Old Latin 1

Old LatinFor the "Old Latin" Biblical texts, see Vetus Latina.

Old LatinPrisca Latinitas

The playwright Titus Maccius Plautus wrote using Old Latin.

Nativeto Roman Republic

Region Italy

Era pre-1st century BC

Language family Indo-European

Italic

Latino-Faliscan

Latin

Old Latin

Writing system Latin alphabet

Official status

Official languagein Rome

Regulatedby Schools of grammar and rhetoric

Language codes

ISO 639-3 itc-ola

Linguist list qbb [1]

Expansion of the Roman Republic during the 2nd century BC. Very little Latin is likely to have been spoken beyond the area coloured green, norwas it ubiquitous within it.

Old Latin 2

Old Latin, also known as Early Latin and Archaic Latin, refers to the Latin language in the period before 75BC,i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. In New and Contemporary Latin, it is called prisca Latinitas ("ancient Latin")rather than vetus Latina ("old Latin") as the latter is used to refer to a set of Biblical texts.The use of "old", "early" and "archaic" has been standard in publications of Old Latin writings since at least the 18thcentury. The definition is not arbitrary but these terms refer to writings with spelling conventions and word forms notgenerally found in works written under the Roman Empire. This article presents some of the major differences.

Philological constructs

The old-time languageThe concept of Old Latin (Prisca Latinitas) is as old as the concept of Classical Latin, both dating to at least as earlyas the late Roman Republic. In that time period Marcus Tullius Cicero, along with others, noted that the language heused every day, presumably the upper-class city Latin, included lexical items and phrases that were heirlooms from aprevious time, which he called verborum vetustas prisca,[2] translated as "the old age/time of language."During the classical period, Prisca Latinitas, Prisca Latina and other expressions using the adjective always meantthese remnants of a previous language, which, in the Roman philology, was taken to be much older in fact than itreally was. Viri prisci, "old-time men," were the population of Latium before the foundation of Rome.

The four Latins of IsidoreIn the Late Latin period, when Classical Latin was behind them, the Latin- and Greek-speaking grammarians werefaced with multiple phases, or styles, within the language. Isidore of Seville reports a classification scheme that hadcome into existence in or before his time: "the four Latins" ("Latinas autem linguas quatuor esse quidamdixerunt").[3] They were Prisca, spoken before the founding of Rome, when Janus and Saturn ruled Latium, to whichhe dated the Carmen Saliare; Latina, dated from the time of king Latinus, in which period he placed the laws of theTwelve Tables; Romana, essentially equal to Classical Latin; and Mixta, "mixed" Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin,which is known today as Late Latin. The scheme persisted with little change for some thousand years after Isidore.

Old LatinIn 1874 John Wordsworth used the definition:

By Early Latin I understand Latin of the whole period of the Republic, which is separated verystrikingly, both in tone and in outward form, from that of the Empire.

Although the differences are striking and can be easily identified by Latin readers, they are not such as to cause alanguage barrier. Latin speakers of the empire had no reported trouble understanding old Latin, except for the fewtexts that must date from the time of the kings, mainly songs. Thus the laws of the twelve tables, which began therepublic, were comprehensible, but the Carmen Saliare, probably written under Numa Pompilius, was not entirely.An opinion concerning Old Latin, of a Roman man of letters in the middle Republic, does survive: the historian,Polybius,[4] read "the first treaty between Rome and Carthage", which he says "dates from the consulship of LuciusJunius Brutus and Marcus Horatius, the first consuls after the expulsion of the kings." Knowledge of the earlyconsuls is somewhat obscure, but Polybius also states that the treaty was formulated 28 years after Xerxes I crossedinto Greece; that is, in 452 BC, about the time of the Decemviri, when the constitution of the Roman republic wasbeing defined. Polybius says of the language of the treaty: "...the ancient Roman language differs so much from themodern that it can only be partially made out, and that after much application by the most intelligent men."There is no sharp distinction between Old Latin as it was spoken for most of the republic and classical Latin, but theearlier grades into the later. The end of the republic was too late a termination for compilers after Wordsworth;Charles Edwin Bennett said:

Old Latin 3

'Early Latin' is necessarily a somewhat vague term ... Bell, De locativi in prisca Latinitate vi et usu,Breslau, 1889, sets the later limit at 75 BC. A definite date is really impossible, since archaic Latin doesnot terminate abruptly, but continues even down to imperial times.

Bennett's own date of 100 BC did not prevail but rather Bell's 75 BC became the standard as expressed in thefour-volume Loeb Library and other major compendia. Over the 377 years from 452 BC to 75 BC Old Latin evolvedfrom being partially comprehensible by classicists with study to being easily read by men of letters.

Corpus

The Forum inscription, one of the oldestknown Latin inscriptions. It is written

boustrophedon, albeit irregularly. From arubbing by Domenico Comparetti.

Old Latin authored works began in the 3rd century BC. These arecomplete or nearly complete works under their own name surviving asmanuscripts copied from other manuscripts in whatever script was currentat the time. In addition are fragments of works quoted in other authors.Numerous inscriptions placed by various methods (painting, engraving,embossing) on their original media survive just as they were except forthe ravages of time. Some of these were copied from other inscriptions.No inscription can be earlier than the introduction of the Greek alphabetinto Italy but none survive from that early date. The imprecision ofarchaeological dating makes precise dates impossible but the earliestsurvivals are probably from the 6th century BC. Some of the texts,however, surviving as fragments in the works of classical authors, had tohave been composed earlier than the republic, in the monarchy. These arelisted below.

Fragments and inscriptions

Notable Old Latin fragments with estimated dates include: The Carmen Saliare (chant put forward in classical times as having

been sung by the Salian brotherhood formed by Numa Pompilius,approximate date 700 BC)

The Praeneste fibula (traditionally attributed to the 7th century BC,though it has been suggested that it may be a 19th-century forgery)

The Forum inscription (illustration, right c. 550 BC under themonarchy)

The Duenos inscription (c. 500 BC) The Castor-Pollux dedication (c. 500 BC) The Garigliano Bowl (c. 500 BC) The Lapis Satricanus (early 5th century BC) The preserved fragments of the laws of the Twelve Tables (traditionally, 449 BC, attested much later) The Tibur pedestal (c. 400 BC) The Scipionum Elogia

Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (c. 280 BC) Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio (consul 259 BC) Epitaph of Publius Cornelius Scipio P.f. P.n. Africanus (died about 170 BC)

The Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus (186 BC) The Vase Inscription from Ardea The Corcolle Altar fragments

Old Latin 4

The Carmen Arvale Altar to the Unknown Divinity (92 BC)

Works of literature

Cato the Elder and his wife

The authors are as follows: Lucius Livius Andronicus (c. 280/260 BC c. 200 BC), translator,

founder of Roman drama Gnaeus Naevius (c. 264 201 BC), dramatist, epic poet Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254 184 BC), dramatist, composer of

comedies Quintus Ennius (239 c. 169 BC), poet Marcus Pacuvius (c. 220 130 BC), tragic dramatist, poet Statius Caecilius (220 168/166 BC), comic dramatist Publius Terentius Afer (195/185 159 BC), comic dramatist

Quintus Fabius Pictor (3rd century BC), historian Lucius Cincius Alimentus (3rd century BC), military historian Marcius Porcius Cato (234 149 BC), generalist, topical writer Gaius Acilius (2nd century BC), historian Lucius Accius (170 c. 86 BC), tragic dramatist, philologist Gaius Lucilius (c. 160s 103/102 BC), satirist Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd century BC), public officer, epigramatist Aulus Furius Antias (2nd century BC), poet Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus (130 BC 87 BC), public officer, tragic dramatist Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis (2nd century BC), comic dramatist, satirist Lucius Cassius Hemina (2nd century BC), historian Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (2nd century BC), historian Manius Manilius (2nd century BC), public officer, jurist Lucius Coelius Antipater (2nd century BC), jurist, historian Publius Sempronius Asellio (158 BC after 91 BC), military officer, historian Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus (2nd century BC), jurist Lucius Afranius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), comic dramatist Titus Albucius (2nd and 1st centuries BC), orator Publius Rutilius Rufus (158 BC after 78 BC), jurist Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus (154 74 BC), philologist Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius (2nd and 1st centuries BC), historian Valerius Antias (2nd and 1st centuries BC), historian Lucius Cornelius Sisenna (121 67 BC), soldier, historian Quintus Cornificius (2nd and 1st centuries BC), rhetorician

Old Latin 5

ScriptMain articles: History of the Latin alphabet, Latin alphabet and Old Italic alphabetOld Latin surviving in inscriptions is written in various forms of the Etruscan alphabet as it evolved into the Latinalphabet. The writing conventions varied by time and place until classical conventions prevailed. The works ofauthors in manuscript form were copied over into the scripts current in those later times. The original writing doesnot exist.

OrthographySome differences between old and classical Latin were of spelling only; pronunciation is thought to be essentially asin classical Latin: Single for double consonants: Marcelus for Marcellus Double vowels for long vowels: aara for ra q for c before u: pequnia for pecunia gs/ks/xs for x: e.g. regs for rex, saxsum for saxum c for g: Caius for GaiusThese differences did not necessarily run concurrently with each other and were not universal; that is, c was used forboth c and g.

PhonologySee also: History of Latin

Diphthong changes from Old Latin (left) to ClassicalLatin (right)[5]

Stress

Old Latin had a strong stress on the first syllable of a word upthrough about 250 BC. All syllables other than the first wereunstressed and were subjected to greater amounts of phonologicalweakening. Starting around 250 BC the Classical Latin stresssystem began to develop. It passed through at least oneintermediate stage, found in Plautus, where the stress occurred onthe fourth from the last syllable in four-syllable words withentirely short syllables.

Vowels and diphthongs

Most original PIE diphthongs were preserved in stressed syllables,including /ai/ (later ae); /ei/ (later ); /oi/ (later , or sometimes oe);/ou/ (from PIE /eu/ and /ou/; later ).

The Old Latin diphthong ei evolves in stages: ei > > . The intermediate sound was simply written e but musthave been distinct from the normal long vowel because the former subsequently merged with while the latter didnot. It is generally thought that was a higher sound than e (e.g. perhaps [e] vs. [] during the time when bothsounds existed). Even after the original vowel /ei/ had merged with //, the old spelling ei continued to be used for awhile, with the result that ei came to stand for // and began to be used in the spelling of original occurrences of //that did not evolve from /ei/ (e.g. in the genitive singular /-/, which is always spelled -i in the oldest inscriptions butlater on can be spelled either -i or -ei).

Old Latin 6

In unstressed syllables, *oi and *ai had already merged into ei by historic times (except for one possible occurrenceof poploe for popul "people" in a late manuscript of one of the early songs). This eventually evolved to accordingto the process described above.Old Latin often had different short vowels than Classical Latin, reflecting sound changes that had not yet takenplace. For example, the very early Duenos inscription has the form duenos "good", later found as duonos and stilllater bonus. A countervailing change wo > we occurred around 150 BC in certain contexts, and many earlier formsare found (e.g. earlier vot, voster, vorsus vs. later vet, vester, versus).Old Latin frequently preserves original PIE (Proto-Indo-European) thematic case endings -os and -om (later -us and-um).

ConsonantsIntervocalic /s/ (pronounced [z]) was preserved up through 350 BC or so, at which point it changed into /r/ (calledrhotacism). This rhotacism had implications for declension: early classical Latin, honos, honoris (from honos,honoses); later Classical (by analogy) honor, honoris ("honor"). Some Old Latin texts preserve /s/ in this position,such as the Carmen Arvale's lases for lares. Later instances of /s/ are mostly due either to reduction of early /ss/ afterlong vowels or diphthongs; borrowings; or late reconstructions.There are many unreduced clusters, e.g. iouxmentom (later imentum, "beast of burden"); losna (later lna, "moon")< *lousna < */leuksn/; cosmis (later cmis, "courteous"); stlocum, acc. (later locum, "place").Early du /dw/ becomes later b: duenos > duonos > bonus "good"; duis > bis "twice"; duellom > bellum "war".Final /d/ occurred in ablatives (later lost) and in third-person secondary verbs (later t).

Grammar and morphology

NounsLatin nouns are distinguished by grammatical case, a word with a termination, or suffix, determining its use in thesentence, such as subject, predicate, etc. A case for a given word is formed by suffixing a case ending to a part of theword common to all its cases called a stem. Stems are classified by their last letters as vowel or consonant. Vowelstems are formed by adding a suffix to a shorter and more ancient segment called a root. Consonant stems are theroot (roots end in consonants). The combination of the last letter of the stem and the case ending often results in anending also called a case ending or termination. For example, the stem puella- receives a case ending -m to form theaccusative case puellam in which the termination -am is evident.In Classical Latin textbooks the declensions are named from the letter ending the stem or First, Second, etc. to Fifth.A declension may be illustrated by a paradigm, or listing of all the cases of a typical word. This method is lessfrequently applied to Old Latin, and with less validity. In contrast to Classical Latin, Old Latin reflects the evolutionof the language from an unknown hypothetical ancestor spoken in Latium. The endings are multiple. Their usedepends on time and locality. Any paradigm selected would be subject to these constraints and if applied to thelanguage universally would result in false constructs, hypothetical words not attested in the Old Latin corpus.Nevertheless the endings are illustrated below by quasi-classical paradigms. Alternative endings from differentstages of development are given, but they may not be attested for the word of the paradigm. For example, in theSecond Declension, *campoe "fields" is unattested, but poploe "peoples" is attested.

Old Latin 7

First declension (a)

The 'A-Stem' declension. The stems of nouns of this declension usually end in and are typically feminine.[6]

puell, sgirl, maiden f.

Singular Plural

Nominative puell puell

Vocative puella puellai

Accusative puellam puells

Genitive puell-s/-/-ais puell-om/-sm

Dative puelli puell-eis/-abos

Ablative puelld puell-eis/-abos

Locative Romai Syracuseis

A nominative case ending of s in a few masculines indicates the nominative singular case ending may have beenoriginally s: paricidas for later paricida, but the s tended to get lost.[7] In the nominative plural, - replacedoriginal -s as in the genitive singular.[8]

In the genitive singular, the s was replaced with from the second declension, the resulting diphthong shorteningto ai subsequently becoming ae.[9] In a few cases the replacement did not take place: pater familis. Explanationsof the late inscriptional -aes are speculative. In the genitive plural, the regular ending is sm (classical rum byrhotacism and shortening of final o) but some nouns borrow om (classical um) from the second declension.In the dative singular the final i is either long[10] or short. The ending becomes ae, a (Feronia) or e (Fortune).In the accusative singular, Latin regularly shortens a vowel before final m.[]

In the ablative singular, d was regularly lost after a long vowel. In the dative and ablative plural, the abosdescending from Indo-European *bhos[11] is used for feminines only (deabus). *ais > eis > s is adapted fromois of the o-declension.[12]

In the vocative singular, an original short a merged with the shortened a of the nominative.The locative case would not apply to such a meaning as puella, so Roma, which is singular, and Syracusae, which isplural, have been substituted. The locative plural has already merged with the eis form of the ablative.

Second declension (o)

campos, field, plain m.

saxom, rock, stone n.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative camp-os camp-ei < -oi sax-om sax-/-

Vocative camp-e camp-ei < -oi sax-om sax-

Accusative camp-om camp-s sax-om sax-/-

Genitive camp- camp-m sax- sax-m

Dative camp- camp-eis < -ois sax- sax-eis < -ois

Ablative camp-d camp-eis < -ois sax-d sax-eis < -ois

Locative camp-ei camp-eis < -ois sax-ei sax-eis < -ois

Old Latin 8

The stems of the nouns of the o-declension end in deriving from the o-grade of Indo-European ablaut.[13] ClassicalLatin evidences the development > . Nouns of this declension are either masculine or neuter.Nominative singulars ending in -ros or -ris syncopate the ending:[14] *agros > *agrs > *agers > *agerr > ager. (Theform terr "three times" for later ter < *tris appears in Plautus.)Many alternative spellings occur: As mentioned above, the sound change -ei > - > - leads to numerous variations, including the reverse spelling ei

for . This spelling eventually appears in the genitive singular as well, although - is earliest and the true ending;cf. populi Romanei, "of the Roman people."[15], which both spellings in the same inscription.

Likewise, the sound change -os > -us and -m > -om > -um affect the nominative and accusative singular, and thegenitive plural.

One very early text has genitive -osio (the Proto-Indo-European ending) rather than - (an ending appearing onlyin Italo-Celtic). This form also appears in the closely related Faliscan language.

In the genitive plural, -um (from Indo-European *-m) survived in classical Latin "words for coins andmeasures";[16] otherwise it was eventually replaced by -rum by analogy with 1st declension -rum.

The nominative/vocative plural masculine -ei comes from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) pronominal ending *-oi.The original ending -oi appears in a late spelling in the word poploe (i.e. "poploi" = popul "people") in SextusPompeius Festus.[17]

The dative/ablative/locative plural -eis comes from earlier -ois, a merger of PIE instrumental plural *-is andlocative plural *-oisu. The form -ois appears in Sextus Pompeius Festus and a few early inscriptions.

The Praeneste Fibula has dative singular Numasioi, representing Proto-Indo-European *-i, but this inscriptionmay be a fraud.

A number of "provincial texts" have nominative plural -eis (later -s from 190 BC on[18]), with an added s, bysome sort of analogy with other declensions. Sihler (1995) notes that this form appears in literature only inpronouns and suggests that inscriptional examples added to nouns may be artificial (i.e. not reflecting actualpronunciation).

In the vocative singular, some nouns lose the -e (i.e. have a zero ending) but not necessarily the same as inclassical Latin.[19] The -e alternates regularly with -us.

The locative was a separate case in Old Latin but gradually became reduced in function, and the locative singularform eventually merged with the genitive singular by regular sound change. In the plural, the locative wascaptured by the ablative case in all Italic languages before Old Latin.

Third declension (consonant/i)

The 'Consonant-Stem' and 'I-Stem' declension. This declension contains nouns that are masculine, feminine, andneuter. The stem ends in the root consonant, except in the special case where it ends in -i (i-stem declension). Thei-stem, which is a vowel-stem, partially fused with the consonant-stem in the pre-Latin period and went further inOld Latin.[20] I/y and u/w can be treated either as consonants or as vowels; hence their classification as semi-vowels.Mixed-stem declensions are partly like consonant-stem and partly like i-stem. Consonant-stem declensions varyslightly depending on which consonant is root-final: stop-, r-, n-, s-, etc.[21] The paradigms below include astop-stem (reg-) and an i-stem (igni-).

Old Latin 9

Rgs esking m.

Ignis -isfire m.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative rg/-s rg-es/-s/-s/-s ign-is/-es ign-es/-s/-s/-s

Vocative rg/-s rg-es/-s/-s/-s ign-is/-es ign-es/-s/-s/-s

Accusative rgem rg-es/-s/-s ignim ign-es/-s/-s

Genitive rg-es/-is/-os/-us rg-om/-um/-erum ignis ign-iom/-ium

Dative rg-ei/-/-/- rg-ebus/-ebs/-ibos/-ibus

ign-i/-e/- ign-ibus/-ibos

Ablative rg-d/-d/-/-/- rg-ebus/-ebs/-ibos/-ibus

ign-d/-d/-/-/-

ign-ebus/-ebs/-ibos/-ibus

Locative rg rgebos ign ignibos

For the consonant declension, in the nominative singular, the -s was affixed directly to the stem consonant, but thecombination of the two consonants produced modified nominatives over the Old Latin period. The case appears indifferent stages of modification in different words diachronically.[22] The nominative as rgs instead of rx is anorthographic feature of Old Latin; the letter x was seldom used alone (as in the classical period) to designate the /ks/or /gs/ sound, but instead, was written as either 'ks', 'cs', or even 'xs'. The Latin neuter form (not shown) is theIndo-European nominative without stem ending; for example, cor < *cord "heart."[23]

The genitive singular endings include -is < -es and -us < *-os.[24] In the genitive plural, some forms appear to affixthe case ending to the genitive singular rather than the stem: regerum < *reg-is-um.[25]

In the dative singular, - succeeded -e and - after 200 BC.In the accusative singular, -em < *- after a consonant.In the ablative singular, the -d was lost after 200 BC.[26] In the dative and ablative plural, the early poets sometimesused -bs.In the locative singular, the earliest form is like the dative but over the period assimilated to the ablative.[27]

Fourth declension (u)

The 'U-Stem' declension. The stems of the nouns of the u-declension end in and are masculine, feminine andneuter. In addition is a -stem declension, which contains only a few "isolated" words, such as ss, "pig", and is notpresented here.[28]

sentus, uossenate m.

Singular Plural

Nominative sentus sents

Vocative sentus sents

Accusative sentum sents

Genitive sent-uos/-uis/-/-ous/-s sent-uom/-um

Dative sentu sent-ubus/-ibus

Ablative sent-d/-ud sent-ubus/-ibus

Locative senti

Old Latin 10

Fifth declension (e)

The 'E-Stem' declension. The fifth declension in Old Latin is almost morphologically identical to the one of ClassicalLatin.

rs, reisthing f.

Singular Plural

Nominative rs, reis rs

Vocative rs rs

Accusative rem rs

Genitive ris, rs rsom

Dative re rbos

Ablative rd rbos

Locative

While the commonest ending in the nominative in both the singular and plural forms is '-s' (i.e. 'rs, r'), there havebeen recorded a few instances of either a shortened 'e' with the addition of a consonantal 'i', as in 'reis', or theabandonment of the nature of the 'e-stem' declension (i.e. 'res, rei').The genitive in the singular functions as the second declension: 'r' (the breve above the 'e' is the result of anapproximant 'r' preceding a mid-open vowel). The genitive plural, in a like manner to the second declension, isformed primarily by '-sm'The dative is generally formed with an '-ei' in the singular, and an '-bos' in the plural.The accusative, like all the other declensions, retains the labial 'm', shortening the quantity of the theme vowel.The ablative singular is a predictable '-d.' The plural is like the dative.The locative functions exactly in the singular as it does in the plural, with a short '-eis' as the 1st although there areno singular-based city names in the singular besides the occasional 'Athenseis'.

Personal pronounsPersonal pronouns are among the most common thing found in Old Latin inscriptions. In all three persons, theablative singular ending is identical to the accusative singular.

Ego, I Tu, You Su, Himself, Herself, Etc.

Nominative ego tu -

Accusative md td sd

Genitive mis tis sei

Dative mihei, mehei tibei sibei

Ablative md td sd

Plural

Nominative ns vs -

Accusative ns vs sd

Genitive nostrm,-rum, -i

vostrm,-rum, -i

sei

Dative nbeis, nis vbeis sibei

Old Latin 11

Ablative nbeis, nis vbeis sd

Relative pronounIn Old Latin, the relative pronoun is also another common concept, especially in inscriptions. The forms are quiteinconsistent and leave much to be reconstructed by scholars.

que, qua, quod who, what

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative que qua quod

Accusative quem quam quod

Genitive quoius, quoios, -a, -um/om(according to gender of whatever is owned)

Dative quo, que, quoie, que

Ablative qu, qud qud qud

Plural

Nominative ques, queis qua qua

Accusative qus qus qua

Genitive qum, qurom qum, qurom qum, qurom

Dative queis, qus

Ablative queis, qus

Verbs

Old present and perfects

There is little evidence of the inflection of Old Latin verb forms and the few surviving inscriptions hold manyinconsistencies between forms. Therefore, the forms below are ones that are both proven by scholars through OldLatin inscriptions, and recreated by scholars based on other early Indo-European languages such as Greek and Italicdialects such as Oscan and Umbrian.

Indicative Present: Sum Indicative Present: Facio

Old Classical Old Classical

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

First Person som, esom somos, sumos sum sumus fac(e/) fac(e)imos faci facimus

Second Person es estes es estis fac(e/)s fac(e/)teis facis facitis

Third Person est sont est sunt fac(e/)d/-(e/i)t fac(e/)ont facit faciunt

Old Latin 12

Indicative Perfect: Sum Indicative Perfect: Facio

Old Classical Old Classical

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

First Person fuei fuemos fu fuimus (fe)fecei (fe)fecemos fc fcimus

Second Person fuistei fuistes fuist fuistis (fe)fecistei (fe)fecisteis fcist fcistis

Third Person fued/fuit fueront/-erom fuit furunt (fe)feced/-et (fe)feceront/-erom fcit fcrunt/-re

Bibliography Allen, Frederic De Forest (1897). Remnants of Early Latin [29]. Boston: Ginn & Company. Bennett, Charles Edwin (1895). Appendix to Bennett's Latin grammar for Teachers and Advanced Students.

Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Bennett, Charles Edwin (1907). The Latin language: a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax.

Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Bennett, Charles Edwin (1910). Syntax of Early Latin. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Buck, Carl Darling (1933). Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Chicago: University of Chicago. Gildersleeve, Basil Lanneau; Lodge, Gonzalez (1900). Gildersleeve's Latin grammar (3rd ed.). New York,

Boston, New Orleans, London: University Publishing Company. Lindsay, Wallace Martin (1894). The Latin language: an historical account of Latin sounds, stems and flexions.

Oxford: Clarendon Press. Palmer, Leonard Robert (1988) [1954]. The Latin language. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Roby, Henry John (1872). A grammar of the Latin language from Plautus to Suetonius. Volume I (2nd ed.).

London: MacMillan and Co. Wordsworth, John (1874). Fragments and specimens of early Latin, with Introduction and Notes [30]. Oxford:

Clarendon Press.

Sources[1] http:/ / multitree. linguistlist. org/ codes/ qbb[2][2] De Oratoribus, I.193.[3][3] Book IX.1.6.[4] Histories III.22.[5][5] Allen (1897), p.6[6] Buck (1933), pp. 174175.[7][7] Wordsworth (1874), p.45.[8][8] Buck (1933), p. 177.[9] Buck (1933), pp. 175176.[10][10] Wordsworth (1874), p. 48.[11][11] Buck (1933), p. 172.[12][12] Palmer (1988), p. 242.[13][13] Buck (1933), p. 173.[14] Buck (1933), pp. 99100.[15][15] Lindsay (1894), p. 383.[16][16] Buck (1933), p. 182.[17] Sihler (1995), A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin.[18][18] Wordsworth (1874), p.56.[19][19] Buck (1933), p.181.[20][20] Buck (1933), p. 197.[21] Buck (1933), pp. 185193.[22] Wordsworth (1874), pp. 6773.[23][23] Buck (1933), p. 185.

Old Latin 13

[24][24] Bennett (1895), p. 117.[25][25] Roby (1872), p. 162.[26][26] Allen (1897), p. 9.[27][27] Gildersleeve (1900), p. 18.[28] Buck (1933), pp. 198201.[29] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=I7EgAAAAMAAJ& printsec=titlepage[30] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=67wUAAAAQAAJ& printsec=titlepage

External links Gippert, Jost (19942001). "Old Latin Inscriptions" (http:/ / titus. fkidg1. uni-frankfurt. de/ didact/ idg/ ital/

latinsc. htm) (in German, English). Titus Didactica. Retrieved 29 October 2009.

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsOld Latin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609476993 Contributors: A. Parrot, Angelo Papenhoff, Angr, Anthony Appleyard, Avicennasis, B1157, BD2412,Bayerischermann, Benwing, Chameleon, Chowbok, ChristopherWillis, Ciacchi, Cynwolfe, Davidiad, Deeptrivia, Dysmorodrepanis, Eman2129, FeanorStar7, Fsojic, Furrykef, Gandalf1491,Glenfarclas, Gonda Attila, Grblomerth, GreatWhiteNortherner, Greatgavini, He's a very naughty boy, Heaven's knight, Hergilfs, Hmains, Hyperboreios, Ihcoyc, Intgr, JamesBWatson,Jason131813, Jborme, Jheald, Joefromrandb, JonMoore, KakistocraticLaw, Kwamikagami, Largoplazo, Lazar Taxon, Llywrch, Man vyi, Mets501, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mirv, MixalisOwen,Mjhrynick, Muke, Omnipaedista, OttRider, Pail, Peter Chastain, Peter Isotalo, Pfold, Poccil, Prime Entelechy, Prsephone1674, Pstamato, R.123, RafaAzevedo, RandomCritic, RexxS, Rjwilmsi,Rsvk, Rursus, Rwflammang, S. Neuman, Sandrewdanderson, Sardanaphalus, Shoeofdeath, Sowlos, Steinbach, Stephen MUFC, TheMexican2007, Tifoo, Tim Q. Wells, Torvalu4, Tzetzes,Wavelength, Woohookitty, Y-barton, Yolgnu, Zundark, 102 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Tito Maccio Plauto.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tito_Maccio_Plauto.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Andreagrossmann, Larry YumaFile:Expansion of Rome, 2nd century BC.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Expansion_of_Rome,_2nd_century_BC.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: BibiSaint-Pol, Flamarande, Gryffindor, JMCC1, Kirill Lokshin, 4 anonymous editsImage:Forum inscription.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Forum_inscription.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: G.dallorto, Harris Morgan, Kenmayer, Manvyi, Mirv, Paulo Cesar-1, Sailko, SmuconlawFile:Grupo funerario de Catn y Porcia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Grupo_funerario_de_Catn_y_Porcia.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: NiplosImage:Old latin dipthongs nochar.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Old_latin_dipthongs_nochar.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Old_latin_dipthongs.svg:Rursus

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Old LatinPhilological constructs The old-time language The four Latins of Isidore Old Latin

Corpus Fragments and inscriptionsWorks of literature

ScriptOrthography Phonology Stress Vowels and diphthongs Consonants

Grammar and morphologyNounsFirst declension (a)Second declension (o)Third declension (consonant/i)Fourth declension (u)Fifth declension (e)

Personal pronounsRelative pronounVerbsOld present and perfects

Bibliography Sources External links

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