efficiency,

especially from economical and environmental points of view. Class of adsorbent which has

been developed and gained more attention is calixarene. Nevertheless, in industrial

application, the use of sorbent in the powdered form has some disadvantages such as

difficulty in separation of sorbent from the reaction system and mass loss after regeneration

due to the small particle size, which makes it difficult to use in batch and continuous system.

One effort to solve these problems is by immobilizing the sorbent onto the matrix of alginate.

In fact, immobilization can save the cost of separating the sorbent from the treated solution

which can represent up to 60% of the total cost. For practical application, the immobilized

adsorbent could be easily collected in the case of pollution by accident. Study of adsorption of

Cr(VI) on positively-charged 2-methoxyphenyl-calix[4]resorcinarene triphenylphosphonium

chloride immobilized on alginate matrix has been conducted. The performances of free (C)

and immobilized calix[4]resorcinarene (CA 1%) as well as alginate (A) were studied by

evaluating adsorption parameters including pH, kinetic and equilibrium parameters.

Adsorption of hexavalent chromium on C, A and CA 1% was optimum at pH 3 and reached

the equilibrium time at 8, 2 and 8 hours, respectively. Furthermore, the pseudo second-order

kinetic model of Ho could satisfactorily describe the adsorption process, where the

intraparticle and liquid film diffusions might govern the adsorption mechanism. Adsorption of

Cr(VI) on C and CA 1% had the capacities of 81.301 and 21.739 mg/g, while that on A had

capacity of 12.870 mg/g.

Page 10: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

5

AL MAHASNEH, Mohammad Fadel Salman

[email protected]; [email protected]

Corporate social responsability, water consumption and management issue:

responsiveness of hoteliers in Aqaba special economic zone, Jordan

Dept of Archaeology and Tourism – Faculty of Social Science, Mutah University – P.O. Box

7, Karak-Jordan

This study attempts to address the issue of water consumption and management from the

perspective of tourism business’ responsibility. Guided by the theories od Corporate Spcoal

Responsibility (CSR), the study looks at the responsiveness of hoteliers in Aqaba Economic

Zone. Specific objectives include: 1) to determine the current status of tourism and hospitality

industry in ASEZA, and the current state of water production and consumption in ASEZA

using secondary information; and 2)) to understand hoteliers’ responsiveness through their a)

awareness and attitudes towards water consumption and management issues related to the

hospitality industry; b) existing practice (internal drives and initiatives) in water management

and consumption and c) perspectives on external drivers for water consumption and

management using empirical data. To get the information, hoteliers of all 35 hotels of various

ratings were approached and interviewed using an open ended survey instrument. The

analysis revealed that as tourism become more and more important in Jordan, so does the

growth of hotel and apartments to cater for tourists’ accomodation. This strengthens the

assumption that there is an increasing need for more water resources and water treatment

capabilities to cater for the growth. However, analysis also revealed that published data on

water needs by tourism in Jordan does not show this because it excludes water usage by other

tourism attributes such as toilets in places of attractions, restaurants and rest houses. Instead,

those attributes are considered as commercial and residential consumers of water due to

technical reasons. Thus, water demand and usage of tourism appears relatively small when in

fact, t should be more significant. Nonetheless, in light of the positive tourism growth, and the

low water availability in Jordan, the countryshould be more realistic in its water usage

estimation and prepare an economic strategy to encounter the water shortage in the future, one

of which is through CSR.

Page 11: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

6

ALULAYYAN Bani Ata, Ahmad

[email protected] , [email protected]

Evaluation of the use of wastewater for sorghum forage production under greenhouse

conditions

Mercy Corps Jordan Amman - P.O. Box: 830684 Amman 11183, Jordan

The reuse of wastewater for irrigation in Jordan is increasingly being considered as a

technical solution to alleviate the pressure on tap water. This study aims to evaluate the

impact of using different types of wastewater at different levels of irrigation on the growth

parameters and chemical composition of sorghum plant. It also aims to evaluate the impact of

these two treatments on the chemical characteristics of irrigated soil. A pot experiment was

conducted in the green houses of JUST in 2008 using the following types of water: untreated

wastewater (WW), treated wastewater (TWW), industrial wastewater (IWW), olive mill

wastewater (OWW) and tap water. These waters were applied to soil at the following rates:

deficit irrigation )75% FC ( , intermediate irrigation (100% FC) and over irrigation (125%

FC). Macronutrients (NPK), micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd)

distribution within the soil profile, yield components and nutrients content of sorghum plants

were measured. The results showed that wastewater type and the irrigation level affected

significantly the plant's measured yield components in the first, second and total of both cuts

(leaf length, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight and plant height. Chemical

analysis of sorghum tissues showed that the concentration of nutrients showed variable

response to wastewater type and level of irrigation. The pH of the soil decreased by

wastewater type but not by the level of irrigation. While the EC of the soil increased

significantly in response for wastewater type as well as for the level of irrigation. The soil

chemical analyses showed that the distribution of macronutrients (NPK) was not affected by

wastewater type or level of irrigation, except the K content which affected by the level of

irrigation. Among the micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) only Fe and Mn content increased

significantly responding to the irrigation level. While the content of Cu and Mn responded

significantly to the wastewater type. Regarding the heavy metals (Pb and Cd), results showed

that Pb has not affected by wastewater type or by level of irrigation, while the Cd content was

affected significantly by wastewater type.

Page 12: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

7

AYYASH, Rula

[email protected]

Environmental Engineer

Royal Scientific Society, Al-Jubeiha, Amman, Jordan

In common with most countries in the Middle East, Jordan is experiencing a severe water

shortage, it is considered to be one of the ten poorest countries worldwide in water resources.

Factors prompting such a decrease include, aside from the most prominent one of steep

population growth, sudden influx of refugees due to political instability in the region.

Competition between demands on limited fresh water quantities is ever increasing and the

available renewable water resources are dropping drastically. In order to carefully plan for the

future, Jordan has adopted a National Water Strategy. The strategy is a comprehensive set of

guidelines employing a dual approach of demand management and supply management. It

places particular emphasis on the need for improved resource management, stressing the

sustainability of present and future uses. Government policy objectives currently include

developing and optimizing the use of available natural and agricultural resources, hence

increasing farmers' income. The total number of treatment plants is Twenty Seven, treating

about 324,000 cubic meters per day, or about 98 percent of the collected wastewater. The

Royal Scientific Society, through its Environmental Research Center, undertakes applied

research including water quality assessments (drinking water, ground water, surface

water…etc) and wastewater management (domestic, industrial and grey water). We are

currently working on many projects related to water quality monitoring, wastewater

management and bio-solids applications in agricultural fields. One of the projects that I’m

working on now is water quality monitoring and wastewater characterization for Queen Alia

International Airport; the project aims at assessing the quality of water supplied to all airport

facilities, monitoring of the characteristics of wastewater generated from the Wastewater

Treatment Plant located inside the airport zone in addition to measuring the efficiency of the

treatment plant, determination of the characteristics of industrial wastewater generated from

different departments; water generated after maintenance and cleansing of aircrafts, water

assembled from airport staff buildings (these buildings contains kitchens, laundries…etc).

Finally the project also focuses on the bio-solid generated after treatment of wastewater and

whether it can be used for agricultural aids or not.Besides that we’re about to start now a

project that is focused on studying the treatment technologies adopted by selected domestic

wastewater treatment that will help in providing better options f treatment technologies that

would enhance the characteristics of wastewater and bio-solids generated. All of our projects

include field work (collection of samples), complete analysis (at our Environmental

Laboratories) and paper work (development of the final report).

Page 13: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

8

ACHON, Cali Laguna

[email protected]

Indicators as a tool for sludge management in WTP: subwatershed Piracicaba in Brazil

Civil Engineer. PhD in Hydraulic and Sanitation Engineering EESC/USP. Post-Doctoral

Student at Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). Rua das Pitangas, 177 – Residencial

Ipê. Bairro Mariluz III. São Pedro-SP, CEP:13520-000, Brazil.

Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) are crucial for maintaining the health of the population,

and also the aspects of economic, environmental and social sustainability. However, the

population growth and the increasing use of water for the industrial and agricultural sectors,

as well as for water supply, causes negative changes in the characteristics of the available

water sources due to the deforestation in their surroundings, inadequate disposal of liquid and

solid residues, pesticides in soil, among other procedures. The main function of the WTPs is

to remove unwanted particles that may be present in wastewater, producing waste such as

sewage sludge. This research aims to analyze the management of waste generated in WTPs in

the region encompassing the Piracicaba Subwatershed, located in the State of Sao Paulo,

Brazil. Develop and apply indicators, as recommended by ISO 24511:2007, to evaluate and

does support for future programs of sludge management. Thus, was developed 17 general

indicators and 15 individual indicators to evaluate the management of sludge in WTPs in this

Subwatershed. The Piracicaba Subwatershed has 3,700 square kilometers and encompasses 15

citys, of which 4 have no ETE. Currently there are 32 WTPs in operation, of which 40% are

ponds, 28% are activated sludge, 16% are UASB and 16% are biological filter. Preliminary

results from the application of indicators showed that 8% of WTPs assessing the amount of

sludge generated and 58% assess the quality, just to check the possibility of final disposal in

landfill (NBR 10.004:2004). It was found that the sludge is not recycled or reused, in 56% of

WTPs the sludge disposal on landfill after dewatering in the mechanical system (centrifugal),

25% of WTPs are never removed the sludge and 19% did not respond. It is noteworthy that,

34% of WTPs have dewatering systems; and 22% of WTPs forward the sludge for dewatering

at another plant. It concludes that the vast majority of WTPs does not assess the amount of

sludge generated and more than half does some evaluation of quality, making difficult to

managing this residue. The dewatering is carried out in mechanical systems and the final

destination is always the same, the landfill.

Page 14: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

9

ALVES FILHO, Elenilson de Godoy

[email protected]

Chemometric and quantitative analysis by 1H NMR and non-targeted analysis by

HPLC-UV-SPE-NMR of organic compounds in urban wastewater

Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos (SP), Brazil

Water after uses in production processes and population supply may return inappropriately

carrying harmful substances to the environment. Thereby, it is essential to monitor the levels

of residual organic contaminants in the Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) and natural water.

The aim of this work is to employ chemometric (PCA) and quantitative analysis combined

with 1H NMR of domestic sewage (treated and untreated) in order to identify chemical

compounds variation and factors that affect the wastewater composition according to

discharge. In PCA analysis there was separation between the untreated and treated sewage

samples as expected. The untreated wastewater showed seasonal influence and lower

concentrations of organic compounds were found in winter period (probable due to the less

microbial activity) and a stormwater influence. Thus, examination of PC1, PC2, PC5 and PC6

suggested that separations occurred due to spectral position at δ 2.73 (dimethylamine), δ 3.28

(trimethylamine oxide), δ 1.94 (acetate) δ 2.18-2.22 (propionate) and δ 3.82-3.90 and 5.42

(sucrose) and anomalous discharge with high pollution load from δ 5.08 (urea). Composition

of treated wastewater presented mainly variation from dimethylamine concentration and two

samples grouping in untreated wastewater, showing inefficiency of treatment in these days. In

addition, HPLC-UV-SPE-NMR analyses of non-targeted compounds performed on treated

wastewater provided complementary and correlated information about the chemical

transformations of organic matter upon anaerobic biological treatment. The analysis resulted

in the identification of contaminants originating from the cleaning products (four homologues

of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates) and residues from industrial production (phthalate).

Therefore, these studies showed that NMR spectroscopy can be used as a guiding factor for

determining treatment parameters to safe disposal and predictor of industrial discharge.

Page 15: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

10

BARREIRO, Juliana Cristina1, VANZOLINI, Kênia Lourenço

1,

MADUREIRA, Tânia Vieira2, TIRITAN, Maria Elizabeth

3,4, CASS, Quezia

Bezerra1

[email protected]

A liquid chromatography ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of

proton pump inhibitors in estuarine and wastewaters

1Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil;

2Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Porto University, Portugal;

3Health Sciences Research Center of the Superior Institute Health Sciences–North, Gandra,

Paredes, Portugal 4Medicinal Chemistry Centre (CEQUIMED-UP), Porto University, Portugal.

The presence and fate of pharmaceutical active compounds in aquatic environments, has

calling attention to the chiral pharmaceuticals which can undergo different biotic and abiotic

fates changing the enantiomeric ratio. One of the most common problems in extracting

organic compounds from complex matrices, such as wastewaters, is the large amount of

natural organic matter (humic substances) that can reduce extraction efficiencies and cause

signal enhancement, or suppression, affecting the precision and accuracy of the method. This

work reports a method for quantification of the proton pump inhibitors (PPI’s) - omeprazole

(OME), pantoprazole (PAN) and lanzoprazole (LAN) by direct injection of a 1000μL of

natural wastewater using achiral-chiral column-switching coupled to ion trap mass

spectrometer. These compounds are widely used in a racemic mixture form to inhibit gastric

acid secretion. In the aquatic environment the PPI’s can be transported and distributed

undergo biotic and abiotic processes altering its enantiomeric ratio. The chromatography

system was configured having a restrict access media - bovine serum albumin column (RAM-

BSA C8) in the first dimension, for the size-exclusion of high-molar-mass matrix components

and the simultaneous enrichment of the enantiomers, coupled to an analytical chiral tris-3,5-

dimethylphenylcarbamate of amylose column (for OME) or tris-3,5-

dimethoxiphenylcarbamate of amylase (for PAN and LAN) in the second dimension. Both

columns were prepared on the laboratory. The PPI’s enantiomers were analyzed in positive

ion mode (ESI+), while selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode was carried out for the

acquisition. The matrix effect was investigated in the samples by post-column infusion

experiment. No significant effect was found for the compounds signal. Thus, an effective

sample treatment was obtained improving the detectability of the enantiomers and decreasing

the matrix effects usually found in aquatic environmental analysis by MS/MS. The methods

were applied for wastewater samples collected in the urban area of São Carlos city, SP,

Brazil, and estuarine water collected at the Douro river, Porto, Portugal. Only the OME

enantiomers were detected in the sewage-treatment plant of São Carlos city at level below the

limit of quantification.

Page 16: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

11

BRAGA, Gabriel Bastos

[email protected]

Industrial wastewater treatment linked to biofuel production

Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Center of Exact Sciences and

Technology, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande-MS, 79070-900, Brazil.

Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, generates large amounts of wastewater from

different sources, of which a major part doesn’t receive the necessary treatment. Especially

tertiary treatment systems, that remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, are still

deficient, mainly because of a lack of investments and technology. In the Brazilian state of

Mato Grosso do Sul, the ethanol production is booming, with a large number of ethanol

distilleries already in operation and many more expected to start operation in the next 5 years.

These distilleries produce, apart from fuel ethanol, large amounts of CO2, and a wastewater

(vinasse), rich in organic matters, as well as in micro- and macronutrients. Nowadays this

effluent is used to irrigate the sugarcane fields, nevertheless a part is lost with rainwater

runoff and reaches surface water bodies, thus contributing to the eutrophization process. This

research proposes an alternative treatment which can also lead to the production of biofuels.

The scheme consists at first of an anaerobic treatment process (UASB reactor), with the

objective of removing organic matter and producing biogas, than a postreatment in a

photobioreactor, which uses the nutrients not removed by the anaerobic process as essential

part of the culture medium for cultivateing microalgae. These microalgae are unicellular

autotrophs and photosynthetic organisms that, in order to grow, need sunlight, CO2 and most

of all a source of nitrogen (NH4+ or NO3

-) and phosphorous (PO4

3-). Under the right

conditions they are able to accumulate lipids that by a process of extraction and

transesterification can be converted in biodiesel. The photobioreactor will use the CO2

produced by the fermentation taking place at the distilleries, collaborating in reducing current

environmental problems like global warming, apart from providing an appropriate treatment

technology and a renewable source of fuel. Future experiments will investigate, apart from

biodiesel production, the possibility to recirculate the spent cultivation medium to the

anaerobic digester treating vinasse, as the sharp increase in pH caused by the algae can help

reduce the acidification problems as experienced in vinasse digestion.

Page 17: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

12

CAMPANHA, Mariele Barboni, FADINI, Pedro Sérgio, MOZETO,

Antonio Aparecido

[email protected]

Evaluation of removal efficiency of emerging contaminants by the wastewater treatment

plant of São Carlos

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – Rod. Washington Luiz km

235, 13565-905 São Carlos - SP, Brasil

Several chemicals such as drugs of human and veterinary use, hormones and personal care

products have been classified as emerging contaminants, and some of them present action as

endocrine disruptors. These contaminants originate mainly in the sewage due to their

ingestion and subsequent excretion. However such contaminants are not sufficiently removed

from the effluent by conventional methods of treatment (Petrovic et al. 2003). As a

consequence, they reach surface waters, exposing the biota to risks little known. Additionally,

the population may be exposed to these contaminants in case of water supplying downstream

of a release of effluents. The Monjolinho river, located in the city of São Carlos, is one of the

major rivers of the sub-basin of the Jacaré-Guaçú river, which, in turn, flows into the Tietê

river. The Monjolinho river has been, for many years, impacted by the release of domestic

and industrial effluents, and studies have confirmed the presence of emerging contaminants in

this water body (Reis-Filho, 2008). In this context, the recently deployed sewage treatment

plant (WWTP) of São Carlos, whose treatment is based on conventional treatment, is a

potential source of these contaminants to the Monjolinho river. Thus, the objective of this

study is to evaluate the removal efficiency of emerging contaminants in the WWTP of São

Carlos. Weekly samplings of composite samples (24 h) of effluent and affluent will be

performed in period of two years. At the end of each month, equal aliquots of the weekly

samples will be mixed, to give a representative sample of the month. With these samples, it

will be made solid phase extraction (SPE) employing cartridges (OASIS HLB 6cc, 200 mg,

Waters Corporation, Milford, MA). The emerging contaminants determination will be

performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-

MS/MS, Waters TQD). The evaluation of emerging contaminant removal of sewage in the

WWTP of São Carlos will allow elucidating the efficiency of the treatment process employed.

Hence, it will give light to the possibility of water reuse and also enable to estimate the

contribution of the WWTP effluent to the load of emerging contaminants in the Monjolinho

river.

Page 18: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

13

CAMPOS, Julyenne Meneghetti, TEIXEIRA FILHO, José

[email protected]

Phosphorous retention efficiency in constructed wetlands with Typha sp. and its relation

with vegetal transpiration

College of Agricultural Engineering, Water and Soil department. Address: Av. Candido

Rondon, 501, Barão Geraldo - Campinas/SP. Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz CEP 13083-

875. Caixa Postal 6166.

The current project’s objective is to relate leaf transpiration, measured by a porometer, with

phosphorous retention in a constructed wetland with the aquatic macrophyte Typha sp. A pilot

system of the constructed wetland sewer treatment will be implanted in the College of

Agricultural Engineering’s experimental field – FEAGRI/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

The experiment will accomplish secondary treatment of domestic and sanitary waste, and

residual water from FEAGRI/UNICAMP facilities; the sewage will pass through pre-

treatment in a desanding tank, accomplishing primary treatment in a compartmentalized

anaerobic reactors (CARs) and then drained by gravity to a constructed wetland (CW). The

substrate that will be used in the constructed wetland is gravel #1, which will be set in a fiber

glass compartment with dimentions of 3,13 x 1,61 x 0,52m utilizing a subsurface water flux.

All of the sampling in this project will be done in hourly scale, from 6h00 to 18h00, daily, for

one month. The entrance and exit flow rates of the CW will be measure through direct

methods. The CW’s hydraulic retention time (HRT) will be calculated by dividing the total

daily sewer influent volume by the maximum stored volume in the CW. The total

phosphorous concentration analysis will have as reference the book “Standard Methods – for

examination of Water and Wastewater”, and the analysis method used will be 4500 – PE,

Ascorbic acid Official Method. Leaf transpiration measurement of Typha sp. will be

accomplished using a LCpro-SD porometer. 5 leaves will be chosen from different points in

the CW and their transpiration values will be integrated on a daily basis. Those values will

then be related to the CW’s overall bed efficiency by comparing the measured transpiration to

the calculated phosphorus removal (difference between inlet and outlet). With the

development of this research project, expected results include determination of total

phosphorus retention in the CW, evaluation of the CW’s removal efficiency, comparison of

effluent water quality with the CONAMA Resolution 430 Standards (BRAZIL, 2011), and the

determination of the relationship between Typha sp. transpiration and total phosphorus

retention in the CW.

Page 19: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

14

CORREIA, Gleyce Teixeira

[email protected]

Experimental studies and mathematic modeling of anaerobic bioreactors (UASB and

EGSB) with zeolite addition

Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) – Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP 310 -

Jardim Guanabara - São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil

Currently, the use of computational resources has become increasingly indispensable in

facilitating problem solving and process optimization. Biological processes mostly involve

convection-diffusion-reaction phenomena, as well as all virtually biochemical processes in

industry, which values the need for efficient simulation techniques. UASB (Upflow

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor consists of a bed (bottom zone), a sludge blanket (upper

part) and a phase separator. EGSB (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed) reactor emerged in order

to reduce dead zones, preferential flow and short circuits present in the UASB, through

recirculation. It is composed of an expanded bed and a separator. Zeolite is used in order to

accelerate the reactors startup and increase the efficiency of nitrogen removal. It is an

aluminosilicate hydrated alkali or alkaline earth metal, among other features, with a high

retention capacity. The main objective of this study is modeling and simulating the operation

of UASB and EGSB reactors with addition of zeolite used for degradation of synthetic swine

wastewater, besides studying the hydrodynamic behavior of the reactors, modeling the startup

and using experimental data for proposed models verification. The volume of the reactors is

3.2 L, the height of the separator is 150 mm, inner diameter and height of the tube are

respectively 80 mm and 440 mm in UASB and 50 mm and 1130 mm in EGSB. Initially,

hydrodynamic tests will be performed using different zeolite concentrations at different

hydraulic retention times (HRT). The method used will be the stimulus-response using tracer

injection blue dextran, and the reading of the data will be held in a spectrophotometer (λ =

650 nm). From concentration data over time, it will be checked which model approximates

most closely to the experimental data: dispersion of low intensity, high intensity or tanks in

series. Once the HRT and zeolite concentration that will be used in biological experiments are

chosen, the reactors will be inoculated and there will be conducted analyzes of pH,

temperature, COD (total and filtered), volume and biogas composition, alkalinity,

carbohydrates, volatile acids solids , total nitrogen, and the granules development will be

monitored by scanning microscopy. Mathematical models will be proposed for each reactor

based on mass balance of the reactors. At first, the numerical methods used to solve are the

finite difference method, in which partial differential equations are converted to a set of

ordinary differential equations by discretizing the variables, and the sequence method, which

consists in dividing reactor length in mesh (N), and it is assumed that in each mesh, the

phenomena of convection-diffusion-reaction occurs sequentially in a time interval (∆t), the

solution of each subsystem is the initial condition to the following. To solve equations and

simulations Matlab 2011 will be used.

Page 20: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

15

CRESTANI, Carlos Eduardo

[email protected]

Process integration as a way of recovering by-products and decreasing the amounts of

generated effluents

Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos – Rod. Washington

Luis, km 235, Sao Carlos – SP – Brazil, CEP: 13565-905

Every chemical industrial process is characterized by the transformation of raw-materials in

products. In general, this transformation is the key element of the profit generation of an

enterprise. The selection of a new process or even the creation of alternatives for an existent

process should satisfy technic, economic and environmental viability criteria. Studies of

process integration in an industrial plant may be an economically and environmentally viable

way of reducing the amount of produced effluent by the plant. The utilization of not used by-

products in a process as raw material of another one, may be useful for both decreasing the

amount of wastewater to be treated and creating productive processes from low cost raw

materials, those are available in the plant itself. Enzymatic production of calcium gluconate is

an example in which process integration may be employed. On this process, a sucrose

aqueous solution is inverted to glucose and fructose by either acid or enzymatic way. Glucose

produced generates, by an enzymatic way, gluconic acid which generates calcium gluconate

by adding a calcium source (CaCl2 or Ca(OH)2). Calcium gluconate is separated from the

solution and there is, as by-product of this process, a diluted fructose aqueous solution with

some impurities. This solution may be concentrated in an evaporator to be used to produce

crystalline fructose by crystallization. Fructose is a widely used commodity in countries like

United States, with some advantages over other sugars, however, it is little consumed and

produced in Brazil, being, usually, imported. Due to the excessive fructose solubility in water,

fructose crystallization process is, usually, conducted with addition of ethanol as anti-solvent,

enabling technically the process. Ethanol addition generates the necessary conditions for

effective cooling crystallization, with yields higher than 70% in crystallized weight. However,

the mother-liquor, composed by water, ethanol and the not crystallized fructose is an effluent

that must be treated. This problem may be solved by process integration, incorporating a

distillation system for recovering ethanol. This process allows the generation of high purity

ethanol, because of the effects of fructose presence in distillation. Moreover, there is a

fructose aqueous solution with a small amount of ethanol as background of the distillation

column that may be recycled to beginning of the process reusing the not crystallized fructose.

Studies show that both the integration of crystalline fructose productive system and the

integration of the mother-liquor recovery system to the calcium gluconate process are

economically viable and reduce the amount of generated waste, showing the environmental

and economic importance of process integration studies.

Page 21: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

16

DA SILVA, Guilherme Augusto

[email protected]

Microfauna characterization of an anaerobic-aerobic combined system treating

wastewater from a hospital area and its relation to physical, chemical parameters and

ecotoxicological essays

Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo/UNICAMP/DSA, Av. Albert

Einstein, 951, Campinas-SP/Brasil.

Currently, combined anaerobic-aerobic systems are used in several studies, sucha as biosolids

stabilization, treatment of effluents presenting high organic load, high concentration of

aromatic compounds, nutrient removal by adding organic carbon, sewage containing

formaldehyde, among others. From reported studies, each one them ends up using different

aerobic and anaerobic reactors to compose a combined system. Anaerobic processes are

advantageous because of low sludge production, low power consumption, low demanded area

and low implementation costs, while aerobic processes are advantageous as to complement

the reduction of organic load and the conversion of nitrogen compounds to its more oxidized

forms. By combining both processes, it is possible to achieve a satisfactory reduction of

organic load and total nitrogen of the effluent with a minor sludge generation, associated to a

robust system operation. The treatment of wastewater with sanitary characteristics, from a

hospital area, will be realized by a combined system constituted by an anaerobic filter

followed by a submerged aerated biofilter (SAB) and a clarifier; this design achieves a better

quality effluent. In this project, the main concern is related to nitrification and denitrification

of nitrogen compounds contained in the wastewater from hospital area. The main objective of

this study is to characterize and quantify the microfauna contained in the attached biomass in

the SAB and to determine its correlation to physico-chemical parameters for each step of the

system and toxicity in organisms of different trophic levels, suggesting an economic tool for

monitoring biofilters. The specific objectives are: (1) characterization and quantification of

microfauna found in the SAB in different sampling points, (2) toxicity determination of the

wastewater on organisms Vibrio fischeri (EC50), Daphnia similis (EC50) and Girardia

tigrina (LC50), and the system’s efficiency reducing toxicity, (3) Determination of relating

micro and major factors, responsible by system operation upon the occurrence of nitrification

and denitrification processes. According to the proposed objectives, expected results are: (a)

to define an economical tool for monitoring biofilters; correlating the microfauna to physico-

chemical parameters and ecotoxicological essays, (b) verify the distinction between organisms

in different collection points at SAB, (c) to reduce effluent toxicity levels by the combined

system in accordance with current Brazilian legislation.

Page 22: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

17

DE SOUZA FILHO, Edécio José

[email protected]

Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation of fruit

Federal University of Pernambuco, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências – GTG Laboratório

de Saneamento Ambiental- LSA – Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n. CEP 50740-530 Recife –

PE Brazil

The availability of water resources for human consumption adequate both in terms of quality

and quantity is becoming increasingly scarce and has been getting worse with population

growth and economic development in modern society. This situation is shared by the state of

Pernambuco and other regions in northeastern Brazil, being exacerbated by scarce rainfall,

high evapotranspiration and the large amount of temporary rivers. Thus, the importance of

treating sewage properly before its discharge into the environment is evident in order to avoid

pollution and public health related problems, as well as to improve water resource

management. One of the main uses of freshwater in Brazil (about 70%) is in agriculture. The

search for alternative sources for this activity, as the use of treated sewage, presents a way to

minimize the problem of water resource shortages, as well as a natural form of disinfection,

since deposition in the soil reduces the pollutant load of the effluent and thereby the negative

impact on the receiving body. The objective of the present study is the application of effluent

generated in sewage wastewater treatment in the semiarid Northeast (Petrolândia PE) to

irrigate fruit crops, and to evaluate the potential environmental impact and the quality of the

irrigated crops. Two areas, each of a size of two hectares, have been selected on which a

variety of crops are grown, such as mango, watermelon, papaya, corn and acerola. Each area

is divided into eight (8) compartments and benefits eight families residing in the locality. Drip

irrigation is used and tests are performed on the watermelon crops in order to study the effect

of different amounts of fertilizer and levels of irrigation. In the first experiment four different

fertilizer concentrations are applied, corresponding to 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of the

recommended levels. The second experiment evaluates the quantity of irrigation where

watermelons are grown with four different treatments L1, L2, L3 and L4, corresponding to

50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of the ideal irrigation slide height, respectively. The slide height

is calculated by measuring and taking into account evapotranspiration, precipitation, solar

incidence, wind and soil type. Currently the experiments using wastewater in the cultivation

of watermelons are in their final stage (harvest), and analyses of fruit and soil samples are

now being conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of the different treatment

schemes.

Page 23: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

18

DOS SANTOS, Flavia Ferreira de Souza

[email protected]

Alternative treatment technology for rural communities: nonwoven synthetic fabrics in

slow filtration

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering (FEAGRI) –UNICAMP – 501, Cândido Rondon Ave. –

Campinas-SP – Brazil – CEP: 13083-875

Due to the current water scarcity, it is necessary to invest in technologies for treatment of

wastewater. Once, the effluent with high quality can be reused for other applications. The

slow sand filtration is a treatment technology noted for being able to reduce the bacterial

count in water up to 95%. Although devised for the purification potable water, this technology

can be adapted for wastewater disinfection as a secondary or tertiary treatment. This

technology is applied to developing countries and rural communities due to simplified and

low cost construction and operation, without the need for chemicals and energy. However,

availability and cleaning of the granular medium in sand filters are limiting factors which can

become this technology relatively costly. To solve this problem some researchers

recommended the use of a nonwoven synthetic fabric layer on the top of the filter medium.

The nonwoven textiles are low cost and easy-working materials when compared with the

sand, furthermore, they are non reactive and can be used with wastewater, it has high

hydraulic conductivity, and a large surface to volume ratio for biological attachment. The

schmutzdecke, a biological layer that forms on the top of the sand, is the mainly responsible

for the efficiency of slow filters. It has been found that the nonwoven fabric, when used in the

top of filter medium, can contain the schmutzdecke. In this perspective, the present project

aims to evaluate the bacteria removal efficiency of a slow filtration unity whose medium is

totally composed by nonwoven synthetic fabrics. The purposes are evaluating the total

coliform and Escherichia coli removal, operating with low filtration rates (3 m.d-1

). The

expected results are: increase the run filtration, reduce the filter height, reduce the cost,

simplify the maintenance and maintain the treatment efficiency producing a safe effluent to

reuse.

Page 24: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

19

FAJARDO, Poliana Arruda

[email protected]

Environmental management in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) through ISO

14001: the case of WTP of São Carlos City, São Paulo State

Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil

Earlier this century, one of the most discussed topics and that has created major concerns is

the issue of water. There are many questions not only about the availability of this essential

resource to life for a world population that grows every day, but also about environmental,

social and economic damages that the inadequate destiny of this water after its use - meaning,

domestic and industrial wastewater - can cause. Faced with this alarming situation, it becomes

evident the need for adaptation of urban sanitation systems, ranging from the stormwater and

solid waste management, treatment and distribution of drinking water to the collection and

wastewater treatment. In Brazil, a significant portion of the cities do not have a sewage

collection, what is even worse regarding Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTP). To have a

WTP is not, however, guarantee that all environmental, social and economic problems that

refer to wastewater are solved, as these ones work as industries, requiring inputs and

generating waste during its operations. It is therefore necessary to have the appropriate

environmental management of WTPs, which can be accomplished through the NBR ISO

14001 standard, which aims to install Environmental Management Systems (EMS). The

proposed work will be dedicated, in this way, to establish a method of environmental

assessment in WTPs, using as an example of application the Wastewater Treatment Plant of

São Carlos City, São Paulo State. This will be done through periodic visits to the WTP of São

Carlos city, for the knowledge of the various stages of operation and its employees’ routine.

For this proposal, employees’ testimonies will be collected through a recorder and taken

photos of WTP treatment procedures. Also, to achieve the proposals of the study, a

questionnaire based on those used in environmental audits related to NBR ISO 14001 will be

prepared, involving from senior management to operational employees, who deal directly

with the process. Thus, the proposed work could contribute to the WTP perform the necessary

adjustments to the installation procedures related to an Environmental Management System.

An EMS can bring great benefits to an industry or organization. Among these, the prevention

or minimization of negative impacts on the environment and for city's population, mainly for

those people who live around them.

Page 25: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

20

FELIZATTO, Mauro Roberto

[email protected]

Biological nutrient removal process preceded by UASB reactors at Gama WWTP

Environmental Sanitation Company of the Federal District (CAESB) – Sibipiruna Avenue, 13

to 21, Águas Claras - DF- Brazil CEP: 71928-720

In Brazil, the conventional activated sludge process was first introduced by Engineer Azevedo

Netto in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and later in the Federal District, being

adopted in the sixties at WWTPs Brasília South and North. This paper examines the

operational performance of Gama WWTP throughout five consecutive years (2007-2011) of

operation, using two methods of analysis: (i) total BOD, COD, NT, TP and TSS removals in

comparison with the references adopted by the ANA (Brazilian National Water Agency)

called the Hydrographic Basins Pollution Control, PRODES and (ii) Technology Performance

Statistics (TPS) proposed by US-EPA. The plant is located at Brasília´s western region,

managed by its Environmental Sanitation Company (CAESB) and adopts a biological nutrient

process, focused at phosphorus removal. The biological phase comprises UASB reactors

followed by a five stage PHOREDOX or modified BARDENPHO®, with extended aeration

and co-precipitation. Gama WWTP was designed to treat domestic wastewater of 182730

equivalent inhabitants with an average flow rate of 328ℓ/s. The plant is monitored twice a

week following a 24 hours composite samples routine. Chemical and physical analyses are

carried out according to APHA/AWWA/WPCF. The performance evaluation method

proposed by PRODES, compares the WWTP total removals with references values, as

follows: BOD and TSS – 90%, TP – 85%, TKN – 80%. This paper also adds in its analysis,

COD and TN, using removal rates of 90% and 80%, respectively, as reference values. US-

EPA proposed that nutrient removal plants should be evaluated through a system called TPS

(Technology Performance Statistics). This method has three levels: (i) Best performance

(Percentile 3.84), (ii) Median Performance (Percentile 50) and (iii) Reliably Achievable

Performance (Percentiles 90; 91.7 and 95), and deals with WWTP effluent concentration data.

As this paper intends to treat data by statistical methods, the results presented here are

calculated as frequencies, which are obtained by dividing the amount of total removal data

which stand above the PRODES reference values, by the total series data. Concerning organic

matter removal, the plant produced the following results: BOD – 99.33% of all results

satisfied the reference value (90%). Thinking the same way, values obtained for COD and

TSS were 96.43% and 93.73%, respectively. As for TN, 92.43% of its removal rates data

were above the 80% value (PRODES reference value). Similarly, for TP, 94.85% of the

results also satisfied the reference value, 85%. All percentiles have been calculated, but only

percentile 95, a strict enough value, will be shown here. Considering the WWTP effluent data

and taking the highest value achieved for all variables, the TPS95 values obtained were: BOD

25mg/ℓ; COD 64 mg/ℓ; TSS 26mg/ℓ; TN 13.6mg/ℓ and 1.5mg/ℓ for TP. As could be

expected, in a case of a well-designed non-conventional activated sludge reactor, both

methods show that Gama WWWT’s organic matter removal is excellent. Now, making a

comparison between these methods, TPS (US-EPA) and PRODES, it is seen that TPS allows

a wider range of survey, in a sense that it shows the WWTP performance through the years

and also depicts the variations of effluent concentrations within any period analyzed.

Page 26: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

21

MARATTA, Ariel*, VILLAFAÑE, Gastón, AUGUSTO, Miriam, DELIA,

Pappano

*[email protected]

San Juan province – laws of effluent inconsistency pf official data published

Instituto de Ciencias Básicas - Universidad Nacional de San Juan – Av. Libertador San

Martín 1109 (O), Argentina

In the province of San Juan, Argentina, the existing regulatory framework governing the

standards that industrial, agricultural and residential effluents must have to be dumped into

rivers, dams and duct system of an irrigation network. The difference between throwing away

and reusing is not clear in the regulations, so we might consider that there is a legal void that

establishes the minimum required conditions as well as the promotion policies for the

development of wastewater reutilization. However, there are some isolated experiences of this

activity with different degrees of consolidation, especially in agricultural activities. Generally,

pre-treated wastewater are poured into the riverbeds of rivers San Juan and Jachal, and into

the ducts of the irrigation network that supply water for the entire agricultural sector of the

province, as well as it feeds the areas of Humedal Lagunas de Guanacache, declared a Ramsar

site in 2002, which houses a large plant and animal biodiversity. Our Institute makes a

seasonal record of water quality since 2010, analyzing the unique physicochemical and

microbiological parameters that repeat in all samples in order to verify the actual data with the

official data published by the Hydraulic Department. This also determines whether the

parameter values meet the provincial regulations. The frequency of the analysis as well as the

selection of certain parameters in the official data do not show a methodology that allows to

establish an appropriate comparison, since there is no continuity or a constant parameter

selection that enables to adequately view the characteristics of the water’s body and current

and potential uses. It can be stated that the regulatory framework for the adequate control of

pollution is not taken into account because of lack of analysis of a large part of the existing

benchmarks in the legislation and the inconsistencies and incoherencies in the official data.

Page 27: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

22

MORALES MEJÍA, Julio César, ALMANZA, M. S. Rafael

[email protected]

Thick TiO2 films for photocatalysis

Grupo de Energía Solar. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ingeniería,

Mecanica y Energía – Av. Universidad 3000, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,

04510, Coyoacán, México D. F.

On this work we have developed several thick TiO2 films by the tip – coating

sol – gel process on flat soda – lime glasses. We have used these films to oxidize organic

pollutants on water by photocatalysis, both with solar and UVA lamp radiation (UVP 100

BSP lamp and Atlas Suntest solar simulator). The organic pollutans are methylene blue

(textile dye) and resorcinol (pharmaceutical active ingredient and reactant for several

chemical synthesis). Methylene blue colors water even at very low concentrations (at a range

of µg/L) and Resorcinol is suspected to be an endocrine disrupter and toxic to aquatic biota)

We are studying initial concentration, initial pH, film thickness (by number of applied layers),

sintering time and sintering temperature on removal efficiencies and kinetics. We are

analyzing polluted and treated water by UV-vis spectrophotometry and Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD). On the other hand, our films are being studied by UV-vis spectrophotometry,

RAMAN spectrophotometry, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).

We have removed methylene blue as much as 98 percent for 2 reaction hours and basic pH.

Reaction kinetics has fitted Langmuir – Hinshelwood, which has been simplified to a pseudo

first order since we has used low initial concentrations. Resorcinol has been oxidized too by

photocatalysis implementing our thick films, having the best results at basic pH too and

resulting on sub-products formation (tri-hidroxy benzenes) just at the beginning of the

reaction times. These sub-products have been then oxidized, with reaction times up to 300

minutes. XRD data has showed that a mix of anatase and brookite crystalline phases are the

best for water detoxification. In our experiments, the optimal ratio of anatase to brookite

differs of the reported for Degussa P-25 nanopowders, which are the most used and efficient

commercial TiO2 catalyst available. The main goal of this research on thick TiO2 films is the

construction of a photocatalytic reactor for small applications at factories and homes.

Page 28: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

23

NAVAS, Cintia, SARDELLA Fabiana, DEIANA, Cristina, GUIMÉNEZ,

Marianela, SILVA, Hugo, GARNADOS, Dolly, RUIZ, Virginia

[email protected]

Heavy metals removal with adsorbents obtained from regional industry waste

Institute of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering UNSJ- Av. Libertador San Martín

1109 (Oeste) 5400 San Juan, Argentina

The technological and industrial developments have generated the presence of pollutants in

important quantities in the water bodies. Among the most important and common pollutants

are found heavy metals, such as mercury, lead and cadmium. These elements are not

biodegradable and they should be removed from industrial effluents to avoid its accumulation

in different media and the vital organs of living beings. In the institute of Chemical

Engineering the harnessing of waste materials from regional industries is being studied in

order to prepare adsorbents that can be used to remove heavy metals from water sources and

effluents, generating in this way a relationship between agricultural and mineral exploitations,

both activities characteristics of the zone. The grape industrialization and the olive oil

production are economic important activities in the Cuyo region (a region in the west center

of the country). Among the residual materials produced by these industries are found marc

and stalks of grape, resultants of wine and musts elaboration, grape lex from the obtaining

process of grape seeds oil, and the olive alperujo, waste material from olive oil production.

These residuals were used as adsorbents precursor in this work. Mercury present in liquid

solutions was removed by biosorption, by using the materials in natural form, and by

adsorption, employing the precursor as surface-modified activated carbon. For lead and

cadmium removal it was employed the material as granular activated carbon and in briquette

form, where the raw materials were carbonized and activated subsequently. Uptake assays to

determine heavy metals were carried out in batch and column.

Page 29: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

24

NIÑO, Leidy R., FADINI, Pedro S., MOZETO, Antonio A.

[email protected]

Quality of an urban stream used for drinking water supply

Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências

exatas e tecnologia-Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) – Rodovia Washington

Luiz km 235, São Carlos-SP, Brazil

The use of urban waters for public supply has been increased, due to reduction of water

resources suitable for human consumption. These waters are exposed to point and non-point

sources of pollution, such as, atmospheric deposition, vehicle emissions and different types of

waste thrown in the urban area. During storm water events, several toxics compounds are

carried out by surface run-off, reaching finally, into urban water bodies. This research

evaluated the quality of an urban stream located at urban area of Indaiatuba-SP, Brazil, a

region with limited availability of water and therefore uses these urban waters for supply

about 40.000 habitants. There were monitored metals (Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni) and polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), searching environmental impact indicators on an aquatic

system. Three points of stream were monitored, close to source, close to the water abstraction

point and at the outfall from April/2010 to June/2011. Results have showing that, frequently

the sampling site close to the water treatment plant had the highest concentration of total PAH

(247.7µg kg-1

) in the sediments. This place is inserted in an urban area and shows intense

influence of the city pollution and surface runoff from the streets. The highest concentrations

of mercury in water were observed during periods when rain interrupted the drought, due to

runoff containing the material deposited for non-point sources in urban areas during the dry

season. The highest metals concentrations were observed in September/2010 and June/2011,

mainly with highest contributions were Zn and Cu. Also in September/2010 (month of the

first flux) were observed the highest concentrations of PHAs of low molecular weight,

denoting a petrogenic origin (naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene).

These results in the first flux are due to the material deposited by non-point sources,

accumulated during the dry season. In conclusion, there is vulnerability in this type of supply

option, requiring an appropriate consideration in water management, such as interruption in

the water abstraction, especially when a strong rain falls after drought periods.

Page 30: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

25

LÓPEZ OLIVARES, Leslie

[email protected]

Electroflotation on water and wastewater treatment

Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Mineral Biotechnology, Pontificia

Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rua Marques de São Vicente,225

Gávea 22453-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Using electricity to treat water is not a newly treatment. It was first proposed in UK in 1889.

Because of the relatively large capital investment and the expensive electricity supply,

electrochemical water or wastewater technologies did not find wide application worldwide

back in 1950, with its application on mineral beneficiation. Extensive research, however, in

the US and the former USSR during the following half century has accumulated abundant

amount of knowledge. With the ever increasing standard of drinking water supply and the

stringent environmental regulations regarding the wastewater discharge, electrochemical

technologies have regained their importance worldwide during the past two decades. There

are companies supplying facilities for metal recoveries, for treating drinking water or process

water, treating various wastewaters resulting from tannery, electroplating, diary, textile

processing, oil and oil-in-water emulsion, etc. Nowadays, electrochemical technologies have

reached such a state that they are not only comparable with other technologies in terms of cost

but also are more efficient and more compact. For some situations, electrochemical

technologies may be the indispensable step in treating wastewaters containing refractory

pollutants. Electroflotation as a particular case of the Electrochemical technology, is effective

in removing colloidal particles, oil and grease, as well as organic pollutants. It is proven to

perform better than either dissolved air flotation, sedimentation, impeller flotation (IF). The

newly developed stable and active electrodes for oxygen evolution would definitely boost the

adoption of this technology. In dissolved air flotation (DAF), the gas used for flotation is air;

while the gas used in electroflotation consists of hydrogen and oxygen produced by the

electrolysis of water. Electrolysis of water produces small gas bubbles with diameters in the

order of 100 m that are formed at the electrodes and rise as fine mist. Generation of bubbles

through electrolysis has several advantages, like purity (since the bubbles are created from

water and no actual handling or transport of the gases occurs before their use, gas in the

bubbles remains uncontaminated); process control (controlling the rate of generation is easy:

the more current applied, the more gas generated. Conversely, the less current applied, the

less gas generated), and simplicity (the resulting unit is easy to manufacture and simple in

operation). The performance of an electroflotation system is reflected by the pollutant

removal efficiency and the power and/or chemical consumptions. The pollutant removal

efficiency is largely dependent on the size of the bubbles formed. For the power consumption,

it relates to the cell design, electrode materials as well as the operating conditions such as

current density, water conductivity, etc. If the solid particles are charged, the opposite zeta-

potential for the bubbles are recommended.

Page 31: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

26

PANTANO, Glaucia, MOZETO, Antonio Aparecido, FADINI, Pedro

Sergio

[email protected]

Development of strategies for phosphorus sources quantification and impacts

minimization in a reservoir eutrophicated by raw sewage discharges

Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil – Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235 -

SP-310, São Carlos-SP, Brazil, CEP: 13565-905

Rising water consumption in a context of water scarcity, makes the conservation, recovery

and reuse strategies, essentials for the economic development and maintenance of both,

human health and aquatic life. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for freshwater and marine

ecosystems, but, the excess of this nutrient, originated mostly by use of fertilizers in

agriculture and sewage discharge, is considered the major responsible by eutrophication and

degradation of aquatic environments. In addition, there is a concern about the depletion of

world reserves of phosphate rock. Chemical species of phosphorus in fertilizers are a non-

renewable resource for agricultural practices. So it is necessary to conduct studies aimed at

phosphorus recovering from wastewaters as well as from polluted water bodies. Bottom

sediments of impacted aquatic environments can accumulate significant amounts of

phosphorus. If recovery technologies are developed, it will ensure agricultural production,

food security and reduction in the environmental impacts associated with the phosphorus

mining. Others financial returns may also be obtained as reduction in logistic transportation

and pretreatment of phosphate rocks. Thus, this work aimed the characterization of internal

and external loads of nutrients from the Ibirité dam, located in the metropolitan region of Belo

Horizonte-MG. Additionally, will be developed inorganic adsorbent materials, such as a

national bentonite modified to be compared to the commercial product Phoslock™ and a

biosorbent (organic) for the adsorption and recovery of phosphorus from sediment surface of

the Ibirité dam. In laboratory studies will be developed in microcosm, using water and

sediment from the study site. In these microcosms will be evaluated transfers in the sediment-

water interface and the effect of insertion of adsorbents and biosorbents such as sawdust, that

under appropriate redox potential can lead to the formation of biofilms containing chemical

species of Fe(III), which can promotes the phosphorus retention. Subsequently, mesocosms

will be installed in the dam, with open bottom inserted into the sediment layer. The

quantification of phosphorus will use classical spectrophotometric methods and ion-exchange

chromatography.

Page 32: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

27

GUERRA RENTERIA, Aracely Suggey

[email protected]

Microbiological pretreatment of tequila vinasses applied to a pilot scale anaerobic fixed

bed reactor

Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard General Marcelino García Barragán

1421 Olímpica, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.

In México there is an important brewery industry with International presence called Tequila,

nevertheless this traditional beverage generates from 10 to 12 liters of wastewater (vinasses)

per liter of Tequila produced, only in the 2011 a production of 261.1 million liters was

registered, creating a huge impact to the environment, because in most cases the vinasses are

untreated properly and disposed in water bodies. Anaerobic treatment is an efficient biological

technology applied to solve the problem from this specific industrial wastewater disposal;

even so, It could operate with large hydraulic retention time (HRT) or the time that takes to

degrade the organic matter or polluting compounds present in tequila vinasses. A

microbiological pretreatment could be implemented with the aim of improving the

microbiological rapid assimilation of the organic matter during the digestion by feeding

vinasses pretreated, and thereby achieve the rate of removal of pollutants measured as

production of Biogas, methane. Also represents a viable option, since its operation compared

to physical pretreatments, does not require demanding specifications, is handled at room

temperature, which would reduce operational costs, not reactive, corrosive or harmful health.

The main objective of this master project related with the treatment of wastewater from the

Tequila industry, is to reduce the HRT in an anaerobic process in a pilot scale fixed bed

reactor due to the application of an aerobic pretreatment with a commercial microorganisms

called BIOTEC. Consequently, if the treating time is decreased more volumes of vinasses can

be processed, without the implementation of large reactors. In this way, reducing the HRT,

could mean a decreased of operational cost, and that is an important point of view because of

the small and medium Tequila industries in Mexico do not have enough resources for

wastewater disposal.

Page 33: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

28

SIERRA-PEREIRA, Cristiane Alves, URQUIETA-GONZÁLEZ, Ernesto

A.

[email protected]

Cu, Fe and Co oxides supported during the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2 -A proposal to be

used in the catalytic degradation of organic water contaminants

Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São

Carlos – C. Postal 676, CEP 13565-905 – São Carlos – SP, Brazil

The industrial activities generate large quantities of contaminated water that often are directly

disposed in natural streams causing serious environmental damages. Organic compounds in

wastewater have attracted the attention of researcher since they are harmful pollutants of the

aquatic ecosystem. In Brazil, the textile industry is considered one of the most important

industrial sectors, using approximately 27,000 tons of dyes per year. The organic molecules

that compose the textile dyes have a high potential to affect the environment, causing visual

pollution and changes in the biological cycles mainly affecting the photosynthesis. In

addition, studies have shown that some classes of dyes and their byproducts may have

carcinogenic and/or mutagenic properties. Many studies have been performed with the

purpose of developing technologies to minimize the amount of contaminants and the toxicity

of industrial wastewater in order to allow not only their removal, but also its complete

mineralization. In this context we are proposing a study to verify the use of Cu, Fe or Co-

TiO2-supported oxides in the catalytic degradation of dyes. The TiO2 was chosen as support

for its low toxicity, photo stability and chemical stability over a wide pH range. Catalysts

were obtained by the sol-gel method with direct incorporation of the precursor metallic salts

in the TiO2 synthesis mixture. The tests of the catalytic degradation of dyes, performed in the

presence of hydrogen peroxide or ultraviolet light, are in course.

Page 34: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

29

DE LOS COBOS VASCONCELOS, Daniel

[email protected]

Microbial dynamics during temperature phased anaerobic digestion to produce Class A

biosolids

Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM. Circuito Escolar S/N, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma

de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, México, D.F., C.P. 04510

The purpose of this project is to identify the microorganisms and characterize the population

shifts by PCR-DGGE during start-up and stable operation of a Temperature Phased Anaerobic

Digestion (TPAD) system composed by a thermophilic (55 °C) and mesophilic anaerobic

reactors (37 °C). The research focuses on the stabilization of primary and secondary waste

sludge produced during the wastewater treatment by thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic

digestion. The process involves feeding a primary/secondary sludge mixture into a 1 liter

thermophilic anaerobic digester operated at HRT of 2 days, the output is fed into a 9 liter

mesophilic egg-shaped anaerobic digester operated at a HRT of 13 and 10 days . Total,

volatile and fixed solids, pH and alkalinity were determined in the raw and intermediate

influent and in the effluent according to Standard Methods (APHA/AWWA/WEF, 1999). pH

was measured daily using a pH meter (Beckman Instruments model PHI 50). Alkalinity ratio

was determined with partial alkalinity (pH end point 5.75) and total alkalinity (pH end point

4.30) following Jenkins et al. (1983). Daily gas production was quantified by water

displacement using an inverted graduated cylinder, and biogas composition was measured

using a gas chromatograph (SRI model 8610-10 with TCD; Torrance, CA, USA) with a

Porapak Q column. The microbial community structure was analyzed during start-up and

steady-state operation of digesters. Nucleic acids were extracted from sludge samples using

PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (MoBio Inc., Solana Beach, CA) following the manufacturer’s

instructions. PCR amplifications were conducted using the Taq DNA polymerase

Amplificasa®

(Bio Tec Mol, México) in an Master Cycler (Eppendorf AG, Germany). All

amplified products were purified through Qiaquick PCRpurification columns (Qiagen

GmbH). Then the PCR products were analyzed by DGGE according to Muyzer et al. (1993).

Eluates from each band were used as template DNA for reamplification, and were sequenced.

The nucleotide sequences obtained will be checked for sequence similarity on-line with the

BLAST search program at the National Center for Biotechnology Information website (NCBI,

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).

Page 35: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

30

VÉLEZ, Ana María

[email protected]

Overview of the antibiotic degradation in the waste water treatment

Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Chemical Engineering Department, Rod.

Washington Luiz km 235, Brazil

Antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals are contaminants of the environment because of their

widespread use and incomplete removal by microorganisms during wastewater treatment. In

contrast to the properties and effects desired from the therapeutic application of antibiotics,

these same properties are often disadvantageous for those target and non-target organisms

present in the environment. Elimination of organic compounds in the environment is the result

of different processes. The processes can be biotic ones as biodegradation by bacteria and

fungi or non-biotic elimination process as sorption, hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation and

reduction. Results of bio- or photo-degradation studies depends on conditions such as

temperature, composition of matrix, latitude, etc, as it is registered in the literature. If a

substance is not eliminated in any way, it can reach the environment with the potential of

adversely affecting aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Adverse impacts of antibiotics on higher

aquatic organisms have been reported, but in most cases in which effects were detected the

concentrations were environmentally irrelevant. However, secondary effects due to changes in

the natural balance are not negligible. Antibiotics are of particular interest because we

currently do not know whether their presence in natural waters contributes to the spread of

antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. In general, the effects of antibacterial agents on

bacteria and microalgae are found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude below the toxic values for

higher trophic levels. The research to develop methods for effluents treatment from antibiotic

production is recent in Brazil. β-lactamic antibiotics are the most consumed in this country

and according to the ministry of development, industry and foreign trade, amoxicillin and

salts are the main pharmaceutical imported product. Antibiotics are not degradated in waste

water treatment plants, returning in the environment for effluents until arriving in rivers and

lakes. Taking as a base this context, this work shows a summary of recent developments and

addresses some elimination processes of the antibiotics with the aim to have an overview

about the worldwide research in this area.

Page 36: Organized by Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A ... · Cristiane Alves Sierra-Pereira and Ernesto A. Urquieta-González. Internet: E-mail: exceed@tu-braunschweig.de Federal

31

WOSIACK, P. A1., BARANA, A. C., LOPES, D. D., DAMIANOVIC, M. H.

R. Z.

[email protected]

Simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen from pet food wastewater in an

intermittently aerated fixed-bed reactor

1State University of Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Pet food industry uses as raw material the animal waste generated by slaughter, resulting in

the generation of wastewater with high organic load and nutrients level, particularly nitrogen.

Due to the increase of animal slaughter and the production growth of pet food, consequently,

the volume of wastewater has increased. Therefore, the wastewater treatment of these

industries must be done in order to minimize environmental impact and to meet the required

standards for the current legislation. Conventional wastewater treatments are unable to

remove simultaneously organic matter and nutrients, making it necessary to use systems

consisting of several steps. In this context, studies about alternative systems have been the

focus of researchers. The project which is in development aims to evaluate the performance of

an intermittently aerated fixed-bed reactor. It will be evaluated the simultaneous removal of

organic and nitrogen matter from a wastewater generated by pet food industry, under

intermittent aeration. The reactor model was based on Moura, et al. (2012). It was made of

acrylic with a total volume of 10L, feeding and effluent recirculation are conducted by a

diaphragm pump and aeration by an aquarium aerator. Inside the reactor were fixed

polyurethane foam cylinders, in which the inoculum was immobilized according to Zaiat, et

al. (1994) The pet food wastewater, used as substrate, is from FOCAM industry, located in

Carambeí - PR, and the reactor was inoculated with anaerobic sludge of an UASB reactor

from a poultry slaughterhouse. The project is currently at an initial stage of development, the

reactor is being operated with HRT of 7 days under continuous aeration to promote the

nitrifying biomass growth. After this stage, the reactor will be continuously operated with

HRT of 24 hours. At the beginning, aeration will be continuous and, at each stage, aeration

periods will be reduced. The system will be operating in differents aeration and recirculation

rates in order to verify the best operational conditions. The initial results are the physic-

chemical characterization of the substrate. Total COD concentration: 8,604.98 mg.L-1

; TKN:

1,523.22 mg.L-1

; NH4+-N: 1,083.28 mg.L-1

; alkalinity: 3,688.96 mg.L-1; pH: 5.3; total solids:

264 mg.L-1

and volatile suspended solids: 100 mg.L-1

. Finally, to determinate the specifics

speeds of nitrification and denitrification will be performed kinetic experiments using batch

reactors. In this study is expected achieve a high efficiency in removing organic matter and

nitrogen, in a single reactor, and thus develop technology bases to wastewater treatment of

agroindustry.