OPITO - MyOilandGasCareer.com Challenge Booklet Pupils... · 8 OPITO A2: Build A2 book I, pages 4 to 5 Raise the lever. Describe how hard or easy it was to lift the load. Label the

Name

Pupil Booklet

OPITO

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Contents

What is the OPITO Lego Challenge? 3 Whats in the Blue Box? 4

Lessons 1 & 2:

Capacities Questionnaire 1 5 Simple Machines: Lever 6 Simple Machines: Inclined Plane 10

Lessons 3 & 4:

Simple Machines: Cam 14 Activity: Hammer 18 Extension: Bouncing Ballerina 20

Lessons 5 & 6:

Simple Machines: Pulley 22 Simple Machines: Gears 29

Lessons 7 & 8:

Activity: Crane 36 Capacities Questionnaire 2 41 Evaluation 42 Glossary

[email protected] T: +44 (0) 1224 787862Minerva House | Bruntland Road | Portlethen | Aberdeen | AB12 4QL

www.myOilandGasCareer.com

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Have you ever played with Lego? Almost all of you will have come across Lego before now.

This is an opportunity for you to use one of LEGO Education’s ac-tivity packs, generously loaned to Meldrum Academy by OPITO and work as young scientists, engineers and designers, whilst “playing” with actual Lego.

You are being encouraged to:

• Involve yourself in real world investigations • Problem solve• Make assumptions & predictions• Design and make models and then see how these work• Reflect (think about) and then perhaps re-design your model• Record and present your findings.

Wha

t i

s the O

PITO Lego Challenge

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There are 396 different Lego pieces in the box, including a motor.

Buddy Building SystemAll the models you build for the Activities are designed so two pupils can build at the same time. Each buddy builds his or her own subsystem using either the A or B instructions booklet.

These subsystems are then put together to become one complete model.

Principle ModelsYou will start by building some of the Principle Models. These are mechanical and structural principles that are normally hidden away in inside everyday machines and structures e.g.

gears and cams under a car bonnet.

ActivitiesYou will quickly move on to Activities which use some of the Principle Models. These Activities

follow LEGO Education’s 4C approach: Connect, Construct, Contemplate and Continue.

What isin the blue box?

ConnectYou add to your brain’s knowledge when you connect a new learning experience to those you already have. What everyday examples can you think of that use the models?

ConstructLearning is best when hands and minds are engaged

Contemplate (Think)When you take time to think about what you’ve done, you have the chance to make connections between previous knowledge and new experiences. Questions in this booklet will help you to make connections

ContinueThe core tasks aren’t the end of the story. There are extension ideas: you are encouraged o change or add features to your models and to investigate further

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To help assess how the OPTIO Lego Challenge has contributed to your learning you will be asked to complete 2 questionnaires, this one at the start of the challenge and a similar one at the end.

Please answer each section.

OPITO Lego ChallengeLearner’s Four Capacities Questionnaire

1. Successful Learner Using a scale from 1 to 4, where 1 = No confidence and 4 = Very confident

Rate your confidence in each of the following Subjects:

1No

confidence

2Not very confident

3 Confident

4Very

confident

Physics (eg. Forces or Electicity)MathsTechnical Studies (eg. Materials, Making models)2. Confident Individual

Using a scale from 1 to 4 where 1 = Poor and 4 = Very goodRate your confidence in each of the following Personal Skills:

1Poor

2Average

3Good

4Very good

Reading and following instructionsOrganising self and othersProblem SolvingWorking and Communicating with a partnerCommunicating to an audience3. Effective Contributor

Using a scale from 1 to 4 where 1 = Poor and 4 = Very goodRate how effective you are working as a member of a Team:

1Poor

2Average

3Good

4Very good

Communicating own ideas to the teamListening to the ideas of others Contributing to decision makingBeing reliableTaking responsibilityManaging timeMeeting deadlines4. Responsible Citizen

What, if any, are your thoughts towards your future:

In the next 5 years? In the next 10 years?

Name: Tutor group:

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LEGO and the LEGO logo are trademarks of the/sont des marques de commerce de/son marcas registradas de LEGO Group. ©2009 The LEGO Group.

education

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The lever is probably the most commonly used simple machine.A lever is a rigid bar or solid object that is used to transfer force.

Effort, a pivot and a load are the 3 features that are commonin every lever. Depending on the positions of these 3 features, you cantell the difference between first, second or third class levers

First class levers have the pivot positioned between the effort and the load.Examples of first class levers include a seesaw and scissors.

Second class levers have the pivot and the effort at opposite endsand the load positioned between the two. Examples of second classlevers include wheel barrows and bottle openers.

Third class levers have the pivot and the load at opposite ends and theeffort positioned between the two e.g. tweezers and ice tongs.

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Simple Machines: Lever

Pivot

Pivot

Pivot

Load

Load

LoadEffort

Effort

Effort

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OPITO

A2: Build A2 book I, pages 4 to 5Raise the lever.Describe how hard or easy it was to lift the load.Label the pivot, load, and effort.Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.Which class of lever is this?

A3: Build A3 book I, pages 6 to 7Raise the lever.Describe how hard or easy it was to lift the load.Label the pivot, load, and effort.Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.Which class of lever is this?

A1: Build A1 book I, pages 2 to 3Press down on the lever to lift the load.Describe how hard or easy it was to lift the load.Label the pivot, load, and effort.Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.Which class of lever is this?


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A Butterfly Valve is a good example of the practical use of a lever in the oil and gas industry.Butterfly valves are used in pipes to control the flow of liquid or gas.The ‘Butterfly shaped’ disc can be opened to allow the fluid to flow through the pipe or closed to stop it.Turning the lever at the top make is much easier to open the butter-fly valve against the tight seal that is in place.

Turning the lever makes it easier to open the butterfly valve against the tight seal.

Tight rubber seal locks the disc in place.

‘Butterfly shaped’ disc can be opened or closed to control the flow of the liquid or gas.

The diameter of the pipe can be between 15cms and 65cms.

People who do this in their jobs include:- Mechanical Technician- Production Technician- Mechanical EngineerYou can find out more about these roles at

Lever – An Industry Example

Freely reproducable for classroom use only

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The advantage of using an inclined plane has been known and used for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians

used inclined planes made of earth to ease the transport of their giant stone blocks to the top of the pyramids.

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Simple Machines: Inclined Plane


Did you know?

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Simple Machines: Inclined PlaneAn inclined plane is a slanted surface used to raise objects, e.g. a ramp.

Using an inclined plane to raise an object to a given height, the object must be moved a longer distance, but with less effort needed, than if the object was to be raise straight up. It’s a trade-off either to use a lot of effort to raise a given load a short distance straight upwards or to apply much less force to raise it gradually over the longer distance of an i clined plane. Common examples of inclined planes are ramps, ladders and stairs.



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Distan

ceHeight

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D1:Build D1 book II, pages 2 to 12

Let go of the load. Describe what happens.

D2: Build D2 book II, pages 13 to 15

Let go of the load. Describe what happens.


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A ‘mud hopper’ is an example of an inclined plane used in the oil and gas industry.

Drilling mud is a specially-made liquid used in the drilling process. It is made from a mixture of dry and liquid materials mixed in the ‘mud hopper’.

In the pictures above:Mud flows through the pipe at the base of the blue hopper.

The dry ingredients are poured down the inclined plane and pick up speed. This enables them to mix smoothly and evenly into the drilling mud.

The drilling mud is then used to cool and lubricate the drill-bit during the drilling operation. The mud also carries away any rock chippings that are created during drilling. These chippings are then inspected by a mudlogger. People involved in this work include:

- Drilling Engineer - MudloggerYou can find out more about these roles at

Inclined Plane – An Industry Example


Drilling mudPouring in the dry ingredients

Sides of the funnel form an inclined plane

Mud flows through the pipe

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Simple Machines: Cam


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Spring-loaded cams are used by rock climbers to tightly grip rock crevices so that they can then

attach climbing ropes.

Did you know?

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The profile of a cam allows it to control the timing and degree of movement of a follower. Cams can be circular, pear shaped or irregular shapes.

Cams and cam followers are very prone to wear due to friction. Cam followers often have tiny rollers attached to them to reduce this friction.

Common applications with cam mechanisms include clamps, an electric toothbrush andan engine camshaft.

Mechanisms: CamA cam is a shaped frame turning about an axis, like a rotating wheel.


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Cam

Follower

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Mechanisms: CamH1Build H1 book III, pages 26 to 27Turn the handle and describe the movement of the follower.


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Oil and gas platforms produce all the power that they needed on the platform.

Turbines are used to produce the power and normally these are driven by gas.

A ‘back-up’ system is on stand-by should the main power system fail. The ‘back-up’ system is driven by diesel oil.

A cam system is used to open and close the valves needed for the diesel system

A cam systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft

People who do this in their jobs include:- Mechanical Technician- Production Technician- Mechanical EngineerYou can find out more about these roles at

Cam Gear – An Industry Example


The camshaft is the central, rotating axis

The 2 cam lobes turn allowing the valves underneath to open and close in turn

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Activity: The Hammer

Watch the video clip of the HammerThis is a building activity

The person building subsystem A is

The person building subsystem B is

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Build the Hammer(all of book 4A and book 4B to page 11, step 14).

Make sure that the Hammer lifts and drops smoothly.If it is too stiff, loosen the bushings and make sure all other elements fit tightly together.

The Hammer

Which gears have most friction whentested by hand?


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How can you make a Hammer machine thatmakes it easy to hammer different nails intodifferent surfaces? Let’s find out!

Which gears have most friction whentested by the Hammer?

Which is the better test system, and why?

How much force is needed to push the axle through each gear?

How many hits with the Hammer are neededto push the axle through each gear?

4 = most force, 1 = least force

8 tooth 24 tooth 24-toothcrown gear

40 tooth

8-tooth spur gear

24 tooth 24-toothcrown gear

40-toothspur gear

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(book 4B page 23, step 21)• Try out these cam shaft designs (dance program)• Connect each cam shaft with one of the 4 ‘dance diagrams’

Dance 1


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Extension: Bouncing Ballerina

Other Ideas* Hiding your cams - can anyone guess your dance program* Making the ballerina’s arms wave* Making your own cam profiles

Dance 2 Dance 3 Dance 4

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Hammering – An Industry Example

Seismic is one of the most important tools in exploration work in the oil and gas industry. It uses sound waves to investigate the structure of rocks underground.

On land a ‘thumper truck’ is used. It hammers the ground repetitively with a heavy iron plate. The sound waves travel down into the ground and are reflected back up by the rock layers below. A system of listening microphones in another truck picks up the reflected sound waves.

Thumper truck uses repetitive hammering on land to carry out seismic surveys

People who work with seismic in their jobs include:- Geophysicists- GeologistsYou can find out more about these roles at


OPITO

Thumper truckSizemographic recording truck

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OPITO

Simple Machines: Pulley

A pulley is also called a sheave or drum and may have a groove between two flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt,

or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove.

Did you know?

100kg

50kg 50kg

50kg

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In a belt driven pulley a continuous belt joins two pulley wheels.The wheel to which an external force is applied (effort) is called the drive wheel,and the other the driven wheel.

When the drive wheel turns the belt moves and causes the driven wheel to turn in the same direction. If the drive wheel is smaller than the driven wheel, the driven wheel will turn more slowly than the drive wheel.Belt driven pulleys rely on belt friction to transmit motion. If the belt is too tight the

belt will create wasteful friction forces on the pulley axle and bearing.If too loose the belt will slip and the effort is not used efficiently.

Slip is an overload protection safety feature of belt-operated machinery. For heavy lifting jobs; multiple pulley wheels can be combined into a lifting system that makes lifting heavy objects easier.

Using a single pulley to lift a load doesn’t make it easier, but it changes the direction of motion. It only allows you to lift a load up by the pulling of the rope. Pulleys can be either movable or fixed. The difference between fixed and movable pulleys are that fixed pulleys do not move up or down when the load is being moved.

Common examples of pulleys are found in window blinds, curtains and flagpoles.


OPITO

Pulleys are wheels that are moved by ropes, chains or belts around their rims.

Simple Machines: Pulley

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OPITO

C1Build C1 book I, page 18Turn the handle and describe the speeds of the drive and the driven pulley wheels.Then gently increase your grip on the output pointer and describe what happens.



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C5Build C5 book I, pages 22 to 23Turn the handle and describe the speeds of the drive and driven pulley wheels. Label the drive and driven pulley wheels. Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.

C4Build C4 book I, page 21Turn the handle and describe the speeds of the drive and the driven pulley wheels. Then gently increase your grip on the output pointer and describe what happens.

C6Build C6 book I, pages 24 to 25Turn the handle and describe the speeds of the drive and driven pulley wheels. Label the drive and driven pulley wheels. Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.

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C7Build C7 book I, pages 26 to 27Turn the handle and describe the speeds of the drive and driven pulley wheels.Label the drive and driven pulley wheels. Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.

C8Build C8 book I, pages 28 to 31Lift the string to lift the load. Describe what happens.

C9Build C9 book I, pages 32 to 35Pull the string to lift the load. Describe what happens

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C10Build C10 book I, page 36Pull the string to lift the load. Describe what happens.

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Pulleys are used on oil and gas drilling rigs to help raise and lower the ‘drill string’. This is the system of drill pipes, tools and the drill bit, essential for drilling oil or gas wells deep into the surface of the earth.The system is very heavy. It needs to be raised and lowered with great care at dif-ferent times throughout the drilling operations.

In this diagram of a drilling rig pulleys are part of:Part 13: the crown blockPart 11: the travelling blockThe drill string is Part 25 is and the drill bit is Part 26.

People involved in the drilling practice are the drill crew.They include:- Driller - RoughneckThe role of a ‘Roustabout’ is to keep the drilling area in good working order.You can find out more about these roles at


OPITO

Pulley – An Industry Example

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OPITO

Simple Machines: Gears

One of the oldest know complex use of gears is the Antikythera mechanism. An ancient analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions. It

was recovered in 1900–1901 from the Antikythera wreck. The construction has been dated to the early 1st century BCE. Technological artifacts approaching its complexity and workmanship did not appear again until the 14th century CE.

Did you know?

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Gears are wheels with teeth that mesh with each other.Because the teeth lock together, they can efficiently transfer force and motion.

The drive gear is the gear that is turned by an outside effort, forinstance your hand or an engine.Any gear that is turned by another gear is called a driven gear.The drive gear provides the input force and the driven gear delivers the output force.

Using a gear system can create change in speed, direction and force.But there are always advantages and disadvantages. For example, you can not both have more output force and an increase in speed at the same time.

To predict the ratio in which two meshed hears will move, divide the number of teeth on the driven gear by the number of teeth on the drive gear. This is called the gear ratio.

If a driven gear with 24 teeth is meshed with a drive hear with 48 teeth, there is a 1:2 gear ratio, meaning that the driven gear will turn twice as the drive gear.

Common examples include power tools, cars and egg beaters!


OPITO

Simple Machines: Gear

Drive gear

Driven gear

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OPITO

G1: Build G1 book III, page 2Turn the handle and describe the speeds of the drive and the driven gears. Label the drive and driven gears.Use a circle to show exactly where each one

G2: Build G2 book III, page 3Turn the handle and describe the speeds of the driveand driven gears. Label the drive and driven gears.Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.

G3: Build G3 book III, page 4Turn the handle and describe the speeds of the drive and driven gears. Label the drive and driven gears. Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.

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G4: Build G4 book III, pages 5 to 6Turn the handle and describe the speed and direction of the drive and driven gears. Label the drive and driven gears.Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.

G5: Build G5 book III, pages 7 to 8Turn the handle and describe the speed and direction of the drive and driven gears. Label the drive and driven gears.Use a circle to show exactly where each one is.

G6: Build G6 book III, pages 9 to 10Turn the handle and describe the movement of the driven gear.

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G7: Build G7 book III, pages 11 to 14Turn the handle and describe what happens.

G8: Build G8 book III, pages 15 to 18Turn the handle and describe what happens.What happens if you stop one of the output pointers?What happens if you stop both output pointers?

G9: Build G9 book III, pages 19 to 22Turn the handle and describe what happens.What happens if you try turning the output pointer?

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G10: Build G10 book III, pages 23 to 25Turn the handle and describe what happens.

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Gears – An Industry Example

The draw-works is the main machinery on a drilling rig to raise and lower the travelling block, the drill line and the drill bit.Within the draw-works (part 7) wire rope winds round a drum and goes up to the crown block (13) and down to the travelling block (11).A system of gears in the draw-works can turn the drum at different speeds. This lengthens or shortens the wire rope and so raises or lowers the drill string and drill bit.In the diagram below the draw-works is marked as Part 7.

People who work in this area are part of the drill crew, including:- Driller - RoughneckYou can find out more about these roles at

The draw-works and it’s gears are enclosed

for safety reasons.

Draw-works (7)Travelling block (11)Wire rope (12)Crown block (13)Drill string (25)Drill bit (26)


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Build the Tower Crane and Load(Building Instruction 16A and 16B to page 28, step 38)

• Place the Tower Crane on the lid of the blueLEGO® storage box• Turn on the motor by pushing the battery box switchforward and let the string unwind and then let the motorwind it back up again• Make sure all pulley wheels turn freely

Why do cranes use pulleys?Cranes use pulley systems because they can pull with less effort than is needed in a direct lift.First, observe the mechanical advantage and predict with which speed pulley setup A will lift the load.Then test your prediction. Next, follow the same procedure for pulley setups B and C.Test several times to make sure your results are consistent.

Tower Crane


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Mechanical advantage

SpeedLifting time Length liftedMy prediction

(page 28, step 38)

(page 29, step 39)

(page 30, step 40)

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Redesign Needed?

Tower Cranes are often built to match special needs.Now redesign the Tower Crane to make it the best in its class. We have highlighted some question you could explore.Choose one area that you would like to investigate.

Then design a test that will help you explore how it functions and possibleadditional improvements you could make to your new Tower Crane.

What if you wanted to lift loadsmore quickly – how would youchange the arrangement forraising the pulley?


OPITO

What if you wanted to lift heavier loads - how would you change the pulley?

What if you want the crane to lift loads higher - how would you change the tower?

What if you wanted to pick up from one place and put down to the left or right of that place– how would you change the structure where the jib meets the tower?

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Cranes are used both offshore and onshore in the oil and gas industry.

A crane on the offshore platform lifts containers and other essential supplies from the supply vessel onto the platform.

The containers hold smaller items like food and drinking water or small pieces of equipment like valves, tools and drill bits.

Larger items like drill pipes and steel piping are loaded individually.Onshore cranes are used to load the supply vessel.All lifting operations require specialist training.

People involved in this work include:- Crane Operator- RoustaboutYou can find out more about these roles at


OPITO

Cranes – An Industry Example

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OPITO Lego Challenge

Your thoughts about this challenge will help us when we do it again with other pupils. Thank you.


OPITO

What 3 things did you ENJOY MOST in the OPITO Lego Challenge, and why?

In the OPITO Lego Challenge, you have used elements of Engineering Science, Physics and Maths and connected to a real world industry.

Would you be interested in doing Engineering Science and Physics at National 4, National 5 or Higher?

For each subject please tick YES or NO or MAYBE

Which, if any, roles on the website or in in OPITO Lego Challenge interested you?

Engineering Science YES NO MAYBE

Physics YES NO MAYBE

Name: Tutor Group:

ENJOY MOST WHY?1.2.3.

1.2.3.

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Engineer

Geologist

Mechanical

Production

Geophysicist

Technician

Mudlogger

Roustabout

Here are some Roles within the industry that may

interest you!

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OPITO Lego ChallengeLearner’s 4 Capacities – Final QuestionnaireTo help assess how this challenge has contributed to your learning please complete this final questionnaire. Thank you.

Name: Tutor Group:

Using a scale from 1 to 4, where 1 = No confidence and 4 = Very confidentRate your confidence in each of the following Subjects:

1 No confidence

4 Very confident

3Confident

2Not very confident

Physics (eg. Forces or Electricity)MathsTechnical Studies (eg. Materials, Making models)

1. Successful Learner

Using a scale from 1 to 4, where 1 = No confidence and 4 = Very confidentRate your confidence in each of the following Personal Skills:

1 No confidence

4 Very confident

3Confident

2Not very confident

Reading and following instructionsOrganising self and othersProblem Solving

2. Confident Individual

Working and Communicating with a partnerCommunicating to an audience

Using a scale from 1 to 4, where 1 = No confidence and 4 = Very confidentRate how effective you are working as a member of a Team:

1 Poor

4 Very Good

3Good

2Average

Communicating own ideas to the teamListening to the ideas of othersContributing to decision making

3. Effective Contributor

Being reliableTaking responsibility

Managing timeMeeting deadlines

What, if any, are your thoughts towards your future:In the next 5 years?

4. Responsible Citizen

In the next 10 years?

42

GlossaryA Acceleration: The rate at which speed increases. If a car is accelerating it is moving faster.Advantage: The ratio of the output force to the input force of a machine.Axle A rod through the centre of a wheel. It transmits force from an engine to the wheel in a car.

B Balanced Force An object is balanced and does not move when all the forces acting on it are equal and opposite.

C Cams A none-circular wheel that rotates and moves a follower. It converts ro tary movement of the cam into reciprocating or oscillating the movement of the follower.Counter balance A force often provided by the weight of an object you use to reduce or remove the effects of another force. A crane uses a large concrete block on the short arm of its jib to counter the unbalancing effect of the load on the other longer arm. Crank An arm or handle connected to a shaft or axle at right angles enabling the shaft to be easily turned.

D Driven gear See followerDriver The part of a machine, usually a gear, pulley, lever, crank or axle, where the force first comes into the machine.

E Effort The force or amount of force that you or something else puts into a machine.Energy The .capacity to do work

F Fair testing Measuring the performance of a machine by comparing its performance under different conditions.Follower Usually a gear, pulley or lever driven by another one.Force A push or a pullFulcrum See Pivot

G Gear A toothed wheel or cog. The teeth of the gears mesh together to transmit movement.Gearing down A small driver turns a larger follower and amplifies the force from the effort. The follower turns more slowly.Gearing up A large driver turns a smaller follower and reduces the force from the effort. But the follower turns more quickly.

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I Inclined Plane A slanted surface or ramp generally used to raise an object with less effort that is needed to lift it directly. A cam is a special sort of inclined plane.

L Lever A bar that pivots about a fixed point when an effort is applied to it.Load Any force a structure is opposing, such as a weight or mass. The amount of resistance placed on a machine.

M Machine A device that makes work easier or faster to do. It usually contains mechanisms.Mass Mass is the quantity of matter in an objectMechanism A simple arrangement of components that transforms the size or direction of a force, and the speed of its output.

P Pivot The point around which something turns or rotates, such as the pivot of a lever.Pulley A wheel with a grooved rim used with a belt, chain or rope.Pulley wheel Changes the direction of the applied force. A pulley does not move with the load.Pulley block One or more pulleys in a moveable frame with ropes or chains running around them to one or more fixed pulleys. The pulley block moves with the load and reduces the applied force needed to lift the load.

S Slip A belt or rope slipping, usually on a pulley wheel as a safety feature.Speed See VelocityStrut A member of a structure that is in compression. Struts prevent parts of structures from moving towards each other.

T Tensile forces Forces in a structure that pull in opposite directions trying to stretch the structure.Torque The turning force coming from an axle

U Unbalanced force A force that is not opposed by an equal and opposite force. An object feeling an unbalanced force must begin to move in some way

W Weight See MassWork We calculate the work done by multiplying the force needed to move an object by the distance it is moved.

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[email protected] T: +44 (0) 1224 787862Minerva House | Bruntland Road | Portlethen | Aberdeen | AB12 4QL

www.myOilandGasCareer.com

All content copyrighted to OPITO 2006-2013

OPITO

Documents

OPITO - MyOilandGasCareer.com Challenge Booklet Pupils... · 8 OPITO A2: Build A2 book I, pages 4 to 5 Raise the lever. Describe how hard or easy it was to lift the load. Label the