204 HAND-REARING

REFERENCES ASAKURA, s. & O K ~ A , S. (1972) : Breeding douroucoulis Aorus trivirgatus at Tam3 Zoo, Tokyo. Inf. Zoo Yb. 12:

47-48. ELLIOT, M. w., SEHGAL, P. R. & CHALIPOUX, L. v. (1976): Management and breeding of Aotus trivirgahs. 11. LRb. Anim. Sci. 26: 1037-1040. ENGLISH, w. L. (1934): Notes on the breeding of 3

douroucouli (Aotus trivirgatus) in captivity. Roc. zool. SOC. Lond. 1934: 143-144.

MBRITT, D. A. (1970): Edentate diets currently in use at Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago. Int. Zoo Yb. 10: 136-13s. MEIUTT, D. A. (in press): The owl monkey, Aotus hivirgatus: management, husbandry, breeding and behavior. Roc. AAZPA, 1976. MOYNIHAN, M. (1964): Some behavior patterns of platyrrhine monkeys. I. The night monkey (Aotor hivirgatus). Smiths. Mix. Coll. 146(5): 1-84.

Manuscript submitted 28 February 1977

Notes on hand-rearing a Lowland gorilla

at London Zoo Gorilla g . gorilla

R. R. S M I T H Keeper, The Zoological Society OfLondon, Regents Purk, London NW1 4RY, Great Britain

‘Salome’, the first gorilla Gorilla gorilla born at London Zoo, was born on 16 July 1976. Her mother ‘Lomie’ has been kept with an adult 8 ‘Guy’ since 1972; he has accepted her presence but has never shown signs of mating activity. In June 1975 Lomie was sent to Bristol Zoo to be mated with their 8 ‘Samson’. Oestrus and pregnancy were monitored by assaying urinary oestrogens and chorionic gonadotrophins (Martin, 1976; see also Clift & Martin, pp. 165-173) and L o d e returned to London in February 1976, where she later rejoined Guy.

Salome was born at night, when the 8 and 9 were apart, and the 3 was kept separate in the ensuing weeks. For two weeks Lomie showed normal maternal behaviour, but in the third week she became increasingly rough with the baby (For quantified observations and discussion, see Clift & Martin, pp. 170-172). She left it on the ground for long periods, placed it on her head and back, and generally treated it as a much older infant. Suckling became infrequent and slight head lacerations were observed. At 24 days the baby was removed for veterinary inspection. The head lacerations were found to be extensive but superficial and were treated, but the baby seemed rather weak. Because of this and the likelihood that the mother would continue to ill-treat her, it was decided to hand-rear. At this time Salome weighed 2.3 kg.

During the day Salome was in a glass-fronted public viewing cage measuring approximately 3 x 1.5 x 2 m high and maintained at about z2OC. Each night she was taken to the author’s home where she was initially kept in a carry cot, and later (as she grew stronger and more mobile) in a children’s playpen. She was initially fed at four-hourly intervals on dilute Carnation evapor- ated milk, but this was replaced after ten days by Wyeth’s SMA, a ready-to-feed liquid very close in composition to human milk. Feedmg times and amounts were similar to those at Jersey Zoo (Mdinson et al., 1974, 1976). Table I

summarises the main features of Salome’s development. Jersey Zoo’s records of develop- ment in their young prillas (Mallinson et al., 1974) were an invaluable guide during the hand- tearing programme; a comparison of Salome’s development with that of two of Jersey’s hand- reared gorillas is shown in Table a.

In May 1977 Salome temporarily joined a group of gorillas of similar age at Jersey Zoo so that she could grow up in the presence of her own species.

ACKNOWLBDGEMRNTS I should like to thank MI J. J. C. Mallinson of Jersey Zoo and Mr Richard Johnson-Scott of Howletts Zoo Park, Bekesboume, for information on gorilla develop ment and care, and Sue Mathews for her assistance with this paper. I am also grateful to the other keepers in the

H A N D - R E A R I N G 205

AGE WEIGHT (weeks) (kg) FEEDING AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT BBHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT

I 0

I1

13

I4 I5

3 2.3 Removed for hand-rearing at 24 days 5 Sucking muscles of cheeks developing Begins to pay attention to surroundings during

feeding instead of fixing gaze on foster-parent, but still spends most of time asleep

6 3'2 Grip becoming stronger and able to raise herself for short periods

7 3'4 Increasing activity associated with in- Emerging teeth (not yet through) begin to bother her and she often sucks her fingers and thumbs. However, much more active, using hands more and gripping better. Increasingly interested in surroundings. Mouths keepers' fingers and bites on them, responds to tickling, etc. For first time attempts to grasp an approaching hand. Notice- ably more mobile; legs not yet used but arms becoming quite strong and are used to crawl, turn herself onto belly and pull against keepers' fingers Beginning to crawl quite well, still as a rule only using arms, but occasionally propelling herself forward with the heels Arms quite strong and are used to raise herself above horizontal bar. Sitting up for quite long periods and interested in public at viewing window Feels everything with hands and can distinguish foster-parents from other humans even at a distance. Plays scratching and biting games, can suspend herself by arms for short periods. Slight cold reduces activlty and feeding for a few days Walks upright when arms are held. Often kicks. Much more active, holds out arms for foster- parents to take her, walks out of cot. Hands and feet sweat when excited or distressed Taken to see other gorillas -mother very inter- ested in Salome but she does not respond. Climbing well now and able to stand supported. Takes great interest in foster-parent's face. Tooth grinding observed. Bites when tired or upset and uses threat cough for first time

Crawls on feet instead of knees, climbs using hands and feet. Actively seeks attention from foster-parent. Can sit unaided and stands and walks on legs and hands (not knuckles). First fear reaction observed -to a squeaking rubber toy Able to climb upright placing one hand above the other. Hands now very dextrous and can undo studs, etc. Interested in mother and other apes for first time Has slight cold but sill active. Often sits upright and often explores surroundings. Sniffs objects before putting them into mouth

23 5'5 Top anterior premolars erupt. Eating Always knuckle-walks now (hands), with feet

creased appetite; begins to take small quantities of solids (banana) occasion- ally; Farex mixed with one milk feed each day

3'5 First teeth (lower centre incisors) erupt; more solids taken

Beginning to bite objects - given rusks to chew

3'7 Upper centre incisors erupt

4'0 Eye ridges become more prominent

4'2 Outer top incisors erupt

4 ' 5 Outer bottom incisors erupt 4 ' 5 Nose dent appears. Feeds reduced to

four per day

I7 4'6 Coat now very thick and coarse

I8 4'8

fruit, rusks and tinned baby food flat in normal gorilla stance (Heinz) as well as milk

=5 6.0 Eating monkey pellets ad lib Sometimes uses hands for feeding. Climbs well

Table I. PhysicaI and behavioural devefopment in the flrst six months of 'Salome', the Lowland gorilla Gorilla g. gorilla born at London Zoo.

206 HAND-REARING

AGE (days)

SALOME ASSUMBO MAMPB 0 a d BBHAVIOUR

41

43 22 24 Finger and thumb sucking become pronounced 51 45 66 Lifting body with hands on horizontal bar 52 54 46 Interest shown in rattle

57 76 85 Crawling, using elbows and heels 67 77 69 Pulling self around playpen or cot using sides or bars 81 93 94 Standing upright with human support 94 I20 98 Climbing using hands and feet 95 I22 128 Biting when tired or annoyed; threat cough used

Sucking muscles start to develop; begins to pay attention to surroundings when fed

52 70 78 crawling, using arms only

I18 124 93 Sitting up independently 119 140 129 Walking quadrupedally I34 180 I45 Sniffing at objects rather than immediately mouthing them I 66 - - Knuckle-walking at all times in normal gorilla fashion (on knuckles of

hands and flat of feet)

Table 2. Comparison of ‘Salome’s’ development with that of two Jersey Zoo hand-reared gorillas ‘Assumbo’ and ‘Made’; data for Jersey from Mallinson ct al., 1974.

Sobell Pavilions and, above all, to my wife. Barbara, who shared in Salome’s care throughout her dwelop- ment.

P R O D U C T S M E N T I O N E D I N THE T E X T Carnation evaporated milk: manufactured by Camation Foods Company Ltd, Bush House, London WCzB 40A, Great Britain. Farex: baby cereal, manufactured by Glaxo-Farley Foods, Glaxo Laboratories Ltd, Torr Lane, Plymouth, Great Britain. Heinz tinned baby foods: manufictured by H. J. Heinz Co. Led, Hayes Park, Hayes, Middlesex, Great Britain. SMA: dried skimmed milk with blended non-milk fat, vitamins and minerals, closely matching human milk,

manufactured by J. Wyeth & Brother Ltd, Taplow, Maidenhead, Berkshire, Great Britain.

REFERENCES

Maintenance, breeding and hand-rearing of lowland gorilla Gorillug. gorilla (Savage & Wyman 1847) at the Jersey Zoological Park. Rep. Jersey Wildl. Pres. Trust 1973 10: 5-28. MALLINSON, J. J. c., corny, P. & USHBR-SMITH, J. (1976): Breeding and hand-rearing lowland gorillas Gorilla g . gorilla at the Jersey Zoo.Int. Zoo Yb. 16: 189-194. MARTIN, R. D. (1976): Breeding great apes in captivity. New Scientist 72: 100-102.

MALLINSON, J. J. C., COFFBY, P. & USHBR-SMITH, J. (1974) :

Manuscript submitted I July 1977

Hand-rearing springhaas Pedetes capensis

at Rochester Zoo FRANK F. VELTE Zoologist, Seneca Park Zoo, Rochester, New York 14621 , USA

A pair of springhaas Pedetes capensis was intro- duced into the nocturnal section of the Rochester Zoo on IZ October 1972. They were housed in an exhibit, measuring 2.4 x 2.3 x 2.7 m high, together with a colony of Senegal bushbabies

Galago senegalensis. Copulation was observed frequently but no young were produced.

It was decided to increase the breeding potential by the addition of three more 99 but their introduction, in March 1974, resulted in savage