NOTES ON HAND-REARING VARIOUS SPECIES OF MAMMALS

Arritnal Milk Analyses arid Harrd-Rearitg Techniques

W E I G H T

I day old: 21 oz. 3 days old: 21 oz. 5 days old: 21 oz.

I 3 days old: 24 oz. t~ days old: 27 02. 28 days old: 30 02. 39 days old: 34 oz. 47 days old: 41 02.

80 days old: 62 oz. 143 days old: 185 02.

357daysold: iyz 02.

623 days old: 224 02.

791 days old: 250 oz.

F E E D I N G

First 8 days: sweetened milk. Moist bread, rabbit pellets, occasional grccns added.

INDIAN PO RC UP I N E (Hys f r i s iridica)

C. B. Eastrrrrrre, Tboiiira Tca Estate, Rajrriai Post Ofic t , , Assarri, h’.E. India.

H I S T O R Y

About 6 in. long. Age unknown.

D I E T

4 oz. cow’s milk and water (2:1), with glucose and a few drops of Adexoh addcd. 2nd day: began eating bread in milk. Soon weaned on to vegetables.

C A RNIV 0 R A

I . Dr P e t u Weihriarir i , L’eterimriari, Zoolog- ischer Garten Ziirich, Switzerland.

R E A R I N G of young carnivores, particularly of leopards (Panthera pardits) has hitherto been re- garded as dificult. Failure is usuallv caused bv:

Lack of vigour in the young animal. This includes premature births and cases where too long a time elapses between birth and the first nourishment taken by the animal; young which are rejected by the mother and have become too cold are also included in this group. Insufficiently developed suckmg instinct. I have only been able to observe this once, with a young lion. The phenomenon is rare and indicates a fault in the central nervous system.

3. Unsuitability of the food supplied to it. Apart from the composition of the ndk, the most important consideration in natural feeding by the mother animal, is that she supplies milk at a constant temperature.

4. Invisible internal injuries sustained by the young animal during or shortly after birth.

5 . Ileformities in the region of the palate (split palate). This has been repeatedly ob- served at the Zurich Zoo, both in young leopards and young lions.

2. F. B. Trrrett, Director, Birmirigharir Zoo, Ala. , USA.

Y O u N G baby cats raised accordmg to Chicago Lincoln Park Zoo formula (Inter. Zoo Yeor- Gook, 11, 1960). After cubs (hand-reared or parent-reared) are weaned, their bone structure develops very. rapidly and unless their food is heavily supplemented with minerals, they arc likely to develop rickets. The supplement used should contain not only calcium and phosphorus but also other minerals of which tracesare needed. It should be thorough- ly mixed with the meat so it cannot be rejected by the animal. VP C Rib-Ad z (Manufacturer: Vitamineral Corporation of Peoria, Ill.) is used with success. Depending on the size, healthy cats are fed up to z tablespoons of this powder per day. Cubs severely affected by rickets (quite unable to walk) have had all symptoms cured by feeding up to 4 tablespoons per day. However, this cannot correct any permanent bone damage.

3.W. A. Young, DVM, Sirpervisor, Gri@th Park Zoo, Los Angeles, Gal$, U S A

S Y N T H E T I C mother’s milk, e.g. Esbilac, has been used with considerable success. Manu- facturers’ recommendations are followed but generally other t h g s are added to the diet at the earliest possible moment. In the raising of young fehes such IS bobcats and leopards, it is of the utmost importance to include raw meat in the diet as early on as possible, and to allow the animals to come into contact with earth without which many of these anirnals fail to develop proper bone structure. Even after they are half-grown, an earth box is placed in the cage with them. In some cases Cyclone fencing has been buried in the ground

Airiiiial Milk Aiialyses arid Harid-Rearirg T e h i q u e s

and a cage built over it. This has proved to be a better arrangement than a simple earth box.

Baby felines and canines should be offered raw meat before their eyes are open, which is what their mothers do in the wild. Any new items in the diet should be added gradually, and be offered when the animal is hungry, rather than over-fed. A foster mother of the same species or even a foster mother dog will be of great help in raising the young of the smaller animals which will nurse, including bears, tigers, etc. A foster mother dog can often rear a delicate, new-born creature to the point where other or ordinary foods will suffice.

A vitamin concentrate of mixture of vitamins is added to the diet. The Parke-Davis preparation Abdec is used in the ratio of I drop per 02. of milk or formula. Another additive used successfully after weaning is Maltine. a mixture of cod-liver oil and malt.

BLACK-BACKED JACKAL (Canis mesomelas)

Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa.

€1 I S T 0 R Y

5 females, I male; ca. 2 weeks old.

W E I G H T

2nd day: between 550 gm., and 650 gm. 9th day: 920 gm., 870 gm., 960 gm., 1000 gm., 950 gm., 93s gm. 16th day: 1210 gm., 1157 gm., 1220 gm., 1270gm., 114ogm., 1275 gm. 23rd day: 1500 gm., 1400 gm., 1500 gm., 1520 gm., 1480 gm., 1560 gm. 3othday: 174ogm., rjSogm., 174ogm., 1740 gm., 1580 gm., 1820 gm.

DIET

1st day: 10 ml. per feed at five-hourly intervals. I pint cream, I pint water, 2 pints whole milk. 2 teaspoons calcium caseinate per 100 ml. milk mixture. 4 teaspoon minced liver per day. 2nd day: minced meat plus egg yolk added. 3rd day: milk increased to 30 ml. per feed, five feeds per day. 7th day: 16 gm. minced liver four times per

week. Milk increased to 45 ml. per feed, five times per day. 14th day: bones provided for chewing. 21st day: weaning occured. Multi-vitamin syrup added to diet each day from start, changing to multi-vitamin tablets when eating solids.

When weaned, lapped water readily but not milk, leading to rickets. Injected with colloidal calcium with Ostelin Vitamin D. Water withheld until 200 ml. of mdk taken per &y per animal. Practice continued till one year old.

ILLNESS

RED FOX (Vulpes orrlpes) M.A. Ghxo Veterinary Leader, 1960; No. 2, 5-10.

6 cubs; wild-caught; probably new-born.

1st day: 6-7 ml. of equal parts cow milk and water every 2 hours. Then g ml. every 3 hours. 5 th day : I 3 ml. whole cow milk every 4 hours. I drop cod-liver oil and few grains of sugar added to total mixture. 6th day: 35 gm. Ostermilk and 100 ml. boiled warm water. I drop cod-liver oil, small quantity of yeast and Vitamin c added to alternate meals. 6th-I 5th day: 80 ml. each cub per day. rsthday: 130ml. eachcubperday. 17th day: 6 hours without feed at night, 150 ml. per day. 28th day: raw strained liver added. Finely chopped liver and steak offered in separate dishes. 35th dny: weaning completed.

Temperature kcpt at 35 O c for first 30 days. Brown sugar added to milk ifconstipated. Initially fed with pipette, but in 12 hours learned to use rubber teat attached toglass tube.

CAPE H U N T I N G DOG (Lycaon pictiis) M.A.

I. Mrs A. Gerhardt. P.O. Box 488, Otjiwarongo, S. W. Africu.

H I S T O R Y

DIET

R E M A R K S

H I S T O R Y

2 wild-caught cubs; 8 days old.

Animal Milk Analyses and Hand-Rearing Techniques

DIET

Minced raw meat and mdk three times per day. Weaned easily onto raw liver, mealie meal with milk and beaten raw egg, boiled cabbage and marrow.

R E M A R K S

At 2 months developed distemper. hjccted with Bellcome Carmine once. One tablet Chloromycetin per day until feeding nor- mally. 2 . Dothe, H.: Rearitg Cape hirrrtirr~y dogs at Enst Berlin Zoo - seep. 291. 3. Encke, W.: Rearir!y Cape birritir\q dogs at Krffeld Zoo - sre p . 292.

K OD I A K BE A R ( U r w s arcros niidderrhtfi)

A . Reverrtlow, Coprdiageii Zoo, 195 I .

H I S T O R Y

One female cub, rcmovcd from mother at birth.

W E I G H T

At birth: 600 gm. 8 days: 7 1 5 gni. 1 5 days: 1,500grn. 29 days : 2 kg. 5 I 5 gm. 36 days: 3 kg. 25 gm. 49 days: 4 kg. 71 days: 6 kg. 92 days: 8 t kg. 4 months: 1 3 kg. 5 months: 21 kg. 6 months: 324 kg. 7 months: 50 kg.

D I E T

15 pi. rich cow milk plus cream (fat 6 per cent). I gm. Mammysan (milk powder containing 26 per cent fat, 50 per cent lactosc, 15 per cent protein, 6 per cent milk-salt, 3 per cent water etc.). I gm. honey. 15 gm. of mixture eight times per day for 23 days. 49 days : 600 gm. in 24 hrs. 71 days: 725 gm. in 24 hrs.

days: 4 drops cod-liver oil in milk once

every 3 days. Cnlshed biscuits and small pieces white bread in milk. 92 days: I ,080 gm. in 24 hrs. 105 days: gruel sweetened with honey and yolk of egg. Maizena flour mixed with little nulk. 120 days: ground carrot, chopped lettuce, biscuits in milk, small pieces of herring, little scraped meat, dates and bananaadded.

D E V E L O P M E N T

I 8 days : teeth growing. 20 diys : eyes opening 28 days: eyes fully open. 40 days: some teeth fully through. 50 days: beginning to keep balance. 70 days: drinking from jug. Faeces thin until 4 months when solid foods increased.

BLACK BEAR ( U r ~ u s Q t i l f ' r i C Q l l l ~ S )

Frnrrk C. Mclnnis, Dirertor, Detroit Zoologiral Park, Royal Onk, Mich., USA.

H I S T O R Y

Several animals; I month old.

D I E T

3 oz. condensed milk to 5 02. water at 8 a.m., 13 noon, 4 p.m. Wecaned at 6 months old.

P 0 LA R B E A R ( Thalarcios nraritimus) M.A.

Vhsdk , DrJatr, ( P r q u e ) , Proc. 2001. SOC. Lond., 1947: 117,606.

H I S T O R Y

Hand-reared from birth.

W E I G H T

I day: r f l b 36 days: 6 lb. 64 days: 12 Ib. 85 days: 18 lb.

D I E T

Cow milk plus cod-liver oil emulsion to raise fat content to 9 to 10 per cent.


3 3 days : eyes opening. 47 days: eyes orientating.

Aninral Milk Analyses atid Hand-Rearing Techuiqties

50 days: smell sense evident. 68 days: ears functioning. 81 days: could balance on hind legs.

Kept in room with constant temperature 77’F.

BADGER ( M e k nreles)

Dr M. L. Cox, The Barn, Caldbeck, Wigton, Cuml~erland, Great Britain.

R E M A R K S

H I S T O R Y

Wild-caught. 3-5 days old. Umbilical cord not yet healed.

DIET &ILLNESS

2 parts cow milk to I part water: I teaspoon sugar to 4 02. &/water. Six feeds o f t 02. of this mixture. 12 days old: Cow & Gate G Brand F d Cream milk powder 3 heaped teaspoons, 4 02. water, 4 teaspoon sugar. Five feeds of 4 02.

I 5 days: respiratory infection - pus from nose - sucking badly. Oral penicillin - 4 teaspoon Crystapen V Suspension (Glaxo) four times daily before feeds. 21 days: Iron (2 drops NeoFerouem) and Vitamins (2 drops Abdec) per day. Strength of milk mixture increased and fed five times per day, 02. per feed. 28 days: 4 heape d teaspoons Cow & Gate powder, 44 02. water, 3 teaspoon sugar, iron, vitamins. Four feeds of I 02. plus. 3 3 days: fi heaped teaspoons Cow & Gate powder, I heaped teaspoon sugar, 54 02.

water, iron, vitamins. Four feeds of I* 02.

48 days: mouthed meat, slugs, porridge, but not eaten. Milk mixture strengthened and increased. 54 days : three feeds of 4 02. 58 days: porridge, meat, egg added to diet.

4 days: covered with fluffy grey hair. Face markings grey. No hair on ventral surface. Eyes and ears sealed. Responded to movement

12 days: abdomen hairless and transparent. Emitted musk smell when disturbed.

DEVELOPMENT

only.

1 7 days: lower canines erupted. I 8 days : eyes o p g . 23 days: hearing established. Eyes open but no response to bright light. Upper canines erupted -may have erupted earlier. 28 days: dug in straw in coordinated manner. 29 days: sucked from human-size teat. Walked with front legs, hmd legs not co-ordinated. 3 z days : black hairs on ventral surface. 34 days: walked with abdomen off floor and head raised. 36 days: playing actively. Molars erupted. 42 days: appeared to be able to see movement. Charged sudden noise. Unable to lap or eat solids. 48 days: face markings changed from grey to white. Followed owner - probably age when it would accompany mother to mouth of sett. 5 8 days: adult markmgs. Head large in re- lation to body. Yellow tinge to coat. 60 days: Incisors erupted - may have erupted earlier.

COATI MUNDI(Nasua nasua)

Mrs M. Haynes, Zoological Society of London, England.

Litter of five, three killed by mother after 5 days. Two surviving females removed at fi days, the weaker ofthe two dying after 3 days.

HISTORY

WEIGHT

5 days: 2Q 02.

Steady gain ofca. 4 02. per day. 56 days: I lb. 77 days: 2 lb.

DIET

Proprietary d in t ’ s powder of dried fd- cream milk, iron and ammonium citrate (iron per 0z.1-I mg.), Vitamin D (Calciferol per 02. 100 i.u.). O n e heaped teaspoon powder, pinch calcium boroglutanate, I drop Abdec mixed with one ounce sweetened water. 4 fluid 02. every 24 hours, fed at two-hourly intervals. Intervals and amount of food increased gradually. 40 days: proprietary infant c e r d (Farex) substituted for milk food. Small pieces grape, banana, shredded meat and raw egg added. 77 days: completely weaned, eating whole

Aniinal Milk Analyses aiid Hatid-Rearing Techniques

lumps raw meat, day-old chicks, niealworms, wide variety fruit, milk, raw egg.


10 days: eyes open. 19 days: standing firmly. 24 days: walking quite well, eyes able to focus. 26 days: starting to climb. 40 days: very active, lapping from saucer.

A P P A R A T U S

For first 2 weeks, hand-fed, until able to suck properly and lift head. Artificial foster mother for night feeding: plastic bowl suspended in tank of water heated by immersion heater thermostatically controlled W'-ICO'F. The apparatus encased in strong wooden box. Scattered around the bowl were several teats attached to plastic tubes. The tubes ran through the warm water under the bowl and connected to an inverted bottle of milk fixed on side of box. f C.C. formalin to 250 C.C. milk to prevent coagulation. Flow controlled from bottle to prekent too much bcing drunk too quickly.

R E M A R K S

Companionship essential. Branches, soft toys, balls. etc, in enclosure. Soft peat floor for digging. In place of a sleeping box, a simple hammock made from a blanket suspended from cage roof.

OTTERS. M.A.

]crerriy Harris, Osnead Hall, Norwirh, Great Britaiii.

Liitra raanadcnsis: Some of litter removed at 6 weeks (when mature there is no difference in size, weight or condition when compared with naturally reared companions). To each 8 02. of Carna- tion or homogenized milk, add I drop of Tri-vi-sol, yolk of one raw egg, I teaspoon lime water. Feed every 4 hours at blood heat from 6 weeks of age, then on demand. Shav- ings oflean horse-meat offered from start.

R t j k t t c e . Arthur Hoffman, Kansas City, Mo., USA.

Lrrtra lrrtra: I cub, eyes unopened. 12.7 cm. overall len& Not more than 2 weeks old. On arrival, glucose and boilcd water every 3 hours for 16 hours, plus I drop cod-liver oil. Lactol for 36 hours (made up as for small puppies) - 3 fluid 02. every 2 hours. Lactol on demand. Ostermilk made up as for human babies with glucose and drop ofhalibut-liver oil. Weaned on finely minced beef, chopped raw fish, brown brcad,Ostermilk, halibut-liver oil at 6-8 weeks.

RFferetice: Mrs Andrewcs, Worcester, Great Britain.

Aotryx caperisis: About 4 weeks old 011 arrival. One part canned evaporated milk to z parts boiled water. Water increased if diarrhoea occurred. Given 3 hourly or 'on demand' during night. Little above body heat. Weaned at 3 months and fed live fish, butter, eggs and fresh liver.

R E M A R K S

Doll's plastic feeding bottle with enlarged hole in teat, or bulb of eye-drop er with hole bored and attached to small me B icine bottle. Otters must be kept warm, dry, out of draughts. Must massage stomach and abdomen after each feed with damp finger. Dogs are probably the best foster mothers. The young otter can hold its own with puppies of the same size.

G E N E R A L R E F E R E N C E S (Anon) 1899: CountryLife, V . 416 (foster bitch) Gurney, J. H. 1869-70. Traris. No$ Norwich Nut. SOL I. 24-5 (foster bitch). Harting, J. E., 1894: Zoologisf (3) XVIII. 9. (foster bitch). Maxwell G.. Ring ojBr&ht Water, 162-71. (Anon) 1904: Field, CIV, 327 (foster cat successful).

OTTERS

C. D. Krishna Gowda, Curator, Mysore Zoo, India.

Up to I month: I 02. buffalo milk, I oz. distilled water, I teaspoon glucose, four times per

DIET

3 I4

Airirnal Milk Analyses and Hand-Rraritg Techtriqrres

day. I teaspoon shark-liver oil, I yeast tablet once per day. 1-2 months: I + 02. buffalo milk, 14 02. distilled water, four times per day. I teaspoon shark-liver oil, I yeast tablet once per day. 2-3 months: 10 small live fish per day in addition to above diet. At 3 months: 18 02. buffalo milk, 14 02. distilled water, twice per day. I teaspoon shark-liver oil, I yeast tablet once per day. 4 kg. of small live fish per day.

INDIAN O T T E R Dr R. K. Nair, Director of Mtrseums and Zoos,

Trivandrum, India. HISTORY

2 wild-caught cubs. 1-2 months old.

Two 02. of liquid made from boiling mackerel in water, mixed with I 02. boiled milk. Fed when hungry, not less than five times per day. Bottle-fed for 4 months. Began eating small raw fish at 6 months old.

DIET

REMARKS

One lived for I I ycars, the other for 6 years.

MINK (Mustela vison) M.A. Kennedy, A. H., 1951 : The Mink in Health atld Disease, Fur Trade Journal of Canada.

I tablespoon Pablum. I teaspoon Corn Syrup. I cup milk. A few drops every 2-3 hours. Temperature of formula: 101-102'~. At 6 weeks weaned onto Kit Growing Ration; a little sweetened skimmed milk added.

RACCOON (Procyon lotar) M.A. Frank G. McZnnis, Director, Defroit Zoological

Park, Royal Oak, Mich., U S A .

DIET

HISTORY

Several animals all under 2 weeks.

DIET

Esbilac mixed as per directions on tin.

Fed ca. 1-4 02. per feed at 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. 2 months: 3 02. condensed milk to 5 02. water.

HlSTORY

Several animals over 2 weeks.

DIET

Condensed milk & water ( I : I ) sweetened with honey until 2 months old. Weaned at 4-6 months.

G E N E T (Gefietfa sy)

Mrs G. Chahers, P .O. Box 57, Kiambrr, Kenya.

HISTORY

Wild-caught. Probably 5 days without food. Unknown age. Eyes beginning to open.

DIET

Milk, one third water, glucose, Radiostroleum. I month: raw scraped meat added.

C I V E T P . N.]oshi, Methodist Boys' High School, Oron,

E. Nigeria.

One male and one female, wild-caught. Un- known age, eyes open but unable to focus.

HISTORY

DIET

1st day: Dutch Baby powdered milk. 3rd day: cow milk and egg. 42nd day: bread and boiled mashed potaib soaked in egglmilk mixture. 63rd day: fully weaned.

REMARKS

30 days: female died of stomach trouble.

B IN T URON G (Arctitis binturong)

M r Swart, Siamese Products Co., 120 Pracharthi- patai Road, Bangkok, Thailand.

HISTORY

Four kittens; one pair older than the other; both pairs less than z weeks old.

Lactogen with added vitamins. Four times per day.

DIET

315

Atiiriral Milk Analyses arid Haird-Rearing Techtriques

Bananas in between Lactogen feeds. Gradually changed diet to cooked rice with milk, twice per day, bananas, cooked meat, small birds, calcium and minerals.


On arrival: eyes open. Crawhg like ncw- born kittens. Weighed less than I kg. 6 wccks : learned to eat from plate.

MARSH M O N G O O S E (Ati las palrtdirinsrrs)

I . k’etcriirary Research Institrite, OtiAerstepoort. Sorrtli A j i c a .

Age unknown, length, including tail cn. IZ in. Teeth recently erupted.

H I S T O R Y

W E I G H T

2nd day ; 4 9 gm. 9th day: 670 gm. 16th day: 83ogm.

D I E T

Fornida adjusted to correspond with cat milk. z teaspoons calcium caseinate to 100 ml. cow milk. 2 drops multi-vitamin syrup per day. small amounts of mashed fish and minced meat offered from first day. 1st day: fed at two-hourly intervals; there- after fed at five-hourly intervals. Fish and meat increased, fish preferred to liver or meat. No weaning problems.

2. Mrs G. Clraltriers, P.O. Box 57, Kiam611, Kenya.

H I S T O R Y

Wild-caught, 4 days old.

W E I G H T

6 months: 11 lb.

DIET

Milk and 4 water, glucose and Radiostroleum added. I month: raw scraped meat added. 6 months: frogs, fish, birds, insects, raw meat.

S P O T T E D H Y A E N A ( C r o c i r t a c r o c u t a )

K. Andersorr, 8a Main Road, W’hite$eld P.O. (Batiplore District), Ii rdia.

H I S T O R Y

Wild-caught. Eyes just opening: less than a month old.

D I E T

Cow milk heavily diluted with water for one month. Drank frequently but in moderate

Weaned onto boiled beef, bread, rice, etc. quantities.

REMARKS

A stupid, affectionate animal. No smell, and not worried by flies and fleas in the summer. Kept on an island with a trench 4 ft. wide and 5 ft. deep.

HYAENAS (Crocirta crocrrta G Hyaena hyaeiza)

Dr E. Niehoer, Biologist, Anrsterdmr Zoolosical Garden, Netherlands.

Two Striped hyaenas and one Spotted hyaena hand-reared from birth.

H I S T O R Y

W E I G H T S (Striped hyaenas).

A t start AJer 60 days Weight gained

850 gm. 3,540 gm. vjw gm.

D I E T

Reared on lion diet (see p. 320) but hyaenas were weaned a little earlier than the lions.

DOMESTIC C A T (Felis cattus) M.A.

Annoration, J. small anim. Pract.. Vol. 3, p p . 19-23.

D I E T

Morning feed: I teaspoon finely minced beef. I teaspoon liver soup (prepared baby food). Evaporated mdk mixed with equal amount water. Noon feed : I -2 teaspoons prepared dry baby

Animal Milk Analyses and Harid-Rearirrg Techniqrres

itcrease

gm.

-S + 10 31s 43

222

I93 31s 375 34s 409 5 6 0 638

food mixed with evaporated milk and water. Night feed: I teaspoon cooked or canned fish {bones crushed) or I teaspoon raw minced liver, or z teaspoons soft boiled egg.

Some kittens develop diarrhoea or dislike milk, which can be eliminated.

R E M A R K S

Length Tail from skull

to ri4inp

cm. cm. 18 I Z

--- ---

24 16

29 19

38.5 23.1

4s 2s

48 27

PUMA (FeIis concolor) M.A.

E. J . Rokosky, Director, Racine ZooL;qical Society, W s . , U S A .

Two female cubs neglected by mother on 4th day.

H I S T O R Y

W E I G H T

4 days: I lb. 4 02. and I lb. 8 02.

I I days: I lb. 14 02. and z Ib. z 02 .

D I E T

1st week: Esbilac I 02. and water I oz., cvery z hours, six times a day. 2nd week: Esbilac 2 02. and water I oz., every

I Vitamin D pill three timcs per wcck. At least three feeds per day, incrcasiig quantity as animals grow. Wean on to minced meat plus teaspoon cod- liver oil with each feed - one feed per day, one feed at night. Half-grown cubs can be given doves or pigeons, freshly killed, dipped in cod-liver oil and with a few feathers plucked. 2. HoK W., 1960: Hand-raising baby cats at

Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago. Inter. Zoo Yearb., 11, 86-89.

LEOPARD (Panthera pardirs) M.A.

I. Dr Peter W~ilerirrratin, Veterinarian, Zoo/ogis- cher Gartcn, Zurich, Switzerland.

HISTORY

The mother, an 8-year-old African leopard had always killed and eaten all her offspring immediately after birth. Due to the alertness of the keeper of carnivores it was possible to save one of the two cubs. One hour after birth, at 10 a.m., the cub was removed for hand-rear-

z hours, six times a day. ’ ing. Female. 3rd and 4th week: same as above, fed five times a day, as much as they would take. 6th week: feeds reduced to four per day. 7th week: started on meat diet of lean, finely

WEIGHT and M E A S U R E M E N T S

ground meat, placedin a saucer ofEsbilac mik. Fed three times a day. 8th-10th weeks: more meat added, feed reduced to two per day. ~ r t h - ~ j t h weeks: meat mixed with dry Esbilac powder; water available. 14th week onwards: meat only. Vitamin Abdec drops were used on occasion, in small amounts.

A P P A R A T U S

Incubator oflarge cardboard box with heating pad and soft cloth padding. Constant temperature of 8s°F for first two weeks.

BIG CATS

Day

1st: 2nd : 3rd:

20th: 30th: 40th : 50th: 60th: 70th :

90th: Iooth:

18th:

80th :

I . W’. G. Sheat, General Manager, JohatinesGurg Zoo, South Ajica. DIET

D I E T

Half-strength Cow & Gate or NS w powdered milk. for 5 minutes.

First 14 days: 3 level coffee-spoons Gdactina rice added to 160 C.C. boiled water and cooked

317

Atriiiial Milk Analyscs arid Hatid-Rearing Terhtiiqires

40 C.C. of this rice water diluted in boiled water to I ~ J C.C. and 4 coffee-spoons Humana children’s milk powder addcd. Foodat approx. 40’~. I drop of Vi De (Wander) per day. 4 days: fed every 2 hours exactly - requiring 35 minutes to take Iogm. 3 coffeespoonsNut- ravit baby food, 50 cc. milk, 50 cc. water: boiled together for one minute. 5 days: fed every three hours, I 5 gm. max. per meal. 42 days: finely sliccd calf meat and liver added to diet. 65 days: finely slicedcalfand beefmeat. Two pinches Ossapan on food per day. Vegumin in morning. Nesuida children’s milk and vitamin drops in evening. I egg three times pcr wcck.

D E V E L 0 P M E N T and R E M A R K S I hour old: placed under infra-red lamp as cxhaustcd; care taken to prevent dehydration. 3 3 hours old: denlanding food. 5 days: left eye opened for short period. 6 days: both eyes opening but cornea still tllickly blue so pupils could not be distin- guished. Cloudiness disappeared very slowly and blindness was feared. 27 days: cornea suffciently clear to observe a narrowing ofpupils in a strong light.

2. C. D. K r i h t e Goirda, Crrrutor, Mysare Zoo, Iiidia.

Up to I month: 2 oz. cow milk, $ 0 2 . distilled water, + teaspoon glucose, four times per day. 5 drops gripe syrup, 5 drops multivitamin syrup once per day. 1-24 months: z 02. cow milk, 2 02 . distilled water, four times per day. I tablet Berin B ~ . I tablet Vitamin c once per day. 24-3 months: z 02. cow milk, 2 02. distilled water three rimes per day. I tablet Berin B ~ , I tablet Vitamin C, 5 drops Adexolin, z 02. minced mutton once per day. 4 months: milk discontinued.

F E E D I N G

3. A. I. hethatit, The Assatti Co., Ltd., Deopatii Division, Celukey Tea Estute, Xazira, Assam.

H I S T O R Y

z cubs; wild-caught; unknown age; eyes open but unable to see and unstable on feet.

DIET

First 3 weeks: cow milk with calcium powder and 4-5 drops A d e x o h added. 3rd week: cooked beef added in small quantities to milk; by z months old eating 2 Ib. beef per cub per day. Milk, vitamins and calcium wcre continued.

4. Miss P. IVibori, C i t y qf Aircklarid Zoologird Park, New Zcolarrd.

One male cub. From day of birth reared by domestic cat. At 5 weeks not gaining weight satisfactorily, so hand-reared.

H I S T O R Y

WEIGHT

Birth 12 02. 5 weeks: 2 Ib. z;t 02 .

6 weeks: 3 Ib. 74 02. (had only gained 74 oz. in previous 18 days). Average weekly gain I 34 02.

DIET

12 days old: scraped beef: half teaspoon three times per day, sucked off finger. 1 3 days: meat increased. 16 days old: I level teaspoon scraped beef three times per day. 21 days old: I medium hcaped dessertspoon three times per day. 38 days old: I medium hcaped tablespoon three times per day. Vivamin (mineral, trace clement and vitamin compound) added. 35 days: scraped beef replaced with minced beef. First-grade beef steak given until over 4 months old, and replaced with horsemcat. Saucer of cow’s milk, plus egg yolk, I milli- gram Vitamin B! per day. 77 days : a bird given weekly.

Wormed at 6 weeks (moderate infestation round-worms) 8: twice more at Io-day intervals. Bowel movements irregular at first - 5 days without a motion.

I L L N E S S

Animal Milk Analyses arid Harid-Rearing Techriiqrres

Weight at start 1160 gm. 770 gm.

R E M A R K S Refused tinned milk and tinned dog food.

BLACK LEOPARD (Parithera pardits) I. G. B. Eastmitre, Thowra Tea Estate, Rajtnai

Post Ofice, Assant.

Wild-caught; about 2 weeks old: eyes just open.

First 2 weeks: every 3 hours on 4 oz. cow milk and water (z:~), glucose and few drops of Adexohn. 4th week: night feeding stopped. Solids introduced: chopped raw meat with liver, feathers, calcium powder and shark-liver oil fed once per day. 8th week: bread and milk in morning. Raw meat twice per day. As many sparrows and doves as could eat. 20th week: 2 lb. raw meat at each meal plus sparrows and doves.

The milk diet was not satisfactory, as the fur was in poor condition and constipation occurred. Weaned easily.

2. Dr E. Nieboer, Biologist, Amsterdartr Zoological Garden, Netherlands.

Two cubs (not twins), hand-reared from birth.

H I S T O R Y

DIET

R E M A R K S

H I S T O R Y

WEIGHTS

AJier 60 days Weightgairied 3,550 gm. 2,390 gm. 3,050 gm. 2,280 gm.

D I E T

Fed on lions’ diet (seep. 320).

TIGER (Pardera tigris)

I. P a d S. ChaJee, DVM, Veterinarian, Roeding Park Zoo, Fresno, Calijbnia, U S A .

Two female cubs, neglected by mother and removed at birth.

At birth: approx. 29 lb. each.

H I S T O R Y

WEIGHT

D I E T

8 teaspoons Esbilac (Borden Fecd Supplement, N.Y.) to 3 oz. water. 1st day: 3 oz. mixture every 2-3 hours. Abdec (Parke Davis) vitamin preparation once per day. 5th day: formula strength increased to 10 teaspoons Esbilac to 3 oz water. I oz. mixture every 3 hours. Abdec once per day. rzth-13thday: 14-2 oz. every threehours. Abdec once per day. 16th day: new form of Esbilac - 14 tablespoons powder to 23 cups water. Mixed in blender and refrigerated. Fed z oz. formula every 3 hours. 27th day: I cub died. 34th day: Pablum (high protein baby focd cereal) added to 14 tablespoons Esbilac and 2 cups sterilized water. Mixed in blender. Night feeding stopped. 60th day: 4 oz. formula per feed. 3-4 tablespoons fresh ground beef twice per day between formula feeds. 67th day: homogenized whole cow milk mixed with formula. 69th day: cow milk substituted for formula. 92nd day: 8 oz. milk and as much meat as couldeat in 15 minutes.

I L L N E S S and D E V E L 0 PM E N T

1st day: 25 mg. Tetracycline (Panmycin - Upjohn Co.) 3 C.C. anti-feline distemper serum. 10th day: eyes opened and treated with Neo- mycin-hydrocortisone drops, as a prophy- lactic measure. Incubator box kept free of bright light. 12th day: anti-feline distemper serum I C.C. per lb. body weight. 16th day: exercised out of box three times per day. 27th day: I cub refused feed, listless, crying. Panmych 25 mg. administered and dex’trose with electrolytes subcutaneously. Died that evening. Post mortem: acute entero-colitis of undetermined aetiology. Remaining cub given 5 C.C. feline distemper vaccine.. 38th day: began walking. Eyesight seemed impaired. Flourinef ‘S’ (Squibbs) administered three times per day. Exercise increased. Vision improved few days later.

Airitrial Milk Aiialysiss a d Hand-Rearir y Techtiqrws

At start Afier 60 days I ,450 gm. 8,920 gm. i 1,270 gm. 5,650 gm.

40th day: 2 C.C. distemper vaccine. 50th day: distemper vaccine administered.

weightgained

7,470 gm. 4,420 gm.

2 . C. L). Krirliiic Gorr~do, Criraror, hfysorc Zoo, Illdin.

DIET

Up to I month: I oz. cow milk, I oz. distillcd watcr; five tinics per day. 4 teaspoon glucose, 5 drops gripe syrup, 5 drops Adexolin added to first feed. 1-2 months: 13 oz. cow milk, 13 oz. distilled water; five times per day. I Vitamin B~ Berin tablet, I Macrocytin tablet, I Vitamin c tablet, f tablet calcium gluconate D added to first feed. 2-3 months: 2 oz. cow milk, 2 oz. distilled water; five tinics per day. Supplements as above, plus 4 oz. minced mutton, 5 drops Adexolin per day. 3-5 months: 2 02. cow milk, 2 oz. distilled water; four times per day. Supplements as above, plus 8 oz. iiiinced ]nut- ton, 5 drops Adexolin, I multi-vitamin tablet per day. 5-6 months: as above, minced mutton Ui- creased to I 1b. 6-7 months: as abovc, minced mutton increased to 2 Ib. 7-8 months: as above, plus I raw egg twice per day, 8 oz. beefwithout bone, per day. 8-9 months: milk feeds reduced to twice per day. Other supplements, beef and mutton un- chnngcd. One long bone with flesh added to diet. 9-15 months: milk and supplements unchanged. Mutton reduced to I Ib., beef increased to 4 Ib. Adexoh replaced with 2 teaspoons shark-liver oil. 15-18 months: milk feeds with supplcments unchanged. Beef increased to 6 lb. (includmg bones), z teaspoons shark-liver oil; mutton discontinued. 18 months: milk, supplements, raw egg discontinued. Beef with bones increased to 8 Ib with 2 teaspoons shark-liver oil.

ILLNESS

1)cwormed at intervals of 2 months.

3 . D r R. K . 'Vair, Dirrrror, Tritmdrrrnr Zoo, Krrcla State, Itrdia.

DIET

Meat soup, goat milk and vitamins in syrup form until the age of 3 months, when it was weaned.

4. Dr E. A'ieieboer, Biologist, Atirsterdanr Zooloyical Cardrtis, Metherlatlds.

H I S T O R Y Two animals hand-reared from birth.

WEIGHT

F E E D I N G

Cub no. I : reared on 5 parts Nutritia Baby- milk No. I. 23 parts raw egg. I part cream(4o percent fat). Cub no. 2 : reared on lion diet (see b e h i ) .

Cub no. I frequently had poor stools. Cub no. z died at 60 days - cause of death unknown.

LION (Parrhra leo) M.A. D r E. Nieboer, Bioloxist, Amsterdam Zoological

I L L N E S S

Gardens, Netherlands. H I S T O R Y

Fourteen lions, hand-reared from birth. W E I G H T -

-

I .

2.

3. 4. S. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

I I. -

Date qf start 4 ham-rrarir y

- w t .

gained

~~

I 2. I 3. I 4. No information available.

Aiiirrial Milk Arralyses arid Harid-Rearing Techiiiques

D I E T

Cow milk(fat 3 per cent): 50 per cent. Raw eggs without shell: 40 per cent. Cream (fat 40 per cent): 10 per cent. To I kg. of this mixturc is added: Premauvit : I 5 gm. Dohyfral P d k Vitamins A - D ~ : 5 gm. (en- riched with extra Vitamin A). The ratio of the nutrients and vitamins in the milk for lions is: Water 79-80 per cent. Protcins 7-05 per cent. Carbohydrates 2.85 per cent. Fat 9.90 per cent. Ashes 0.40 per cent. Per kilogram of this milk therc are about 24,oooI.U.Vitamina,4,000I.U. VitaminD,. i -3 5 days : fed on above mixture. 35-105 days: raw meat, minerals and vitamins added to milk diet. I 05 days : milk feeding stopped.

ILLNESS

Six hand-reared cubs died at the following ages: I day (poor condition). 2 days (poor condition). 3 dayskoor condition). 2 months (during milk-feeding period). 5 months (milk feeding stopped). 8 months (milk feeding stopped).

REMARKS

Since February 1962, the mineral stable Vitamin A - D ~ introduced - before this, vitamins were added in the form of oils. The weight period of 60 days was chosen as milk was the main food at this time - quantities of meat given were still very small.

GIR LION (Panthera feopersica)

Reubcii David, Supcrirrtetrdent, Ahmedabad Zoo, India.

Gestation period I 10 days. Calcium phosphate and Adexolin added to ration, separated from male 5 days before delivery, enclosure shut off from public 14 days before delivery. Ate less than normal for last 2 days. Watery discharge 4 days before birth. Cubs born 12.30 p.m.; 9 a.m. mewing loudly and ignored by mother.

HISTORY

9a.m. mother let intoouter enclosureand cubs examined. Onedead (still-born ?). Cubscleaned and smeared with sand where mother urinatcd. Lioness continued to ignore cubs. Cubs removed 1.30 p.m. One male, one femalc.

W E I G H T

At birth: Dead male: 46 oz. Male: 4302. Female: 39oz. 4th day :

9th day : Male: jzoz. Female: 50 oz. r Ithday: Male: 56402. Female: 5202.

Male: 11802. Female : I 26 oz. 62nd day : Male: 182 oz. Female: 19 oz.

Malc: 2 6 0 0 ~ . Female: 268 oz.

20th day :

93rd day

TEMPERATURE

Male: 97'4'F Female : 97'2'F

Male: IOO'F Female: IOO'F

Male: IOO'2'F Female: 1 0 0 . 2 ~ ~

DIET

At 2 p.m. suckled from lactating bitch. At- tempt 3 hours later to put cubs with mother failed - returned to bitch, which was near end of lactation. Another bitch provided as foster mother - 5th day of lactation. Began with second bitch at 4 days old. Weighed before and after feed to discover consumption: Female (before feeding) Temp. 97'2'~

(after feeding) 97.2'~

Male (before feedmg) Temp. 97'4'~

(after feeding) Temp. 97.4'~

Thus, female consumed 3 oz. I dr., male consumed I oz. 5 dr. 20 gm. each feed. Extra feed at 12 noon of 3 oz. goats milk plus tcaspoon Promolan (protein compound) each.

weight 37 02. I dr. 3 0 gin.

weight 40 02. z dr. 3 0 gm.

weight 42 02 .2 dr. 40 gin.

weight 43 02.7 dr. 60 gm.

Aiiiriial Mi lk Aiialyses aid Had-Reariig Techiriqires

8th day: remained with bitch throughout day, and fed at 12 noon as before. I egg per day added to milk. Extra feed at 6 p.m. 17th day: 2 02. goat milk plus Proniolan at 6 am. , 9 am. , 12 noon, 3 p.m., 6 p.m., 9 p.m. Proportion of 8 02. milk to three spoons Promolan. 19th day: female developed slight gripe. 5 grains calcium phosphate addcd to morning feed. Tcaspoon gripe water regularly added to diet. 30th day: 7 a.m. - 3 oz. goat milk, 4 egg, 5 grains calcium phosphate, I teaspoon Promo- Ian, I teaspoon gripe water, 4 teaspoon cod- liver oil each. 12 noon - 3 oz. goat milk, I teaspoon Promo- Ian, I teaspoon gripe water each. 4 p.m. -small fced, gripe water each. 9 p.m. - 3 oz. goat milk, I teaspoon Promolan, 8 teaspoon gripe water each. Smd day: bitch dr).. 62nd day: 9 a.m. - 6 oz. buffalo mdk, I 4 dr. Promolan, 4 dr. cod-liver nil, 2 0 gm. calcium phosphate, I dr. gripe water, I egg each. I p.m. - 6 oz. buffalo milk, I dr. cod-liver oil, I + dr. Proniolan each. 4 p m . - 6 oz. milk, I dr. gripe watcr each. 8 p.m. - 6 02. n d k , I dr. gripe water each. 93rd day: Ib. meat added to I p.m. meal - not eaten. Meat rubbed on gums. 97th day: began lapping and eating minced meat. 98th day: 4 Ib. meat added for each cub. I 10th day: I Ib. meat per cub. I 22nd day: I + lb. meat and I 4 Ib. milk per cub. I 3 1st day: z Ib. meat and 14 Ib. milk per cub. 136th day: 2 lb. meat and I Ib. milk per cub. 140th day: 24 Ib. meat and I Ib. milk per cub. 164th day: morning feed - I 4 Ib. minced meat, afternoon feed - I Ib. beef. evening feed - 14 Ib. beefplus 14 Ib. milk. 196th day: 5 lb. meat per cub. Proportion increased to adult quantity.

R E M A R K S and D E V E L 0 PM EN T At birth : ears drooping, eyes closed, no teeth. 4th day: ears began to erect. 8th day: ears upright, male's right eye opening at right comer. 9th day: slight enlargement of gums. Slight discharge in right eye of male - cleaned with boric lotion.

I I th day: right eye ofniale open to centre. 12th day: left eye of feniale opening from centre. I 3 th day : left eye of male opening from centre, right eye of female opening from centre. I 5th day : both eyes of male open -no definite vision. 16th day: both eyes of fernale open - no definite vision. 20th day: lower incisors of male cut. 22nd day: lower incisors offemale cut. 24th day: upper incisors of male appeared. 26th day: lower canines of male cut, upper incisors of female cut. 28th day: upper canines of male cut, lower canines offemale cut. 42nd day: canines ofboth clear ofshcath. Lower molars of female cutting, and perforations of upper molars. Perforations of molars of male. 49th day: niolars offemale cut. Upper molars of male cut. 60th day: teeth ofboth cubs complete.

I L L N E S S

79th day : male developed pneumonia in outside enclosure. Teaspoon spirit villum gallacy every 4 hours. 80th day: injection ofprocine penicillin. Fermentation of chest. 81st day: condition improved. 4 tablet Sulpha- diazine every 6 hours for 4 da)-s.

C H E E T A H (Aciiioiiysjrrbatrrs) M.A.

Ei ide , W., 1960: Birth atid rearitg gcheetalrs at Krfild Zoo. Inter. Zoo Yearb., 11, 85-6.

PINNIPEDIA

PAC I F 1 C W A L R U S (Odobeniis rosiirarrrs) I . Poirrtielle, G. H., 1961: Pacarific walrus at the

Sari Diego Zoo. Inter. Zoo Yearb., III,78-80. 2. Brown, D. H. The health probleins of walrus

calves, and remarks oti theirgeneral progress in captivity (see pp. 13-33).

SEALS

Dr Dieiier, Director, h'eirriiiitister Zoo, Germariy.

DIET

Up to 4 months the animals are offered speci- ally prepared pieces of herring. The herrings

are fillcted and cut up into pieccs. A few drops of Boviserm (a vitamin preparation from the Bering-Werke) are added to the food. Certain difficulties arose when we changed over to whole herrings but hunger forced them to accept them.

CALIFORNIAN SEA-LION (Znlophus culiforri iarrus) M. A.

Dr S. Asakura, Veteritiarim, Uerio Zoolo~qiral Gardens, Tokyo, Japan.

)I I S T O R Y

Born in zoo, not progressing satisfactorily, removed at 4 months for hand-rearins. Female.

W E I G H T

Born May rg61, hand-rearing began Octobcr I 961 I

Date

12th Oct. 1961 20th Oct. 1961 14thNov. 1961 24thNov. 1961

5th Dec. 196r 14thDec. 1961 24th Dec. 1961

3rdJan. 1962 14thJan. 1962 28th Jan. 1962 4th Feb. 1962

~5thFeb. 1962 14th Mar. 1962 24th Mar. 1962 4th Apr. 1962

24th Apr. 1962 14th May 1962 14thJun. 1962

bveight

I I kg. I 1-2 kg. 12.5 kg. 13.okg.

I 3-0 kg. I 3.8 kg.

14-6 kg. I 3-6 kg. I 5.6 kg. 16.0 kg. I 6.6 kg. I 7-0 kg. I 8.0 kg. 20.0 kg. 22.0 kg. 25.0 kg.

13.S kg.

13'4 kg.

Age

5 months

6 months

7 months

8 months

I o nion ths

12 month! 13 month!

DIET

Basic mixture - fat 30 per cent, protcin 2 per cent, lactose 3-5 per cent, water 64 per cent. This cream was used throughout, with the addition of Vitamins A, B, D calcium and lysine (amino acid). 1st day: 200 C.C. cream at 9 a.m., I p.m. and 4.30 p.m., each feed. 2nd day: diarrhoea developed, cream reduced

to half quantity and sulfa-dmgs administered. 5th day: diarrhoea disappeared. 8th day: 20 gm. filleted, minced fish added to the IOO C.C. cream. 10th day: cream increased to I 30 C.C. per feed. From first to tenth day fed at 9 a.m., I p.m., 4.30 p.m. I zth day: cream increased to zoo C.C. per feed. From now on fed at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. 18th day: cream reduced to 100 C.C. per feed. Fish increased to 50 gm. per feed. x n d day: force-fed at I p.m. on 150 C.C.

cream, IZO gm. fish. 24th day: force-feeding stopped and food given in dishes only. Fed 100 C.C. cream and 30 0 gm. fish per feed at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. 42nd day: fish increased to 350 gm. per feed. Put in open enclosure. 62nd day: listless and diarrhoea. Fish increased to 400 gni. per feed. 66th day: force fed 100 C.C. cream, no fish; cachfeedat9a.m.. I p.m. and4.30p.m. 67th day: force fed IOO C.C. cream, 5 0 gm. fish cachfeedatga.m., I p.m.and4.3op.m. 6yth day: condition improved. 93rd day: 50 C.C. cream, 1,400 gm. fish each feed at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. 94th day: 1,600 gm. fish, no cream, each feed at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. 173rd day: no cream, 1,600 gin. fisheachfeed at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. 213rd day: 1,800 gm. fish cach feed at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.

Room temperature about 20'~. No pool but floor always wet. Dishes of food placed in room to encourage self-feedmg. Force-fed for first 16 days when began tacing food volun- tarily. Used stomach tube forcibly pushed into stomach. The fish was mixed with cream to accustom the sea-lion to the taste.

A P P A R A T U S

SOUTH AFRICAN FUR SEAL (Arrtorephultis pusillus)

R. A. Edwards, Mchs, 29 Sydney Street, Gretw Point, Cape Torun, South qfrira.

Several wild-caught seals; varying ages.

Whale oil - 3 02. (6 tablespoons).

HISTORY

DIET

W 323

.4 nimal Milk Analyscs attd Hatid-Rearing Techtriqiic.s

WEIGHTS Seal I (Date ofarrival

On arrival 7,350 gm. 1st week 7,500 gm. 2nd week 9,250 gm. 3rd week I 1,700 gm. 4th week 13,000 gm. 5th week 14,000 gm. 6th week 16,500gm. 7th week 19,000 gm. 8th week 20,000 gm. 9th week 23,500 gm. 10th week 27,000 gm. I Ith week 29.(00 Em.

29th Jun. 1962)

Cod-liver oil 2 teaspoon. Cow milk I pint. Whisked to creamy consistency and fed at blood heat. (Margarine can be used as a temporary sub- stitute for whale oil if not readily obtainable.) First few days feed four times per day: one feed in morning, one before sleeping, two during day. Approx. I pint per feed - or until stomach overflows. At 2 or 3 months ofage feed twice per day. At 4 months, add teaspoon di-calcium phosphate to one feed. Approx. 6 months of age, either give one feed per day of mdk solution and small pieces of fish at other meal, or continue giving two feeds per day with a little agricultural fish meal added to one of them: the first diet is preferable. By 10 months the seal should be taking one meal daily of 4 lb. fish only.

APPARATUS

In two cases, the seals were bottle-fed: fairly big teat necessary. Intubation is usual method. Three feet long rubber tube (like enema tubr) with funnel at one end and very smooth at other end. The tube should be dipped in milk solution to make it slippery and slid down the throat as far as possible without using pressure. One person holding the mouth open can control the flow of milk by squeezing the tube. Another person holds the funnel and fills it with milk.

Seal 2 (Date ofarrival

On arrival 8,100 gm. 1st week 10,650 gm. 2nd week 12,000 gm. 3rd week 14,000 gm. 4th week 15,500 gm. 5th week 15,000 gm. 6th week r4,~oogm. Dicdona8thSept. 196

6th Aug. 1962)

R E M A R K S

Normal faeces from pup are yellow and liquid. Adult male weighs 475 Ib. and is 8 ft. long, female 300 lb. and 6 ft. long. Up to 10 months, pups do not enter water much but can be encouraged to swim earlier in captivity.

HA RB 0 UR S E A L (Phoca oitulina)

I . Dr E. Nieboer, Biologist, Anrsterdatn Zoologicd Garden, Netherlands.

H I S T O R Y

Two animals; wild-caught; very poor condition; age unknown.

0 I ET and 1 L L N E S S

Composition and daily quantity per animal: Cream (40 per cent fat) 500 C.C.

Cow d k ( 3 per cent fat) 500 C.C.

Fat herrings ground in mixer I ,500 gm. 6 spoons cod-liver oil 90 gm. Premauvit 5 teaspoons. Eggs without shells 200 gm. The nutrient content is: Proteins 10 per ccnt. Fat 20 per cent. Carbohydrates 1-7 pcr cent. Water 67 per cent. (approx.) Ashes 1.3 pcr cent (approx.) Vitamin A 30,000 LU. per kg. (approx.) Vitamin D~ 3,750 I.U. per kg. (approx.) Seal I : 7th week weaned on to herrings and whitings. Seal 2: 4th week attempted to wean onto fish. Refused fish for 5 days, although not fed for 3 days. Returned to milk mixture, but fell ill, vomited food and died, probably of pneumonia.

R E M A R K S

Method of feeding as per Dr Mariane Reineck

Although the fat content of the milk fed is high, it is not as high as natural seal milk (see analysis p . 337). The growth rate of the seals appeared to be normal. The period of milk- feeding of Seal 2 was probably too short. The great quantity of fat in seal milk may be partly used as a source of metabolic water.

( p . 293).

324

Airirrra1 Milk Analyses and Hand-Rearjig Trchriiqrrcr

2. Bossanyl, 1 ~ 4 8 : Proc. 2001. SOC. Lond., 1 1 7

D I E T

300 ml.-400 nd. four times per day of cow milk and cod-liver oil.

A P P A R A T U S

Sucked sponge held in hand. As it sucked, milk continuously squeezed into sponge through rubber tube fixed at one end to a rubber bulb held in free hand. 3 . Rcineck, M . : Rearing abandoned sucklings .f

Phoca vitulina (see p. 293)

ELEPHANT SEAL (Miroungasp)

W. A. Young, DVM, Supervisor, Gri@h Park Zoo, Los Angeles, Cal$rnia, U S A .

H I S T O R Y

Wild-caught. Few days old.

A G E

Few days. Teeth not yet erupted.

W E I G H T

six months : I 5 5 Ib.

F E E D I N G

Abdec (Parke-Davis) I drop per z 02. formula after first few days. Given I oz. per day of Mdtine with cod-liver oil; amount gradually increased with age. Fed twice daily with I quart condensed milk and water in equal parts, macerated clams or macerated fish. Never overfed. I 5 days: swallowed one small fish. 1 8 days: ate 15 fish at one feeding (fish 6 in. long and 2 in. wide). Diet gradually changed from fish, clams and oysters to fish only; able to pick fish from water. (Queen fish and mackerel.) Played with various kinds of seaweed but ate very little, if any.

A P P A R A T U S

Equine stomach tube and pump. Animal held with burlap sack for traction and restraint. Bovine speculum used to control mouth for passage of stomach tube. After first few feed- ings, speculum no longer necessary and mouth controlled by piece of rubber hose placed

crossways through thc mouth, (CJ a horse's bit). Soon no longer necessary and accepted procedure ready. Induced to eat fish by dropping fish into mouth, encouraging biting etc. Teased with fish till taken and eaten, soon learning to take fish from water. Short piece of I in. hose attached to bottle (such as would be used for drenching purposes) acted as nursing bottle, replacing long tube. Kept in cage with small concrete tank partly filled with fresh water and used regularly. Every other day given salt bath for 2 hours. At 3 months moved to Penguin Pool (fresh water).

ILLNESS

During first few days developed heavy pus- tular discharge from eyes and nostnls. 250 mg. Liquamycin admhstered hypodermically. One dose brought marked improvement and infection cleared up within a few days. Con- dition recurred several times, but cured with intramuscular Liquamycin. Died at 6 months. Autopsy revealed acutely congested respiratory system and no other pathology of note. This may have been due to sudden drop in temperature and lack of sea-water bathing.

R E M A R K S

Teeth erupted 10 days after arrival.

PROBOSCIDEA

AFRICAN ELEPHANT (hxodonta africarra)

W'. G. Sheat, General Manager, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa.

D I E T

Rice-balls fed four t i e s per day ad lib. 5 Ib. rice boiled in separated (skimmed) cow milk, I tablespoon sugar. Reduce to paste and add pulped ripe bananas. Mix well and make into balls the size of tennis balls. Skimmed milk plus I teaspoon powdered glucose per pint, fed ad lib I hour after rice- ball meals.

R E M A R K S

Full cream mdk has been found highly un- satisfactory. The milk should be given at body temperature and the elephant weaned as soon as possible on to grass, carrots, etc.

A n i d Milk Analyses mid Hand-Rearing Tedrniques

.4 P P A R A T U S

A calf-feeding bottle.

I N D I A N ELEPHANT (EIephas ttiaxittitu) M.A.

I . C. A. McCarrgliey, 1 9 5 8 : Ceylon Vcterinar). Journal, VI, 3 & 4.

Elephant Ca!frvo. I

Female. Weighed 416 Ib. Aged about 7 months. Able to feed herself sucking up fluid with her trunk and discharging it into her mouth.

H I S T O R Y

D I E T

She had been fed on a mixture of ‘cmljee’ (a watery extract of boiled rice) and cow milk w l l e with the villagers. It was decided to continue the feeding of ‘cunjee’ and to add reconstituted dricd milk with supplements of protein and Vitamins A, B, c and D. About 8 02. of unpolished rice was boiled in 120 oz. of water for 2 hours. The fluid was allowed to cool, then 5 oz. of dried skimmed milk and I 02. reinforced milk food (Casilan, Glaxo) addcd, 5 G e h tablets (Glaxo) equivalent to 1 , 0 0 0 mgm. of Vitamin C, 5 dried brewer’s yeast tablcts and one teaspoon cod-liver nil also addcd. Four feeds at 4 hour intcrvals given between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. 3rd day: thc amount of dried skimmed milk increased to 16 02 . at each meal. 14th day: I oz. full cream dried milk and I 02.

dricd yeast powder added to each meal. A little treacle was given either mixed with the milk or between meals. Thus each meal con- sisted of: I 6 02. dried skimmed milk.

I oz. Casdan (Glaxo). I 02. dried f d cream milk. I oz. dried yeast. I gm. ascorbic acid (Vitamin c). I teaspoonful of cod-liver oil.

Elephant also ate 1-2 Ib. ofcut grass per day. At 10 months she ate grass freely, mostly during night and early morning. As she grew older, her capacity for milk mixture at each meal increased : each meal tliercfore, gradually

incrcased in volume. At 1 0 - 1 1 months, fresh cow mdk was substituted for full cream dried milk: this was boiled and fed at the rate of 5 pints a day included in the four or five meals of the dried skimnied milk mixture. It is calculated that the milk mixture used as the initial daily diet provided daily about 8 7 8 gni. ofprotein, 35 gm. fat, ~,ooogm. ofcarbo- hydrate (mostly lactose), plus an unknown amount of carbohydrate and protein extracted from the boiled rice. The milk diet was continued until she was about 18 months old and eating only grass, leaves, hay, etc.

Elephant C a y No. 3

Weighed 198 Ib. Probably 3 months old. Female.

H I S T O R Y

D I E T

Bottle fed on mixture of reconstituted skimmed milk (4 oz. in 34 oz . water) 8 02. cow milk, 2 teaspoons glucose, 100 mgm. Vitamin c and one teaspoon of dried yeast evcry 4 hours. Diet then changcd to - milk mixture con- sisting of 3; 02. skimmed dried milk boilcd in 80 02. water then cooled, to this was added: 3 tcaspoons Glucose D powder. 4 teaspoons Complan (Glaxo). I teaspoon dried yeast. 200 mgm. Vitamin c (Celin). Five feeds a day totalling 60 oz. of this mixture. The amount of skimmed dried milk was increased to 7 02. for each meal. The Glucose D powder, Coniplan and yeast also increased.

I L L N E S S

Diarrhoea, cured by including arrowroot i:i the mixture.

2 . C. D. Krishrie Galuda, Curator, Mysore Zoo, India.

Wild-caught. Deserted by mother for some days; in poor condition.

H I S T O R Y

D I E T

I - I + months: I pint buffalo milk, I pint

boiled water, 8 teaspoons glucose, six times pcr Jay. z teaspoons gripe syrup, 2 teaspoons multi- vitanlin syrup, 2 yeast tablets once per day. 14-3 months: 14 pints buffalo milk, 8 teaspoons glucose, six times per day.

according to health of animal, per day. Fed at 7 a.m. and 5 p.m.

S O U T H AMERICAN TAPIR ( Tapirus terrestris)

z teaspoons gripe syrup, z teaspoons multi- vitamin syrup, 2 yeast tablets once per day. 3-4 months: z pints buffalo milk, 8 teaspoons glucose, four times per day. Sumlements as above.

I I 4 seer rice-gruel with little milk, z# oz. ghee (clarified butter) once per day. 4-6 months: z pints buffalo milk, 8 teaspoons glucose, four times per day. 2 teaspoons gripe syrup, z teaspoons multi- vitamin syrup, 3 tablets yeast per day. 8 seer rice-gruel with milk, t tablespoons oats, 4 oz. ghee per day. 6-12 months: 6 pints buffalo milk, 8 teaspoons glucose, twice per day. z teaspoons gripe syrup, 2 teaspoons multi- vitamin syrup, 3 tablets yeast, seer cooked rice with unrefined sugar gradually raised to 3 seers per day, ghee raised to 54 02. per day. Green grass and green leaves freely fed.

PERISSODACTYLA

ZEBRA HYBRID (Equiisgrevyi x Equus usinus)

Luis B . Caday, DVM, Veterinarian, Manila Zoo- logical Garden, Philippines.

HISTORY

Born in zoo. Hand-reared from one week old.

DIET

One week: + litre Bear Brand canned milk per feed at 6 a.m., 12 noon, 6 p.m. and 12 mid- night. 2-8 weeks: I litre pasteurized cow mdk per feed at 6 a.m., 12 noon, 6 p.m. and 12 mid- night. 9-12 weeks: 14 litres pasteurized cow milk per feed a t 6 a.m., IZ noon, 6 p.m. and IZ mid- night. 13-16 weeks: 14 litres pasteurized cow milk per feed at 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. 16 weeks: three gallons molasses with water, five pieces bread or ten buns, as much corn stalks and grass as could be consumed, supple- mentary vitamins (Darivit, four tablets)

Frank G . Mclnnis, Director, Detroit Zoological Park, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.

HISTORY

Approx. two months old (several animals).

DIET

I -8 cups Albers Suckle (Borden product) to I quart water. Fed at 8 a.m., 10.30 a.m., 12 noon, 2.30 p.m. and 4.30 p.m. Weaned at 6-8 months.

ARTIODACT Y LA

Dr E. h'ieboer, Biologist, Amsterdam Zoological Gardens, hTetherlands.

z female guanaco (Lama huanacus) from birth. I female elk(A1ces alcrs) from 10 days old. I male, I female Roc deer (Capreolus capreolus) date of birth unknown. I female springbuck (Antidorcus nrarsupialir) from birth. I male White-tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnrr) from birth; died at 5 months. I female nilgai (Boselaphus tragocameltrs) from birth. z female Ankole cattle (Bos africanus) from birth. I male mouflon (Ovis musitnoti) from birth.

Cow milk with Vitamins A - D ~ and Premauvit. Cream added to milk for Roe deer and nilgai. Quantities dependent on size and rate of growth.

HISTORY

DIET

Count Bjorn Hamilton, Director, Skanes Djur- park, Hoor, Sweden.

H A N D - R E A R E D ungulates started on cow milk from mountain cattle; water added in small amounts. Evacuation of bowels studied. Dilution of milk varied until stools have the correct consistency. More dangerous to over- feed than under-feed.


327

Animal Mi lk Analyses and Hand-Rearing Techniqrics

WlLD PIG(Susscrofa) M.A.

C. M . Hall, Bantbrakelly Group, Lindula, Ceylon.

HISTORY

Several wild-caught. Unknownage. Umbilical cord not dry. Later returned to wild.

Approx. I Ib. each. 3 months: 6 Ib. each.

WEIGHT

DIET

Fed every 2-3 hours for first week on Cow S. Gate diluted with cow milk. Readily weaned on potatoes, green leaves, etc. Started to rootle at early age.

WART H 0 G (Phacochoerus aethiopims)

Mrs R. Walkley, Ada Streer, P.O. Nurert;hwti, Western Australia.

wild-caught. Poor condition. Male. Approxi- mately 4 days old; umbilical cord dropped off 4 days after amval.

On arrival: just over I lb. 14 days: gained 4 02.

28 days: gained 20 oz. Gained 14-2 lb. per week. 16 months: weighed zoo lb.

First 2 weeks: z oz. half-strength Lactogen per feed 6 a.m., 10 a.m., z p.m., 6 p.m., 10 p.m. and z a.m. f tablet calcium daily. If the feed was not taken, I oz. glucose and water given I hour later. 3rd week: 3-4 oz. half-strength Lactogcn per feed at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., z p.m., 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. t tablet calcium daily. 8th week: 6-8 oz. half-strength Lactogen three times per day, plus z 02. bread soaked in milk per day. 10th week: 2 oz. mince-meat added to diet. 12th week: began digging roots to eat. 10 02.

milk three t imes per day. At 6.30 p.m. meal of raw meat, potatoes, bread, vegetables. Calcium increased to I tablet dally. 8 02. salt sprinkled on grass every two or three

H I S T O R Y

WEIGHT

DIET

days.

20th week: 2 pints water per day. Cow milk replaced Lactogen. A d d diet: I calcium tablet per day, z pints water (not always drunk), 6.30 p.m. feed of 2 lb. chopped meat, zf lb. vegetables, bread etc. Grazed for j hours daily, from early morning. Milk stopped at 10 months.

ILLNESS

At eight weeks developed diarrhoea. Massaged every three hours and fed glucose and water only for two days. 4 tablets Sulphaguanidine per day for three days.

A P P A R A T U S

For first five days fed with pipette, latcr with bottle.

REMARKS

6 weeks: hair began growing. 8 weeks: teeth felt in gums. 10 weeks: teeth began to show through. 8 weeks: began digging and by I z weeks eating dug-up roots. 44 months: lower and upper tusks appeared, lower growing to 4 in. at I year. Mane 9 in. long at one year. 5 months: dug holes for burrow. 9 months: dentition complete. 10 months: first signs ofsexual maturity.

LLAMA (Lurnaglama) M.A.

Frank G . Mdnnis, Director, Detroit Zoological Park, Royal O a k , Mich., U S A .

HISTORY

Hand-reared from birth.

DIET

I -5 days: undiluted condensed milk. 651 days: 7 oz. condensedmilk, I oz. water. 9-12 days: 6 oz. condensed milk, z 02. water. 12-15 days: 5 oz. condensed milk, 3 02. water. I 5-21 days: 4 oz. condensed milk, 4 oz. water. 18-21 days: 3 02. condensed milk, 5 02. water. Weaning commenced.

R E M A R K S

The same diet has been used on sheep and goats.


DEER

C. K. Krishna Gowda, Curator, Mysore Zoo, India.

Up to I month: 3 oz. milk, 3 oz. boiled water, 2 teaspoons glucose, four times per day. 10 drops Adexolin, I teaspoon gripe syrup, once per day. 1-2 months: 4 02. milk, 4 02. water, four times per day. No change in supplements. 2-4 months: 4 02. milk, 4 02. water, three times per day. No change in supplements. Small quantity of green grass and boiled horsegram with wheatbran. 4-5 months: 4 oz. milk, 4 02. water, twice per

No change in supplements. Green grass given freely. 6 02. boiled horsegram, 2 02. wheatbran. 5-43 months: 4 oz. milk, 4 oz. water, once per day. No change in supplements. Green grass given freely. 8 02. boiled horsegram, z 02. wheatbran. Lucerne added. 6 months: milk discontinued.

DIET

day-

FALLOW DEER(Damadama) Klopjr, H., G. Klopfer, M. S.: Notes on hatid-

rearing Dama dama - see p. 295.

WHITE-TAILED DEER (Odocoileus virginianus) M.A.

H. Silver, J. Widl. Mgmt., 1961, 25, 66-70.

Undduted evaporated milk. Average contents: Water 73.8 per cent. Protein 70 per cent. Fat 7.9 per cent. Sugar 9.8 per cent. Ash 1.5 per cent. 2-4 oz. every 4-5 hours. Increased to 8 02. per feed, four times per day from 6 a.m. to 11.30p.m.

DIET

ROE DEER (Capreolus capreoh) M.A. Pinter, H . : Artificial rearing sf Roe deer and notes

on their behaviour - see p. 300.

G IRA F F E (Girafa camelopardalis) M.A.

Zeflmer, G., 1960; Hand-rearing a girafe af Bristol Zoo, Inter. Zoo Yearb., II, 90-3.

B I S 0 N (Bison bison) M.A. C. D. Krishna Gowda, Curator, Mysore Zoo,

India.

Up to 14 months: 14 pints buffalo milk, 14 pints distilled water, 3 teaspoons glucose, four times per day. 4 oz. gripe water, 15 drops Adexoh, 2 yeast tablets once per day. 14-2 months: as above, milk diluted with 25 per cent water only. 2-4 months: as above, buffalo milk full

DIET

strength. 4 4 months: as above, number of fceds reduced to three per day. Green grass provided. 6 - 1 2 months: as above, with addition of little boiled horsegram. I year: milk discontinued.

Very susceptible to diarrhoea. ILLNESS

ANTELOPE AND DUIKERS David K.]ordt, Box 194, Monrovia, Liberia.

Wild-caught at various ages - oldest about 3 weeks.

HISTORY

DIET

Carnation tinned milk mixed in equal parts with boiled and filtered water. Multivitamin drops as supplement. When graduating to solids, most varieties of salad greens, cucum- bers etc, proved satisfactory. Wild vegetation should not be offered, as the wrong varieties can be given. Bananas should be fed sparingly as they can cause diarrhoea. Sliced lemons, oranges and limes much liked.

Royal antelope (Neotragus pygmaeus) quickly learned to lap, but were not fond of greens. Chevrotains tended to over-eat. Zebra an te lope (Cephalophus zebra) were hard to wean from milk; susceptible to diarrhoea.

OBSERVATIONS

329

Animal Milk Analyses and Hand-Reariri<(r Techniques

A P P A R A T U S

They should not be kept in a box with any sort of opening in the side, as they injure them- selves getting in a panic. Either keep free in large enclosure, or the box should have high unbroken walls (over 4 ft. at least). Inadvisable to screen tops, floor of box should be padded. Sawdust is good floor covering a5 urine spots can be removed easily.

ANTELOPE A N D DEER IY. G. Sheat, General Managcr, ]o~iarrncsh~q

Zoo, South Africa. D I E T

I dessertspoon N.S.W. Powdered milk to teaspoon powdered glucose. At least 3 feeds per day. Once a week add I teaspoon olive oil to o w fwd to regulate bowels.

DUIKER D. and E. Frost, Chisatnbe, A‘orrhtw R\~oderiu.

Black Lechwe,Jrly 195%

Wild-caught. Less than 12 hours old.

1st week fed z oz. at four-hourly intervals from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. Cow’s milk diluted with 50 per cent water, 2 drops cod-liver oil, teaspoon white of egg, mixed and warmed to blood heat. 2nd week : 3 02. mixture at each feed. Last feed at 6 p.m. 3rd week: nibbled grass and dry leaves, pre- ferring fig leaves and figs. Ate crushed maize. Licked rock salt (always available). 4 weeks: 4 pint whole milk with cod-liver oil three times per day. 6 weeks: I 4 pints per feed, twice per day. 8 weeks: z pints per feed, twice per day. I 3 weeks: fed milk only in morning.

Piece ofbicycle tubing attached to hypodermic syringe - animal sucked and the milk was squirted at the same time.

H I S T O R Y

D I E T

A P P A R A T U S

DUIKER Mrs G. Chalmers, P.O. BOX 57, Kiarnbu, Kenya.

Wild-caught. Less than I z hours old. H I S T O R Y

D I E T

Reared as steinbok (seep. 33 I).

ROYAL ANTELOPE (Neo t rqus pypnacrrs)

MrsE. Rose, 5 Dunstan’s Crqfi, Muyfeld, Sussex.

H I S T O R Y

Wild-caught. Female. About 3 weeks old - umbilical cord dry.

D I E T

First 3 days drank evaporated milk inixed with water -licked off fingers. 4th day : lapped from egg cup. Broken cassava leaves put in side of mouth to induce chewing. 5 weeks: added orange, breakfast food, fruit cake, biscuits, cheese, brown bread, banana, Ictmce, etc. In one day ate I banana, 8 large lettuce leaves, t slice brown bread, 4 cup milk.

A P P A R A T U S

Kept in wicker box with heavy wooden lid. Floor b e d with plastic, then layer ncwspaper, then layer hay.

T H O M S O N ’ S GAZELLE (Gaxella thornsoni) M.A.

Mrs G. Chalmers, P.O. Box 57, Kiainbri, Kenya.

H I S T O R Y

Wild-caught. One week old.

D I E T

As for steinbok(seep. 331).

B O H O R REEDBUCK (Redirnca redunfa)

Mrs G. Chalmers, P.O. Box 57, Kiarnbu, Keriya.

H I S T O R Y

Wild-caught. Less than I day old.

D I E T

As for steinbok (see p . 3 3 I ) Started with feeds of 2 oz. increasing to 8 02.

R E M A R K S

Gestation period 6 calendar months.

3 3 0

Atiitrial Milk Atialyses arid Hatid-Raarity Techriiqrtes

G R Y S B 0 K (Raphicertrs rrielatrotis)

B. A. L. Holyday, L.M.S., Kaiuitribe, P.O. Abercorn, Nordteni Rhodesia.

HISTORY

Wild-caught. Less than I Z hours old. Body length 9 in.

Every z hours on I part cow milk to z parts water; 4 a baby's bottle per feed. Changed to powdered milk; added 4 teaspoon glucose added to each feed. At z months added I teaspoon cod-liver oil once per day. At 3 months began nibbling young grass, and d&g one full bottle every 3 hours.

Diarrhoea from cow milk - hence change to powdered milk. (Cowlac).

DIET

ILLNESS

S T E IN B 0 K (Raphicents campestris)

Mrs G. Chaftners, P.O. Box 57, Kiarribtt, Kctiya.

Eight animals. Wild-caught. Hand-reared from birth or not more than 12 hours old.

HISTORY

PRONGHORN ANTELOPE (Antilocapra atriericatta) M.A.

Pair1 S . Chaffee, D VM, Veteritiariati, Rnedittg Park Zoo, Fresno, Califonria, USA.

H I S T O R Y

Six antelopes, 3 days old.

3 02. fresh pasteurized goat milk evcry 3-4 hours. 0.6 C.C. Abdec (Parke-Davis) vitamin preparation with morning feed. Milk increased by I 02. per week up to 8 02.

per feed. 14 months approx: started on mixed grains ( D & F Chow-Purina) and livestock mineral mix - free choice. Leafy alfalfa hay available. As grain consumption increased, milk feeds decreased. 6 months: milk stopped.

Hygiene absolutely essential. Hindquarters washed with water and chlorine; bottles etc, sterilized; straw changed frequently. Put in outside pens at 3 months.

DIET

REMARKS

DIET

For first 3 weeks fed on full pasteurized milk, glucoseand Radiostroleum(p1uscream if available) I 02. every 4 hours. Graditally increased to 4 02. every 4 hours. Beginning to graze. 4th week: fed 5 or 6 02. three times per day. Eating grass, dried lucerne hay, sweet potato tops, hibiscus and avocado leaves, bananas and ground nuts. Although the mother feeds young for 3 months, these were fed from 4-5 months. Seldom drink water.

REMARKS

The female steinbok loses her coat whilst feedmg young, so Becosyn added to milk. During pregnancy fed milk and Radiostroleum every day, and while feeding young, three times per day. Gestation period 7 months.

ILLNESS

If scouring occurs, give white of egg mixed with milk and small quantity streptazone.

COMPOSITION OF SOME PRO- DUCTS MENTIONED IN THE

HAND-REARING SECTION

ABDEC(Parke-Davis) composition: Aqueous Vitamin Solittion (Hypoallergenic) Each 0.6 C.C. represents: Vitamin A (1.5 mg.) 5,000 units Vitamin D ( Z ~ mcg.) 1,000 units Vitamin B I mg.

(Thiamine Hydrochloride) Vitamin B~ 1.2 mg.

(Riboflavin) Vitamin B~ I mg.

(Pyridoxine Hydrochloridc) Pantothenic Acid 10 mg.

(as the Sodium Salt) Ascorbic Acid 50 mg. Refrigeration not required.

Dutch Baby Powdered Whole Milk (Manufacturer: Coop. Condensfabriek, 'Fries- land'. Leeuwarden. Holland).

X 331

Animal Milk Analyses and Hand-Rearing Techniqrtes

Average analysis : Minimum Butterfat 28 per cent.

Protein 27-5 per cent. Lactose 38-6 per cent. Minerals 5-9 per cent.

Calories Dry per oz. I 47.

V itaminized. per 1 0 0 gm. 378.

Esbilac (Borden Dairy Co., N.Y.) Crude protein min. 33 per cent. Crude Fat min. 40 per cent. Crude Fibre min. None. Moisture max. 5 per cent. N.F.E. min. 14 per cent. Ash max. 6 per cent. Vitamins per pound Vitamin A 50,000 USP units. Vitamin~~3,5mUSPunits. Thiamin 1-4 mg. D-Pantothenic Acid 4.1 mg. Niacin 15.4 mg. C h o h e Chloride 1,300.0 mg. Riboflavin 3-2 mg. For in<?redients see p. 89 $Inter. Zoo YearGouk, Vol. I1 ( I 960).

Friesche Mag No. 2 (Basically buttermilk and rice-flour without sugar). Fat 1-2 per cent. Proteins 7’3 per cent. Lactose 10.0 per cent. Starch 2.5 per cent. Water 75-1 5 per cent. Calcium 025 per cent. Ashes 1-60 per cent. Lactic Acid 1.40 per cent. inrmcucm.: Vitamin A : 375 I.U. Vitamin D*: 250 I.U. Vitamin c: 12.5 mg.

Maltine (concentrated extract of malted barley with cod-liver oil 3 0 per cent. by volume) Manufacturer: Warner-Chilcott, Laboratories Div., Morris Plains, N.J. Each 20 grams (approx. I large tablespoon - 17 ml.) contains:

Vitamin A 5000 I.U. vitamin^ 5001.U. calories 82 Alcohol

Premauvit Aureomycine 5,000 mg.

Vitamin A 1oo,000 I.U. Vitamin D~ 100,000 I.U. per kilogramme Also contains some essential minerals such as Ca, P, Fe, and some milligrammes of Vitamin B-complex. All the Vitamins A and D~ are mineral-stable.

Similac Liquid Composition (Ross Labora- tories). Fat 3.4 per cent. Lactose 6.6 per cent. Protein 1-7 per cent. Minerals 0.5 per cent. Vitamins per quart: A 2,500 units D 400 units C 50 mg. B1(Thiamhe) 6.5 mg. B,(Riboflavine) I mg.

B and Folic Acid same as human milk.

Various products used by Wassenaar Zoo. ‘Dextropur’ Glucosum (manufacturer: N.V. Corn Products Co., Amsterdam). ‘Karvan Cevitam Syrup’ - syrup of raspber- ries, rose-hips -high concentration of Vitamin c. (Manufacturer: Zwaardemaker, N.V., Maarssen, Holland). ‘Molenaar’s Infant Food’ rice-flour (Manufac- turer: P. Molenaar & Co. Meelfabriek, N.V.,

‘Davitamon A-D Aquosum’ Vitamins A-D in water (Manufacturer: Organon, 0s.). ‘Liga-k& - digestible wheaten baby-biscuit (Manufacturer: Rosendaal). ‘Olvarit Baby-food’ - .homogeneous, highly digestible canned vegetables and fruit (Manu- facturer: N.V. Nutricia, Zoetermeer).

1.9 per cent by volume.

Vitamin B I 2 5,oooI.U.

Niacin 7 mg.

Westzaan).

3 3 2

Documents

NOTES ON HAND-REARING VARIOUS SPECIES OF MAMMALS