Erickson dela PenaErickson dela PenaJefferson FelipeJefferson Felipe

Michelle Keith MadriagaMichelle Keith Madriaga

MBA3MBA3May 14, 2011May 14, 2011

Empowering the Individual

Empowerment is giving employees power to make decisions about work.

Power and decision making delegated to lower levels of employees.

Interventions aimed at enhancing development of individual members.

Interventions include: Helping organization

members improve communications.

Interpersonal skills. Managerial

performance.

Delegation of power and decision-making to lower levels.

Promulgation of shared vision of future. Engaging employees so they develop sense of

pride and responsibility.

Central to Empowerment Is:

Employees are more proactive and self-sufficient.

Individual is one of most critical elements in change.

Purpose is for individual’s purpose and vision congruent with the organization’s.

In many organizations empowerment is basic cornerstone of change.

GE has company wide version they call work-out.

Empowerment

Empowerment concepts interwoven through OD interventions including: Team and system interventions. Total quality management. Self-managed work teams, learning

organizations. High-performance systems.

Empowerment

Sometimes called encounter groups, sensitivity training, and training groups.

Involves using a group as laboratory for discovering cause-and-effect relations in interpersonal communications.

Usually includes 10 to 12 participants who do not know one another and 1 or 2 experienced facilitators.

Recently it is used less as an OD technique.

Laboratory Learning

Insights into managerial and personal style. Determine impact upon others. Awareness of group functioning. Analyzing and coping with change.

Objectives of Laboratory Learning

Include:

Communication is critical in determining effectiveness of organizations.

Johari Window Model is technique for identifying interpersonal communication style.

Model presents 2 dimensional, 4 cell figure based on interaction of self and others.

The Johari Window Model

The Johari Window

1. Public area - behavior, thoughts, and feelings which are known both to the person and to others.

2. Blind area - aspects of the self not known to oneself but readily apparent to others.

3. Closed area - behaviors and feelings know only to oneself but not to others.

4. Unknown area - aspects of self not known to oneself or others.

Four Areas of Johari Window

Disclosure involves open disclosure of one’s feelings, thoughts, and feedback to others.

Feedback is behavioral process used to enlarge public area and reduce blind area.

Disclosure and Feedback of Johari

Window

Model for analyzing human behavior using familiar terminology.

Structural analysis is useful to understand how we get to be who we are.

Transactional Analysis

Ego States of TA

Person has 3 sources of behavior called ego states:

Parent - behaviors copied from parental figure.

Adult - behaviors involving objective facts.

Child - behaviors retained from childhood.

Ego States

All 3 ego states exist within everyone.Each ego state necessary for well-integrated

personality.Can enable person to better understand values,

behaviors, and thoughts.Awareness can help to improve one’s

effectiveness in an organization.

Ego States of TA

A transaction is basic unit of communication.Every interaction among people involves

transaction between ego states.

Understanding Transactional Theory

Complementary- Occurs when a message sent from one ego state receives

an expected response from other person’s appropriate ego state.

Crossed- Occurs when a message from one ego state receives

response from inappropriate or unexpected ego state. Ulterior

- Involves two ego states simultaneously: The literal words of the transaction, which may

mean one thing. And the underlying intent, which may mean

something entirely different.

Transactions Are Classified As:

Complementary Transaction

Crossed Transaction

Ulterior Transaction

Stroke is any form of recognition including

physical, verbal, and visual.Strokes are conditional and unconditional. Conditional strokes tied to some type of

performance by receiver of stroke. Unconditional strokes are given with no strings

attached.Both types of strokes are appropriate.

Strokes in TA Are Recognition

Strokes in TA may be: Positive

- Transactions that provide expected response and reassure a person’s worth.- Results in a “You’re OK” feeling.

Negative- Critical transactions resulting in unexpected, unreassuring response.- Results in “You’re not OK” feeling.

Crooked- Transactions that have double meaning.- Transmits message different from words a person uses.

Positive, Negative, and Crooked Strokes