Obsessions: Compulsions - Edl · Psychological Disorders Part Two ... Jeffrey Dahmer Dahmer was convicted of the murder ... high profile case involving a violent crime

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Chapter 12Chapter 12Psychological Disorders

Part Two

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderCondition characterized by patterns of

persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors


Obsessions:Thoughts, images, behaviors, impulses reappear

despite the person’s effort to suppress them.A Mild Obsessive Experience: rechecking a door to see if it’s locked


Compulsions:Repetitive, purposeful acts performed

according to certain ‘rules’ in response to an obsession.


Somatoform Disorders

Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints


Conversion Disorder A somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with nobut with no discernable physical cause.

Treatment

Psychotherapy and stress management training may help reduce symptoms.

The affected body part or physical function will need physical or occupational therapy until the symptoms disappear


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Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders

Glove AnesthesiaA disorder involving loss of

sensitivity in the hand and wrist.

Si bi ti f


Since no combination of nerves serve this area, a

glove anesthesia is clearly psychogenic in

origin.

HypochondriasisSomatoform disorder involving excessive

concern about health and disease


Dissociative DisordersDisorders


Dissociative DisordersDissociative DisordersGroup of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of

the personality


Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia DissociativeDissociative

fuguefugue

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders


fuguefugue

Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder

Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder

A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal i f ti

Dissociative Dissociative AmnesiaAmnesia

Dissociative fugue



informationDepersonalization

disorder

Dissociative identity disorder

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Dissociative amnesia with the

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative FugueDissociative Fugue



amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job

Depersonalization disorder


Abnormality involving


Dissociative Fugue



the sensation of mind and body having separated.

The sense of having an ‘out of body’ experience

Depersonalization Depersonalization DisorderDisorder


Condition in which the


Dissociative Fugue



Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities.

(formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder)

Depersonalization disorder

Dissociative Dissociative Identity DisorderIdentity Disorder


Eating DisordersEating DisordersAnorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health –stemming from


gpsychological reasons rather than organic causes.


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Eating DisordersEating Disorders

BulimiaEating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by


followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives.

Schizophrenic Disorders


Disorders

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Psychotic disorder


involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions.

Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of SchizophreniaDisorganizedDisorganized

CatatonicCatatonic

ParanoidParanoid


UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated

ResidualResidual

PositivePositive

NegativeNegative

DisorganizedDisorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia

Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and


Paranoid

Undifferentiatedbizarre behavior.

For example… talking to imaginary people

Residual Type

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Disorganized

CatatonicCatatonic

Paranoid


Involves either stupor or extreme excitement.

Two forms Catatonic Stupor:

Patients may remain motionless for


Paranoid

Undifferentiated

Patients may remain motionless for hours, even days, …. sometimes holding rigid, statue like poses.

Catatonic Excitement:Patients become agitated, hyperactiveResidual Type

Disorganized

Catatonic

ParanoidParanoid


Prominent feature:


ParanoidParanoid

Undifferentiated

Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations.Residual Type

Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid



Paranoid

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories

Residual Type

Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid



Paranoid

Undifferentiated

Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms

Residual TypeResidual Type

PositivePositiveSchizophreniaSchizophrenia


Any form in which the person displays active symptoms


NegativeSchizophrenia

active symptoms(e.g. delusions, hallucinations)

PositiveSchizophrenia



NegativeNegativeSchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes

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Possible Causes of SchizophreniaPossible Causes of Schizophrenia

Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including…

A. genetics

B. abnormal brain structure


C. Biochemistry

Fundamentally it is a brain disorder…no longer seen as a result of defective parenting or repressed childhood trauma

Possible Causes of SchizophreniaPossible Causes of Schizophrenia

Diathesis-Stress HypothesisThe theory that says genetic factors place the individual at risk…and environmental stress factorstransform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder


PersonalityPersonality

Disorders


Personality DisordersConditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control


impulse control.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

An exaggerated sense of self-importance.

Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance,


a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power,

and a need for constant attention

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience


lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others.

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Borderline Personality DisorderBorderline Personality DisorderAn unstable personality given to

impulsive behavior.Main signs: instability, impulsivity Unpredictable moods

Stormy interpersonal relationships

B i t d b i i t


Becoming upset and abusive in response to perceived slights

Little tolerance for frustration

Tendency for substance abuse

Suicide

Promiscuity

Binge eating, wreckless driving, self-mutilation

Adjustment Disorders and Other Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus Conditions That May Be a Focus

of Clinical Attentionof Clinical Attention

Mild depressionMild depression

PhysicalPhysical

Marital Marital problemsproblemsAcademicAcademic


Physical Physical complaintscomplaints

Academic Academic problemsproblems

ParentParent--child child problemsproblems

BereavementBereavement MalingeringMalingering

Job problemsJob problems

Developmental

Disorders


AutismA developmental disorder marked by

disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state

of mind.


A fundamental brain disorder with genetic influences

Asperger’sAsperger’s Syndrome/DisorderSyndrome/DisorderA milder variant of Autistic Disorder.

It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative


preservation of linguistic and cognitive development.

People with Asperger's often display intense interests.

Dyslexia/ Developmental Reading Disorder A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder in the language processing center.center.


It is estimated that dyslexia affects between 5% and 17% of the U.S. population.

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ADHDADHDAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period of time..


For these problems to be diagnosed as ADHD, they must be out of the normal range

for the child's age and development.


Percent of Youth 4-17 ever diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: :

National Survey of Children's Health, 2003

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

RitalinMethylphenidate

It is believed that it works by activating the brain stem arousal system and cortex.

Pharmacologically, it works on the neurotransmitter dopamine, and in that respect

i i i f


resembles the stimulant characteristics of cocaine.

Street Name / Slang TermsKibbles & Bits, Kiddy-Cocaine, Skippy,

Smarties, Vitamin R.


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Adjustment DisordersAdjustment Disorders

Relatively mild problems that do not fit well under other headings

The largest group of people fit into this category.

Examples include….


Examples include….Mild depressionJob, marital or academic problemsPhysical complaintsParent-child problemsBereavementMalingering (faking an illness)


ShynessShynessA distressing pattern of

avoiding or withdrawing from social contact.


It is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder

Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but

What are the Consequencesof Labeling People?


diagnoses may also become labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the

social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise.

The Plea of InsanityInsanity

A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law.


John Hinckley Jr.John Hinckley Jr.

Found not guilty" for reason of insanity in the 1982 trial for his attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan.


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Jeffrey Dahmer

Dahmer was convicted of the murder of 15 young men, whose mutilated, cannibalized bodies had been found in his Milwaukee apartment.

At trial, he admitted the killings, but pled not guilty by reason of insanity. His plea was rejected, and the jury found Dahmer to be legally sane at the time of the murders.

He was sentenced to 15 life terms.


The Dahmer conviction was hailed by many as the death of the insanity defense.

If such a clearly deranged killer could not be found legally insane, it seemed unlikely that the defenseunlikely that the defense would ever be successful, at least in a high profile case involving a violent crime.


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Obsessions: Compulsions - Edl · Psychological Disorders Part Two ... Jeffrey Dahmer Dahmer was convicted of the murder ... high profile case involving a violent crime