ON THE MOVE Edexcel GCE Geography AS Unit 1 update PowerPoint presentation with notes January 2011

ON THE MOVEEdexcel GCE Geography AS Unit 1 update

PowerPoint presentation with notesJanuary 2011

On the Move: changing EU migration trends

• On the Move: changing EU migration trends

• Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK

• Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean

• The wider context: migration into Europe

• Answering exam questions on migration

PowerPoint outline


Specification content

Enquiry question: How is migration changing the face of the EU?

What students need to learn Suggested teaching

Key movements within Europe include:A study of post-accession labour flows from eastern Europe.A case study of retirement flows to Mediterranean locations.

Researching and explaining the movements of Polish and other workers to the UK, and Britons retiring to Spain.

Key migrations into Europe at an international scale, contrasting recent and earlier post-colonial flows.

Developing an awareness of the cultural-economic linkages between European countries and the wider world.

The economic, social, environmental and political consequences of these movements and the issues and reactions they create.

Weighing up the consequences such as nationalism, culture, religion, citizenship and policy.


The eastern EU nations have been

source regions for migration since 2004The UK and

Mediterranean coastline

countries are host nations

for EU migration

Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK

• The EU post-accession migration turned into the largest

mass migration to the UK in its history.

• April 2004 – Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania,

Latvia, Hungary and Czech Republic joined the EU.

• Since then, Bulgaria and Romania have also joined.

• This is a diffuse migration, with migrants travelling to

peripheral parts of the UK, not just urban core areas.

Background


Recent trends (1)

Immigration fell in the 3rd and 4th quarters of 2008 when the global credit

crunch hit the UK economy

Combined with rising return

migration (due to fewer jobs), this meant a

net loss at the end of 2009


• There were 1.4 million eastern European migrants living in

the UK at the start of 2008.

• As many as half of these A8 migrants have since returned

home, leaving perhaps only 700,000 in the UK.

• Improved conditions in Poland pull many home – while the

poor economic prospects of the UK are now a push factor.

• Migration rules are due to be relaxed in Germany which may

attract more eastern Europeans currently living in the UK.

Recent trends (2)


Economic impacts (UK)


Economic impacts (UK)


Demographic impacts (UK)

Migration looks set to be the

largest growth factor for the UK in the next

25 years

Natural increase is also higher than it used to be -

because many EU migrants are of child-bearing age and have a

high fertility rate

Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean

Background

Three large countries with a Mediterranean

coastline – they are all host nations

for high numbers of “sun-seeker”

migrants

Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean

• Spain has been badly affected by the global economic turndown.

• Millions of properties are unsold and values have crashed.

• Changing exchange rates have meant that the Pound now buys fewer Euros than ten years ago.

• As a result, the Mediterranean has become a slightly less attractive destination for retiring Brits.

Recent trends

The wider context: migration into Europe

• Increasingly common request by Year 12 students

• Centre driven policy• The GCSE specification

was written with these students in mind

Background

This graph gives an indication of who comes to the UK

and whether they work or are

studying e.g. 80% of Australian

migrants were working in 2010

Look at how much change is non-EU in origin (light blue-grey colour) - many are students


• Continuous migration has occurred into western Europe and more specifically the UK since 1945. This has generated a multi-ethnic society.

• Often this is post-colonial migration: in the UK, migrants came from ex-colonies that included India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of the Caribbean.

• In the UK, many young people today describe themselves as being “British Asian” – their identity is partly rooted in Europe, but partly in Asia too.

• But recently, politicians have questioned the level of integration of ethnic minority communities such as some Asian communities in UK cities like Bradford, Leeds and Leicester, as well as many London Boroughs.

• .

Multicultural challenge (1)

MP Jack Straw says such clothing, as worn by a

minority of Muslim women, is a "visible

statement of separation and of difference" in the

UK.

He asks women visiting his office to consider

removing it

"I started wearing a hijab properly about 15

years ago. I've worked in social work for over 20

years. Wearing the hijab is part of my identity. I like looking smart, I like

looking good.”

Saleha Islam is head of London-based NSPCC Asian Child Protection

Helpline


Multicultural challenge (2)

“The hijab is part of a spiritual journey. You try and wear clothes which are part and parcel of your spiritual life."

Sarah Joseph is the London Editor of Emel,

the Muslim lifestyle magazine and is a hijab

wearer

Clothing worn by a minority of British Muslim women sometimes

includes the hijab (a headscarf that covers the head and neck) and the

niqab (a face veil)


The last Labour government phased in a point system between 2008 and 2010, designed to help control immigration by checking that economic migrants possess the skills that the UK economy actually is short of, and needs.

• Tier 1 - Highly skilled individuals• Tier 2 - Skilled workers with a firm job offer, needed to fill

specific gaps in the United Kingdom workforce • Tier 3 - Low-skilled workers fill temporary labour shortages • Tier 4 - Students • Tier 5 - Temporary workers who are allowed to work in the

United Kingdom for a limited period of time

Political reaction (1)


• The new (2010) coalition government announced it would be “tough” on migration by cutting net migration to below 100,000.

• But it ran into trouble when business leaders announced that a cap on visas for skilled workers – set at 24,100 – was not enough.

• Business bosses think that this will threaten the UK’s role as a global hub – and Indian, Chinese and Brazilian TNCs will be unimpressed that they cannot transfer more staff to the UK.

• It is becoming harder for government to look tough on migration because fewer Brits are leaving due to the weak pound and fewer opportunities overseas due to the global recession. This means that net migration figure may rise even if fewer immigrants arrive!

Political reaction (2)


• Foreigners with a student visa are the largest group of migrants that enter the UK each year.

• Universities rely heavily on the high fees paid by foreign students.

• Higher tuition fees for UK home students may reduce this dependency in future years.

The student issue (1)


The student issue (2)

Nearly one third of this

university's income comes from fees paid

by non-EU students

Answering examination questions on migration May 2010

This is a good Section A response that would score full marks: it uses

precise examples and answers directly using clear language

Answering examination questions on migration Jan 2010

Now try to attempt part (a) for homework

using Figure 10 and some of the

information contained in

this presentation

• Figures (c) Financial Times• Photographs (c) sean_the_postman & S. Oakes

Documents

ON THE MOVE Edexcel GCE Geography AS Unit 1 update PowerPoint presentation with notes January 2011