BOARD PERSPECTIVE
“
… remain mindful of the
often before the post-conviction
petition is even filed.
For the past twelve years, I have worked in the District of Oregon as an Assistant Federal Public Defender. I defend men
and women accused of federal crimes who cannot afford counsel, and I represent Oregon prisoners pursuing federal habeas corpus challenges to their state convictions and sentences. For the past year and a half, I have had the pleasure of serving on OCDLA’s Board of Directors in a seat designated for the Office of the Federal Public Defender.
As an OCDLA member and a member of the Board, I have a renewed appreciation for the varying practices in each of the state’s regions and counties as well as before different judges. I am constantly impressed by the creativity and zeal of our criminal defense bar here in Oregon as reflected in OCDLA’s membership. A ripple in the OCDLA “Pond” turns into a powerful wave of collaboration as we collectively unleash many brilliant minds on the questions and challenges that arise in the cases of colleagues. OCDLA members and presenters sharing their zeal, creativity, knowledge, and best practices at OCDLA’s stellar conferences and seminars allows us to soak up and use that knowledge for the benefit of our individual clients and also to challenge the system to better provide justice. OCDLA’s trainings will often set the standard of care by which our work is judged, and, at the same time, empower us to raise the bar for ourselves and for each other.
In my habeas cases, I work closely with state practitioners, sharing files and gaining insight into the case from those who worked the case up before me so we can identify injustices or wrongful convictions.
Unfortunately, it now is more difficult than ever before to obtain relief in the federal habeas corpus forum. Fewer than one half of one percent of the noncapital habeas petitions filed nationally are granted. Perhaps the most significant procedural hurdle habeas petitioners face is the one-year statute of limitations. The one-year filing deadline has tripped up countless habeas petitioners in the last two decades and continues to terminate a significant number of habeas cases in the District of Oregon without a merits decision.
Substantively, not only does a habeas petitioner have to show that there was a federal constitutional violation at trial or sentencing, but he or she also has to show that the state court decision denying relief was contrary to federal law, or an objectively
unreasonable application of the law, or that it was an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the record before the state court. After a 2011 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, a state court decision will only be deemed unreasonable where “there is no possibility that fair-minded jurists could disagree that the state court’s decision conflicts with [Supreme Court] precedent.”
Additionally, the AEDPA makes it very hard to add new evidence in federal court. As a result, the federal court generally looks exclusively at the record created in the state courts, including the post-conviction case.
With these difficulties of habeas corpus in mind, I suggest five things that Oregon practitioners can do to set their clients up for better federal habeas outcomes.
First, if evidence seems concerning or “gets you in the gut” as unfair, get creative to find, preserve, and federalize challenges to it—even if your challenge seems unorthodox, you are sure it will be rejected by the trial judge, or court of appeals case law appears to be against you. If you have concerns about appearances in front of the jury, raise the issue pretrial in an in limine motion; or when your objection is rejected, thank the judge with a smile. The way to “move the chains” is to raise innovative challenges that can make new law.
Second, raise issues on the merits on appeal. Do so even if the merits argument is raised as an alternative to a state law procedural claim that seems more promising because it could garner a remand. If you come across a strong, unpreserved issue, raise it as plain error. Raise the merits even if the state may win summary affirmance. Raise the merits. Doing so limits the state’s ability to raise procedural defenses in federal court.
Third, even if you know it will be denied, still file the petition for review with the Oregon Supreme Court. A petition for review is always needed to exhaust a federal habeas corpus claim for relief, and without it the issue—or the case—will be dead in the water once it arrives in federal court.
Three suggestions, based, at least in part, on lessons learned from the post–Southard/Lupoli federal habeas litigation, which is
The Oregon Defense Attorney 9 January/February/March 2018
ongoing.1 Only one federal petitioner has received relief (in the form of a new appeal, at which he prevailed). Every subsequent petitioner’s plea relating to admission of evidence that is clearly inadmissible under these two Oregon Supreme Court decisions (and their predecessors) has fallen on deaf federal ears.
In recommending relief in the form of a new appeal in the Oregon courts in Wells v. Howton,2 Federal Magistrate Judge Thomas Coffin concluded (correctly, in my opinion), that “The Oregon Supreme Court decisions in Southhard and Lupoli did not cover new ground, nor did the decisions overturn prior Oregon precedent. Instead, as the Oregon Supreme Court stated in Southard, the analysis simply continued a debate that had been ongoing for decades. . . .” However, every other federal judge to consider the issue has distinguished Judge Coffin’s reasoning and yielded to the Oregon Court of Appeals decision in Umberger v. Czerniak,3 which held, with respect to a 1998 trial, that the rule of law at the time was exemplified by the Oregon Court of Appeals’ 1993 Wilson decision, allowing diagnosis testimony, and that “Trial counsel need not be clairvoyant.”
But Oregon criminal practitioners did foresee these decisions. At least a decade
Appellate Perspective: A Monthly Audio Conversation with host MARC BROWN. All episodes available on the Library of Defense podcast page. Episode 1—Bonilla Episode 2—Simonov Episode 3—Ramos Episode 4—Officer Safety Episode 5—Preservation Primer Episode 6—Warrant Attenuation Episode 7—State v. Davis Episode 8—Conversation with Shaun McCrea, new OCDLA Executive Director Episode 9—State v. Prieto-Rubio, State v. Hensley Episode 10—State v. Morgan Episode 11—Oregon’s Nonunanimous Jury Provision
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before the Southard decision, many Oregon practitioners were filing motions in limine to exclude diagnosis testimony under Brown4 factors, and Oregon practitioners were raising vouching objections. The defense attorneys in Southard and Lupoli raised the issues fearlessly only to have their challenges denied by the trial courts and those denials affirmed without opinion in the Oregon Court of Appeals. To be sure, practitioners were losing these motions under Oregon Court of Appeals precedent. But the issue eventually prevailed in the Oregon Supreme Court.
My final two suggestions apply to post-conviction practice. One, remain mindful of the one-year federal limitations period—it slips away quickly, often before the post-conviction petition is even filed. Generally, the year starts running at the conclusion of the direct appeal, or, if the case involves no direct appeal (think, guilty plea), the year starts thirty days after the judgment of conviction. The time is tolled only during the pendency of a properly filed post-conviction case. As soon as the post-conviction appellate judgment issues, the federal limitations period starts to run again. While there is some tension with post-conviction law that requires evidence be submitted in support of the petition, I
still encourage post-conviction practitioners to get the post-conviction petition on file as early as possible to stop the federal clock, and amend thereafter if appropriate. As the Oregon Supreme Court said in Ogle, a petitioner’s affidavit can be competent evidence in support of the petition.5
Two, develop a complete record in post-conviction. Generally no new substantive evidence in support of the claims can be added to the record in federal court. Creating a powerful post-conviction record enables the habeas petitioner to argue that the post-conviction court’s decision was unreasonable in light of that record, which I believe is the least onerous path to federal habeas relief.
Finally, always call the Federal Public Defender if we can help in any way.
Endnotes 1 Southard, 347 Or 127, 218 P3d 104 (2009);
Lupoli, 348 Or 346, 234 P3d 117 (2010). 2 (2011) (Cir. NO. 07-1117-TC). 3 232 Or App 563, 222 P3d 751 (2009), rev
denied 348 Or 13, 227 P3d 1172 (2010). 4 State v. Brown, 297 Or 404, 687 P2d 75
(1984). 5 Ogle v. Nooth, 355 Or 570, 330 P3d 572
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