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Biological impacts of OA
2 or 3 case studies such as molluscs,
pearl oysters, arctic specificities
Dupont Sam [[email protected]]
Third International Workshop Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification
Impacts and Economic Valuation “Ocean acidification impacts on coastal
communities”
Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation
Biology = main gap
Aim of this presentation
Well, biology is complicated…
Riebesell and Gattuso (2015) Nature Climate Change
… and will always be limiting
What is needed? A problem of scale…
GLOBAL challenges
GLOBAL/LOCAL data [meta-analysis -> case study]
GLOBAL options: CO2
LOCAL challenges
LOCAL options [management, adaptation, etc.]
LOCAL data [chemistry, biology, economy, policy]
It is NOT possible to test ALL species/ecosystems, in ALL locally relevant
conditions including LOCAL variability (today and future)
We need to understand the mechanisms (and avoid scenarios… when possible)
Dupont & Pörtner (2013) Nature
Right level of complexity
Theoretical revolution Take advantage of the existing theories
Identify unifying principles: physiology, ecology, evolution, etc.
Technical revolution
A strategy?
Better experimental designs & strategic plans
New technology (e.g. mesocosms)
Models (but avoid Bonini’s paradox)
Case study 1 – Risk of using scenarios
”OA biological response is species-specific”
Q? What is the impact of GW on bears
Two scenarios: - present (15C) - future (18C)
Conclusion: impact on bears is species-specific
(Van Straalen 2007)
Need to understand the biology of your species
Stress ecology and species niche
50 mmol O2 pH 7.67
250 mmol O2 pH 8.00
E.g. Burrowing species
Physiological tipping point reached when out of present range of variability
Plasticity vs stress
Pearl… jam
“It's evolution, baby Do the evolution Come on, come on, come on”
2 2
2 2
2
2
550 µatm ”control” 900 µatm
1500 µatm
F0
F1
F2
Check performance in different pCO2 for each population
Plasticity vs stress
Present range -> plasticity
Out of present range -> evolution (buffering)
Plasticity vs stress
Case study 2 – Multiple-drivers
”Stressors interaction is idiosyncratic”
Driver B (similar mode of action)
Driver A
Driver C (different mode of action)
Need to sort stressors by mode of action
Gianguzza et al. (2014) Mar. Environm. Res.
Arbacia lixula
Low temperature: positive effect of acidification
Medium temperature: neutral effect of acidification
High temperature: negative effect of acidification
Similar mode of action
Environment
Metabolism
Growth
Fitness
ENERGY LIMITATION
FASTEST GROWTH
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS
HIGHEST METABOLISM
NATURAL VARIABILITY
RANGE
METABOLIC DEPRESSION
Positive CO2
effect
Neutral CO2
effect
Negative CO2 effect
T°↑↑ T°↑↑ + CO2 ↑
T° ↑ T°↑ + CO2 ↑
T° T° + CO2 ↑
Depending on your position in your niche, acidification can have
positive, neutral or negative effects
Mortality Growth rate Morphom. Feeding Swimming Respiration
Urchin
Oil - - 0 - - 0 pH 0 - 0 0 - 0 Both -
(no interaction)
-- (no
interaction)
0 - (no
interaction)
-- (no
interaction)
0
Shrimp
Oil 0 - - - 0 0 pH/Temp - - - + + + Both -
(no interaction)
-- (no
interaction)
-- (no
interaction)
0 (no
interaction)
+ (no
interaction)
+ (no
interaction)
Different mode of action
Stressor 1 + Stressor 2 = Stressor1+2
Case study 3 – Mad men
Science supply paradigm
(Dupont et al. In Press JMBA UK)
A science based on values
(Dupont et al. 2014)
Can you taste ocean acidification?
Can you taste ocean acidification?
OA has the potential to affect taste
Unique communication opportunity
Spin doctors in action
Conclusion
Biology is complex and we will never know enough
But
- We can redefine priorities for better communication
- Technical revolution and diversification of approaches [but prioritize and avoid mistakes, e.g. stamp collecting]
- Theoretical revolution and re-evaluation of the literature
