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6/18/2010
1
MarineTech 2009 - 2011
STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
OCEANOGRAPHY
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Instructional Module - 7
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STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Description of Module
• The module deals with oceanic currents and factors which causes it such as tides, Coriolis effect, winds, differences in water density.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• We will also study about different types of currents in ocean, wave characteristics, SOFAR channel, and seafloor topography in detail.
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011
STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
MarineTech 2009 -2011
STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Topics CoveredS No. Topic Estimated Time
1 Major Oceans 5 min2 Tidal Currents 10 min3 Surface Ocean Currents 45 min
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 3
3 Surface Ocean Currents 45 min4 Break 10 min5 Coastal Currents 35 min6 Global Conveyor Belt 10 min7 Seafloor Topography 25 min8 Break 10 min9 SOFAR Channel 60 min
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Standards of Learning (SOL)
• Earth Science. 13 a, b, c, d• Earth Science. 4 d• Physics 9
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Physics 9 • Algebra.2 • Algebra.11
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OceanographyOceanography is a branch of earth science that studies the ocean. It is also called as marine science. It is sub divided into various sub-domains.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Four sub-domains include:
• Biological Oceanography - Study of plants, animals of oceans.• Chemical Oceanography - Study of ocean chemistry.• Geological Oceanography - Study of geology of oceans.• Physical Oceanography - Study of oceans physical attributes.
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1. Biological Oceanography -Study to understand what controls the distribution and
Oceanography Domains
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
abundance of different types of marine life.
2. Chemical Oceanography –Study of ocean chemistry, the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth’s surface.
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3. Geological Oceanography -Study of geology of ocean floors such as sedimentation
Oceanography Domains
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
process, plate tectonics etc.
4. Physical Oceanography -Studies ocean’s physical attributes including temperature-salinity structure, waves, tides and currents.
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What are the major oceans of the world?1. The Pacific ocean
Major Oceans
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
2. The Atlantic ocean3. The Indian ocean 4. The Southern ocean 5.The Arctic ocean
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The Pacific Ocean
• The pacific ocean is the largest among all the oceans (69.4 million square miles).
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• The Mariana Trench is the deepest point (35,800 ft) in the Pacific Ocean and in the world.
• Temperatures of deep waters are intensely cold.
• Salinity is lowest among all the oceans.
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The Atlantic Ocean
• It is the second largest of the world’s oceanic divisions with a total area of 41.1 million square miles.
• The Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
The Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest point (28,374 feet) in the Atlantic Ocean.
• The surface waters of Atlantic ocean has very high salinity.
• The surface water temperatures are warmer.
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The Indian Ocean
• The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world’s oceanic divisions with a total area of 28 million square miles.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• The deepest point in this ocean region occurs in the Java Trench with a depth of 23,812 feet below sea level.
• It has the warmest ocean currents and high salinity .
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The Arctic Ocean and the Southern ocean
• The Arctic ocean is the smallest and the shallowest of all the five major ocean divisions.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• It is located in the north polar region.• The Southern ocean also known as the
Antarctic Ocean.• The southern ocean is located in the
south polar regions partially covered with ice.
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Major Oceans
The three major oceans are: 1. _______ - Largest, deepest, coldest, least salty.2. _______ - Second largest, warm, salty. 3 Thi d l t hi h li it
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
3. _______ - Third largest, high salinity.
Match the following in which oceans the trenches are located
1. Mariana Trench - A. The Indian ocean 2. Puerto Rico Trench - B. The Pacific ocean3. Java Trench - C. The Atlantic ocean
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Major Oceans
The three major oceans are : 1. The Pacific ocean - Largest, deepest, coldest, least salty.2 The Atlantic ocean - Second largest warm salty
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
2. The Atlantic ocean - Second largest, warm, salty. 3. The Indian ocean - Third largest, high salinity.
Match the following in which oceans the trenches are located1. Mariana Trench - A. The Indian ocean (3)2. Puerto Rico Trench - B. The Pacific ocean (1)3. Java Trench - C. The Atlantic ocean (2)
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The ____________ Ocean near the north pole, and the ____________ Ocean near the south pole contain vast expanses of sea ice.
Major Oceans
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 15
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Major Oceans
The Arctic Ocean near the north pole, and the Antarctic/SouthernOcean near the south pole contain vast expanses of sea ice.
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Color of Ocean Water
What makes the ocean water in the picture to the left appears to be in different colors?
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
be in different colors?
Ans. Differences in the depth at different regions.
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• The color of the water depends on the depth of the water.
• The depth of water determines how much light is reflected from
Colorful Ocean water
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
how much light is reflected from the sea bottom.
• Therefore in shallow water, such as near a beach, the light reflected from the sand will make the water look lighter than in deep water (where little or no light is reflected from the bottom).
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An average ocean water sample with the mass of one kilogram contains about 35 grams of dissolved salts. Four kinds of elements make up 97 percent of the dissolved salts. The four kinds of elements are:
Composition of Ocean Water
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
- Chloride (Cl)- Magnesium (Mg)- Sulfate (SO4)- Sodium(Na)
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Class Exercise - 1
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Composition of Ocean Water
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Ocean Currents
The term “Ocean Current” describes motion of water. Oceanic currents are driven by
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
y- Coriolis Effect- Winds- Differences in water density
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Ocean CurrentsThere are two types of ocean currents:1. Surface Currents (Red Color)
a. Makes up about 10% of all the waters
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
b. These waters are the upper 400 meters of the ocean
2. Deep water currents (Blue Color)a. Makes up the other 90% of the oceanb. Moves around the ocean basins by density driven forces and gravity
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Coriolis effects results in the deflection of major surface ocean
Coriolis Effect
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
deflection of major surface ocean currents to the right in the Northern Hemisphere (in a clockwise spiral) and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere (in a counter-clockwise spiral).
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Hands-on Activity-1: To simulate the Coriolis Effect by drawing a "straight" line on a rotating disc
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Tidal Current
• Tides are the periodic rise and fall of the ocean waters.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• When a tidal current moves toward the land and away from the sea, it “floods.”
• When it moves towards the sea away from land, it “ebbs.”
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• Tidal Currents are affected by the relative positions of
Tidal Currents
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
the moon and Earth.
• When the moon and Earth are positioned nearest to each other the currents are stronger than average and are called “Perigean currents.”
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When the moon and Earth are at their farthest distance from eachother (apogee), the currents are weaker and are called “Apogeancurrents.”
Tidal Currents
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 27
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Tidal Current• The Tidal currents are the type of
currents which are affected by the interactions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• Tidal Range: The difference between high and low tide water levels are called Tidal Ranges.
• When the Moon, Earth, and Sun fall in a straight line, we notice the highest Tidal Range. These are called Spring Tides.
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Tidal Current
• When the Sun and Moon form a right angle there is a smaller difference between
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
smaller difference between high and low tides (Lowest Tidal Range).
• These are called Neap tides.
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Tidal currents
• Spring tides occur at the time of the full moon or the new moon.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• Neap tide comes twice a month, in the first and third quarters of the moon.
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Class Exercise-2
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Tidal Ranges Compared to Moon Phases
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Tidal Currents
1. Only the gravitational pull of the sun is important in creating tides
A. TrueB. False
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 32
2. The difference between high and low tide water levels are called Tidal Ranges
A. TrueB. False
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1. Only the gravitational pull of the sun is important in creating tides
A. TrueB. False
Tidal Currents
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
2. The difference between high and low tide water levels are called Tidal Ranges
A. TrueB. False
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Hydrometer• Hydrometer is an instrument used
to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids.
• Specific gravity is the ratio of
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
p g ydensity of substance to the relative density of a given reference material.
• Hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury to make it float upright.
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Hydrometer
• The operation of the hydrometer is based on the Archimedes principle that a solid suspended in a fluid will be buoyed up by a
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
a fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
• The lower the density of a substance, the further the hydrometer will sink.
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Hands-on Activity-2: To measure the Relative Density of water and salt water using a hydrometer.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 36
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• Surface ocean currents, are driven by a complex global wind system.
f h h did i
Global Wind System
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 37
• If the Earth did not rotate on its axis, the atmosphere would only circulate between the poles and the equator in a simple back-and-forth pattern
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• Circulating air is deflected because the Earth rotates.
• The air deflects toward the right in the
Surface Ocean Current
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• The air deflects toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in curved paths.
• This deflection is caused by Coriolis effect.
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Surface Ocean CurrentsWarm air rises near equator and then cold air descends near 30 degrees North at North latitude and 30 degrees South at South latitude.
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Surface Ocean CurrentsAs the air moves away from the equator the Coriolis effect deflects it toward the right. It cools and descends near 30 degrees North latitude.
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• The descending air blows, back toward the equator.
• A similar wind pattern occurs
Trade Winds
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A similar wind pattern occurs in the Southern Hemisphere.
• These prevailing winds, are known as the trade winds.
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The remaining air (air that does not descend at 30 degrees North or
Westerlies
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
30 degrees North or South latitude) continues toward the poles and is known as the westerly winds, or westerlies.
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Doldrums• The Doldrums also called the
“equatorial calms”, a nautical term for the intertropical convergence zone.
• Affects areas of the Atlantic ocean , th P ifi th I di
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
the Pacific ocean , the Indian ocean that are within the inter tropical convergence zone(low pressure near the equator, where the prevailing winds are calm) .
• Hurricanes originate in this region. • Notorious for sailors due to deadly
calm winds.
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Class Exercise - 3
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Coriolis Effect
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Coastal CurrentsCoastal currents are coherent that are found in the region between the coastline and the edge of the continental shelf
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Hurricane • An atmospheric system characterized
by the rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low-pressure center, usually accompanied by stormy, often
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
destructive weather. • A tropical cyclone is a storm system
characterized by a large low pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.
• Tropical cyclones originate in the doldrums near the equator, about 10 degrees away from the equator.
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Hurricane
For the generation of hurricane the suitable conditions needed are• Wind conditions – The upper, mid and low level wind
conditions should be light and should be flowing in the same
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
direction.• Atmospheric layer conditions – Upper atmospheric layer can
be dry or moist, middle and lower level must be very moist.• The latitude ranges should be 10N-30N and can be 10S-30S.• The temperatures should be above 25 degree Celsius.
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Hurricane • Hurricanes, typhoons and tropical
cyclones are different names for the same type of storm.
• The only difference between them is the l b l i hi h th f
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
global area in which they form.• A tropical cyclone is called a hurricane
in the North Atlantic Ocean and South Pacific Ocean.
• A typhoon occurs in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
• In the other parts of the world, these storms are called tropical cyclones.
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Typhoon
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Hands-on Activity-3: To study the impact of various weather parameters on the formation of hurricanes.
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Crest, Trough, Amplitude, Wavelength, Wave HeightWave Characteristics
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Wave Characteristics
• Crest: The section of the wave that rises above the undisturbed position is called the crest
• Trough: That section which lies below the undisturbed position is called the trough
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Amplitude: It is the maximum positive displacement from the undisturbed position of the medium to the top of a crest.
Wave Characteristics
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Period: The time for one complete cycle of an oscillation of a wave.
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Wave Length: The wave length of a wave is the distance between any two adjacent corresponding locations on the wave train. This distance is usually measured in one of three ways:
Wave Characteristics
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
- crest to next crest- trough to next trough - from the start of a
wave cycle to the next starting point
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Label the wave diagram below with the following terms: wavelength, wave height, trough, crest
trough
crestwave height
Wave Characteristics
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
troughwavelength
g
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Class Exercise-4
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Calculating Wave Speed
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In a Longitudinal wave the particle displacement is parallel tothe direction of wave propagation
Longitudinal Wave
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• Longitudinal Waves have compressions and rarefactions.
Longitudinal Waves
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 57
• Compression: It's a region in Longitudinal Wave where the particles are close together.
• Rarefactions: It’s a region in Longitudinal Wave where the particles are far apart
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In a transverse wave the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
Transverse Waves
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Water waves are an example of waves that involve a combination of both longitudinal and transverse motions.
Water Waves
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Hands-on Activity-4: Wave Generator
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• As a wave moves toward the beach, different segments of the wave encounter the beach. They arrive at a
Long Shore Currents
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
yslight angle, called the “angle of wave approach”.
• When a wave reaches a beach or coastline, it releases a burst of energy that generates a current, which runs parallel to the shoreline. This type of current is called a “long shore current”.
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A rip current, is a localized current that flows away
Rip Currents
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
from the shoreline toward the ocean, perpendicular or at an acute angle to the shoreline.
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Upwelling
• Winds blowing across the ocean surface often push Water away from an area.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• When this occurs, water rises up from beneath the surface to replace the diverging surface water.
• This process is known as “upwelling”.
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Match the ocean currents with the following diagramsA) Long shore Currents B) Upwelling Currents C) Rip Currents
Ocean Currents
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Match the ocean currents with the following diagramsA) Long shore Currents B) Upwelling Currents C) Rip Currents
Ocean Currents
B
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C
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The deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature and salinity .
Global Conveyor Belt
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• In the Earth's polar regions ocean water gets cold, forming sea ice and leaves the salt behind, so the surrounding sea water gets saltier.
• As the sea water gets saltier, its density increases
Global Conveyor Belt
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
density increases.• Surface water is pulled in to
replace the sinking water, which in turn becomes cold and salty enough to sink.
• This initiates the deep-ocean currents driving the Global Conveyor Belt.
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Global Conveyor Belt
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
This shows the path of the global conveyer belt. The bluearrows indicate the path of deep, cold, dense water currents. The red arrows indicate the path of warmer, less dense surface waters
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Hands-on Activity-5: How Density Affects Water Currents in Ocean
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• Continental Shelf: A submerged border of a continent that slopes
d ll
Seafloor Topography
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
gradually.
• Continental Slope: The steep descent of the seabed from continental shelf to abyssal zone.
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• Abyssal planes: The flat or gently sloping areas of the deep ocean floor.
Seafloor Topography
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• Seamount : An underwater mountain rising above the ocean floor.
Seamount
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• Continental Rise: The transitional area of the continental margin between the continental slope and abyssal plane.
Seafloor Topography
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• Ocean Trench: The deepest parts of the ocean.
• Guyot: A flat topped under water mountain.
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Match the following terms to their correct letter in the diagram:
A
B
H
IslandH.
Sea Floor Topography
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
B
C
D
E
D
F
G
Continental shelf
Continental slope
Abyssal plain
Seamount
Continental rise
Trench
Guyot
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
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SOFAR channelWhat is SOFAR channel ?
• It is a layer of water depth in ocean where the speed of sound is at a minimum.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
• Sound waves can get caught in this channel and travel hundreds of kilometers.
• The SOFAR channel is formed by the interplay between changes in ocean temperature and pressure with increasing depth.
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011
STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
In the upper most 1,000 m of ocean, when vertical temperature changes are very high, the speed of sound will be d i t d b t t h d
SOFAR Channel
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
dominated by temperature changes and to a much lesser extent by salinity and pressure.
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011
STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Below the uppermost 1,000 m there is little variation of temperature and salinity with depth.
h b
SOFAR Channel
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Pressure change becomes the prime cause of sound speed variability.
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011
STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Class Exercise - 5
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
SOFAR Channel
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011
STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Overview
In this module we have learnt about:1. Major Oceans2. Tidal Currents3 Surface Ocean Currents
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 78
3. Surface Ocean Currents4. Coastal Currents5. Global Conveyor Belt6. Seafloor Topography 7. SOFAR Channel