North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant …...North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report Engineering and Management Consulting

Environmental Assessment

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project

Final Report

The Palestinian Water Authority

(The Client)

Engineering and Management Consulting Center

EMCC (The Consultant)

Supported by Dorsch Consult

February 2006

E1387

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report

Engineering and Management Consulting Center i

Environmental Assessment North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project

Final Report February 2006

Study Team Dr. Werner Miller

Dr. Said Ghabayen Mr. Salah Taha

Dr. Issam Al Khatib Dr. Husam Al Najjar

Dr. Khalil Tubail Dr. Rifat Rustom

Mr. Rifat Diab Dr. Yahya Sarraj


Engineering and Management Consulting Center ii

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................xviii

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 1.1 Preface............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Existing Situation of Beit Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant ..........................................1 1.3 Short Term Intervention Measures ..................................................................................3 1.4 Funding Status ................................................................................................................4 1.5 Objectives of the Northern Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Project .......................4 1.6 Objectives of the EA Study..............................................................................................5 1.7 EA Approach and Methodology.......................................................................................5 1.8 Organizations, Legislation and Standards .......................................................................6

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................7 2.1 Brief Description..............................................................................................................7 2.2 Part A (North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Project)...........................................7 2.2.1 The Terminal Pumping Station .......................................................................................7 2.2.2 The Pressure Main .........................................................................................................8 2.2.3 The Infiltration Basins .....................................................................................................9 2.2.4 BLWWTP Performance and Effluent Quality.................................................................11 2.2.5 Operation and Maintenance of Infiltration Basins..........................................................13 2.3 Part B (NGEST) and Remainder of NGWWTP..............................................................14 2.3.1 Background and Previous Considerations ....................................................................14 2.3.2 Process Design Criteria and Considerations.................................................................15 2.3.2.1 Implementation Phases ................................................................................................15 2.3.2.2 Influx and Loads ...........................................................................................................16 2.3.2.3 Influent and Sludge Design Criteria ..............................................................................16 2.3.3 Wastewater Treatment Processes................................................................................18 2.3.3.1 Preliminary Treatment ..................................................................................................18 2.3.3.2 Primary Treatment ........................................................................................................20 2.3.3.3 Tertiary Treatment ........................................................................................................22 2.3.4 Sludge Treatment .........................................................................................................22 2.3.5 Noise and Odor Control ................................................................................................26 2.4 Investment Cost ............................................................................................................27 2.4.1 Capital Cost ..................................................................................................................27 2.4.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost .................................................................................28

3 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND BENEFITS...........................31 3.1 Water Quality and Water Resources .............................................................................31 3.1.1 Baseline Information .....................................................................................................31 3.1.1.1 General Geology of the Coastal Aquifer .......................................................................31 3.1.1.2 Current Water Quality ...................................................................................................32 3.1.2 No Project Impacts .......................................................................................................33 3.1.3 Impacts during operation of the (Emergency Phase and Part B) ..................................34 3.1.3.1 Flow Model Results ......................................................................................................35 3.1.3.2 Advective Transport......................................................................................................38 3.1.3.3 Advection-Dispersion Transport Model .........................................................................39 3.2 Socio-Economy .............................................................................................................44 3.2.1 Baseline Conditions ......................................................................................................45 3.2.2 No Project Impacts .......................................................................................................48 3.2.3 Emergency Project Impacts ..........................................................................................48 3.2.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP ..................................................................49 3.3 Soil ................................................................................................................................49 3.3.1 Baseline Conditions ......................................................................................................49 3.3.2 No Project Impacts .......................................................................................................50 3.3.3 Emergency Project Impacts ..........................................................................................50 3.3.4 Impacts at Full Operation of NGWWTP ........................................................................51 3.4 Health and Safety..........................................................................................................52 3.4.1 Baseline Conditions ......................................................................................................54


Engineering and Management Consulting Center iii

3.4.2 No Project Impacts .......................................................................................................54 3.4.3 Emergency Project Impacts ..........................................................................................54 3.4.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP ..................................................................55 3.5 Odor ..............................................................................................................................56 3.5.1 Standards and Baseline conditions...............................................................................57 3.5.2 No project impacts ........................................................................................................58 3.5.3 Emergency project impacts...........................................................................................58 3.5.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP ..................................................................59 3.6 Exhaust Fumes and Dust ..............................................................................................61 3.6.1 Baseline conditions.......................................................................................................61 3.6.2 No project impacts ........................................................................................................62 3.6.3 Emergency project impacts...........................................................................................62 3.6.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP ..................................................................63 3.7 Archaeology ..................................................................................................................63 3.7.1 Baseline conditions.......................................................................................................63 3.7.2 No project impacts ........................................................................................................64 3.7.3 Emergency project impacts...........................................................................................64 3.7.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP ..................................................................65 3.8 Ecology .........................................................................................................................65 3.8.1 Baseline conditions.......................................................................................................65 3.8.2 No project impacts ........................................................................................................67 3.8.3 Emergency project impacts...........................................................................................68 3.8.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP ..................................................................69 3.9 Land Use and Infrastructure..........................................................................................70 3.9.1 Baseline conditions.......................................................................................................70 3.9.2 No project impacts ........................................................................................................71 3.9.3 Emergency project impacts...........................................................................................71 3.9.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP ..................................................................72 3.10 Landscape.....................................................................................................................72 3.10.1 Baseline conditions.......................................................................................................72 3.10.2 No project impacts ........................................................................................................73 3.10.3 Emergency project impacts...........................................................................................74 3.10.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP ..................................................................74 3.11 Summary of Impacts .....................................................................................................75

4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.................................................................79 4.1 Environmental Management Plan Objectives................................................................79 4.2 EMP of tPart A (NGEST)...............................................................................................79 4.2.1 Institutional Setup .........................................................................................................79 4.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Actions.................................................................83 4.2.2.1 Water Quality Mitigation Measures and Monitoring.......................................................84 4.2.2.2 Environmental Health and Safety Mitigation Measures and Monitoring ........................91 4.2.2.3 Soil Mitigation Measures and Monitoring .....................................................................91 4.2.2.4 Socio-economic Mitigation Measures and Monitoring...................................................92 4.2.3 Capacity Building during Emergency Phase .................................................................93 4.3 EMP of Part B (NGEST)................................................................................................98 4.3.1 Institutional Setup .........................................................................................................98 4.3.2 Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Plan for Part B (NGWWTP).Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.2.1 Water Quality Mitigation Measures and Monitoring......... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.2.2 Environmental Health and Safety Mitigation Measures and Monitoring ......................100 4.3.2.3 Soil Mitigation Measures and Monitoring ....................................................................101 4.3.2.4 Socio-economic Mitigation Measures and Monitoring.................................................102 4.3.3 Capacity Building........................................................................................................102 4.4 EMP Cost Estimate and Schedule ..............................................................................108

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................110 5.1 Conclusions..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................111

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................115


Engineering and Management Consulting Center iv


Engineering and Management Consulting Center v

List of Tables Table 2.1: Infiltration Rate and Hydraulic Load 2005-2012. .......................................................................................................10 Table 2.2: Depth of Ponds in BLWWTP. .....................................................................................................................................11 Table 2.3: Sampling Result from BLWWTP. ...............................................................................................................................12 Table 2.4: Recommendations for Effluent Standards..................................................................................................................14 Table 2.5: Design Criteria of the Influent .....................................................................................................................................17 Table 2.6: Design Parameters for Pre-Aeration Phase II. ...........................................................................................................18 Table 2.7: Design Parameters for Grit Removal Phase II. ..........................................................................................................19 Table 2.8: Design Parameters/or Grease Removal - NGWWTP. ...............................................................................................19 Table 2.9: Design Parameters for Primary Clarifiers - NGWWTP...............................................................................................20 Table 2.10:Assumed Reduction in Primary Clarifiers - NGWWTP..............................................................................................20 Table 2.11: Summary of Design Parameters for Circular/Complete Mixed System....................................................................21 Table 2.12: Design Parameters for Secondary Clarifiers. ...........................................................................................................22 Table 2.13: Design Parameters for Primary Sludge Productions................................................................................................22 Table 2.14: Design Parameters for Secondary Sludge Production.............................................................................................23 Table 2.15: Design Parameters for Mechanical Thickening........................................................................................................24 Table 2.16: Design Parameters for Anaerobic Digesters. ...........................................................................................................24 Table 2.17: Design Parameters for Gas Production....................................................................................................................25 Table 2.18: Design Parameters for Gas-Generator. ...................................................................................................................25 Table 2.19: Design Parameters for Dewatering Centrifuges. ......................................................................................................26 Table 2.20: O&M Cost for the Emergency Phase. ......................................................................................................................28 Table 2.21: O&M Cost at Year 2012. ..........................................................................................................................................28 Table 3.1: Water Quality Summary for the Infiltration Site ..........................................................................................................32 Table 3.2: Proposed/Planned Infiltration Quantities ....................................................................................................................35 Table 3.3: Lateral Groundwater Flow Across the Borders in the Vicinity of the Site. ..................................................................36 Table 3.4: Long-term North Gaza Aquifer Water Budget (2025). ................................................................................................37 Table 3.5: Expenditures on Water and Wastewater Services as a Percentage of the Household Monthly Income. ..................47 Table 3.6: Fecal Coliform in the North Governorate Wells during 2003......................................................................................53 Table 3.7: Water Related Disease Cases ...................................................................................................................................53 Table 3.8: Odor Sources and Derived H2S Emission Rates for NGWWTP.................................................................................60 Table 3.9: Summary of Environmental Impacts at BLWWTP......................................................................................................76 Table 3.10: Summary of Environmental Impacts of the Sewer Line between BLWWTP and NGWWTP ...................................77 Table 3.11: Summary of Environmental Impacts at NGWWTP...................................................................................................78 Table 4.1: Proposed Monitoring Parameters during Emergency Phase. ....................................................................................90 Table 4.2: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan for the Construction Phase of the Emergency

Project ......................................................................................................................................................................94 Table 4.3: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan for the Operation Phase of Emergency Project..96 Table 4.4: Proposed Monitoring Parameters for Effluent Aquifer Water. ..................................................................................100 Table 4.5: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan for the Construction of NGWWTP ....................103 Table 4.6: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan for the Operation of NGWWTP.........................105 Table 4.7: EMP Cost Estimates (USD)......................................................................................................................................108 Table 4.8: Tentative EMP Implementation Schedule ................................................................................................................109


Engineering and Management Consulting Center vi

List of Figures Figure 1.1: Location of BLWWTP at the North of Gaza Strip .....................................................2 Figure 1.2: BLWWTP Existing Situation ......................................................................................4 Figure 2.1: The Route of Proposed Pressure Pipe ..........................................................................9 Figure 2.2: Present Situation at BLWWTP ....................................................................................10 Figure 2.3: Infiltration Basins Layout and Effective Surface Area ..........................................13 Figure 2.4: NGWWTP General Layout........................................................................................16 Figure 2.5: Phase II - NGWWTP Layout .....................................................................................29 Figure 2.6: Treatment Process of NGWWTP.................................................................................30 Figure 3.1: Generalized Geological Cross Section of the Coastal Aquifer .....................................31 Figure 3.2: 2003 Chloride Concentration (mg/l) in the Shallow Aquifer .........................................33 Figure 3.3: 2003 Nitrate Concentration (mg/l) in the Shallow Aquifer .....................................33 Figure 3.4: Location of Existing Monitoring Wells Around Beit Lahia Treatment Plant ........34 Figure 3.5: Chloride and Nitrate Monitoring for Well A/62 .......................................................34 Figure 3.6: Chloride and Nitrate Monitoring for Well A/46 .......................................................34 Figure 3.7: Water Level before the Start of Infiltration. ............................................................35 Figure 3.8: Steady State Water Level Contours and the Extent of Water Mound. ..................35 Figure 3.9: The Resulted Steady State Water Mound ...............................................................36 Figure 3.10: Water Level at End of Emergency Phase. ............................................................37 Figure 3.11: Modeling Zones for Zone Budget..........................................................................37 Figure 3.12: Extent of Flow Paths at the End of Emergency Phase ........................................38 Figure 3.13: Extent of Flow Paths after 20 Years from the Start of Infiltration .......................39 Figure 3.14: Chloride Plume at the End of Emergency Phase.......................................................40 Figure 3.15: Chloride Plume after 10 Years from the Start of Infiltration ................................40 Figure 3.16: NO3-N Plume at the End of Emergency Phase .....................................................41 Figure 3.17: NO3-N Plume after 6 Months of Infiltration with Good Quality Effluent..............42 Figure 3.18: NO3-N Plume at Year 2012 .....................................................................................42 Figure 3.19: Long Term NO3-N Plume at Year 2025 ..................................................................43 Figure 3.20: Long Term NO3-N Plume Considering Worst Case Assumptions ......................43 Figure 3.21: Particle Transport after 6 Months from the Start of Infiltration...........................44 Figure 3.22: NGWWTP Phase III – Predicted Odor Dispersion ................................................61 Figure 3.23: Land Use...................................................................................................................71 Figure 4.1: Institutional Setup Framework for Part A ..............................................................82 Figure 4.2: NO3-N Plume at the End of Part A using 12,000 m3/day and not using Infiltration

Basins 7 and 9.....................................................................................................................85 Figure 4.3: Long Term extent of Particle Transport if Basins 7 and 9 are not Used ..............86 Figure 4.4: Impact of the Proposed Recovery System in Capturing the Contaminant

Particles...............................................................................................................................87 Figure 4.5: Long Term Extent of the NO3-N Plume with the Implementation of Recovery

System.................................................................................................................................88 Figure 4.6: The Proposed Location of the Monitoring Wells ..........................................................89 Figure 4.7: Existing Production Wells that are Used for Monitoring ...............................................90 Figure 4.8:Institutional Setup Framework for NGWWTP ..........................................................99


Engineering and Management Consulting Center vii

List of Abbreviations

Bait Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant BLWWTP

Biological Oxygen Demand BOD

Chemical Oxygen Demand COD

Coastal Aquifer Management Program CAMP

Coastal Aquifer Management Project CAMP

Coastal Municipal Water Utility CMWU

Common Services Council CSC

Dissolved Solids DS

Engineering and Management Consulting Center EMCC

Environmental Assessment EA

Environmental Management Plan EMP

Environmental Protection Agency EQA

Environmental Quality Agency EQA

Faecal Coliform FC

Ministry of Agriculture MOA

Ministry of Health MOH

Ministry of Industry MOI

Ministry of Labor MOL

Ministry of Local Government MOLG

Ministry of Planning MOP

Ministry of Tourism and Antiquates MOTA

Ministry of Waqf and Religious Affairs MWRA

National Water Council NWC

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Project NGEST

North Gaza Wastewater Treatment Plant NGWWTP

Operation and Maintenance O&M

Palestinian Authority PA

Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics PCBS

Palestinian Legislative Council PLC

Palestinian Liberation Organization PLO

Palestinian National Authority PNA

Palestinian Standards Institute PSI

Palestinian Water Authority PWA

Project Management Unit PMU

Soil Aquifer Treatment SAR

Swedish International Development Agency SIDA


Engineering and Management Consulting Center viii

List of Abbreviations

Suspended Solids SS

Total Suspended Solids TSS

United Nations Relief and Works Agency UNRWA

United States Association for International Development USAID

United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA

Volatile Dissolved Solids VDS

Waste Water Treatment Plant WWTP

World Health Organization WHO

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project ملخص تنفيذي Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report

Engineering and Management Consulting Center ix

ملخص تنفيذي مقدمــــة .1

رة ى البحي اه الصرف الصحي المعالجة إل ا في تصريف مي ة في بيت الهي ة الحالي اه العادم ستمر محطة معالجة المي تدهور .العشوائية الكبيرة والتي تهدد المناطق المحيطة ذا الوضع المت ة به ار المتعلق سبب و ومن أجل التغلب على اآلث ب

ل )NGWWTP(طة شمال غزة لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي القيود المالية إلنشاء مح دولي على تموي ، وافق البنك السعة د وت مشروع طارئ والذي يتكون من محطة ضخ جديدة في الموقع الحالي وخطوط ضغط بين الموقع القديم والجدي

ى حي . أحواض ترشيح في الموقع الجديد د المباشر عل سان والصحة من المشروع الطارئ يهدف إلى إزالة التهدي اة اإلن .البحيرة المستمرة في الزيادة وذلك بضخ مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة جزئيًا إلى أحواض الترشيح في الموقع الجديد

ع ة على الموق اره الحيوي شمل المشروع الطارئ وآث ة للمشروع المقترح وت ار البيئي يم اآلث ى تقي ذه الدراسة إل تهدف هة و. الحالي والموقع الجديد يم البيئي القديم ة والتعليق والتحديث لدراسة التقي دا للدراسة هو المراجع الهدف األآثر تحدي

.خاصة فيما يتعلق بآثار المشروع الطارئ على المخطط األصلي )NGWWTP(لمشروع

وصف األنشطة .2ارثة إنسانية وآارثة والهدف الرئيس لهذه األعمال الطارئة هو منع حدوث آ. سوف يتم أوال تنفيذ األعمال الطارئة

حيوية في منطقة بيت الهيا، وآخطوة أولى من المشروع المتكامل الذي يضمن معالجة آمنة ومستمرة للمياه العادمة في :منطقة شمال غزة والذي يهدف إلى

توقيف التهديد البيئي وخطر الفيضان في المنطقة المحيطة بمحطة المعالجة في بيت الهيا، عن طريق تجفيف - . رة المياه العادمة من خالل تحويل المياه المعالجة إلى أحواض ترشيح شرق جباليابحي

إن تنفيذ المحطة المقترحة للمعالجة في شمال غزة هو خطوة أولى نحو توفير حل طويل المدى يكون ناجعًا في - .معالجة المياه العادمة في محافظة الشمال

:سيتم تنفيذ المشروع على مرحلتين

:(A) األولىالمرحلة سوف يتم في هذه المرحلة ضمان اإلزالة العاجلة لخطر الفيضان المهدد للسكان في المناطق المحيطة بمحطة بيت

.وبشكل أآثر تحديدًا سوف يتكون المشروع الطارئ من إنشاء .الهيا لمعالجة المياه العادمة 5الهيا سوف تحتوي هذه المحطة على محطة ضخ في الموقع الحالي لمحطة معالجة المياه العادمة في بيت •

6.2ساعة وضغط يصل إلى / 3م3,240وبقدرة تعادل ضخ ) مضخات للعمل وواحدة للطوارئ4(مضخات . بار

. آلم لنقل المياه المعالجة جزئيًا من البحيرة إلى أحواض الترشيح8 ملم، وطول 800خط أنابيب معدني بقطر • هكتار بحيث يتم إنشاؤها بجوار الموقع المخطط له إلنشاء محطة 8تسعة أحواض ترشيح بمساحة تصل إلى •

. يوم / 3م35,600معالجة منطقة شمال غزة، بطاقة استيعاب تصل إلى باإلضافة إلى ذلك سوف يتم أيضًا تغطية التكاليف المتعلقة بالتشغيل والصيانة ألحواض الترشيح وآذلك المراقبة لمياه

ي الوقت الذي يتم فيه بناء محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي في شمال غزة آما يشمل ذلك المعالجة والمياه الجوفية ف .تكاليف منسق عام ألعمال صيانة األحواض واألجهزة والمواد المستعملة

:(B)المرحلة الثانية تحصيل في حال استكمال .وهي مخصصة لضمان وجود حل طويل المدى لمعالجة المياه العادمة في منطقة شمال غزة

األموال الالزمة للمرحلة الثانية من المشروع و المتوقع أن يتم في الوقت القريب سوف يتم البدء في تنفيذ المرحلة ). NGWWTP(الثانية من المشروع المتكامل

الوضع الحالي لمحطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي في بيت الهيا .3شمالي 1976ا عام أنشئت محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي في بيت الهي ا في الجزء ال في ضواحي مدينة بيت الهي

نسمة50,000 في اليوم لتخدم 3م5000صممت المحطة بنظام معالجة ثانوية بطاقة استيعاب تصل إلى . من قطاع غزةا ة جبالي ي بلدي ر . ف اه المعالجة من المحطة ل تخدام المي ادة اس صميم األساسي هو إع ة الت رة خالل مرحل ي وآانت الفك

.المناطق الزراعية المجاورةى دفق إل ساطة لتت هذه الفكرة لم تتحقق أبدًا وآذلك لم يتم دراسة أي خيارات أخرى بشكل جدي والمياه المعالجة ترآت ببذه الممارسات في أي مشاآل سبب ه الكثبان الرملية في الجانب الغربي للمحطة في السنوات األولى من التشغيل ولم تت

ودة الم الل ألن ج ن خ ة م اه المعالج ات المي تيعاب آمي ى اس ادرة عل ت ق ة آان ة الرملي دة والترب ت جي ة آان اه المعالج ياه المعالجة . الترشيح الطبيعي ات المي دل توصيل خدمات الصرف الصحي ازدادت آمي اع مع ومع زيادة السكان وارتف

ا ت الهي ة بي ة معالج ي محط واض ص ) BLWWTP(ف ون أح وحظ تك ذلك ل ة ل اطق ونتيج ي المن ة ف غيرة ومؤقت .المنخفضة من الكثبان الرملية


Engineering and Management Consulting Center x

اءة المعالجة في المحطة ى عدم آف اه الصرف الصحي الناتجة باإلضافة إل ات مي ادة آمي ى ) BLWWTP(أدى زي إلدرة الترشيح ف اقص المستمر في ق ي تناقص جودة المياه المعالجة وآان الحجم الهائل للمياه رديئة المعالجة سببا في التن

.مناطق الكثبان الرملية المغمورة مما أدى في النهاية إلى تشكيل البحيرةة المجاورة من التعرض للفيضان . تم إنشاء سدود ترابية من أجل حصر البحيرة وحماية المساآن و األراضي الزراعي

.د بالرمليتم زيادة ارتفاع الس" الترابي"في أي وقت عندما يصل مستوى مياه البحيرة إلى أعلى السد شبكات صرف صحي د عدة تجمعات سكانية ب سبب تزوي ة الماضية ب سنوات القليل تصاعدت خطورة الوضع خالل ال

ا ًا حوالي ). BLWWTP(وتوصيلها إلى محطة معالجة بيت الهي سكان المخدومين حالي غ عدد ال سمة 180,000يبل نا، ين، بيت الهي ا لالجئ يم جبالي ا، مخ اه . بيت حانون وأم النصر وهذا يشمل بلديات جبالي إن حجم المي ى ذلك ف اًءا عل بن

. في اليوم مما يزيد آثيرًا عن القدرة االستيعابية للمحطة3 م12,000الداخلة إلى المحطة حاليًا يقدر بأآثر من دار 2004 وحتى أبريل 2001منذ مايو رة بمق اء في البحي ذا المستوى أو . م2.5 ازداد مستوى الم من أجل تخفيض ه

ة سطينية باتخاذ بعض اإلجراءات الطارئ اه الفل رة، قامت سلطة المي ي البحي اء ف اع مستوى الم ل إبطاء ارتف ى األق عل :وهي . استخدام أحواض ترشيح مياه األمطار القائمة بضخ المياه الزائدة من البحيرة وترشيحها • . معالجة المياه العادمة إلى الجنوب من محطة2 م13,000إنشاء حوض ترشيح إضافي للطوارئ بمساحة • .إنشاء مضخة جديدة على الحافة الشمالية للبحيرة لضخ المياه المعالجة من البحيرة إلى أحواض الترشيح •

ادل ثلثي 3 م 8,000اإلجراءات أعاله يمكنها زيادة قدرة الترشيح في أحواض الترشيح بحد أقصى ا يع في اليوم وهو ما . 3م12,000لمحطة آمية المياه العادمة الداخلة إلى ا ة فيم زان دقيق تبقى البحيرة في أقصى حدودها وضمن ظروف ات

اه ر . يتعلق بمنسوب المي ين حوض المعالجة األخي اه ب سوب المي رق في من م "الف ًا " 7رق وم تقريب رة الي . سم 20والبحيم رة مساويًا للمستوى في حوض رق اه في البحي سبب ذلك عدم 7أحيانا يكون مستوى المي اه من محطة و ي دفق المي ت

.المعالجة إلى البحيرة وبالتالي تعطيل آامل لنظام المعالجةساحة صغيرة تغطي م ا أحواض الطوارئ ال وم ومعه رة الي ار وبطول 35البحي ًا وعمق 1 هكت م تقريب ًا 9آ ر تقريب مت

اطق ا . تقريباً 3 مليون م 1.5وبحجم ار من المن ا (لمجاورة في الغرب مستوى المياه في البحيرة أعلى بعدة أمت بيت الهيى ). وأم النصر اطق المجاورة يصل إل رة والمن اه في البحي ر 9"الفرق بين منسوب سطح المي شاهدته في " مت ويمكن م

.الجزء الشمالي الغربي من البحيرةة سالمة العام ال يم . تشكل البحيرة اآلن خطرًا دائمًا ومباشرًا على ال ة واألطف رة ليست محمي سقطوا حدود البحي كن أن ي

ذا . بها ويغرقوا ة وه ة الغربي ة الجنوبي الفيضان قد حدث فعًال عندما انهار السد الترابي لحوض طارئ صغير في الجهازل سبب في تخريب ملموس للمن سكان وت الفيضان تسبب في جرح حالتين ومشاآل صحية وإزعاج لمجموعة من ال

شكل مباشر أو وبحسب سلطة المياه الفلس . السكنية في بيت الهيا أثرون ب طينية فإن عشرات األلوف من الناس سوف يت .غير مباشر إذا حدث خلل في البحيرة أو السد وقد تفيض المياه إلى التجمعات المجاورة

تقييم آثار المشروع .4 : التالية اآلثار البيئية الهامة والفوائد الناجمة عن المشروعالفقراتتلخص

مصادر وجودة المياه .4.1م أعلى من 3.9سيكون منسوب المياه الجوفية أسفل أحواض الترشيح حوالي ) 2008( المرحلة الطارئة مع نهاية

متر 250 متر باتجاه الشرق و 300م باتجاه البحر و 700ومن المتوقع أن يمتد الماء إلى مسافة . منسوبه الحالي .في اتجاهي الشمال والجنوب ابتداء من أحواض الترشيح

8موذج الرياضي لحرآة المياه أن ارتفاع منسوب المياه سيصل مرحلة االستقرار بعد حوالي أظهرت نتائج الن متر في ذلك 6.5آما أن منسوب المياه الجوفية تحت منطقة الترشيح سوف يرتفع إلى حوالي ). 2014(سنوات متر 2200ى مسافة بئر وسوف تصل المياه إل120سوف يؤثر ذلك على ) 2025عام (على المدى البعيد . الوقت

. متر باتجاه الشمال والجنوب ابتداء من أحواض الترشيح1200 متر باتجاه الشرق و 1100باتجاه البحر، و من المياه المضافة إلى الخزان الجوفي، وذلك % 18إلى % 13من الممكن أن يعبر الحدود إلى إسرائيل ما نسبته والحرآة الجانبية للمياه في االتجاه المعاآس سوف . لى التواليخالل المرحلة الطارئة والمرحلة طويلة المدى ع

.تنقص إلى النصف في هذه المنطقة بسبب حرآة المياه المضافة 365 × 35,600 إلى 20,000(من المتوقع أن ينتج تحسن ملحوظ على الكمية اإلجمالية لمخزون المياه الجوفية

. على التواليNGWWTPح أثناء المرحلة الطارئة ومرحلة سنة، وذلك بسبب الترشي/3 مليون م13 إلى 7.3= 6سنة وسوف يفقد /3 مليون م13وبشكل عام فإن الجزء المخصص لغزة من الخزان الجوفي سوف يتحصل على

.سنة بسبب التسرب الجانبي للمياه/3مليون م


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xi

2025 البحر المتوقع في عام تقدم مياه(المشروع المقترح سوف يساهم في تقليص تقدم مياه البحر بدرجة قليلة أي أن ). سنة /3 مليون م24سنة ومع مشروع الترشيح يصل إلى /3 مليون م30بدون مشروع الترشيح يصل إلى

.مشكلة تقدم مياه البحر ستبقى بسبب استمرار عدم توازن الخزان الجوفي 780-330(ل أحواض الترشيح المقترحة فيما يتعلق بالكلورايد ، وبالمقارنة مع جودة المياه األصلية الموجودة حو

في نهاية . سوف تحسن جودة الخزان الجوفي بشكل ملحوظ) لتر/م مليجرا250(، فإن المياه المضافة )متر/ممليجرا – 200المرحلة الطارئة، المياه المضافة سوف تحل بشكل آامل محل المياه الجوفية األصلية في دائرة تغطى

وعلى المدى الطويل فإن المياه المضافة سوف تحل وبشكل آامل .حواض الترشيح متر ابتداًء من حافة أ300متر شماًال وجنوبًا من جوانب 400 متر شرقًا و 200 متر غربًا و500محل المياه الجوفية األصلية بحدود

خلط في خارج حدود هذه المنطقة سيكون هناك مناطق انتقالية ناتجة عن تأثيرات عملية ال. أحواض الترشيح .والتخفيف المتوقعة

مع نهاية المرحلة الطارئة، ستكون المياه المضافة قد استبدلت وبشكل آامل المياه الجوفية ، فيما يتعلق بالنترات . متر شماًال وجنوبًا من حافة أحواض الترشيح200 متر شرقًا و150 متر غربًا و 250األصلية على بعد

آبار 4هناك . اك منطقة انتقالية ناتجة عن تأثيرات عملية الخلط والتخفيفوفي خارج حدود هذه المنطقة سيكون هنلن يتأثر أي بئر من . لتر/ مليجرام40 بترآيز يزيد على No3-Nزراعية على األقل ستقوم بضخ المياه وفيها

البعيد، فإن وعلى المدى .اآلبار اإلسرائيلية في المنطقة، وستكون جودة المياه مناسبة الستخدامها في الزراعةتكرار عمليات الضخ . 2التخفيف، . 1المياه ذات الجودة العالية سوف تستبدل المياه الملوثة نتيجة لثالث عمليات

الغنية بالمواد ) الطينية( إذا مرت المياه من خالل طبقات التربة NO3تالشي . 3والترشيح إلى المياه الجوفية، ن النيتروجين سوف يفقد بواسطة عملية إزالة النيتروجين وتثبيته وفي هذه العمليات فإن جزء م .العضوية

.واستهالك النباتات لهالسيناريو األسوأ المتوقع يفترض أن مشروع المعالجة الكامل لن يتم تنفيذه في المستقبل القريب وأن عملية

لحالة فإن أداء محطة المعالجة جزئيًا سوف يستمر على المدى البعيد وفي هذه ا الترشيح للمياه العادمة المعالجة يسبب هذا أثرًا ال يمكن التخلص منه في المنطقة المتأثرة ما لم يتم . من المتوقع أن يتراجعBL WWTPالحالية

.إنشاء نظام خاص لضخ المياه المضافة من آبار حول منطقة الترشيح متر من موقع 150نطقة الواقعة في مسافة نتائج النموذج الرياضي إلى أن المشارتأأما بالنسبة للبكتيريا فقد

شهور وبعد هذه الفترة الزمنية فإن العوامل البكتيرية 6الترشيح تستقبل مياه الترشيح خالل وقت مكوث أقصر من . يوم16وتستغرق عملية االنتقال في الطبقة غير المشبعة فوق الخزان الجوفي حوالي . لن تكون ذات أهمية

واالقتصاديةالعوامل االجتماعية .4.2

BLWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة، سوف يوفر نقل المياه المعالجة من محطة معالجة بيت الهيا أراض إضافية نتيجة التخلص من بحيرة المياه المعالجة الموجودة هناك هذه األرض يمكن بعد فترة زمنية قصيرة أن تستخدم ألغراض الترفيه أو الزراعة، آما

بناء مناطق سكنية جديدةيمكن لها أن تكون مناسبة ل


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xii

المرحلة الطارئة، خط الضغطسيكون لعملية إنشاء الخط الناقل بعض اآلثار السلبية المؤقتة بسبب الضجيج وإعاقة حرآة السير واستخدام بعض األراضي الزراعية أثناء مرحلة اإلنشاء ولكن هذه اآلثار تعتبر ذات أثر سلبي ضئيل إذا ما قورنت باآلثار

.ية التي تم ذآرهااإليجاب

NGWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة رمزًا لصراعهم ضد االحتالل، وإنشاء أحواض ترشيح للمياه العادمة ومحطة نتمثل مقبرة الشهداء للفلسطينيي

وقد يسبب تنفيذ المشروع . معالجة في منطقة المقبرة قد يسبب بعض اإلزعاج المعنوي والنفسي لعائالت الشهداءآما أن الرائحة الكريهة ووجود البعوض قد . قليًال من اإلزعاج للعائالت خالل مراسيم الدفنبالقرب من المقبرة

. يسبب مشكلة في حالة عدم اتخاذ اإلجراءات الوقائية المناسبة لذلكإنشاء هذا المشروع الجديد سوف يكون له آثار اقتصادية ايجابية عن طريق إيجاد فرص عمل وتشغيل المقاولين

. يين للقيام بهذه األعمالالفلسطين

B( BLWWTP(المرحلة هذه . ستوفر عملية ضخ المياه العادمة من بيت الهيا إلى الموقع الجديد أراض جديدة بعد استصالح البحيرة

المناطق الجديدة الخالية يمكن أن تستخدم ألغراض تجارية أو زراعية أو سكنية، وذلك بشرط أن ال يكون هناك لمنطقة إن إزالة البحيرات سوف يؤدي إلى تحسن اجتماعي وصحي آبير حيث سيؤدي ذلك أي خطر صحي في ا

.إلى تقليص األخطار الصحية وسيوفر بيئة معيشية أفضل وأآثر نظافة للسكان المحليين

B( NGWWTP(المرحلة من مقاولي الباطن سيكون لمرحلة اإلنشاء أثرًا ايجابيًا على فرص العمل، فخالل هذه المرحلة سيتم االستفادة

.المحليين باإلضافة إلى خدمات المهندسين وغيرهم

جميع المراحلفي األحوال االقتصادية الحالية، لن يكون باإلمكان تطبيق نظام تعرفة قادر على استرجاع جميع التكاليف بما فيها

.رأسمال للمشروع واالستثمارات اإلضافية األخرى من العائالت الفلسطينيةحيث من المتوقع أن تشكل . كن تطبيق تعرفة السترجاع تكاليف التشغيل والصيانة خالل المرحلة الطارئةولكن يم

.من متوسط الدخل الشهري للعائلة حتى بعد إضافة تكاليف خدمات المياه الحالية% 4هذه التكاليف

التربة .4.3

BLWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة ء أعمال اإلنشاء المحدودة في الموقع الحالي لمحطة المعالجة لن يكون هناك تأثيرًا جوهريًا على التربة أثنا

BLWWTP) أعمال إعادة تأهيل محطة المعالجة الحالية ومحطة الضخ الجديدة ووصالت المجاري الجديدة.(

NGWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة ائلة من التربة آما أن آميات ه. دونم من األراضي الزراعية سوف يتم خسارتها نتيجة ألعمال الحفر80حوالي وبشكل عام فإن . سوف يتم إزالتها من الموقع ونقلها إلى مواقع أخرى) 3مLoamy Clay) 900,000الطينية

.أعمال اإلنشاء لها تأثيرات سلبية على حيوية التربة ومالءمتها للزراعةض الترشيح والتي تؤدي المشكلة األساسية في نظام الترشيح للخزان الجوفي هي االنسداد المتوقع في أسطح أحوا

. إلى تقليص سعة وقدرة الترشيحمتوسطة الملوحة مما قد يؤدي إلى زيادة ملوحة التربة ) EC=1.77 dS/m(تعتبر درجة ملوحة المياه المعالجة

.على المدى البعيد

B (BLWWTP(المرحلةد تفكيك وإزالة برك محطة المعالجة سوف ينتهي التلوث الحاصل للتربة بسبب المياه العادمة في الموقع القديم وعن

هكتار من األرض المغلقة أو شبه المغلقة 8.2القديمة فإن المداخل المعبدة والمحطة القديمة التي تبلغ مساحتها .سوف يتم إعادة تأهيلها

إذا ما استخدمت األراضي الجديدة الناتجة عن تجفيف البحيرة لمشاريع بناء سوف يسبب ذلك ضياعًا لفرصة قيقة لتحسين الظروف المعيشية للسكان المحليين، الذين عانوا آثيرًا بسبب السلبيات الكثيرة الناتجة عن ح

.مجاورتهم للبحيرة حتى اآلن

B( NGWWTP(المرحلة


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xiii

هذه الحمأة المعالجة تحتوي على آمية آبيرة من ً.من المتوقع أن تزداد آمية الحمأة، الناتجة عن نظام المعالجةآما يمكن أن تحتوي الحمأة على محتويات ملوثة . عضوية والمواد المغذية للنباتات والضرورية لنموهاالمواد ال

.مثل الشوائب العضوية

الصحة والسالمة .4.4

BLWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة تشكل البحيرة الحالية والتي تحاط بسدود من الرمال ذات االنحدار الشديد و تحتوي على طبقة عميقة من الحمأة

ترسبة في أسفلها خطرًا محدقًا بأي شخص قد يقع داخل البحيرة، وفي المرحلة البدائية من تجفيفها فإن األطفال المومن . الذين يلعبون في المنطقة قد يتعرضون للوقوع في طبقة الحمأة العميقة وقد يكون من الصعب جدًا إنقاذهم

وعندما يتم تجفيف البحيرة . فيما يتعلق بالسدود الرمليةناحية أخرى فإن انخفاض مستوى المياه يقلل خطر االنهيار . وإعادة استصالحها فإن الوضع الصحي للسكان المحليين سيكون قد طرأ عليه تحسنًا آبيرًا وملحوظًا

.المرحلة الطارئة، خط الضغط من األخطار أثناء أعمال اإلنشاء وبشكل خاص لخط الضغط بمحاذاة الطرق العامة سيكون هناك أشكال متنوعة

الصحية المتوقعة والناتجة عن حرآة المرآبات واآلليات الثقيلة والحفر المفتوحة في الطريق وازدحام حرآة .السير وحرآة المشاة حول مواقع العمل أو الطرق

NGWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة خطة الطارئة هو إلى جانب الحظر الصحي المباشر الناتج عن أعمال اإلنشاء، فإن أهم عنصر من عناصر ال

هذا العمل الطارئ يمكن تنفيذه فقط ألن هناك خطرًا قريبًا . عملية ترشيح المياه المعالجة جزئيًا إلى المياه الجوفيةمياه ال وليس هناك أي خيار آخر يمكن استخدامه للتخلص من BLWWTPعلى الحياة اإلنسانية في منطقة

.المعالجة

B( BLWWTP(المرحلة ألي سبب من األسباب، فإن البرآة رقم NGWWTPن الممكن ضخ المياه العادمة إلى الموقع الجديد إذا لم يكن م

الوقت المخصص لحجز المياه في هذا الحوض هو فقط أيام قالئل وهذا الوقت . سوف تستخدم آحوض طوارئ7ان االعتماد على وقت سوف ينقص في المستقبل بسبب الزيادة في حجم المياه العادمة، وإنه لمن الخطورة بمك

قصير جدًا لحجز المياه في حالة حدوث مشاآل آبيرة في الموقع الجديد أو في حالة حدوث خراب آبير في الخط الناقل، ربما بسبب أنشطة عسكرية، فإنه من المتوقع أن تستغرق أعمال اإلصالح وقتًا أطول ولذلك يوصي

المياه العادمة آما يوصي بإيجاد بدائل في حالة حدوث هذا االستشاري بإيجاد حلول فنية إضافية للتخلص من .السيناريو األسوأ

B( BLWWTP(المرحلة ، سوف تبدأ عملية الترشيح للمياه المعالجة ذات الجودة العالية 2008بمجرد أن تبدأ محطة المعالجة العمل في عام

وقع أن تحدث للمياه الجوفية ما بين عامي في أحواض الترشيح، وهذا بدوره سوف يعوض اآلثار السلبية التي يتستعمل عملية الترشيح للمياه المعالجة بشكل آلي على ) سنة20 – 15(، وعلى المدى البعيد 2008 و 2006

وسيكون من الجيد استعمال جزء من المياه المعالجة لألغراض الزراعية . تحسين جودة المياه الجوفية في المنطقة .، آسمادCompostلجة، خاصة الحمأة واستخدام الحمأة المعا

ة إذا ما تمت معالجتها بشكل موعلى آل حال يمكن التقليل بشكل آبير من األخطار المحتملة للحمأة والمياه العاد .سليم وفقًا للمعايير العالية المستوى

الرائحة الكريهة .4.5

BLWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة ثر إلحاحا لمحطة المعالجة في بيت الهيا، التحسينات الفنية سوف يقلص المشروع الطارئ المقترح المشاآل األآ

للمحطة الحالية وخاصة أجهزة التهوية باإلضافة إلى الصيانة الجيدة والمراقبة المنتظمة ألداء النظام سوف يؤدي ة أما برك الترشيح فال تعتبر مصدرًا رئيسيًا للرائح. المنبعثة من المحطةH2Sبشكل خاص إلى تقليص آمية

عملية تجفيف البحيرة وإعادة تأهيل أرضيتها سوف ينتج عنها بعض . الكريهة حيث يصل إليها فقط المياه المعالجة .الرائحة الكريهة وهذه الروائح ستكون فقط بشكل مؤقت، وال يمكن توقع حجم ونوع الغازات المنبعثة بشكل دقيق

B( BLWWTP(المرحلة سوف يتم تجميع آل المياه العادمة الخام في منطقة المحطة القديمة 2008 في عندما تبدأ المحطة الجديدة بالعمل

ومن ثم ضخها إلى الموقع الجديد، وبعد إجراء عمليات التصفية والترسيب، والتي سوف تتم في نظام شبه مغلق شغيل وعلى هذا يجب أال نتوقع مشاآل رائحة ذات أهمية في حاالت الت. هباستخدام مرشحات غاز بيولوجي


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xiv

مليئة بالمياه العادمة الخام يمكن أن يتعرض السكان 7فقط في حاالت الطوارئ عندما تكون البرآة رقم . الطبيعية .المجاورين إلى إزعاج بسبب الرائحة الكريهة، ودرجة اإلزعاج تعتمد على اتجاه وسرعة الريح


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xv

B( NGWWTP(المرحلة آلم وسيؤدي ذلك إلى ارتفاع 8ة إلى المحطة الجديدة حوالي يبلغ طول خط الضغط من محطة المعالجة الحالي

. درجة الحرارة للمياه العادمة تحت ظروف غير هوائية، سيؤدي ذلك إلى تسريع إخراج غاز آبريتيد الهيدروجين .وهذا قد يسبب حصول تآآل ورائحة آريهة في محطة المعالجة آلها

ن اآلمونيات سوف تنطلق في الهواء وهذا قد يسبب مشكلة رائحة وآنتيجة إلزالة الحمأة ومعالجتها فإن آميات م تم تقديرها اعتمادا على المعلومات المنشورة في الدراسة H2Sمعدل انطالق غاز . آريهة ولكن بشكل مؤقت

جزء في ppb 5( السابقة وخبرة االستشاري، وخالل جميع مراحل المشروع فإن خط المستوى المسموح به لن يتأثر بمستوى عالي من ) المقبرة(يتعدى أبدًا حدود المحطة، وآذلك فإن أقرب مكان حساس ال ) البليون

.آبريتيد الهيدروجين

Ecology الحياة البرية .4.6

BLWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة عملية تجفيف البحيرة في المرحلة الطارئة سوف تؤثر على الحيوانات والنباتات البرية، تقلص مستوى المياه في

رة، يؤدي إلى تحسين زيادة ترآيز األآسجين، وبالتالي إلى تعزيز القدرة على التنظيف الذاتي للبحيرة وفي البحيالنهاية إلى تحسين جودة المياه وسوف يؤدي ذلك أيضًا إلى تكون مناطق ضحلة وبالتالي إلى تحسين جودة البيئة

.لصالح طيور المياهنباتية أو الحيوانية والتي تعتمد على المياه المكشوفة أو األرض الرطبة وخالل عملية تجفيف البحيرة، الكائنات ال

سوف تختفي تدريجيًا، والكائنات األخرى التي اعتادت على الحياة في المناطق الجافة أو شبه الجافة سوف تحل .محلها

NGWWTPالمرحلة الطارئة . الموقع آمكان مناسب للحيوانات والنباتات البرية نإن التأثير الرئيسي للمشروع على الحياة البرية يتمثل في فقدا

وبسبب اإلزعاج . وأعمال التسوية سوف تؤثر بشدة على سطح الموقع آله )3 م900,000(عمليات الحفر الكبيرة الناتج عن أنشطة اإلنشاء من المتوقع أن تهاجر الحيوانات البرية إلى مناطق أخرى أو أن تترك المكان فقط أثناء

ار خالل ساعات العمل فقط أثناء وجود الضجيج والغبار الناتج عن أعمال اإلنشاء للمحطة والطرق المؤدية النهلها، وحين تبدأ أحواض الترشيح بالعمل سوف تجذب بعض الحيوانات وخاصة تلك التي تفضل المياه المفتوحة

أو األرض الرطبة سوف تعيش في واألرض الرطبة، وبالتالي فإن آائنات جديدة وخاصة التي تعيش في الماء .المنطقة وتستخدمها آملجأ لها ومصدر للطعام والتكاثر

B( BLWWTP(المرحلة ال سويتها بواسطة الرم تم في الغالب ت ة سوف ي ة الجاف إن المنطق رة، ف شكل آامل من البحي اه ب عندما تختفي المي

ن ذ ة، وم ي المنطق ر ف ك إلغالق الحف ا وذل سدود حوله ستخدمة آ ع الم تخدام المتوق ى االس ادًا عل ك الوقت واعتم ل .لألرض إما للسكن أو للزراعة فإن الحياة البرية في منطقة البحيرة سوف تتغير بشكل دائم


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xvi

التوصيات .5

ة .1 سلبية للمشروع ) EMP(تنفيذ خطة اإلدارة البيئي ة ال ار البيئي هو الوسيلة التي يمكن بواسطتها تخفيف اآلثع من . لية إجراءات التخفيف المقترح ومراقبة مدى فعا م تفصيلها في الفصل الراب ة التي ت خطة اإلدارة البيئي

:هذه الدراسة يجب أن يتم تنفيذ آامل عناصرها األساسية األربعة وهي .إجراءات التخفيف التفصيلية • .الهيكلية اإلدارية • .إجراءات المراقبة وطرق تطبيقها • بناء القدرات •

:ملخص ألهم التوصيات المقترحة للتخفيف من اآلثار السلبية للمشروعالفقرات التالية تحتوي على ة المشروع الطارئ .2 تج خالل مرحل سلبية للمشروع سوف تن ار ال ل . معظم اآلث يلة األمث إن الوس ذا ف وعلى ه

اه الصرف لتفادي هذه اآلثار السلبية هي تأمين باقي األموال الالزمة للبدء في المشروع المتكامل لمعالجة مي :نحن اآلن أمام أمرين. وفي أسرع وقت ممكن )NGWWTP(الصحي في شمال غزة

ر األول ا :األم ت الهي ة بي ي منطق سكان ف اة ال ى حي رة عل شكله البحي ذي ت اقم ال ر المتف و الخط ة . ه المرحل .الطارئة ستزيل هذا الخطر وستنهي عناء السنين الطويلة للسكان في تلك المنطقة

ارًا ال هو أن :األمر الثاني االعتماد على المرحلة الطارئة من المشروع فقط ولفترة طويلة يمكن أن يسبب آث .يمكن تدارآها على نوعية المياه في الخزان الجوفي في منطقة المشروع الجديد

ي التوازي ف ل ب دارآها يجب أن نعم صعب ت لبية ي ارًا س دوث آث ادي ح ك ولتف ى ذل اًء عل ذ -أ: بن دء بتنفي البشمال، ب المشروع ال ة ال ذي سيكون جزءًا من المشروع المتكامل لمنطق اقي األموال -طارئ، وال أمين ب ت

. الالزمة على وجه السرعة للبدء بالمشروع المتكاملا . يجب أن يتوفر في أي مشروع بيئي إجراء طارئ في حالة حدوث أسوأ االحتماالت .3 ة بيت الهي ا أن منطق بم

)BLWWTP( ل ضخها سوف تكون موقعًا لتجمع م ياه الصرف الصحي من معظم محافظة شمال غزة قبة في إلى محطة المعالجة الجديدة اه الصرف الصحي المجمع فيجب التفكير والتخطيط في مخرج طوارئ لمي

فيجب أن توصل ) NGWWTP(أما محطة المعالجة الجديدة . حالة توقف ضخ هذه المياه إلى الموقع الجديد .انهيار في نظام المعالجة/لقريبة في حال حدوث خلل بمخرج طارئ إلى األودية ا

اه في الخزان الجوفي يوصى .4 ة المي ى نوعي ة عل سلبية المتوقع خالل المرحلة الطارئة وبغرض تقليل اآلثار ال :بتنفيذ اآلتي

رة .أ ة الكبي واد العالق ضل للم ة أف ين إزال ة لتمك ة القديم ي المحط ة ف اه العادم تقبال المي شأ اس سين من تح . مالوالر

. من المحطة القديمة2 و 1تنظيف برآة . ب . آيلوات100 من المحطة القديمة بقدرة ال تقل عن 4 و3تشغيل التهوية في البرك . ج

اه المعالجة الناتجة عن المحطة فقط .5 وم /³م12,000(في بداية المرحلة الطارئة ينصح بضخ المي ألحواض ) يع وفي هذه الفترة يتم ضخ مياه . الترشيح الجديدة البحيرة إلى أحواض ترشيح مياه األمطار الموجودة في الموق

اه األمطار . م 5-4حتى يتم انخفاض مستوى المياه في البحيرة بما ال يقل عن في خالل فصل الشتاء تساعد ميواض ى أح ضخ إل ي ت رة الت اه البحي ي مي ات ف سبة الملوث ن ن ف م ي التخفي يح ف واض الترش ى أح ة إل القادم

يح ي أ. الترش يح حوالي ف اه األمطار يمكن ترش يح مي ي /³م4000حواض ترش ا ف صيف، أم ي فصل ال وم ف ية إلى أحواض الترشيح اه األمطار القادم تم استيعاب مي الشتاء يكون معدل الترشيح أقل من ذلك بكثير حتى ي

رة اه في . وحتى يتم خلط مياه األمطار بمياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة من البحي رة تخفيض مستوى المي البحيالي ستتحسن رة وبالت اه البحي بشكل ملحوظ ُيَمكِّن أشعة الشمس واألآسجين من الوصول إلى العمق الكامل لمي

.نوعية مياه البحيرة ويكون باإلمكان ضخها إلى أحواض الترشيح الجديدةاظ على .6 ا في خالل المرحلة الطارئة ال يوصى باستخدام آامل أحواض الترشيح الجديدة وذلك للحف بعض منه

يخفف 9 و 7إضافة إلى ذلك عدم استخدام أحواض . ألغراض مستقبلية بذلك يتم تخفيض التكاليف التشغيلية اد نظام فيضان حوض . إلى درجة آبيرة اآلثار السلبية المتوقعة عبر الحدود شغيل يوصى باعتم ة الت في بداي

ة تحديد النظام . الترشيح ليوم واحد وتجفيفه ليومين أو ثالثة رة العملي اءًا على الخب ًا بن تم الحق األمثل للتشغيل ية تمكن من . في الموقع في خالل عملية التشغيل يتم تنظيف وحرث وصيانة أحواض الترشيح بانتظام بطريق

.إزالة المواد المترسبة الدقيقة والمواد العضويةة .7 اه جوفي ل من في جميع مراحل المشروع ال يوصى بحفر آبار أو ضخ واستعمال مي ة أق م من 150 في منطق

ة 6تحتاج مياه الترشيح لفترة . حافة أحواض الترشيح ذه المنطق اه . شهور قبل أن تتعدى ه ر المي د ذلك تعتب بع .ةالجوفية خالية من الملوثات البكتيري


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xvii

ام .8 ل ع دة قب ة الجدي شغيل محطة المعالج شاء وت تم إن م ي وأ األحوال إذا ل ي أس ة ) 2008(ف وإذا استمرت عملييح واض الترش ول أح خ ح ام ض شاء نظ ب إن ًا، يج ة جزئي حي معالج رف ص اه ص تخدام مي يح باس الترشات ذا النظام يجب أن يضخ آمي اقي أجزاء الخزان الجوفي، ه شارها إلى ب السترجاع المياه المضافة قبل انت

.أآبر بعشرة بالمائة من المياه المضافةالناتجة عن الحفر إلى المناطق المنخفضة الموجودة جنوب شرق يوصى بنقل الجزء األآبر من التربة الطينية .9

ة ة الحالي ة المعالج سين . محط تخدامها بتح دة الس عار زهي زارعين بأس ى الم وزع عل ن أن ت ة يمك اقي الكمي ب .التربة في األراضي الزراعية الرملية

ة يوصى بانتظام أعمال تجريف وإزالة الطبقة العلوية ألحواض الترشيح حتى يتم إ .10 زالة المواد المترسبة الدقيقسنة . والمواد العضوية التي تسبب االنسداد تم غسلها . يتم عمل هذا مرة واحدة أو مرتين في ال ة ي ة المزال الترب

ة ال نظيف ه برم م تجريف ده . في وحدة خاصة ويتم تعبئة الجزء الذي ت تم تحدي ة سوف ي ذه العملي مدى تكرار ه .عملية أثناء التشغيلبناًءا على المالحظة والخبرة ال

اه .11 ة المي اه، آمي ه مستوى منسوب المي دون في يوصى بعمل تقرير تشغيلي لكل حوض من أحواض الترشيح ية ات بداي دوين أوق ا يجب ت اه المستخدمة في الترشيح آم ة المي ب، نوعي المضافة، مالحظات عن نمو الطحال

.والتجريفونهاية فترات الفيضان والتجفيف وعمليات التنظيف والحرث ًا .12 ا محلي ترآيز المواد السامة في التربة الزراعية نتيجة استخدام الحمأة يجب أن ال يتعدى المعايير المسموح به

معدل استخدام الحمأة يتم بناءًا على محتوى النيتروجين والفسفور أيهما يكون العامل ). IIراجع ملحق (ودوليًا أة آسماد إذا ما أشار فحص التربة إ. المحدد األآبر . لى عدم حاجة التربة إلى الفسفور يجب عدم استخدام الحم

ى ذلك عل ة، وآ ة في الترب راآم العناصر الثقيل معدالت االستخدام للحمأة أيضًا يجب أن تحدد بناًء على مدى ت .مستوى وترآيز األمالح فيها ونسبة المادة العضوية

ة أثناء المرحلة الطارئة يوصى إما بوضع سور واقي حول .13 تم عملي شغيل حراس حتى ت رة أو بت ة البحي منطق .تجفيف البحيرة بشكل آامل

ة .14 ة معين اه الصرف الصحي المعالجة في الزراعة والتي تحدد استخدام نوعي وانين الخاصة باستخدام مي القأي شكل ول وب ر المقب ن غي ه م ق حيث أن شكل دقي ذها ب ع ويراقب تنفي وع المزروعات يجب أن تتب حسب ن

أة آسماد للمزروعات التي تؤآل مباشرة استخدام ر المطبوخة ( المياه المعالجة والحم ثًال الخضروات غي ) م .السبب في ذلك أنه يجب اعتماد نظام حماية مزدوج إذا ما تعلق الموضوع بصحة اإلنسان

شغيل .15 د ت ن ) NGWWTP(عن ة م نة آامل ن س ة ع أة الناتج زين الحم ي لتخ ان يكف صيص مك يوصى بتخ .التشغيل

سان الضرورية للبيت وهي ن .16 دفع يجب أن يراعى احتياجات اإلن درة ال ذي يتناسب وق – 25(ظام التعرفة الر) 75 رد/لت دى /ف ب أن ال تتع سطينية يج ر الفل سبة لألس ه بالن دور علي ة مق ام التعرف ون نظ ى يك وم، وحت ي

ه ونظرًا لتردي الوضع اال . من معدل دخل األسرة % 4مدفوعات المياه والصرف الصحي قتصادي الحالي فإناليف اليف االستثمار وتك شاملة تك اليف المشروع ال ع تك لن يكون باإلمكان فرض نظام تعرفة السترجاع جمي

.التشغيلشغيل .17 صيانة والت اليف ال اليف . نظام التعرفة في المستقبل القريب يجب أن يكون على أساس استرجاع تك تك

ة يجب أن يكون . ويل خارجيةاالستثمار األولية يجب تحصيلها من مصادر تم د نظام التعرف ى المدى البعي عل . مبينًا على تغطية التكاليف، العدالة االجتماعية، المرونة في التعامل، الكفاءة البيئية

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Executive Summary Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report

Engineering and Management Consulting Center xviii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Introduction 1.1 Existing Situation of Beit Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant

1. The Beit Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant (BLWWTP) was constructed in 1976 in the northern part of Gaza Strip at the outskirts of Beit Lahia town.

2. The system was designed as a secondary treatment plant with a capacity of 5,000 m3/per day and to serve a population of 50,000 in the municipality of Jabalia. During the original design phase of the plant the idea was to use the effluent, of the treatment plant for irrigation of the neighboring agricultural areas. This idea, however was never realized. Conveying the BLWWTP effluent to the sea was also considered (including preparation of tender documents) but the riparians (Isreali authorities) would accept a sea outfall only in an emergency situation and not as a permanent solution. As a result, the treated effluent was simply let out into the sand dunes at the western side of the plant. In the first few years of operations this practice did not cause problems because the effluent quality was good and the sandy soil was able to handle the volume of effluent through natural infiltration.

3. During the past few years the situation escalated. Many communities were provided with sewerage networks and were connected to the BLWWTP. The presently served population is about 180,000 and that includes the municipalities of Jabalia, Beit Lahia, Beit Hanoun, and Um Al Nasir. Consequently, the volume of wastewater inflow to the plant (currently estimated at more than 12,000 m3/day) has exceeded the plant’s treatment capacity by far.

4. The combination of increasing volumes of generated wastewater and insufficient treatment capacity at the BLWWTP has led to deterioration of the effluent quality. The great volumes of poorly treated wastewater have led to clogging effects in the neighboring sand dune areas. The ongoing decrease of the infiltration capacity of the flooded areas and the increasing wastewater volumes have resulted in the formation of enduring ponds and finally a lake.

5. Sand dams have been erected in order to confine the lake and to prevent the surrounding settlements and agricultural areas from being flooded. Any time when the water level in the lake reached the top level of the dam, the height of the dam would be increased with sand.

6. As immediate measures to slow down the rising of the water level in the lake and to reduce the risk of imminent flooding of neighboring residential areas, the following actions, have already been implemented by PWA:

(a) Using the existing storm water basin to infiltrate the excess effluent from the lake through raft pumps.

(b) Building one additional emergency effluent infiltration basin with an area of 13,000 m2 south of BLWWTP.

(c) Building a new pumping station at the northern edge of the lake to pump the effluent from the lake into the new effluent infiltration basin and the existing storm water infiltration basin.

(d) Building a pressure main to connect both the new effluent infiltration basin and the existing storm water infiltration basin with the new effluent pumping station.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xix

7. Today, with all the implemented emergency measures, the BLWWTP and the effluent lake are at their utmost limit and in a very delicate balance especially concerning the water volumes. The difference of the water levels between the last treatment pond (No. 7, polishing pond) and the lake is today slightly more than 20 cm. In some occasions, the water level of the lake was equal to the water level of the polishing pond. As a result the whole treatment system at BLWWTP was blocked.

8. Today the lake, including the small emergency ponds, covers about 35 ha, is almost 1 km long, up to 9 m deep and has a volume of nearly 1.5 million m3. The water level in the lake is several meters higher than most parts of the neighboring areas in the west and north east (Beit Lahia and Um Al Nasir). The largest difference between the surface of the lake and the surrounding areas with about 9 m can be seen in the north-western part of the lake.

1,2 Storage Ponds 11 Pumping Station 3,4 Aeration Ponds 12 Infiltration Basin (no.1) 5,6 Facultative Ponds 13 Infiltration Basins (no.2 7 Polishing Pond 14 Pressure Line 8 The Lake 15 Floating Pump 9,10 Emergency Ponds

Figure 1: BLWWTP Existing Situation

9. The effluent lake creates a direct and permanent physical risk for human health. The lake is not fenced and children may fall into the lake and drown. Flooding has already occurred, when the sand barriers in the southwest side collapsed. The consequent flooding caused two casualties, health problems and nuisance to many local residents and resulted in substantial damage to residential buildings in Beit Lahia. According to the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA), thousands of people will be affected directly or indirectly if the barriers of the lake break. The foul water will flood the neighboring communities.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xx

1.2 Previous studies

10. In 1999, two Environmental Impact Assessments were conducted in connection with the problematic situation of the BLWWTP. Both studies were financed by the Swedish International Development Agency and conducted by Boliden Contech and Montgomery Watson in association with local Palestinian consulting firms.

11. The first study “Environmental Impact Assessment of Improvements to Beit Lahia and Associated Developments” assessed the impact of (a) improvement of the BLWWTP (inlet works, pipe-works, sludge reception facility), (b) rehabilitation of the Abu Rashid Storm Water Collection Pond (pumping stations, rising main, landscaping), (c) construction of a new storm water infiltration pond adjacent to the existing BLWWTP lagoons, and (d) construction of a sea outfall for BLWWTP effluent (pumping station, transfer pipeline, outfall facility). At the time this EA was conducted, the sea outfall was considered as the best solution for BLWWTP effluent discharge.

12. The second study “Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed New Wastewater Treatment Works” assessed the environmental impacts and benefits of the construction and operation of a new Northern Gaza Waste Water Treatment Plant (NGWWTP). This EA covered the NGWWTP (mechanical and biological treatment facilities, infiltration basins), the sewage transfer from the existing BLWWTP to the new site (pipelines, pumping stations), and the activities associated with the decommissioning of BLWWTP.

13. As the nitrate concentration in the groundwater near the NGWWTP was very high (50 - 300 mg NO3/l), the EA recommended that the total nitrogen concentration should not exceed 10 mg/l to be an acceptable standard for aquifer recharge. The EA also recommended that the effluent should be treated to a level that is suitable for irrigation in the surrounding agricultural areas for crops that are not eaten raw. That was decided based on a survey conducted on the farmers.

1.3 Project Description and Project Area

14. Because of financial constraints, the construction of the complete new NGWWTP in one step, as it was described and assessed in the previous EAs, is not possible at present. The complete NGWWTP project will therefore be implemented as follows:

• Part A: NGEST Project • Part B: NGEST Project • Completion of NGWWTP

15. Part A: NGEST Project: The World Bank has agreed to finance a “Northern Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment” (NGEST) project. This project comprises immediate measures to prevent human and ecological disaster in the densely populated Beit Lahia area by draining the existing effluent lake and conveying its partly treated effluent to the new infiltration basins at NGWWTP site. In specific, the NGEST project, consists of:

• A terminal pumping station at the site of the existing BLWWTP. It will be constructed in Year 2006 for target capacity up to Year 2015 flow.

• Pressure pipeline to transfer the effluent from BLWWTP and the effluent lake to the infiltration basins (Figure 2).

• Nine infiltration basins with a total maximum infiltration capacity of 35,600 m3/day. This capacity is equivalent to the expected wastewater volumes in Year 2012.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxi

16. These activities that will be implemented under this component will actually be an integral part of the future operation of the NGWWTP. The terminal pumping station and the pressure pipeline will be used to transfer the raw wastewater from BLWWTP site to the NGWWTP upon the decommissioning of BLWWTP.

17. Part B: NGEST Project: This consists of the first phase of the new wastewater treatment plant (primary treatment, sludge treatment, odor control). It is designed to handle a maximum wastewater volume of 35,600 m3/day (expected by 2012). This part is scheduled to start construction in 2006 and be completed in 2008.

18. Completion of NGWWTP: This consists of Phases II and III of NGWWTP which will increase the treatment capacity of the plant to handle a maximum wastewater volume of 65,000 m3/day (expected by 2025).

19. The scope of this EA covers the activities that will be implemented from Part A and Part B as described above. The environmental and social issues associated with the increased volume of effluent (approximately 30,000 m3/day) would have to be addressed in another update to the previous EAs. In particular, the alternative wastewater treatment technologies for tertiary treatment, as well as the distribution and monitoring techniques for wastewater re-use in agriculture would need to be evaluated in the future updated EA. Currently the alternatives that are being considered are: (a) a new infiltration treatment basin area for effluent; (b) tertiary treatment with direct use by agriculture; and (c) other alternatives.

Figure 2: The Route of Proposed Pressure Pipe

20. Project Location. The BLWWTP and the lake are located in the Northern Governorate of the Gaza Strip in a densely settled area, close to the northern border with Israel. As the area is almost completely used for human purposes (housing, agriculture), only very few remnants of the originally rich natural animal or plant species spectrum can


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxii

be found. Due to its size and the fact that there is open surface water available throughout the year, the lake has a certain ecological value especially for water and wetland birds.

21. The site of the NGWWTP is located in an agricultural area close to the eastern border with Israel.

22. The route of the pipeline between the BLWWTP site and NGWWTP site will mainly follow existing roads.

1.4 Objectives of the EA Study

23. This EA assignment covers the activities described above as part of the NGEST Project . The wastewater effluent in these phases, between 2006 and 2012, will be used entirely for aquifer recharge.

24. This EA is an update for the previous EAs mentioned previously in Section 1.2. It also includes a detailed environmental management and monitoring plan (EMP), and recommendations to be carried out for remedial works.

25. The supplemental work carried out in this EA (as compared to the work under the previous EAs) includes:

(a) Incorporating any design changes that took place since the preparation of the EAs in 1999, including the emergency phase of draining the effluent lake into the new infiltration basins.

(b) Ensuring that the project will not have irreversible negative impacts on the environment and specifically on the quality of the aquifer.

(c) Identifying both impacts and benefits of the planned project. (d) Developing actions and measures to mitigate unavoidable impacts. (e) Consulting with all stakeholders concerned to ensure their awareness of the project

and consider their views and comments.

1.5 The Study Team

26. This Study has been elaborated by the Engineering and Management Consulting Center (EMCC, Gaza) with the support of Dorsch Consult (Germany), and is based on two previous EAs (Montgomery Watson 1999), and on several contributions by local scientists and experts.

1.6 Disclosure and Consultations

1.6.1 Public Consultations Prior to this EA

27. A comprehensive public participation program was conducted through 1999 EA studies. Governmental agencies, NGOs, community representatives, neighboring landowners, and other stakeholders were involved in the process. The consultation process was performed by direct interviews, filling questionnaires, and public meetings. Most of the environmental issues, including wastewater reuse, sludge reuse, socioeconomics, aquifer water quality, were discussed in great details. 1.6.2 Consultations during the EA process

28. The public consultation during this EA was performed through a public scoping meeting that involved most of the stakeholders and concerned parties. The new project components were presented in front of them and their concerns were taken into


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxiii

consideration. The process also involved head-to-head meetings with the project main parties such as the Palestinian Water Authority, the Israeli Water Commission, the World Bank, Environment Quality Authority, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Agriculture. 1.6.3 EA Outcomes

29. The results and findings of the EA study were presented through a public hearing workshop that involves the different stakeholders, NGOs, and other concerned parties. All their comments and concerns were considered during the preparation of the final report. 2 Legal and Administrative Structures and Requirements 2.1 World Bank Requirements

30. The World Bank requires an EA for all projects financed by the Bank in order to ensure that these projects are environmentally sound and sustainable.

31. Due to its size and environmental relevance, the Northern Gaza Waste Water Project has been classified as a Category A project. According to the Bank’s Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment (Operational Procedure 4.01, OP 4.01), a full EA is necessary for this project. This Assessment has been elaborated mainly according to the Bank’s OP 4.01.

2.2 Palestinian Environmental Assessment Policy (PEAP)

32. Based on the PEAP, this project (NGEST) was classified under the group of projects for which a Full EA is obligatory. The terms of reference were reviewed by the Palestinian Environment Quality Authority (EQA).

33. According to the PEAP, EQA requires that a scoping session be held in order to finalize the specific scope of the EA, Study boundaries, and to raise any specific environmental issues to be considered in the preparation of the EA.

34. EQA has actively participated in the scoping workshop, and their comments and concerns were taken into consideration during the preparation of this EA. The outcomes of this EA were presented to EQA through the public hearing workshop. The draft report was sent to their approval. EQA was satisfied with the EA outcomes and the draft report. They would intend to undertake the final review and issue an approval for the project upon the receipt of the final EA report. 3 Potential Environmental Impacts and Benefits 35. The following sections briefly summarize the significant environmental impacts and benefits of the proposed project. The impacts and benefits will consider the three different locations: the old site (BLWWTP), the new pipeline between the old and the new site, and the new site (NGWWTP). The impacts and benefits will also be for the construction and the operations phases.

3.1 Impacts and Benefits at the BLWWTP Site 3.1.1 Project Part A (Emergency activities under NGEST)


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxiv

3.1.1.1 Construction

36. A new Terminal Pumping Station (TPS) including inlet facilities will be constructed at the southern end of the polishing pond (Fig. 1, No. 7). The impacts due to the construction works (traffic of construction vehicles, noise, dust, sealing of areas) are only temporary and all construction activities will take place within the BLWWTP site. Therefore, these impacts are regarded as not significant.

37. After the lake is completely dry further assessment should be conducted on the lake bottom sediments and soil to check for toxic material and heavy metals. Based on the outcome of the lake bottom assessment, the appropriate site restoration actions will be implemented. Such activities may temporarily and locally cause dust and noise. With proper management of the construction activities, these impacts are regarded as not significant.

3.1.1.2 Operation

38. The old WWTP will continue its operation during the emergency phase, and the partially treated effluent from the polishing pond will be pumped to the new infiltration ponds at NGWWTP. Therefore, during the emergency phase the existing situation concerning odor emissions from the existing BLWWTP site is not expected to change.

39. The most relevant aspect concerning flora and fauna in the emergency phase is the drying of the lake. The shrinking water level improves the presently problematic relationship between water surface and volume, which will lead to an enrichment with oxygen, to a better self cleaning ability of the lake, and finally to a better water quality. This will improve the habitat quality for water birds temporarily. During the further drying process of the lake, however, animal or plant species which are depending on open water or wetlands will more and more disappear and species adapted to arid or semi-arid conditions will take over the new habitats.

40. During the drying process the partly filled lake with steep sand dams and the deep sludge at the bottom is a potential danger for anybody who may fall into it. Children may break through dry crusts over deep sludge. It may be very difficult to rescue them. On the other hand, lowering of the water level reduces the risk of a breaking of the sand dams.

41. Once a rehabilitation plan with appropriate environmental mitigation measures is decided, the living conditions of the local residents will be considerably improved, and it will encourage new residents to live in the surrounding area.

42. Pumping the low quality effluent to the new site will reduce the ground water pollution in the Beit Lahia area. This and the ongoing infiltration of storm water (lower pollution level than in the effluent) in the storm water infiltration basins will improve the ground water quality at the long run.

43. Due to the fact that the volumes of infiltrated effluent at the old site will be reduced drastically a significant lowering of the ground water level, locally by some meters, is expected.

3.1.2 Project Part B

3.1.2.1 Construction

44. When the infiltration ponds and Phase I of the NGWWTP is constructed, the Terminal Pumping Station (TPS) will start pumping the raw wastewater from BLWWTP


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxv

site to the new NGWWTP. Ponds No. 1 to 6 as well as the inlet works of BLWWTP will be dismantled. By de-construction of the old wastewater treatment ponds and the surrounding access roads, about 8.2 ha of sealed or partly sealed areas will be sampled for contamination. Based on that a rehabilitation plan will be prepared and implemented.

45. It is anticipated that once zones of contaminated sediments/soils are identified, that these soils will be contained or treated. The goal is to allow the dried lake area and the cleaned-up BLWWTP site to be used for recreational purposes, agriculture, or for new residential areas. The environmental value of this area and possible impacts due to new construction activities depend on the further usage. In general the removal of the ponds will lead to a great social and health improvement as this will reduce health risks and provide a better and cleaner living environment for the local inhabitants.

3.1.2.2 Operation

46. Due to the planned noise and odor control measures at the new TPS no significant noise or odor impacts are expected during normal operations.

3.1.2.3 Potential Impacts under a Worst Case Scenario

47. If the TPS is out of order for whatever reason, the polishing pond No. 7 will function as an emergency facility and retention basin for the incoming wastewater. The retention time of this basin, however, is only a few days and this retention time will be reduced with time due to the ongoing increase of the incoming wastewater volumes. It is quite risky to rely on quite short retention times. If there are substantial problems at the new plant site or a severe damage of the pipeline (as for example due to military activities), there is a possibility that the repair works would take more time.

48. A flooding of neighboring areas with wastewater is a potential impact. Also in the case of a flooding of Pond No. 7 with raw wastewater, odor nuisance may be expected for neighboring settlements depending on the climatic conditions (wind direction, wind velocity, temperature, etc.). 3.2 Impacts and Benefits at the NGWWTP Site 3.2.1 Project Part A (Emergency activities under NGEST) 3.2.1.1 Construction

49. Around 80 dunums of agricultural land will be affected by the excavation activities and huge quantities of mainly clay soil (900,000 m3) will be removed from the site and transferred to other locations. These activities have significant, large scale and long-term impacts on the soil ecology.

50. The construction traffic, especially the transfer of the huge amounts of clay soil partly through residential areas, will cause nuisance for the local population (noise, dust, exhaust fumes). Traffic jams seem to be of minor relevance, due to the low numbers of vehicles in the relevant areas.

51. Due to the disturbance caused by the construction activities wildlife species in the surrounding areas may migrate to other places or leave the place at least during the daily working hours when there are noise and dust from the construction site and the access roads.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxvi

52. Constructing wastewater facilities in the vicinity of the Islamic cemetery could cause psychological problems to the families of the deceased.

53. The construction activities at the NGWWTP site will have positive social-economic effects due to the creation of temporary jobs provided that Palestinian contractors and workers are hired for the construction activities.

3.2.1.2 Operation

54. The operation of the new infiltration basins with partially treated waste water in the emergency phase may cause nuisance for surrounding settlements, depending on the climatic conditions (wind direction, wind velocity). However, these effects are expected to be mainly temporary and local due to the fact that the prevailing winds are coming from western directions and the area east of the NGWWTP is not inhabited.

55. Significant odor problems may affect visitors to the Islamic cemetery west of the NGWWTP.

56. The infiltration of great volumes of water will lead to a local increase of the ground water level. At the end of the emergency phase (2008), the groundwater level beneath the infiltration basins will be about 3.7 m higher than today. The water mound will extend about 700 m towards the sea, 300 m inland, 250 m north and south of the infiltration basins.

57. About 13% of the infiltrated water may cross the border to Israel during the emergency phase.

58. A significant improvement in the total recharge quantity (7.3 Mm3/year) will result from the infiltration during the emergency phase.

59. It takes about 250 days for the plume to reach the nearest agricultural well (200 m north of infiltration basins edge). None of the drinking water wells will be affected by the infiltrated water even at the long run (beyond 2015).

60. Regarding chloride, compared to the original water quality around the infiltration basins (330-780 mg/l), the infiltrated water (250 mg/l) will improve the aquifer water quality significantly. At the end of the emergency phase, the infiltrated water will fully replace the original groundwater in a zone covering 200-300 m from the edge of the infiltration basins.

61. Regarding nitrogen, at the end of the emergency phase, the infiltrated water will fully replace the original groundwater 250 m west, 150 m east, 200 m north and south of the infiltration basins edge. Beyond the full displacement zone there will be a transition zone due to mixing and dilution effects. At least 4 agricultural wells will pump water with NO3-N more than 40 mg/l. None of the Israeli wells will be affected. The recovered water quality, however, is suitable for agriculture uses.

62. Regarding pathogenic bacteria, the area within a distance of 150 m from the infiltration site receives infiltration water with a shorter residence time than 6 months. Within this radius of 150 m, drinking water wells could potentially be compromised; however, no potable drinking water wells are located within 150 m. Beyond this 150 m distance, the bacteriological aspect will not be relevant.

63. The main problem in infiltration system for aquifer recharge is the expected clogging of infiltration surfaces which leads to a reduction in infiltration capacity.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxvii

64. When the infiltration ponds begin operating they will attract animals, especially open water and wetland species. New species, especially water and wetland species will inhabit the area and use it as shelter, food source and probably as breeding grounds.

65. The necessary maintenance and monitoring activities at NGWWTP will create permanent jobs, a very important aspect in an area where the unemployment rate is estimated to be about 41 %. 3.2.2 Project Part B 3.2.2.1 Construction

66. According to the present time schedule the construction in the first phase of NGWWTP will be completed by the year 2008. All the construction activities will take place at the site itself, on relatively small areas compared to the construction activities in Part A. The new site is relatively far from the next settlement/residential areas. Therefore, the construction activities in Part B are regarded as not significant. 3.2.2.2 Operation

67. The operation of the NGWWTP will have long-term positive effects on employment. Permanent or temporary job opportunities will be created for skilled and unskilled workers directly at the site itself. In addition the application of treated sludge in agricultural activities is a potential positive benefit provided that internationally recognized standards are respected to mitigate against sanitary and health risks.

68. The rising water table under the infiltration basins would reach steady state conditions after approximately 8 years (2014). The conducted simulations show that the ground water level beneath the infiltration area will rise to about 6.5 m at that time. In the long run (2025), 120 agricultural wells will be affected by the resulting water mound. At that time the water mound will extend about 2,200 m towards the sea, 1,100 m inland, 1,700 m north and south of the infiltration basins. These predictions were based on the assumption that all the effluent will be infiltrated at the plant site that can only accept 35,000 m3/day. Once this quantity is exceeded and additional infiltration sites are located, these preliminary predictions should be updated.

69. About 18% of the infiltrated water may cross the border to Israel during the long term phase (after 2012). The present lateral flow in the reverse direction, to the west, will be reduced to half due to the infiltrated water mound.

70. A significant improvement in the total recharge quantity (13 Mm3/year) will result from the effluent infiltration, providing that the full infiltration capacity is reached (after 2012).

71. The proposed project will reduce the seawater intrusion to a minor extent (the projected seawater intrusion in the year 2025 without infiltration is 30 Mm3/year while with infiltration 24 Mm3/year), but the problem of seawater intrusion will remain due to the aquifer imbalance.

72. In the long run, after the steady state is reached, the infiltrated water will fully replace the original groundwater 500 m west, 200 m east, 400 m north and south of the infiltration basins edges. Beyond the full displacement zone there will be a transition zone due to mixing and dilution effects.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxviii

73. In the long run up to 2025, the good quality water will replace the contaminated water as a result of three processes: (1) dilution; (2) repeated cycles of pumping and recharging into the ground water; and (3) NO3 decay if the water passed through a soil layer (clay) that is rich with organic material. In this process part of the nitrogen load will be lost due to de-nitrification and plant uptake. The contaminant plume will not exceed 2,200 m in the western direction due to the steady state inflow-outflow balance.

74. The treated sewage sludge has significant organic matter and can be used as a soil conditioner and fertilizer in agriculture. It can also contain potential contaminants such as heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogens and must therefore be analyzed regularly. Consequently an intensive monitoring program is described in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

75. As the economic situation and the water and the wastewater services improve, cost recovery can be possible and should be considered in designing the future tariff system.

3.2.2.3 Potential Long term Irreversible Impacts under a Worst Case Scenario

76. The worst case scenario was assessed assuming that Part B will not be implemented in the near future and the infiltration with the partially treated sewage will continue for over two years (after 2008). The performance of the existing BLWWTP is expected to decline due to the expected increase in the influent. This would most probably cause severe long-term irreversible impacts in the groundwater beneath the infiltration basins and the nearby surrounding areas (up to 2.2 km west, 0.5 km east, 1.2 km north and south) unless immediate mitigation is implemented through construction of recovery wells and related facilities for the infiltrated water.

3.3 Impacts of the Transfer Pipeline between BLWWTP and NGWWTP 3.3.1.1 Construction

77. All significant impacts in connection with the transfer pipeline will take place at the beginning of Part A.

78. The construction activities will cause temporary nuisance for the local population (noise, dust, exhaust fumes, accessibility). Traffic jams seem to be of minor relevance, due to the low numbers of vehicles in the relevant areas.

79. Due to the disturbance caused by the construction activities wildlife species in the surrounding areas may migrate to other places or leave the place at least during the daily working hours when there is noise and dust from the construction site and the activities on the access roads.

80. The construction activities at the NGWWTP site will have positive social-economic effects due to the creation of temporary jobs provided that Palestinian contractors and workers are hired for the construction activities.

3.3.1.2 Operation

81. After the construction works are finished no relevant impacts are expected in the normal operation modus.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxix

3.3.1.3 Potential Impacts under a Worst Case Scenario

82. Breaking of the pipeline for whatever reason would cause local spillage of sewage until the TPS is switched off. An emergency plan for such a case, including immediate remediation and repair measures, must be developed. A team of trained specialists must be permanently available to execute the necessary works.

4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

83. The EMP comprises mitigation measures, monitoring plan and capacity building activities.

84. The local standards of the water quality for different uses, treated wastewater quality, air pollution, noise pollution, etc. will be applied. In case these standards are not available, the applied standards in the region will be considered.

85. During the construction and operation phases, the Project Management Unit (PMU) is responsible for coordination with the municipalities, in the Northern Gaza Governorate, which later will be part of Coastal Municipalities Water Utility (CMWU). Also, it is the responsibility of the PMU to ensure proper implementation of the EMP and to discuss any issue in coordination with the relevant local governmental entities. The PMU will be strengthened with a consultant during the construction phase for survey and management of the construction activities and for control of their compliance with the laws and standards. Another consultant will be commissioned to assist in environmental monitoring and quality assurance.

86. The contractors during the emergency phase are responsible for construction activities. The PMU with the help of the consultant will be responsible for quality control and for the contractor compliance with the standards and regulations. During the operation phase, the CMWU supported by the operator will take over the responsibility of the quality control and the quality assurance.

4.1 Mitigation measures 4.1.1 Part A

87. During all construction activities an adequate construction site management, including a regular supervision by an environmental expert, should minimize health risks and nuisances for the local population as well as impacts on the natural environment as much as possible.

88. During the emergency phase and in order to minimize the expected impacts on aquifer water quality, the following measures are recommended at BLWWTP:

(a) Upgrading of the inlet works for better performance of debris screening and sand removal.

(b) Cleaning of the first two ponds and installation of aerators in ponds No. 3 and 4. Ponds No. 3 and 4 should be fully aerated with at least 100 KW aeration power.

89. At the beginning of the emergency phase, only the effluent from the polishing pond at BLWWTP (currently 12,000 m3/day and increasing) should be used for infiltration. The infiltration of water from the lake should continue at the two existing storm water infiltration facilities until the lake level is brought down at least by 4 to 5 m.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxx

90. It is proposed to fence and to guard the wastewater lake as soon as possible, at least at the beginning of the emergency phase. Still the alternative of creating temporary jobs for about 20 guards is preferred over fencing, which is very costly and only necessary until the lake is completely dry.

91. At the new site it is also recommended not to use Basins 7 and 9 of the infiltration basins (far east) in order to minimize the trans-boundary impacts. These two infiltration basins could stay unused until the NGWWTP starts to operate and the increasing effluent volumes demand their use.

92. One day flooding followed by 2-3 days drying is a recommended infiltration operation cycle. The optimal operation cycle, however, can only be developed based on practical experience. Regular cleaning of the infiltration ponds (plowing) is required to restore the infiltration capacity.

93. Periodically, scraping and excavation will be required to remove silt and organic matter from the bottom of the infiltration basins. This may be done with a front-end loader twice a year. The excavated material should be washed in a sand-washing unit and the clean sand is refilled into the pond.

94. In all phases of the project, no well should be operated within a distance of 6-month residence time from the edge of infiltration basins (150 m from the edge of the infiltration basins). Beyond this distance, the water is considered hygienically safe.

95. Considering the worst case scenario (if the NGWWTP is not implemented and infiltration with partially treated sewage continues after 2008), recovery facilities around the infiltration site MUST be implemented. Alternatively once the lake levels are reduced, the pumping could be stopped until the wastewater treatment plant is operating. The recovery facilities (taking into account the nearby agricultural wells) should be able to pump 10% more than the effluent that is infiltrated in order to avoid irreversible long-term impacts due to further spreading of the plume of contaminated ground water.

96. In all phases, the operation of the agricultural wells by local farmers in the surrounding areas of the infiltration basins should be closely monitored and actions taken by PWA in order to ensure that all the infiltrated effluent is recovered. The quality of the abstracted water should be strictly monitored to ensure health and safety of the users. In case of any problem in any of the water quality parameters, the necessary action should be decided and enforced by PWA. 4.1.1.1 Part B

97. The best way to minimize environmental impacts of the emergency phase is to keep the emergency phase as short as possible by starting the full operation of the NGWWTP as soon as possible.

98. One day flooding followed by 2 days drying is a recommended infiltration operation cycle. The optimal operation cycle, however, can only be developed based on practical experience. Regular cleaning of the infiltration ponds (plowing) is required to restore the infiltration capacity.

99. Periodically, scraping and excavation will be required to remove silt and organic matter from the bottom of the infiltration basins. This may be done with a front-end loader once a year. The excavated material should be washed in a sand-washing unit and the clean sand is refilled into the pond.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxxi

100. Sludge application rates using internationally accepted standards should be based on the content of nitrogen or phosphorous (macronutrient) whichever is the more limiting factor. When the soil test does not recommend phosphorus fertilization, sewage sludge should not be applied.

101. Internationally accepted standards for the use of treated wastewater as irrigation water in agriculture, which specify the quality of treated wastewater for certain crops and soil types, must be applied. Strict local regulations should be developed by the relevant Palestinian health and environmental authorities for the application of sludge and treated wastewater in agriculture, as based on the international accepted standards.

102. Affordable water and wastewater tariffs should be developed to meet the human needs for a household (25 1/h/d - 75 1/h/d). The future tariff should be based upon recovery of operating and replacement costs and that the initial investment in infrastructure must come from other sources. In the long run, the future tariff should take into consideration cost recovery, social equity, flexibility, and environmental efficiency. 4.2 Monitoring Plan

103. The Environmental Monitoring plan sets out a framework for monitoring the environmental situation at all project sites (BLWWTP, NGWWTP and Pressure Pipeline). In order to ensure that the reality complies with the demands of the EMP, environmental monitoring should be carried out concerning the following aspects:

(a) Construction and transport activities. (b) Health and safety measures (construction and operation workers, local

inhabitants). (c) Site cleaning, solid waste removal, hauling and disposal. (d) Efficiency of the treatment process. (e) Quality of treated wastewater. (f) Aquifer water quality in the vicinity of the infiltration ponds. (g) Monitoring of unexpected leakages or system failures. (h) Top soil of the infiltration basins against clogging issues. (i) Agricultural soil subjected to sludge or treated wastewater application.

104. The monitoring actions are summarized in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3 for Part-A components and in Table 4.5 and Table 4.6 for Part-B components. 4.2.1 Capacity Building

4.2.1.1 Part A

105. The current staffs of the PMU, CMWU, PWA and EQA have the basic skills that enable them to follow-up the implementation of mitigation measures and execute the monitoring plan during the construction and operation phases of the emergency phase. However, during the inception phase of the emergency phase, it is necessary to hire a consultant to conduct the following proposed workshops:

(a) Project components and schedule. (b) Description of the EMP components. (c) Institutional arrangements and coordination methodologies. (d) Quality control and assurance plans.

106. A qualified consultant is proposed to be responsible for construction management.


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxxii

107. The EMP specified in Chapter IV of this study should be fully implemented including its four basic components: detailed mitigation plan; institutional setup; monitoring and enforcement requirements; and capacity building requirements. 4.2.1.2 Part B

108. In addition to the workshops explained above, an international consultant is required to conduct training for the representatives of PWA, PMU, CMWU and the Operator in the following subjects;

(a) Advanced training course in treatment process, plant components and functions.

(b) Advanced training in testing and monitoring inlet quality, outlet quality, sludge removal and treatment, odor removal, etc.

(c) Re-use of treated wastewater and sludge in agriculture applications. 5 Summary of Main Issues 109. The emergency phase should start immediately and should be kept as short as possible in order to minimize environmental impacts and risks. While this EA is being finalized, PWA has received good news that the funding for Part B is secured. This means that the construction of Part B will start sooner than what had been planned. It is now planned to start Part B in July 2006, and then finish construction and begin operations in autumn 2008.

110. Before starting the infiltration of partially treated sewage, some upgrading measures for the existing BLWWTP including increasing aeration capacity and pond cleaning are recommended.

111. At the beginning of Part A (first year), only the effluent from BLWWTP should be used for infiltration. The infiltration of the lake water should continue at the two existing storm water infiltration facilities.

112. Natural biological treatment is anticipated as appropriate for lake bottom remediation. Upon drying of the lake, representative soil samples are necessary to be tested for toxic material. Based on these sampling results, the appropriate restoration plan will be decided and implemented.

113. Most of the excavated clay from the new site can be transported to the existing depressions south east of BLWWTP. Some of the clay can be given or sold to farmers with poor soil quality in order to improve their farmland.

114. At the new site infiltration, Basins 7 and 9 (far east) should not be used during Part A.

115. In all phases of the project, no well (potable or agricultural wells) should be operated within a distance 150 m from the edge of the new infiltration basins.

116. If Part B is not implemented after two years (i.e., by 2008), recovery wells and related facilities around the infiltration site MUST be implemented in order to allow the continued infiltration of partially treated sewage. The only other alternative is to stop pumping partially treated sewage from the effluent lake to the infiltration basins.

117. In all phases, the operation of the agricultural wells in the surrounding areas of the infiltration basins should be regulated by PWA in order to ensure that all the infiltrated


Engineering and Management Consulting Center xxxiii

effluent is recovered. The quality of the abstracted water should be strictly monitored to ensure health and safety of the users.

118. Strict regulations meeting international standards should be developed by the relevant authorities for the application of sludge and re-use of treated wastewater in agriculture.

119. In the immediate future, tariff should be based upon recovery of operating and replacement costs and that the initial investment in infrastructure must come from other sources. In the long run, the future tariff should take into consideration cost recovery, social equity, flexibility, and environmental efficiency.

120. PWA must carry out a new Environmental Assessment for the completion of the NGWWTP (that is, Phases 2 and 3) to evaluate how to manage the effluent in excess of 35,600 m3/day.

121. The EMP specified in Chapter IV of this study should be fully implemented and should be integrated into the construction contracts.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Chapter One Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report Introduction

Engineering and Management Consulting Center 1

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preface 1.1 As part of its efforts to improve the environmental and health conditions in the Gaza strip in general and in the North Gaza area in particular (Figure 1.1), PWA has channeled considerable investments from different donors, towards the construction of infrastructure projects in Northern Gaza. However, and despite those investments, Northern Gaza is still facing a huge environmental problem that is caused by the lack of an appropriate wastewater treatment facility.

1.2 PWA through technical assistance from a Swedish consultant has prepared the design of this treatment facility, but due to the lack of financial resources the construction of a complete wastewater treatment plant has been postponed until securing sufficient funds. Meanwhile, the existing wastewater treatment plant continues to discharge the effluent into a huge random lake which threatens the surrounding areas.

1.3 As an emergency intervention to protect the surrounding areas from the risks and effects of the sewage pond, the World Bank has agreed to finance an emergency project, which comprises a new terminal pumping station at the existing location, the pressure lines between the old and the new site and the infiltration basins at the new site. This emergency project aims at alleviating the immediate threats for human life and health of the continuously increasing lake by discharging the partially treated sewage into the infiltration basins at the new site.

1.4 Since this action – the infiltration of partially treated sewage – was not considered in the environmental assessment study that was carried out for the new treatment plant, the World Bank guidelines demand an update of the original study.

1.5 PWA has contracted the Engineering and Management Consulting Center (EMCC) to conduct this update of the previous EA, which was conducted by Montgomery Watson in 1999.

1.2 Existing Situation of Beit Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant

1.6 The Beit Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant (BLWWTP) was constructed in 1976 in the northern part of Gaza Strip at the outskirts of town of Beit Lahia (Figure 1.2).

1.7 The system was designed as a secondary treatment plant with a capacity of 5,000 m3/day to serve a population of 50,000 in the municipality of Jabalia. During the original design phase of the plant the idea was to use the effluent of the treatment plant for irrigation of the neighboring agricultural areas. This idea, however, was never realized. Conveying the BLWWTP effluent to the sea was also considered (including preparation of tender documents) but the riparians (Isreali authorities) would accept a sea outfall only in an emergency situation and not as a permanent solution. As a result, the treated effluent was simply let out into the sand dunes at the western side of the plant. In the first few years of operations this practice did not cause problems because the effluent quality was good and the sandy soil was able to handle the volume of effluent through natural infiltration.

1.8 During the past few years the situation escalated. Many communities were provided with sewerage networks and were connected to the BLWWTP. The presently served population is about 180,000 and includes the municipalities of Jabalia, Beit Lahia, Beit Hanoun and Um Al Nasir. Consequently, the volume of wastewater inflow to the



plant (currently estimated at more than 12,000 m3/day) has far exceeded the plant’s treatment capacity.

1.9 Increasing volumes of generated wastewater and insufficient treatment capacity at the BLWWTP have led to deterioration of the effluent quality. The great volumes of poorly treated wastewater have led to clogging effects in the neighboring sand dune areas. The ongoing decrease of the infiltration capacity of the flooded areas and the increasing wastewater volumes have resulted in the formation of enduring ponds and finally a lake.

Figure 1.1: Location of BLWWTP at the North of Gaza Strip

1.10 Sand dams have been erected in order to confine the lake and to prevent the surrounding settlements and agricultural areas from being flooded. Any time when the water level in the lake reached the top level of the dam, the height of the dam would be increased with sand.



1.11 From May 2001 to April 2004 the water level in the lake went up by 2.5 m. Today, the BLWWTP and the effluent lake are at their utmost limit and in a very delicate balance especially concerning the water volumes. The difference of the water levels between the last treatment pond (No. 7, polishing pond) and the lake today is slightly more than 20 cm. In some occasions, the water level of the lake was equal to the water level of the polishing pond. As a result the whole treatment system at BLWWTP was blocked.

1.12 Today the lake, including the small emergency ponds, covers about 35 ha, is almost 1 km long, up to 9 m deep and has a volume of nearly 1.5 million m3. The water level in the lake is several meters higher than most parts of the neighboring areas in the west and north east (Beit Lahia and Um Al Nasir). The largest difference between the surface of the lake and the surrounding areas with about 9 m can be seen in the north-western part of the lake.

1.13 The effluent lake creates a direct and permanent physical risk for human health. The lake is not fenced and children may fall into the lake and drown. Flooding has already occurred, when the sand barriers in the southwest side collapsed. The consequent flooding caused two casualties, health problems and nuisance to many local residents and resulted in substantial damage to residential buildings in Beit Lahia. According to the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA), thousands of people will be affected directly or indirectly if the barriers of the lake break. The foul water will flood the neighboring communities.

1.3 Short Term Intervention Measures 1.14 As immediate measures to slow down the rising of the water level in the lake and to reduce the risk of imminent flooding of neighboring residential areas, the following actions, have already been implemented by PWA:

Using the existing storm water basin to infiltrate the excess effluent from the lake through raft pumps.

Building one additional emergency effluent infiltration basin with an area of 13,000 m2 south of BLWWTP.

Building a new pumping station at the northern edge of the lake to pump the effluent from the lake into the new effluent infiltration basin and the existing storm water infiltration basin.

Building a pressure main to connect both the new effluent infiltration basin and the existing storm water infiltration basin with the new effluent pumping station.

1.15 Although the above actions are not considered as a permanent solution, they would increase the ground infiltration capacity of the BLWWTP by a maximum of 8,000 m3/day, which is 2/3 of the daily sewage inflow (about 12,000 m3). In parallel, the PWA is also regularly reinforcing the embankment around the lake in order to reduce the risk of a sudden failure. However, all these actions are short-term emergency measures in order to stop the rising of the water level in the lake and consequently reduce the risk of a breaking of the sand dams and a flooding of the local communities.



1,2 Storage Ponds 11 Pumping Station 3,4 Aeration Ponds 12 Infiltration Basin (no.1) 5,6 Facultative Ponds 13 Infiltration Basins (no.2 7 Polishing Pond 14 Pressure Line 8 The Lake 15 Floating Pump 9,10 Emergency Ponds

Figure 1.2: BLWWTP Existing Situation

1.16 With these emergency measures, there is hope that the water level in the lake will at least stay constant, but unusual circumstances like heavy rainstorms may end up in a catastrophe. Immediate actions must be taken to eliminate the continuous risk of flooding and the consequences it might have on human life and the environment.

1.4 Funding Status 1.17 For Part A components, 11.3 Million US Dollars (MUS$) is made available from the World Bank (WB) and European Investment Bank (EIB). While this EA is being finalized, PWA has received good news that the funding for Part B (NGWWTP) is secured (25.9 MUS$ from the WB, SIDA, and AFD. This means that the construction of Part B will start sooner than what was planned. Construction of Part B will start in July 2006 and operations will begin in the fall of 2008.

1.5 Objectives of the Northern Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Project

1.18 As the situation at the BLWWTP is already dangerous and worsens day by day the Northern Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment (NGEST) Project has been developed. The main objectives of the proposed NGEST Project are to prevent human and ecological disaster in the Beit Lahia area and to prepare the ground for a future safe and sustainable wastewater treatment for the whole Northern Gaza in line with the previous planning by:



a. Eliminating flooding threat at the BLWWTP site by draining the existing effluent lake by pumping the (partly) treated effluent to the infiltration basins of the NGWWTP east of Jabalia.

b. Preparing the preconditions for a satisfactory long-term solution to the treatment of wastewater for the Northern Governorate in Gaza through implementing parts of the planned NGWWTP.

1.6 Objectives of the EA Study 1.19 This EA assignment covers the activities described above as part of the NGEST Project. The wastewater effluent in these phases, between 2006 and 2012, will be used entirely for aquifer recharge.

1.20 This EA is an update for the two previous EAs described in the Executive Summary. It also includes a detailed environmental management and monitoring plan (EMP) and recommendations to be carried out for remedial works.

1.21 The supplemental work carried out in this EA (as compared to the work under the previous EAs) includes:

a. Incorporating any design changes that took place since the preparation of the EAs in 1999 including the emergency phase of draining the effluent lake into the new infiltration basins,

b. Ensuring that the project will not have irreversible negative impacts on the environment and specifically on the quality of the aquifer,

c. Identifying both impacts and benefits of the planned project, d. Developing actions and measures to mitigate unavoidable impacts, e. Consulting with all stakeholders concerned to ensure their awareness of the

project and consider their views and comments..

1.7 EA Approach and Methodology 1.22 Guideline for the conduction of this assessment is the Bank’s Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). In order to prepare the Environmental and MP and achieve its objectives, as outlined in the terms of reference for this study, the consultant carried out the following activities (see Annex I for more details):

1 Data Collection, The study team reviewed the available relevant documents including environmental studies, design reports, wastewater quality tests as well as state standards, policies and regulations.

2 Impact Assessment, The study team conducted the environmental assessment and evaluated the environmental impacts of all project parts and phases. The study team used the tool of water modeling to predict potential impacts or benefits in connection with the planned project. The potential impacts are described and evaluated for the construction and operation stages of the project. In order to minimize environmental impacts, mitigation measures are defined in form of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which must be enforced by the responsible authorities.

3 EMP Development, Based on the previous impact assessment, the assessment team developed an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project, which includes feasible and cost effective measures to minimize or mitigate negative



impacts and the actions to be adopted during the screening process and implementation phases of the project.

1.23 In the planning stage only existing reports have been reviewed and general considerations on the future situation have been made concerning population projections, water demand projections, wastewater treatment capacities, and required measures. Thus, conclusions reached in this report will need to be reviewed on a regular basis, in order to ensure that any new project components or revisions of the present planning are assessed in a similar manner.

1.8 Organizations, Legislation and Standards 1.24 A detailed survey about the organizational Structures, the relevant draft or adopted laws, standards and policies is given in Annex (II).

1.25 Following the Autonomy Agreement between the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel in 1994, the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) was established in January 1996.

1.26 Until November 1996 the governmental organization basically consists of two levels: central and local levels. In November 1996 a new intermediate level was introduced as Governorate, thus three levels were established: central, regional and local governments. Now, in the Gaza Strip, there are five Governorates: Northern, Gaza, Middle, Khan Younis, and Rafah. All ministries were announced in 1994 and, since that time, a major effort has been made to consolidate these ministries and to develop administrative capacity.

1.27 The planned project is located in the Northern Governorate. The current institutional framework has been reviewed concerning related ministries, governmental and non-governmental organizations. The organizations concerned with the planned project have been consulted and their regulations, standards, and requirements were thoroughly studied. Also the future plans for water management in Gaza Strip through Coastal Management Water Utility were considered.

1.28 The study reviewed the available standards concerning water quality, wastewater quality, air pollution, noise pollution, etc. Reference was always made to local relevant standards. In case, the local standards were not available the applicable regional or international standards were identified. The environmental assessment of the project was conducted according to the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.01.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Chapter Two Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Project Description


2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Brief Description

2.1 Because of financial constraints, the construction of the complete new NGWWTP in one step, as it was described and assessed in the previous EAs, is not possible at present. The complete NGWWTP project will therefore be implemented in two parts.

• Part A: NGEST Project • Part B: NGEST Project • Completion of NGWWTP

2.2 Part A: NGEST Project: The World Bank has agreed to finance a “Northern Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment” (NGEST) project. This project comprises immediate measures to prevent human and ecological disaster in the densely populated Beit Lahia area by draining the existing effluent lake and conveying its partly treated effluent to the new infiltration basins at NGWWTP site. In specific, the NGEST project, consists of:

• A terminal pumping station at the site of the existing BLWWTP. It will be constructed in year 2006 for target capacity up to year 2015 flow.

• Pressure pipeline to transfer the effluent from BLWWTP and the effluent lake to the infiltration basins (Figure 2.1);

• Nine infiltration basins (Figure 2.3) with a total maximum infiltration capacity of 35,600 m3/day. This capacity is equivalent to the expected wastewater volume in year 2012.

2.3 These activities that will be implemented under this component will actually be an integral part of the future operation of the NGWWTP. The terminal pumping station and the pressure pipeline will be used to transfer the raw wastewater from BLWWTP site to the NGWWTP upon the decommissioning of BLWWTP.

2.4 Part B: NGEST Project: This consists of the first phase of the new wastewater treatment plant (primary treatment, sludge treatment, odor control). It is designed to handle a maximum wastewater volume of 35,600 m3/day (expected by 2012). This part is scheduled to start construction in 2006 and be completed in 2008.

2.5 Completion of NGWWTP: This consists of Phases II and III of NGWWTP which will increase the treatment capacity of the plant to handle a maximum wastewater volume of 65,300 m3/day (expected by 2025).

2.6 The scope of this EA covers the activities that will be implemented from Part A and Part B as described above. The components of this last part have been fully covered in the old EA and will not be part of this study.

2.7 Chapters 2.2 below, describes the different project components of Part A, while chapter 2.3 describes the details of the two last parts of the project.

2.2 PART A: North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Project 2.2.1 The Terminal Pumping Station 2.8 The terminal pumping station (TPS) comprises two debris/stone chambers, two screen channels, two pump station chambers, and pumping room for dry well pumps. Associated equipment that includes a transformer, switch gear rooms, and two standby generators is also included. Provision for future extension has been incorporated into the

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Chapter Two Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report Project Description


phase I components such as the debris chambers, screens, pump suction champers, and the rest of the civil work facilities. Pumping Capacities 2.9 The total flow of wastewater to be transferred from BLWWTP to the NGWWTP will increase over the period to year 2025. Therefore, the terminal pumping station (TPS) will be implemented in phases. The maximum capacity for the different phases are as follows: TPS - Phase I target: maximum flow at 2015 1,400 l/sec = 5,040 m3/h TPS - Phase II target: maximum flow at 2025 1,800 l/sec = 6,480 m3/h TPS Structures 2.10 The TPS structures includes:

a. Split chamber b. Debris and stone removal c. Medium screens d. Emergency outflow to pond 7 if the flow exceeds the peak flow. e. Pump suction chamber f. Terminal pumps ( 5 in duty and 2 standby for phase I. for phase II one

additional pump will be installed) g. Control instrumentation to achieve the optimal equipment control and the

required operational safety Noise Control 2.11 All pieces of equipment producing noise levels above 72 dB(A) are located inside buildings. The building is designed to absorb the generated noise. Odor Control 2.12 Biological filters for treating noxious odors will be installed to treat air from the inlet, the screen building, and the suction chamber. The odor control system is a comprehensive system to collect and treat air from locations where bad odor may arise. These areas include:

a. Debris and stone chambers b. Screen channels and emergency overflow c. Suction pit chambers d. Screening and container room

2.13 All units will be covered and the air will be exhausted by a fan and conveyed to the filters through pipe work in the buildings and below ground to feed each group of filters. Security Wall 2.14 The TPS site will be surrounded by a wall selected to provide security for the plant installations. The site entrance will be provided with a gate according to local standards. 2.2.2 The Pressure Main

2.15 A ductile iron sewage pipe with 800 mm diameter and 8 kilometer length to transfer the effluent from BLWWTP to the infiltration basins. The pressure main will flow



the route of existing roads. Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 show the route of the proposed pressure pipe and the proposed emergency measures. 2.2.3 The Infiltration Basins 2.16 The infiltration basins are essential part of the NGWWTP but they will be constructed and operated at the emergency phase before the construction and operation of the full treatment plant. The top layer of the NGWWTP site consists of alluvial clay completely covering the permeable kurkar layer at varying depths (Annex IV). About 900,000 m3 of the clayey topsoil will be removed in order to improve the infiltration rate to the planned figures.

Figure 2.1: The Route of Proposed Pressure Pipe

Design capacity 2.17 The maximum capacity of the infiltration basins is based on the design criteria regarding the produced effluent from phase 1 of the NGWWTP, which was predicted for the year 2012. This means that the infiltration basins are designed to accommodate 35,600 m3/d as shown in Table 2.1.

Basins’ area and hydraulic load 2.18 The area that is required for infiltration of the treated wastewater was based on two main factors; the inlet flow rate (35,600 m3/d) and the maintenance and operation schedule for the basins. The allocated land area for the infiltration basins is 80,000 m2.

2.19 Table 2.1 shows the previously expected average effluent and the associated hydraulic load at the infiltration basins based on one day flooding and two days drying

r



operating cycle. The current BLWWTP effluent is about 12,000 m3/day which is less than the flow which has been predicted in the previous EA. The reason may be that not all of the predicted connection plans could be realized in time. Large areas from the northern governorate, which are not yet connected to the sewer system, are expected to be connected in the next two years and as a result, the effluent inflow will follow the originally predicted figures.

1,2 Storage Ponds 11 Pumping Station 3,4 Aeration Ponds 12 Infiltration Basin 1 5,6 Facultative Ponds 13 Infiltration Basins 2 7 Polishing Pond 14 Pressure Line 8 The Lake 15 Floating Pumps 9,10 Emergency Ponds

Figure 2.2: Present Situation at BLWWTP

Table 2.1: Infiltration Rate and Hydraulic Load 2005-2012. Year Q average, m3/d Infiltration Rate, m/d hydraulic Load, m3/m2/year

2005 19,670 0.75 89 2006 21,946 0.84 99 2007 24,221 0.92 110 2008 26,497 1.01 120 2009 28,773 1.09 131 2010 31,049 1.18 141 2011 33,324 1.26 152 2012 35,600 1.35 162 Source: Infiltration Report, SWECO INT, 2003.

Pumping

Pressure Line



2.20 The infiltration report issued by SWECO INT has recommended a hydraulic load of 120 m3/m2/year in order to achieve the most efficient performance of the infiltration basins. This will not be achieved before 2008. The hydraulic load in the year 2012 will be 162 m3/m2/year exceeding the recommended value. After the year 2012 it is planned to lower the load to the recommended value and to direct the surplus effluent to another infiltration scheme or direct use for irrigation since the effluent quality will be suitable for unrestricted irrigation. During the emergency phase the effluent quality (see section 2.1.3) will be of lower quality than the required infiltration standards. Hence, lower loading rate and more frequent maintenance are necessary to avoid clogging of the top surface of the infiltration basins. 2.2.4 BLWWTP Performance and Effluent Quality

Effluent, Sludge and Soil Tests 2.21 As part of this assignment, the effluent, soil, and sludge of the BLWWTP were sampled and analyzed. The analysis included two composite samples from the polishing pond effluent, three samples from the lake representing the whole water column at different locations, three samples from the sludge layer at the bottom of the lake, and three samples from the top soil layer at the bottom of the lake. The analysis results were discussed considering also the historical results from other references. The details of these tests and related discussion are included in Annex (iii). These tests were carried out by the Islamic University Laboratories, Environmental and Rural Studies Laboratory as part of the EA requirements.

2.22 Table 2.3 outlines some of the parameters that are of particular importance in this EA assignment. It shows the adopted values that will be used for evaluating the impacts based on the discussion in Annex III.

2.23 The depth of each pond was measured in order to assess the operation of BLWWTP under the existing conditions. Table 2.2 shows the original design depth and the existing depth. The combination of existing aeration capacity (88 KW) and enough retention time can produce a relatively good effluent (BOD < 50mg/l) for flow up to 14,000 m3/day. According to EU standards, it is required to provide 5 KW aeration capacity for every 1000 m3 of influent. As the influent increases to about 18,000 m3/day, the retention time will be less than 1.2 days which is not enough for aeration. As a result the treatment efficiency will decrease. The existing ponds should be cleaned to restore the depths to their original design values in order to increase the treatment efficiency.

Table 2.2: Depth of Ponds in BLWWTP.

Pond No. Design Depth Existing Depth 1 Anaerobic 2.4 2.55 2 Anaerobic 2.4 2.55 3 Aerated 2.4 1.5 4 Aerated 2.4 1.75 5 Facultative 2.96 2.65 6 Facultative 2.96 2.63 7 Polishing 6.75 6.9

2.24 It is obvious from the Table 2.2 that the level of the water has increased by at least 15 cm over the maximum designed levels. Raising the water level is necessary most of the year to create a little hydraulic head between the BLWWTP ponds and the effluent lake which is now almost the same water level as the treatment plant. If the water level in the

Comment [TA1]: ?



lake is allowed to rise slightly the flow from the treatment plant to the lake will be blocked and the whole treatment system will be disabled. Industrial wastewater contribution 2.25 The main source for industrial wastewater is Beit Hanoun Industrial Estate which contributes less than 5% of the BLWWTP influent. Additional industrial wastewater is also discharged from small establishments in Jabalia and Beit Lahia. In total, less than 7% of the influent is attributed to industrial wastewater. A field survey conducted in 2002 showed that the pre-treatment processes were almost absent, and in the best case they were very simple, represented by sediment tanks.

2.26 According to EQA, industrial installations are classified into three categories according to the hazards arising from these installations in terms of gaseous, liquid or solid waste affecting the human health and the environment. Class A represent the group of industries with the least toxic waste, Class B with medium toxic wastes, and Class C with the most toxic waste. The industries in the northern area form about 20.5% (295) of the total industries in Gaza Strip (1436). Of the 295 industries present in the northern area, 29 were classified as Class A, 199 as Class B, and 67 as Class C (EQA – Baseline Budget, 2004).

2.27 Under the worst case scenario of the industrial wastewater production in terms of quality and quantity, the existing treatment plant is able to absorb all amounts of pollutants and the final effluent is considered clean for agriculture and other reuse applications (Shomar, 2004). As shown in Table 2.3, the risk of heavy metals accumulation is negligible in comparison to the limit values from US, Israel and EU countries due to the low concentrations of potential toxic heavy metals in soil and the sludge from the bottom of the lake.

Table 2.3: Sampling Result from BLWWTP. Item Mean value from

the polishing pond Mean value from the lake, different locations

Mean value from the sludge, bottom

of lake

Mean value from the soil, bottom of

lake

pH 7.5 7.6 8.8 9.0

EC µS 1600 1760

TDS mg/l 1050 1130

TSS mg/l 19 59

BOD mg/l 98 138

Na mg/l 65 75 80 79

Mg mg/l 82 76

Ca 52 62

Cl mg/l 239 250

NO3 mg/l 5.5 2.0

NH3 mg/l 64 50

TKN mg/l 75 104 0.02%

Cd mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.043 0.048

Cu mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

HG mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Pb mg/l 0.05 0.06 0.06 <0.01

Zn mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Cr mg/l 0.055 0.1 0.07 0.14



Item Mean value from the polishing pond

Mean value from the lake, different locations

Mean value from the sludge, bottom

of lake

Mean value from the soil, bottom of

lake

Ni mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.019

Fe mg/l 1.08 1.8

F.C cfu/100ml 26x103 21x103 1.15x103 0.36x103

Nematode Eggs Nill Nill Nill Nill

2.28 With all upgrading activities at BLWWTP realized, the effluent levels of BOD, SS and Total N would be significantly lower than the present values. Previous records in 2001 and 2002 (during full aeration in the aerated lagoons), showed that the BOD was about 45 mg/l (Shomar, 2004). 2.2.5 Operation and Maintenance of Infiltration Basins 2.29 The infiltration area is divided into nine ponds with a total effective area of approximately 80,000 m2. Figure 2.3 shows the layout and the surface area of each of the infiltration basins. Based on the original design, the infiltration basins are divided into three groups; Basins 1-2-3, Basins 4-5-7; and Basins 6-8-9 Figure 2.3. The effluent will be distributed only to one of the three basin groups at a certain time. After flooding for a certain period, 0.5-2 days, the flooded basins are allowed to dry and the water is directed to the next basin group. Due to the change in the effluent quality, the flooding and drying cycles for the emergency period will be different from the cycles during the operation of NGWWTP. The optimal design of the drying the flooding cycles will be based on practical experience during operation.

Figure 2.3: Infiltration Basins Layout and Effective Surface Area

1 10,700 m2

2 12,700 m2

4 8,900 m2

6 7,700 m2

8 7,600 m2

7 8,400 m2

9 7,200 m2

5 9,300 m2 3

6,900 m2

See page 28 Part A (NGEST)

Rem

aind

er o

f N

GW

WTP

Part B (NGEST)

Formatted: Underline, Font color:Red

Formatted: Font: 9 pt, Underline,Font color: Red, Complex Script Font:9 pt

Formatted: Underline, Font color:Red



2.3 Part B (North Gaza Wastewater Treatment Plant)

2.3.1 Background and Previous Considerations

2.30 As part of its long-term intervention measures, PWA through SIDA fund has conducted several studies in which transferring the existing WWTP to the eastern part of Jabalia was examined. Among those studies, which are the basis for the present investigation, are:

a) Boliden Contech and Montgomery Watson (1999). Environmental Impact assessment of Improvements to BLWWTP and Associated Developments. The study assesses the environmental impacts of the fast track construction works that aimed at improving the Existing BLWWTP.

b) Boliden Contech and Montgomery Watson (1999). Environmental Impact assessment of proposed new wastewater treatment Works. The second study is substantially linked to the current EA study where the environmental impacts of the construction of the NGWWTP were assessed. The 1999 assessment was based on the selection of one option among 5 other options. These options were:

Option 1: Oxidation ditch and Thermal Drying Option 2: Sequencing of Batch reactor and Thermal Drying Option 3: Oxidation ditch and Sludge Digestion Option 4: Sequencing Batch Reactor and Sludge Digestion Option 5: Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket, oxidation ditch and Sludge Drying

The preferred option of the study was option 3. The NGWWTP system also incorporates an infiltration pond system. The infiltration system in the previous consideration comprised 6 ponds with a total infiltration capacity of 65,300 m3/day.The previously proposed treatment standards for the effluent as recommended in the previous EA are presented in the Table 2.4.

Table 2.4: Recommendations for Effluent Standards Marine

discharge Agricultural reuse

Aquifer recharge

Proposed Treatment Standards

BOD mg/L - 30 30 30 TSS mg/L - 30 30 30 Total N mg/L - 50 10 10 Ammonia mg N/L - N/a N/a N/a Nitrate mg N/L - N/a N/a N/a Total P mg/L - N/a N/a N/a Faucal Coliform No/100ml 10,000 1000 N/a 1000 Helminthes No/Liter - < 1 N/a < 1 Residual chlorine - No N/a No

c) SWECO INTERNATIONAL during the years 2002-2003 has conducted a series of

studies including desk top study, final detailed evaluation, soil investigation and infiltration study for the NGWWTP. Following the same concept of the previously selected option (oxidation ditch) and considering the recent changes in the recommended treatment and reuse standards, the final detailed evaluation has considered four alternatives which are:

• Plug Flow + Sludge Dewatering (Al).



• Circular/Complete Mix + Sludge Dewatering (B1). • Primary Clarification + Plug Flow + Anaerobic Digestion + Sludge

Dewatering (A2:1). • Primary Clarification + Circular/Complete Mix + Anaerobic Digestion+

Sludge Dewatering (B2:1). The designations Al, B1, A2:1, and B2:1 are the references used in the previous studies.

2.31 The Circular/Complete Mixed process with Primary Clarification and Anaerobic Sludge Digestion with Energy Reuse (Option B2:1) was recommended to be implemented for the NGWWTP.

2.32 The wastewater treatment system selected by SWECO is essentially similar to the system proposed in the feasibility study conducted by Boliden Contech and Montegomery Watson with some modifications in the secondary treatment and the tertiary treatment. The preliminary and primary treatments are essentially the same. Both systems proposed mechanical bar screening, grit and grease removal, in addition to primary sedimentation.

2.33 Regarding the biological treatment, both systems use oxidation ditches with final sedimentation as a secondary treatment. However, the proposed circular loop configuration proposed by the SWECO consultant is more efficient than the one loop (race track) configuration proposed by Boliden Contech and Montegomery Watson in terms of de-nitrification. This is a positive modification when recharging the effluent into the aquifer.

2.34 The tertiary treatment proposed by Boliden Contech and Montegomery Watson which includes sand filtration and Ultraviolet disinfection is excluded from the new design. This modification can be accepted if the treated sewage is used for recharge only. Excluding the sand filtration step may lead to the increase in the maintenance frequency of the infiltration basins due to the rapid accumulation of solids in the basin bed. This occurs due to variations of the final sedimentation tanks efficiency encountered as a result of operational problems such as sludge bulking, leading to high concentrations of the suspended solids in the effluent and consequently endangering the infiltration process. 2.3.2 Process Design Criteria and Considerations (Mainly based on information from the final detailed evaluation by SWECO, 2002) 2.3.2.1 Implementation Phases 2.35 The Pumping Stations will be implemented in two phases with the first phase construction in year 2006 of capacity 2015 and the second in year 2015 of capacity year 2025. Preliminary, Secondary (Biology), and Sludge Treatment at the NGWWTP will be implemented in three phases with expected start up in the year 2008:

• Phase 1 constructed in 2008, target capacity 2012 • Phase 2 constructed in 2011, target capacity 2018 • Phase 3 constructed in 2017, target capacity 2025

Figure 2.4 shows the layout of the treatment plant.

2.36 Previously, the start up year was planned to be 2004, but due to the delay in securing enough fund, the operation of the first phase is now scheduled to start in 2008.



The plant has been designed for Phase 1, but the two following phases have been taken into consideration to achieve an optimal layout not only in Phase 1 but also in Phase 2 and Phase 3. The location of effluent pumping station has also been revised, as well as the pipeline system and the infiltration basins for recharge of the aquifer.

Figure 2.4: NGWWTP General Layout.

2.3.2.2 Influx and Loads 2.37 Based on the detailed evaluation report, the Average Daily Flows forecast to the NGWWTP were:

• Year 2008 26,497 m3 per day • Year 2015 45,403 m3 per day • Year 2025 65,336 m3 per day

2.38 The significant increases for Phase 3, capacity year 2025, in flow are mainly due to the following five factors:

• Population growth of 2.0 to 3.3% per annum. • Increase in service area during the design period equivalent to about 50,000

persons. • Increase in consumption from 114 l/c/d to 150 l/c/d. • Increase in connected population from 70 to 100%. • Decrease in Non Return flow from 42 to 20%.

2.3.2.3 Influent and Sludge Design Criteria 2.39 The facility has been designed for the influx conditions presented in Table 2.5. These parameters were the basis for the comparison in the detailed evaluation.



Table 2.5: Design Criteria of the Influent Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008 to

2012 Phase 2 Year 2012 to 2018

Phase 3 Year 2018 to 2025

COD mg/1 1,054 968 915

BOD5 mg/1 551 506 479 Total-N mg/1 106 98 92 NH4-N rng/1 87 80 76 Total-P mg/l 19 18 17 SS mg/1 580 533 504

2.40 The concentration of NH4--N is expected to be less than 1.0 mg/l in the effluent from the new plant. The oxygen concentration is expected to be between 3.0 to 5,0 mg/l. The chloride concentration is expected to be 200-300 mg/l, based on the quality of the incoming wastewater quality.

2.41 The effluent quality criteria for the NGWWTP are as follows: BOD5 10-20 mg/l SS 15-20 mg/l N-tot 10-15 mg/l Helminth <1 No/l Faecal Coliform <200 MPN/100 ml

2.42 Design of the Plant has also considered that the effluent requirements will be met under the following conditions for Phase 1 of capacity of year 2012: • Daily load ±20 % of the design values during a maximum period of 3 days once per

month. • Flow peaks of up to 4,750 m3 per hour for a maximum duration of 3 hours per day. If

the duration is longer than 3 hours, the flow will be treated but the results from the effluent analyses during this period of time may not meet the effluent requirements. The plant should meet effluent requirements within 48 hours after the flow has subsided to average dry weather conditions (1,975 m3 per hour).

• The Total Nitrogen requirement is an annual average of 24-hours composite, flow proportional samples taken out at least twice every week the whole year.

• The maximum value for BOD shall be fulfilled in 80 % of one year's 24-hour composite flow proportional samples.

• Maximum value for SS shall be fulfilled in 80 % of 3 month's 24-hour composite flow proportional samples.

• The Average Design Temperature is assumed to be 20 C. • The quality of the treated effluent concerning Suspended Solid, Ammonia Nitrogen,

and Nitrate Nitrogen shall not exceed a certain values during a certain period (see clause 2.36).

2.43 The evaluated sludge treatment considered mechanical dewatering for extended aeration processes, and anaerobic digestion and mechanical dewatering in the activated sludge processes. The dewatered sludge is proposed to be stored for 100 days during which time it will dry and stabilize to a certain extent.

2.44 There is a slight modification in the sludge treatment in the selected system compared to that proposed by Boliden Contech and Montegomery Watson. The pre-pasteurization tank is replaced by a sludge storage silo (Figure 2.5 and Figure 2.6). This modification is justified since storage is an effective way for pathogen reduction which



compensates for the pasteurization step. The proposed storage residence time (100 days) should be enough for this process. 2.3.3 Wastewater Treatment Processes 2.45 Process layout drawings are presented at the end of this chapter (Figure 2.5 and Figure 2.6). In the Process Design it is assumed that if one unit is out of operation for maintenance in each process step for a certain period, the other units in operation can still operate at the maximum hydraulic flow. 2.3.3.1 Preliminary Treatment 2.46 The Preliminary Treatment consists of; Pre-Aeration, Fine Screening, Grit and Grease Removal and Flow Measurement. All treatment steps are designed to allow development to Phase 3 that will serve to year 2025. Pre-Aeration

2.47 As the distance of the pressure mains between the New Terminal Pumping Station and the NGWWTP is about 8,000 meter, the retention time during night time (small wastewater volumes) is high just after commissioning in year 2008. The combination of high wastewater temperature of 20 to 30°C and Sulphate content up to 100 mg/liter accelerates the creation of Hydrogen Sulphide. This might cause corrosion and odor problems in the whole treatment plant. It is therefore very important to oxidize the influent by aeration in pre-aeration basins to avoid conditions creating those problems. The basins are covered and the excess air is transferred to odor treatment (bio filters) to minimize the H2S-content and other odor producing components. The design parameters are presented in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6: Design Parameters for Pre-Aeration. Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008

to 2012 Phase 2 Year 2012 to 2018


Number of units Units 2 2 2 Volume, each m3 250 250 250 Volume, total m3 500 500 500 Area, each m2 62,5 62,5 62,5 Area, total m2 125 125 125 Length x Width each m x m 6x12.5 6x12.5 6x12.5 Depth m 4,0 4,0 4,0 Retention time Qdesign Minutes 15.2 11.0 8.3

Fine Screening

2.48 Three fine screens and one stand-by are designed for the hourly maximum flow of 6,480 m3 per hour in Phase 3. All these screens will be installed under Part B, but maximum flows will not occur until 2025. Each screen has a capacity of 2,160 m3/hour. The fine screens have a bar distance of 2 mm. With 2 mm bar distance the subsequent treatment units are well protected against coarse objects, which could create obstructions in the process equipment such as pumps. The expected amount of fine screening material (wet, drained and washed) is 4.4 m3/day. The yearly volume for disposal of screenings is



estimated at 1,600m3 in Phase 1. The screening material will be disposed of at appropriate landfill disposal sites. Grit and Grease Removal 2.49 The grit and grease chambers are designed for the maximum flow of 6,480 m3/hour. The treatment is performed in two parallel units. The grit chambers have a total volume of 550 m3. This gives a hydraulic retention time of 9 min at design flow in Phase 3, well designed to remove sand particles in range of 0.15 to 0.2 mm. Floating grease is collected in a separate chamber located along the grit chamber. Collected grease is transported by surface scrapers to the grease pits. Those are located beside the grit chambers. From the grease pits, the grease is pumped to a combined storage tank for grease and floating sludge from the primary clarifiers. A truck transports the fat and grease to a legal disposal site outside the WWTP. All air volumes are treated in the odor treatment unit. With this system the possibility of odor occurring from grease and fat at the site is minimized. Design data for the grit and grease chambers are presented in Table 2.7 and Table 2.8.

Table 2.7: Design Parameters for Grit Removal

Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008 to2012

Phase 2 Year 2012 to2018


Number of units units 2 2 2 Volume, each m3 275 275 275 Volume, total m3 550 550 550 Area, each m2 80 80 80 Length x Width m x m 20 x 4 20 x 4 20 x 4 Area, total m2 160 160 160 Depth m 3.4 3.4 3.4 Retention time Qdesign minutes 17 12 9

Table 2.8: Design Parameters/or Grease Removal - NGWWTP.

Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008 to 2012



Number of units units 2 2 2 Volume, each m3 250 250 250 Volume, total m3 500 500 500 Area, each m2 82.5 82.5 82.5 Length x Width Area, Total

m x m m2

20x4.1 165

20x4.1 165

20x4.1 165

Depth m 3.0 3.0 3.0 Surface Load Qdesign m/hour 12 17 22

2.50 The aeration system is designed for an air supply capacity of 12-15 m3/meter tank length and hour. Hydraulically one unit can operate the maximum capacity. During Phase 1, year 2012 the grit volume is estimated to 4,900 m3/year. Flow Measurement 2.51 The flow measurement after the grit and grease chambers is designed as two Parshall flumes. This type of measurement gives an accuracy of the flow measuring of



±0.5 %. Each Parshall flume is designed for the future maximum flow 3,240 m3/hour in Phase 3. It is important to have two flumes to achieve sufficient accuracy in the start of year 2005. 2.3.3.2 Primary Treatment Primary Clarification 2.52 Equal flow to each of the rectangular primary clarifiers is achieved at all rates of flow by a weir to each clarifier. Rectangular clarifiers are preferable to circular clarifiers in the new design because less piping is needed and a more compact layout is required to achieve a larger area for the infiltration basins. Design data for the primary clarifiers are presented in Table 2.9.

Table 2.9: Design Parameters for Primary Clarifiers - NGWWTP. Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008 to

2012 Phase 2 Year 2012 to


2025 Number of units units 3 4 5 Area, each m2 300 300 300 Area, total m2 900 1,200 1,500 Length x Width Volume, each

m x m m3 50x6 1,050

50x6 1,050

50x6 1,050

Volume, total m3 3,150 4.200 5,250 Depth m 3.5 3.5 3.5 Retention time design Hours 1.6 1.5 1.5 Surface Load Qdesign m/hour 2.2 2.3 2.4

2.53 The clarifiers are designed for the following reductions at influent pollution loads in Table 2.10. The relatively shallow tanks and the high surface load result in a lower retention time and lower reduction compared with deeper tanks.

Table 2.10:Assumed Reduction in Primary Clarifiers - NGWWTP.

Parameter Reduction Phase 1 Year 2008 to2012

Phase 2 Year 2012 to2018


COD % 25 25 25 BOD5 % 25 25 25 N total % 10 10 10 SS % 55 55 55

2.54 The assumed reductions were verified by sedimentation tests at the BLWWTP site. Each primary clarifier has sludge thickening hopper at the inlet of the tank. The dry solids content achieved was 3.5 to 6.0 . No further thickening is needed. Biological Treatment (Circular /Complete Mixed activated Sludge system) 2.55 In the circular/complete mixed process the incoming wastewater and the return sludge are mixed together in the first aeration zone. Activated sludge moves in the endless channel through successive nitrification and denitrification zones. This process combines the features of complete mixing and plug flow. The complete mixing feature results from the fact that the total liquid volume included in the circulatory process is about 30 to 50



times greater than the influent flow rate. Thus the process can provide a marked buffer effect. The plug flow feature is due to the great distance covered by one circuit. Improved de-nitrification results in a reduced oxygen concentration in some parts of the aeration tank.

2.56 The sludge age, nitrification and de-nitrification rate have been used for the design of the volumes. The nitrification and de-nitrification rates have been selected from several plants in operation during several years with the value 3.5 gram NH4-N per kg VSS hour and 3.1 gram NO3-N per kg VSS hour respectively. The Sludge Yield used for the design is 0.65 kg VSS per kg BOD-Removal and the organic part of the sludge, MLVSS, is expected to be 70% of the MLSS, which is 3.5 kg MLVSS per m3. A summary of the design parameters is presented in Table 2.11 for year 2012.

Table 2.11: Summary of Design Parameters for Circular/Complete Mixed System. Parameter Unit Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Number of units it it

Units 3 4 5 Volume, each m3 10,100 10,100 10,100 Volume, total m3 30,300 40,400 50,500 Depth m 6 6 6 Sludge age days 11.2 11.8 11.9

2.57 Special features of the process are that it can accommodate large variations in both the quantity and quality of incoming sewage. Mechanical submersible mixers are used to create sufficient current velocity in the wastewater in order to prevent the settling of sludge.

2.58 The aeration system is recommended to be a rubber membrane system, partly covering the base of the tank in the anoxic/oxic and the oxic zones. It is divided into three sections in each tank; one in the anoxic/oxic zone and two in the oxic zone. In front of each diffuser section a propeller is creating the hydraulic horizontal velocity throughout the tank. The recycled return sludge is combined in this circular chap and no return pumps for nitrified sludge are needed. It is also possible to adjust the oxygen profile and decrease the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the end of the oxic zone in the pre-denitrification process. The specific oxygen consumption is assumed to be 3.0 kg O2 per kWh. Secondary Clarification

2.59 The flow from the activated sludge system will pass secondary Clarifiers of the circular type. The design of the Clarifiers is based on the surface load as well as the depth to give sufficient settling efficiency and sludge handling capacity. The clarification is performed in three circular clarifiers in year 2012 Phase 1. The clarifiers have circular bottom scrapers at the total diameter of the tank from which the sludge is sucked from several points to ensure an equal sludge withdrawal along the bottom surface. The clarifiers are equipped with deflection discs. Design data for the secondary clarifiers are presented in Table 2.12.

Comment [TA2]:



Table 2.12: Design Parameters for Secondary Clarifiers. Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008 to



2025 Number of units units 3 4 5 Area, each m2 1,100 1,100 1,100 Area, total m2 3,300 4,400 5.500 Diameter m 37.4 37.4 37.4 Volume, each m3 5,060 5,060 5,060 Volume, total m3 15,180 20,240 25,300 Depth m 4.6 4.6 4.6 Surface Load Qdesign m/hour kg 0.60 0.62 0.65 Sludge Load Qdesign MLSS/m2,h 1.7 2.2 2.3 Retention Time hours 7.7 7,4 7,0

2.60 Each final clarifier is supplied with a withdrawal system, which transports the evacuated scum/water mixture through the pipe to the chamber for floating sludge. The scum/floating sludge has to be taken care of separately and shall not be recycled to the process again.

2.3.3.3 Tertiary Treatment 2.61 The previous studies for the NGWWTP have considered sand filtration and disinfection for Tertiary Treatment. Since there will be no direct reuse of the effluent at phase 1, tertiary treatment will not be necessary. During infiltration the soil layers above the aquifer will be sufficient to perform this task (Soil Aquifer Treatment - SAR). 2.3.4 Sludge Treatment Primary Sludge Production

2.62 The design data for the sludge production is presented in the following table. The efficiency with respect to dry solids content in the thickened primary sludge varies between 3.5 % and 6.0 % with an assumed average of 5.0%.

Table 2.13: Design Parameters for Primary Sludge Productions Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008

to 2012 Phase 2 Year 2012


to 2025 Incoming SS kg SS/day 20,658 26,280 32,844 Reduction of SS in PC % 55 55 55 Dry solids out from PC % 5.0 5.0 5.0 Primary Sludge Production kg DS/day 9.448 11,941 14,851 Sludge Volume m3/day 227 289 361 Secondary Sludge Production 2.63 The sludge age in the biological treatment is assumed to be an average of 21 days, at the start up year and 11 days in Phase 1, year 2012. The sludge production is estimated to be 0.60 kg DS per kg BOD removed at the start up year and 0.65 kg DS per kg BOD removed in Phase 1, 2 and 3. Secondary sludge production is estimated to those figures presented in Table 2.14.



Table 2.14: Design Parameters for Secondary Sludge Production Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year

2008 to 2012Phase 2 Year 2012 to 2018


Dry solids Secondary Sludge % 0.8 0.8 0.8 Spec Sludge Production Kg SS/kg BOD

removed 0.65 0.65 0.65

Sludge Production kg DS/day 9,448 11.941 14,851 Sludge Volume at 0.8 % m3/day 1,181 1,493 1,856

Sludge Thickening

2.64 The Primary Sludge is pumped from the sludge hoppers in the Primary Clarification Basins to one sludge silo with a volume of 100 m3 and a Dry Solids Content of 5 %. The sludge is then pumped to the Anaerobic Digestion.

2.65 The secondary sludge is mechanically thickened with the addition of polyelectrolyte. The system is equipped with two polyelectrolyte units, one in spare. The design parameters are summarized in Table 2.15. The Thickened sludge is pumped to the Anaerobic Digestion with total dry solids of 5%.



Table 2.15: Design Parameters for Mechanical Thickening Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008



to 2025 Number of units pcs 3 4 5 Capacity volume Total m3/h 60 80 100 Sludge Load In kg DS/day 9,448 11,941 14,851 Dry solids Content in % 0.8 0.8 0.8 Sludge Volume In m3/day 1.181 1,493 1,856 Dry solids Content Out % 5.0 5.0 5.0 Sludge Volume Out m3/day 189 239 297 Sludge Anaerobic Digestion 2.66 It is assumed that the Volatile Solids Content of 70 % in the sludge pumped to the digester. The degradable part is 50 %. The sludge load will be reduced with 35 % and the remaining part will be 65 % of the inlet sludge load. Design data for the digesters are as follows in Table 2.16.

Table 2.16: Design Parameters for Anaerobic Digesters. Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year

2008 to 2012Phase 2 Year 2012 to 2018


Sludge Load In kg DS/day 20,810 26.395 32,815 Dry Solids Content In % 5.0 5.0 5.0 Volatile Solids In % 70.0 70.0 70.0 Sludge Volume In M3/d 416 528 658 Number of Units units 2 3 3 Volume, Per Unit m3 4,000 4,000 4,000 Volume, Total Retention Time

m3 8,000 12,000 12,000

Retention time days 19.2 22.7 18.2 Volatile Solids Load kg VDS/m3

day 1.8 1.5 1.9

VDS Content Out % 3.3 3.3 3.3 Reduction of Sludge Load of the inlet % 35 35 35

Remaining Sludge load of the inlet % 65 65 65 Sludge Load out kg DS/day 13.527 17,156 21,395

Sludge Volume out M3/d 416 528 658

2.67 Temporary non-function of one digester may occur when maintenance is performed inside the digester. This is a planned interruption in the operation of one or two months. The retention time is around 10 days, which is enough to maintain the gas production. The heat exchangers and circulation pumps are designed to maintain a temperature in the digesters of 35°C.

2.68 From each digester, the digested sludge is pumped to two sludge storage silos, 2 x 500 m3 each. The sludge is homogenized and degassed with air supply.



Gas Treatment Design data for the gas treatment are presented in 2.69 Table 2.17.

Table 2.17: Design Parameters for Gas Production. Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008

to 2012 Phase 2 Year 2012 to 2018


VDS Removed % 50 50 50 Gas Production Nm3/kg VDS

removed 1.0 1.0 1.0

Gas Volume Nm3/d 7,284 9,238 11,520

Gas Generators 2.70 The produced gas is burned in Gas Generators. The energy production is calculated with a specific energy content of 6.5 kWh per Nm3 biogas. Design data for the co-generator at full load is presented in the following Table.

Table 2.18: Design Parameters for Gas-Generator. Parameter Unit Phase 1 Year 2008



to 2025 Energy Production kWh/Nm3 6.5 6.5 6.5 Efficiency % 90 90 90 Electrical Production % 35 35 35 Heat Production % 65 65 65 Electrical Energy kWh/day 14,913 18,915 23,588 Heat Energy kWh/day 27,696 35,128 43,806 Number of Units unit 1 2 2 Total Effect Average kW 2,150 4,300 4,300 Total Electric Effect kW 750 1,500 1.500 Total Heat Effect kW 1,400 2,800 1.700

2.71 Provision is also made for one unit to burn LPG gas at the start-up of the anaerobic digesters. The gas generators are designed for 20 hours operation time. Sludge Dewatering 2.72 The digested primary sludge and thickened secondary sludge are dewatered in two centrifuges equipped with two polyelectrolyte units, one as a spare. The centrifuges are designed to operate on an average of 25 % dry solids by weight in the cake. Two polyelectrolyte make-up and dosing units support the centrifuges to condition the digested sludge before dewatering. The units are located in a separate room adjacent to the centrifuges. The maximum of polyelectrolyte dosage is 8 kg per ton DS. Design data for the centrifuges are presented in Table 2.19. The dewatered sludge is transported with two pumps to the sludge storage



Table 2.19: Design Parameters for Dewatering Centrifuges Parameter Unit Phase 1

Year 2008 to 2012



Number of Units pcs 3 4 5 Capacity Volume, Total m3/h 25 25 25

Sludge Load in kg DS/day 13,527 17,156 21,395 Dry Solids Content in % 3.3 3.3 3.3 Sludge Volume in m3/day 416 528 658 Dry Solids Content out % 25 25 25 Sludge Volume out O

m3/day • 54 67 86 Sludge Volume out Out m3/week 379 480 599

Sludge Storage 2.73 The thickened sludge is pumped to the sludge storage with a retention time of 100 days where drying of the sludge is undertaken. The sludge storage has an area of 3,600 m2 and a volume of 5,400 m3 at Phase 1, year 2012. It is recommended to provide an area which is large enough to store the sludge production of one year, as the farmers usually fertilize their fiels only once per year, in winter time. 2.3.5 Noise and Odor Control Noise Control 2.74 All equipment that produces significant noise levels is contained within buildings. The maximum noise level from an individual piece of equipment is estimated to be approximately 100 dB(A). Noise levels outside the building will not exceed 72 dB(A). Odor Control

2.75 The odor control system is a comprehensive system to collect and treat air from locations where bad odors may occur. Air is conveyed from these locations to the two odor control plants, one located adjacent to the pre-treatment building and one located at sludge storage area both consisting of Bio-Filters. The composition of the air which has been the basisi for the design of the plant is as follows:

Hydrogen Sulphide 0.2-15 mg/Nm3 Methyl Mercaptane 0.05-5 mg/Nm3 Methyl Disulphide 0.05-5 mg/Nm3 Dimethyl Disulphide 0.02-1.5 mg/Nm3 Odor Units 300-25,000 Hydro Carbon (CH4 > 95%) 200-400 mg CH4 equivalent/Nm3

2.76 In addition to the mentioned components small amounts of Ammonia, Skatole and Methyl Amine will be in the air flow. The Bio-Filters shall treat the air/odor from wastewater treatment area in:

Pre-Aeration basins - completely covered volume Inlet channel and outflow - covered Fine screens - completely covered volume Grit/grease removal channels Grit/screening container room.



And from sludge treatment area in: Sludge storage silos Process units as thickeners, dewatering units, conveyors and sludge hoppers.

2.77 For each group of Bio-Filters when one Bio-Filter is taken out of use to replace the media, the loading on the other filters is designed for this situation. Air will be conveyed to the filters through pipe work below ground and will be fed to each group of Bio-Filters. Valves will be provided to isolate a Bio-Filter when it is taken out of use for maintenance.

2.78 A system of perforated pipes is provided at the base of the filters to distribute the air around the filter. These pipes are surrounded by stones, which further diffuses the air to give an even distribution across the area of the filter. The filter media where the air is treated biologically is located directly above the stone layer. A number of material mixtures have been used successfully as the media. A mix of 80% peat and 20% polyurethane has been used and the use of this material is considered in the first instance. To prevent the media from drying out a sprinkler system fed by treated effluent drawn prior to disinfection will be incorporated into the filter

2.79 Covered process units in the wastewater pre-treatment are the debris and stone pit, the inlet channel, grit and grease chambers. In the sludge treatment units, the sludge silos for secondary sludge, sludge silos for digested sludge and raw sludge silos are covered and connected to the air suction system. Mechanical equipment units such as screens, grit dewaterer and centrifuges are totally enclosed to avoid odor in the rooms. Each unit is connected to the air suction system that is connected to odor treatment. All conveyor units will be closed and provided with equipment for air suction. Containers for disposal of screenings and grit are provided with hoods connected to the air suction system. The potential for odor nuisance from primary clarifier has been minimized by having a low retention time.

2.80 It is important for the design of the Bio-Filter to know the Hydrogen Sulfide Content and the Sulfate Content into the raw wastewater and retention time in the sewers network. The following assumptions have been considered:

Wastewater Treatment Volume of air to be treated 15,000 m3/hour Loading Rate 100 m3/m2/day Area of filter required 150 m2

Sludge Treatment Volume of air to be treated 6,000 m3/hour Loading Rate 100 m3/m2/day Area of filter required 60 m2

2.81 The Bio-Filters are proposed to be a compost bio filter system. As the main part of the air to be treated is coming from the Preliminary treatment the design refers to Phase 3.

2.4 Investment Cost

2.4.1 Capital Cost 2.82 The total cost for the whole proposed project is estimated at US$43.05 million including the emergency phase. The emergency phase cost is estimated at US$13.15 million including the technical assistance and contingencies. This component includes the



construction of the terminal pumping station, the transmission line to drain part of the lake and the infiltration basins, which will be built at the site of the NGWWTP. 2.4.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost 2.83 The operation and maintenance cost for the emergency phase is shown in Table 2.20. This was based on 35,600 m3/day flow.

Table 2.20: O&M Cost for the Emergency Phase. US$/m3 MUS$/year Sewage transfer and infiltration 0.16 2.08 Existing pumping station and sewer network 0.08 1.04 Total 0.24 3.12

2.84 O&M Cost breakdowns for the wastewater treatment and sludge treatment selected option under consideration have been made for Year 2012. Summary of the results are presented in Table 2.21.

2.85 The energy consumption is the main costs, around 28% for the selected alternative B2:1 including the reuse of energy. The energy reuse with anaerobic digestion of primary and secondary sludge is 59% of the total electrical energy consumption. The labor costs increase with 25%. The reasons for this are more monitoring instruments, more mechanical equipment installations, more analysis on the sludge side to supervise the anaerobic digesters and operation and maintenance for the gas generators and cooling equipment. Operation and Maintenance cost for the startup year is expected to be higher than Year 2012 due to expert/expatriate staff in the initial stage of the plant.

Table 2.21: O&M Cost at Year 2012 O&M Costs

Thousand US$/year Power 648 Power recovery -381 Poly. electrolyte 123 Chlorine 9 Ferric Chloride 11 Transport 69 Labor 180 Maintenance 433 Total 0&M 1,091



1. Entrance 8. Primary Settling 2. Administration Building 9. Sludge Dewatering 3. Digesters 10. Sludge Storage 4. Energy Building 11. Preliminary Screening 5. Gas Holder 12. Final Clarifiers 6. Activated Sludge 13. Pump Station 7. Odor Treatment 14. Infiltration Basins

Figure 2.5: Phase II - NGWWTP Layout

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

1011 12

13 14



Figure 2.6: Treatment Process of NGWWTP

Sludge Storage 2x500m³


Main Pumping Station

Pre-Aeration 2x250 m³

Screening (3)

Grit and Grease Removal 2x(275+250)m³

Primary Clarifier 3x300m²

Activated Sludge 3x10100m³

Final Clarifier 3x1100m³

Effluent Pumping Station

Infiltration Ponds 92620m²

Sludge Silo 100m³

Digester 2x4000m³


Sludge Dewatering3

Sludge Thickening3

Sludge Storage5400m³

Agriculture

227 5.0 11,362

Sludge Silo 100m³

416 5.0 20,810

416 3.3 13,527

1,181 0.8 9,448

189 5.0 9,448

76 25 13,527

Preliminary Primary Secondary Recharge to Aquifer

Air

Air

Influent

NH4 NO3 BODR

BODR

N

NO3 N to Clarifier RAS

M3/day % Kg TSS/day

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Chapter Three Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report Assessment of Environmental Impacts and Benefits


3 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND BENEFITS

3.1 The impacts of the proposed project were described and evaluated for construction, operation and maintenance stages. The estimated or measured impacts were described and evaluated based on well-defined criteria. The total impact values considering the different stages of the project were assessed and used for comparing the alternatives. The assessment of significance was done by thorough scoping and discussion meetings involving interdisciplinary expertise.

3.1 Water Quality and Water Resources

3.1.1 Baseline Information

3.1.1.1 General Geology of the Coastal Aquifer 3.2 Gaza aquifer is part of the regional coastal aquifer which lies along the southeastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea and extends from the foothills of Mt. Carmel southward to Gaza and northern Sinai. It is composed of calcareous sandstone from the Pliocene-Pleistocene age, unconsolidated sands, and layers of clays. In the Gaza Strip, the aquifer extends about 15-20 km inland, where it overlies chalks from the Eocene and limestone or the Saqiye Group from the Miocene-Pliocene. The Saqiye Group is a 400- 1000-meter thick sequence of marls, marine shales, and claystones. Approximately 10- to 15-km inland from the coast, the Saqiye Group pinches out, and the coastal aquifer rests directly on Eocene chalks and clastic sediments from the Neogene. Figure 3.1 presents a generalized geological cross-section of the coastal aquifer.

Figure 3.1: Generalized Geological Cross Section of the Coastal Aquifer

3.3 Near the coast in the Gaza Strip, clay layers subdivide the coastal aquifer into four separate sub-aquifers (Figure 3.1). They extend inland about 2 to 5 km, depending on location and depth. Further east, the marine clays pinch out and the coastal aquifer can be regarded as one hydro-geological unit.

3.4 Within the Gaza Strip, the thickness of the Kurkar Group increases from east to west, and ranges from about 70 m near the Gaza border to approximately 200 m at the coastline. Layers of clay with a low permeability are found in the Kurkar group. These layers are more predominant closer to the coast.



3.1.1.2 Current Water Quality 3.5 The ambient water quality in this study is reviewed with respect to chloride, nitrate, and pathogenic bacteria. For simplicity, the reference level over which the water is to be considered a source and under which the water is to be considered a sink is set as follows based on the World Health Organization drinking water guidelines:

• 50 mg/l for NO3 • 250 mg/l for Chloride • 0 cfu/100 ml for Faecal Coliform.

3.6 The highest chloride sources are expected in the areas affected by seawater intrusion and the deeper groundwater layer. High nitrate concentrations are expected in the vicinity of local anthropogenic sources including agriculture and wastewater leakages. Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3 show the water quality testing results for the municipal wells and some of the monitoring wells for Chloride and Nitrate concentration. These figures represent the average quality values for the year 2003 until March 2004. Generally, the chloride concentrations in the abstracted water exceed 250 mg/l in most of the Gaza Coastal Aquifer.

3.7 Figure 3.3 shows that the Nitrate concentration in the abstracted water by far exceeds the WHO drinking water guidelines in most of the Northern Gaza aquifer. In the area around the proposed infiltration site the average Nitrate concentration is below 30 mg/l. At the proposed infiltration site itself the maximum nitrate concentration in the groundwater, is about 30 mg/1, the lowest chloride concentration is around 270 mg/1 and the pH is generally between 7 and 8. Table 3.1 shows the mean and the range figures for some of the important groundwater parameters (SWECO INT., 2003). Also, more details about the effluent quality from the existing wastewater treatment plant at Beit Lahia can be found in Annex (III).

Table 3.1: Water Quality Summary for the Infiltration Site Physical or chemical property Mean Range Conductivity K (m/d) 55 28-93 Specific yield, Sy 20% 14%-24% Groundwater level (M from MSL) 0,25 -0.28- 1.06 Nitrate (mg/1) 24 18-36 Chloride (mg/1) 496 270-786 Calcium (mg/l) 42 11-75 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/1) 1590 1050-2130 pH 7.4 7.8-8.1

3.8 Pathogenic bacteria should be expected in the groundwater near to the existing wastewater treatment plant as the partially treated sewage has been infiltrated into the aquifer since years. However, the most recent water quality analyses for the monitoring wells show that the groundwater is free from pathogenic bacteria. The fecal Coliform in well A/36 and well A/14 was 12 and 10 cfu/100 ml respectively in October 2002 (PWA, 2004). No fecal Coliform was found in the rest of the monitoring wells at the same time. The infiltration ponds and the unsaturated zone may be regarded as sinks for Pathogenic bacteria due to production and activity of bio-skins in the ponds and due to adsorption and



natural decay in the unsaturated zone. Sinks for pathogenic bacteria are also found in the native groundwater.

#

#

#

###

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

### ## #

77 45

294213

286131205

162

147

319

582

352

153

468

355

557

108152

393 271608

624

149212

593

333494

658

786

786

774786 eisting BLWWTP

New WWTP siteGaza Strip borders

# monitoring wells

N

EW

S

0 1 2 3 4 Kilometers

Figure 3.2: 2003 Chloride Concentration (mg/l) in the Shallow Aquifer

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

# ## #

4083

90

30

56

45

98

9487

99

43

52

28

21

2727

278

139198

154

188

223

422

114147159

242223255

258

186

141

156

eisting BLWWTPNew WWTP siteGaza Strip borders

# monitoring wells

N

EW

S

0 1 2 3 4 Kilometers

Figure 3.3: 2003 Nitrate Concentration (mg/l) in the Shallow Aquifer

3.1.2 No Project Impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.9 Without changes there will be an ongoing deterioration of the groundwater quality due to the infiltration of partly treated sewage into the aquifer. Figure 3.4 and Figure 3.5 show significant increase in the chloride and nitrate concentration in the last four years in



two of the monitoring wells. These wells are located down stream of the natural groundwater flow from the existing effluent pond as shown in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4: Location of Existing Monitoring Wells Around Beit Lahia Treatment Plant

A/62 Quality Trend

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

Mar

-99

Apr-

99

May

-99

Jan-

02

Jul-0

2

Oct

-02

Apr-

03

Jul-0

3

Oct

-03

NO3

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/l)

40

60

80

100

120

Cl C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

l)

Figure 3.5: Chloride and Nitrate Monitoring for Well A/62

A/46 Quality Trend

40

60

80

100

120

Mar

-99

Apr

-99

May

-99

Jan-

02

Jul-0

2

Oct

-02

Apr

-03

Jul-0

3

Oct

-03

NO3

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/l)

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

Cl C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

l)

Figure 3.6: Chloride and Nitrate Monitoring for Well A/46

3.1.3 Impacts during operation of the (Emergency Phase and Part B)



3.1.3.1 Flow Model Results NGWWTP Site: 3.10 The initial effluent quantities that will be infiltrated into the aquifer are listed in Table 3.2. The results show that the rising water table reaches steady state conditions after approximately 8 years. The effect on groundwater levels caused by infiltration is best described by comparing simulated groundwater levels before infiltration has begun (Figure 3.7) and after steady state conditions have been reached (Figure 3.8). The simulations show that the ground water level under the infiltration area will rise to about 6.5 m. The results show that at the long run 120 wells will be affected by the resulted water mound. The resulted water mound will extend about 2,200 m towards the sea, 1,100 m inland, 1,700 m north and south of the infiltration basins. Figure 3.9 shows more details about the resulted steady state water mound. Table 3.2: Proposed/Planned Infiltration Quantities

Start of Year Infiltration Quantity (m3/day)

Expected Source

2006 20,000 12,000 from the Existing BLWWTP + 8,000 from the effluent lake

2007 20,000 Existing BLWWTP 2008 20,000 Existing BLWWTP 2009 28,800 New NGWWTP 2010 31,000 New NGWWTP 2011 33,300 New NGWWTP 2012 35,600 New NGWWTP 2025 35,600 New NGWWTP

Figure 3.7: Water Level before the Start of Infiltration.

Figure 3.8: Steady State Water Level Contours and the Extent of Water Mound.

3.11 Figure 3.10 shows the water level contours at the end of emergency period (2008). The groundwater level beneath the infiltration basins will rise about 3.7 m. the resulted water mound will extend about 700 m towards the sea, 300 m inland, 250 m north and south of infiltration basins.



Figure 3.9: The Resulted Steady State Water Mound

3.12 In order to study the lateral groundwater flow across the borders the model domain is divided into 3 different zones (Figure 3.11). Zone 3 represents the aquifer beneath the infiltration basins and the nearby surrounding areas (300m from the infiltration site).

3.13 The model shows that 13% to 18% of the infiltrated water may cross the border to Israel during the emergency phase and the long term phase respectively. The lateral flow in the reverse direction, to the west, will be reduced to half due to the infiltration.

Table 3.3: Lateral Groundwater Flow across the Borders in the Vicinity of the Site. Before infiltration

(m3/day) Emergency period (m3/day)

Long term (m3/day)

Zone 3 total recharge rate 350 20,350 35,950 Flow from Zone1 to Zone3 3300 1,600 1,500 Flow from Zone3 to Zone1 60 2,700 6,600

3.14 Table 3.4 shows the long term water balance for Gaza part of the model domain. Compared to the figures from CAMP Model (see table IV-2), you can notice a significant improvement in the total recharge quantity (~35,600*365=13 M m3/year). On the other hand, the lateral inflow is reduced by about 25%. Overall, the Gaza part of the aquifer will gain 13 and will loose 6 as lateral outflow due to the proposed infiltration. The proposed



project will contribute a little in reducing the sea water intrusion (the projected seawater intrusion in the year 2025 without infiltration is 30 Mm3/year while with infiltration it will be 26 Mm3/year for the same year). The problem of seawater intrusion will remain due to the aquifer imbalance.

Zone 1: Israeli part of the model Zone2: most of Gaza part of the model Zone3: the infiltration basins and the vicinity

Figure 3.10: Water Level at End of Emergency Phase.

Figure 3.11: Modeling Zones for Zone Budget

Table 3.4: Long-term North Gaza Aquifer Water Budget (2025). Long term balance, (Mm3/year) Inflows (Mm3/year) Total recharge 60.16 Sea water intrusion 26.33 Lateral inflow 15.86 Outflows (Mm3/year) Total abstraction 99.97 Outflow to sea 2.00 Lateral outflow 1.07

BLWWTP Site:

3.15 If the NGWWTP project is fully implemented, no more partially treated sewage will be infiltrated into the groundwater aquifer. Only the storm water from Jabalia will be infiltrated using the existing storm water infiltration basins. At the long run (2025), the continuous abstraction activities will cause about a two-meter drop in the groundwater table in a 3 kilometer diameter circle around the BLWWTP site. This drop will be less by one meter if the effluent lake remains in place.

Z 3

Z 2Z 1



3.1.3.2 Advective Transport 3.16 In order to study which part of the aquifer that will be directly influenced by the infiltration, the module Modpath was used to simulate the advective transport. The Modpath results (Figure 3.12 and Figure 3.13) indicate that the plume will extend about 2,200 m towards the sea, 500 m inland, and 1,200 m transversely from the edge of the infiltration basins. These represent the long term conditions if all the infiltration basins are utilized.

Figure 3.12: Extent of Flow Paths at the End of Emergency Phase

3.17 At the end of the emergency phase (2008) the plume will extend about 500 m towards the sea, 200 m inland, and 300 m transversely from the edge of the infiltration basins. These results are in line with the Modflow results to a great extent in all directions except for the inland direction. The reason is that a part of the upstream groundwater mound will result from the blocking of the natural flow from the east by the infiltrated water.

3.18 It takes about 250 days for the plume to reach the nearest agricultural well (200 m north of infiltration basins edge). The nearest domestic well is 2050 m west of the infiltration basin (Q/68). Other nearby domestic wells (Q/40B, R25, and R66/B) are located at a distance 2,350 m or greater west and southwest of the infiltration basins. These wells will not be affected by the infiltrated water even at the long run.



Figure 3.13: Extent of Flow Paths after 20 Years from the Start of Infiltration

3.1.3.3 Advection-Dispersion Transport Model Chloride 3.19 Chloride is a conservative, water soluble element which will follow the water and which will be unaffected by any degradation and sorption processes. This means that the concentration in the infiltration water will remain constant along the water path, except for dispersion and dilution in the distant parts of the infiltration water plume.

3.20 In order to study the transport due to advection-dispersion, MT3D module simulation has been performed using chloride. The infiltration water was given a chloride concentration of 250 mg/l and the chloride concentration in the aquifer was set to 0 mg/l. This simulation allowed for a clear picture of the spreading of the infiltration water, since, any deviations from the zero level are a direct effect of the infiltration.

3.21 Figure 3.14 shows the extent of the chloride plume at the end of the emergency phase (2008) if all the proposed infiltration basins are used. The inner circle in the figure (about 200 - 300 m from the edge of infiltration basins) represents the part of the aquifer with 100% infiltrated water. The outer circle in the figure represents the part of the aquifer where 20% of infiltrated water is mixed with the original groundwater. Regarding chloride, compared to the original water quality around the infiltration basins (330-780 mg/l), the infiltrated water will improve the aquifer water quality significantly.

3.22 Figure 3.15 represent the long term extent of the chloride plume (after 10 years of infiltration). Infiltrated water will fully replace the native groundwater 500 m west, 200 m east, 400 m north and south of the infiltration basins edge. Mixing and dilution with native groundwater will only be effective in the transition zone between the original groundwater and the infiltration water plume. The circles around this central zone represent areas with 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% mixing with infiltrated water. Compared to the ambient water quality in the affected areas (320-780 mg/l), the infiltrated water will improve the aquifer water quality significantly.



Figure 3.14: Chloride Plume at the End of Emergency Phase

Figure 3.15: Chloride Plume after 10 Years from the Start of Infiltration

Nitrates 3.23 In order to study the transport due to advection-dispersion, MT3D module simulation has been performed using nitrates expressed as NO3-N. The nitrate concentration in the aquifer was set to 0 mg/l. This simulation allowed for a clear picture of the spreading of the infiltration water, since, any deviations from the zero level is a direct effect of the infiltration. Partially treated wastewater from BLWWTP is characterized by high N-content in all forms. The Lack of aeration in the aerated lagoon hinders the formation of nitrate and degradation of the organic matter. Moreover the



lagoon system is unfit for de-nitrification process. Using large area infiltration basins with more days for drying cycles will enhance the nitrification process in the soil top layers and de-nitrification in the deeper layers. The partially treated wastewater will supply Carbon to the deeper soil layers. A good C / N ratio enhances bacterial activities and stimulates de-nitrification processes, but this may not go deeper than a few meters.

3.24 Regular drying of the flooded basins will supply enough oxygen that will enhance the nitrification process. As a result it is assumed that 90% of the Kjeldal nitrogen in the effluent will finally end up as nitrate in the aquifer. This may be an overestimation of the resulting concentration of nitrogen compounds in the groundwater, but there are no scientific data available to quantify these effects. The emergency period may last for three years before the start of the full operation of the new WWTP. Thereafter, the infiltrated effluent quality is expected to comply with the infiltration regulations and standards.

3.25 Figure 3.16 shows the extent of the NO3-N plume at the end of the emergency phase if all the proposed infiltration basins are used. The infiltrated water will fully replace the native groundwater 250 m west, 150 m east, 200 m north and south of the infiltration basins edge. Mixing and dilution with native groundwater will only be effective in the transition zone between the original groundwater and the infiltration water plume. The circles around the inner zone represent areas with 85%, 70%, 55%, 40%, 25%, and 10% mixing with infiltrated water. At the end of emergency phase, at least 4 agricultural wells will pump water with NO3-N more than 40 mg/l. None of Israeli wells will be affected. The recovered water is good for use in agriculture. For example citrus needs 17.4 kg/1,000m2 of nitrogen per season which is equivalent to about 30mg/l nitrogen.

Figure 3.16: NO3-N Plume at the End of Emergency Phase

3.26 Figure 3.17 illustrates the impact of changing the infiltrated water quality after 6 months from the start of the NGWWTP operation (2008 - using NO3-N = 10). The new plume will start to push away and replace the contaminated water. The medium and long term impacts are shown in Figure 3.18 and Figure 3.19. In the long run, the treated effluent will replace the contaminated water as a results of three processes: 1) dilution; 2) repeated cycles of pumping and applying back to the ground in which part of the nitrogen



will be lost due to de-nitrification and plant uptake, 3) NO3 decay if the water passed through a soil layer (CLAY) that is rich with organic material. The contaminant plume will not exceed 2,200 meters in the western direction due to the steady state inflow-outflow balance.

Figure 3.17: NO3-N Plume after 6 Months of Infiltration with Good Quality Effluent

Figure 3.18: NO3-N Plume at Year 2012

3.27 Medium-term some sections up to 200 meters beyond the eastern Gaza border line will receive NO3-N concentrations of about 40 mg/l. No Israeli wells are located in that area. Long-term the nitrogen contamination in that area will be diluted and brought back to the original levels.



3.28 The worst case scenario can be assessed assuming the full treatment will not be implemented in the near future and the infiltration with the partially treated sewage will continue at the long run. The performance of the existing BLWWTP is expected to decline due to the expected increase in the influent. Figure 3.20 shows the extent of the nitrogen plume considering these assumptions. Notice the difference if compared to the model result in Figure 3.19.

Figure 3.19: Long Term NO3-N Plume at Year 2025

Figure 3.20: Long Term NO3-N Plume Considering Worst Case Assumptions

Pathogenic bacteria

3.29 Regarding the bacteriological effects, the transport time is the crucial factor. The survival time in the ground water depends on the pathogen species. The simulations in the



groundwater model indicate that an area within the distance of 150 m from the infiltration site receives infiltration water with a shorter residence time than 6 months (Figure 3.21). After this time span, the bacteriological aspect will not be an issue. The transport time in the unsaturated zone is about 16 days.

Figure 3.21: Particle Transport after 6 Months from the Start of Infiltration

3.30 The migration of bacteria through soil generally depends on the retention of the bacteria in the soil in combination with the ability to survive (growth and decay) of the bacteria. The pathogenic bacteria that are of the greatest concern in drinking water are not indigenous to soil. They are adapted to a completely different life in the intestines of warm blooded animals. For this reason, they will most probably die in a hostile soil environment. In a survival experiment in filter sand from an infiltration pond, it was found that Aeromonas was the best survivor in this environment – half life time 6.4 days – while Camylobacter had the shortest half life time of 0.75 days. Beside these two species Salmonella, Streptococcus, Yersinia and Escherichia coli were also studied (SWECO, 2003 after Jorgensen, 2001). The studies were carried out at 15 °C and the decay rate is faster at a higher temperature. In another study, where manure was applied to soil, it was found that faecal coliform bacteria and faecal streptococci disappeared to the natural background level within 2 to 6 months (SWECO, 2003 after Stoddard et al., 1998).

3.2 Socio-Economy 3.31 Since the start of the Intifada, many of the demographic and socioeconomic structures of the Palestinian Territories have changed due to the Israeli incursions and destructions of houses, infrastructure, industrial and agricultural sites. A recent World Bank1 report indicates that some 47% of Palestinians live below the poverty line of USD 2.1/day while the average total per capita income is about 35% lower than the incomes before the Intifada according to the same report. Furthermore, recent labor force surveys

1 World Bank, “Four Years-Intifada, Closures and Palestinian Economic Crises”, October.



published by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics suggest that the unemployment rate was around the 30% mark over the past 4 years and will most likely continue to be in that range in the near future.

3.32 The problematic economic situation on the Palestinian households is measured by the World Bank by the Dependency Ratio which is the number of people supported by each worker including him or herself. Before the Intifada, this ratio was about 5 people/worker and increased to about 7.2 in mid of 2002. Most economic analysis of the Palestinian economic conditions suggest that the year 2003 showed some improvement in economic performance leading to lower the dependency ratio to about 6 people/worker.

3.33 The increased unemployment rates and dependency ratio, combined with lower incomes have affected the social structure of the Palestinian family. Prior to the Palestinian Intifada, there was a tendency to move away from the family house into separate housing units as seen during the 1994-1999 period where construction of apartments increased drastically. During this time, private construction constituted about 80% of the investments in the construction sector. With the start of the Intifada, private investment in construction fell drastically by more than 50% due to the problematic economical situation. 3.2.1 Baseline Conditions BLWWTP Site: 3.34 The current wastewater treatment plant is located in Beit Lahia and serves the residents of Beit Lahia, Beit Hanoun, Jabalia, and Um Al Nasser. Due to the increasing transfer of sewage from newly connected areas to this WWTP, the effluent has been flooding the surrounding areas. The following assessment provides an insight on the economic and social conditions of the Beit Lahia area, the most affected area due to the effluence of the wastewater.

Demography

3.35 The existing wastewater treatment plant is located in the Beit Lahia area in the Northern Gaza Strip that is characterized by being dependable mainly on agriculture with some small industries.

3.36 The population growth of the Gaza Strip is estimated at about 4.08% according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). However, this rate differs between urban and rural areas. It is thus estimated that North Gaza area has an average population growth of about 5.5% annually. According to the latest population projections by PCBS, the North Gaza Area served by the current WWTP has a population of about 267,0002. Although official statistics state that 12,000 m3/day are now discharged into the Beit Lahia WWTP, the population figures sited by PCBS suggest that total discharge as of end 2004 stands at about 17,000 m3/day.

Economic Conditions: Economic Activities

3.37 The Beit Lahia area mainly depends on agriculture with some small industries such as garment, plastic and footwear.

2 The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (http://www.pcbs.org/populati/est_n1.aspx)



3.38 The agricultural sector in Beit Lahia produces two main cash crops, namely Strawberries and Flowers. Some other crops also exist in small areas such as citrus and vegetables. In the season 2002-2003, the total area planted with Strawberries was 1,768 donums that produced about 5,660 tons of strawberries sold for US$5,650,000.3 As for flowers, the total area planted with Carnations was 15 donums that produced 2,250,000 flowers sold at about US$5,640,000.

3.39 The current location of the wastewater pool prevents the use of private land surrounding the pool, especially the Um Al Nasr area, for productive economic activities; agricultural commercial or industrial due to the high-risk hazard in these areas.

3.40 Furthermore, continued Israeli incursions into the Beit Lahia area damaged many agricultural and industrial establishments and thus adding to the worsened economic conditions. According to information obtained form Al Mezan Center for Human Rights in October 2004, about 13,000 donums of land belonging to 21,977 people in the Northern Gaza Strip (mainly Beit Hanoun and Beit Lahia) have been destroyed. In addition, industrial and commercial establishments have been destroyed during these incursions as well. Labor Force Conditions

3.41 The latest survey from PCBS indicates that the unemployment rate in the Gaza Strip is about 41%.4 It is expected that the unemployment rate in the Beit Lahia area is higher than the overall average of Gaza Strip due to the high dependency of the labor force on work in the agricultural sector, which has been badly hit during the continued Israeli incursions.

NGWWTP Site:

3.42 The emergency project area is located east of Jabalia neighboring the Martyrs Cemetery. This is an area that has not been significantly used for any economic activities in the past. However, it’s proximity to the cemetery might have some social consequences if used for wastewater treatment.

Affordability 3.43 Affordability to pay for water and wastewater charges is difficult to judge, particularly in the absence of accurate data on per capita income by socio-economic category in various regions or settlements. It is well established that the design of any water tariff should take into account the basic human needs for water supply affordable to the poorest population segment. Affordability to pay for water charges is normally based on the household ability to pay for the price of water consumed and the sewage disposal services. Willingness to pay for these services also stems from the customers' satisfaction of the level of services provided.

3.44 A certain minimum quantity of water is needed to meet the daily human basic needs for personal hygiene and basic amenities. This has been estimated to range from as low as 25 1/h/d in the most arid region to as high as 75 1/h/d for piped water supply in regions where potable water supply is considered relatively sufficient. It is well 3 Ministry of Agriculture Report 4 This is the relaxed definition of unemployment which includes those discouraged workers who stopped looking for work. The unemployment rate according to the International Labor Organization (ILO) standard is estimated at about 37%.



established in the concept of adequate water tariff that the lowest price water tariff block should be designed to meet the above mentioned human needs for a household.

3.45 One of the key elements of the previous tariff studies was to define the poverty line, as this is considered to be relevant in established the first block of the tariff. Before intefada, basic statistics indicated that an average monthly income for the low-income family was US$273 in the project area. This number has certainly decreased by more than 35% in the project area. Agricultural sector which is the main source of income in the northern area has been considerably damaged in the last four years due to the political situation. Hence the average monthly income for the low-income family is less than US$180.

3.46 According to information collected in 1999, the average combined cost for water and wastewater services in the municipalities of Jabalia, Beit Lahya and Beit Hanoun was 0.22 $/m3, 0.17 $/m3, and 0.24 $/m3, respectively. Almost 80% of these costs were related to water services. Based on these figures the charges for water services is equivalent to less than 2% of the average monthly family income in the study area. Previous studies also concluded that households are willing to pay 30% more for water for improved water supply and services.

3.47 Taking into account the average household income estimated by different sources, current expenditures on water and wastewater services range from 5% for the lowest income estimates to less than 1% for household with average monthly income of US$1,000 and more, as shown in the Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Expenditures on Water and Wastewater Services as a Percentage of the Household Monthly Income

Estimated Average hh Income (US$)

Jabalia Block A 0-50 m3

B. Lahia & B. Hanoun Block A 0-30 m3

250 or less 3.75% 4.80% 275 3.41% 4.26% 303 3.07% 3.87% 399 2.34% 2.94% 415 2.24% 2.82% 638 1.47% 1.84% 1,000 <1.00% <1.00%

3.48 Obviously, significant differences in the household expenditures on water and wastewater services among various income groups have been found. Inequality is mainly attributed to the unjust and rigid one block water tariff rather than to the intrinsic variations in the household income level. For the same quantity of water consumed, between 0-50 m3/month, (equivalent to an average consumption of 238 1/h/d), equal payment of US$7.5 is charged to the poor as well as rich families.

3.49 It is generally accepted that, to be affordable, water and wastewater charges should not exceed 4% of income. The expected average income within the project area is US$270/month and therefore it is considered that the average family can afford to pay up to US$10.1/month for water related services. Assuming an average family size of 7 and consumption of 100 1/h/d, the water and wastewater charge can be up to approximately US$0.48 for each m3 of water supplied.



3.50 Based on the feasibility study conducted for the NGWWTP project, the required tariff for wastewater services would be 0.38 $/m3 for coverage of O&M cost only, while full cost recovery would require 0.55 $/m3. Additional 0.66 $/m3 to 0.89 $/m3 should be added to include water services for full recovery based on LEKA and CAMP studies. During the emergency phase the required O&M cost would be 0.24 $/m3. 3.2.2 No Project Impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.51 The figures above show that Beit Lahia population is increasing at an accelerated pace. If this growth rate continues as projected by PCBS, the population of Beit Lahia will almost double from 1997 and 2010. This phenomenon of the accelerated population growth is also seen in other areas of the Northern Gaza Strip such as in Beit Hanoun and Jabalia served by the WWTP.

3.52 If current population rate and sewerage connection projects continue, by year 2008, the discharge level will reach about 26,500 m3/day aggravating the problem and causing additional social and economic stress in the Beit Lahia area.

3.53 In addition to the land bulldozed by the Israeli Forces, the overflow will consume additional agricultural and residential land in Beit Lahia. NGWWTP Site: 3.54 The project in the emergency area is expected to create some temporary employment in the construction phase. In addition, some fixed employment opportunities will be created to maintain the new site. Without this project, there would most probably be no new job opportunities during the construction phase and also no perspective of permanent employment. 3.2.3 Emergency Project Impacts BLWWTP Site: • Transferring treated wastewater from the Beit Lahia WWTP will provide additional

land due to the removal of the effluent lake. This land can in the short term be used for recreational purpose but may also be suitable for construction of new residential projects.

• The wastewater pipe will mainly follow roads connecting the existing and the proposed site. The construction of the pipeline might temporarily cause some disruptions

• The construction of the carrier pipe will have some negative impact due to noise and obstruction of traffic and use of agricultural land during the construction stages but these are minimal negative impacts compared to the positive impacts discussed above.

• The removal of the effluent pond will have a positive social impact, as this will reduce risks of diseases.

NGWWTP Site: • The Martyrs cemetery is regarded by Palestinians as a symbol of their struggle against

occupation, constructing a wastewater pond in the area of the cemetery could cause some psychological problems to the families of the deceased or Martyrs.

• The construction of the new site will have positive economic effect through employment generation and use of Palestinian contractors for construction activities.



• The construction of the pond near the Martyrs cemetery will cause some discomfort to the families of the deceased during the burial ceremonies. Odor and mosquitoes can be a problem if not properly mitigated for.

• A long-term impact for the construction of the new affluent pond near the cemetery is that it will prevent any future expansion of the cemetery to the east.

• A positive social effect is that the proposed site is far from any neighborhoods and thus will cause the least disruption to the quality of life of local residents.

• Under The current economic conditions, recovery of all costs, including capital costs for the project and additional sewerage investment is not affordable for average families. However the O&M cost during the emergency project will be affordable as it would be within 4% of the average family income even if the current water services cost is added.

3.2.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP • Pumping of wastewater from Beit Lahia to the new NGWWTP will make new lands

available due after rehabilitation of the lake and the WWTP area. The new empty areas can be used, if no sanitary and health hazards exist for commercial, agricultural and residential purposes.

• Benefits described above for the emergency project phase regarding the improvement in the land blocks along the road connecting the existing and the new WWTP are also true for Part B components. Moreover, lands around the existing WWTP will also increase in price and commercial value due to the removal of the wastewater ponds.

• The construction phase will have positive effects on employment. During the construction phase, services of local subcontractors will be used which will generate job opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers in addition to professional services of engineers and others.

• The construction of the carrier line will improve the road network connecting the existing and the emergency area.

• The construction of the carrier pipe will have a small negative impact in the construction phase due to the noise and traffic disruptions.

• The removal of the ponds will lead to a great social and health improvement as this will reduce health risks and provide a better and cleaner living environment for people in the area.

3.3 Soil

3.55 Impacts of a technical construction project on soil are normally confined to areas directly affected by the construction activities. This project also relates to the generation and use of sewage sludge as a soil conditioner and so this operational aspect is also considered. The subsoils and underlying geology are important in this study as it is proposed to infiltrate partly or fully treated effluent through the subsoils into the ground water.

3.3.1 Baseline Conditions 3.56 A general description of the soil and the surface geology is given in the previous EA. The surface geology of Gaza was laid down during the Quaternary Era during the Holocene and Pleistocene. It consists of the marine Kurkar formation which is permeable and forms a good aquifer. The Kurkar formation is a layer of shell fragments and quartz



sand cemented together with calcareous material. Layers of relatively impermeable clay divide the formation.

3.57 Due to its variable hardness the Kurkar formation has been weathered into a series of ridges which form the topography of Gaza. In the northern area, there are four ridges: the Coastal Ridge which rises to 20 masl, the Gaza Ridge which rises to 50 masl, the el Muntar Ridge with a maximum height of 80 masl, and the Beit Hanoun Ridge which peaks at 90 masl. The valleys between the ridges have been filled by alluvial and wind deposits and material eroded from the ridges. BLWWTP Site:

3.58 The size of the area of the BLWWTP is around 140 dunums. The soil of the plant site and the adjacent area is mainly sand without a marked profile. Textures in the top few meters are usually uniform (sedimentary sandy soil), consisting of fine to medium quartz sand with a low water-holding capacity. The soils are moderately calcareous (5-8% CaCO3), very low in organic matter and infertile. According to concentrations of basic ions in raw wastewater (Na, Ca and Mg), low SAR (around 2) and the salinity (EC = 1.77 dS/m) minimize the risk of soil sodification. In the adjacent lake where the partially treated effluent is collected, suspended solids settle down at the bottom and form a sewage sludge layer. As shown in Annex (III) concentrations of heavy metals in soil and sludge from the bottom of the lake are so far below the limit values from US, Israel and EU that, without relevant changes in the wastewater quality, a problematic accumulation of toxic substances in soil must not be feared even in the next decades. NGWWTP Site: 3.59 The total area of the proposed location of the NGWWTP is around 300 dunums located east of Jabalia Town adjacent to the eastern border with Israel. The northwestern boundary is adjacent to the Martyrs Cemetery. The soil cover of the proposed new WWTP site is dark brown loamy clay of 7-23 m depth with a well-developed structure laying over marine Kurkar Formation (Calcareous sandstone). The site selected is currently used for the cultivation of grain crops, which is considered to be rain-fed agriculture. Farming practices have modified the natural soil and increased organic matter content and nutrient levels. The site is far away from industrial sites and landfill areas and therefore there are no direct or indirect impacts from those areas. 3.3.2 No Project Impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.60 If the present situation continues there will be an accelerating load of organic and inorganic substances, which are streaming to the site with the increasing wastewater flow. Depending on their mobility and environmental stability some of the substances will accumulate finally in the sludge of the basins and especially in the lake. 3.3.3 Emergency Project Impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.61 There will be no significant impacts on the soil during the low-scale construction activities at the existing BLWWTP (rehabilitation of the inlet works, new pumping station, new sewer connection) because the mainly sandy soil without a specific structure is not sensitive to construction impacts and all construction activities will take place in areas, where the soil has already been heavily disturbed previously.



3.62 The chemical analyses of samples from the lake bottom sludge and soil showed no significant levels of heavy metals or other toxic substances. Drying of the lake will have a positive impact on the lake bottom soil as it will allow natural biological process to perform the remediation.

NGWWTP Site:

3.63 Around 80 dunums of soil will be lost by excavation and huge quantities of loamy clay soil (900,000 m3) will be removed from the site and transferred to other locations. Only a small amount of the excavation material will be used for leveling and construction of the terraces. The nature of soil in that area, impermeable topsoil, may contribute to increase the costs of excavation activities as well as the time required for excavation. In general construction works have negative impacts on the soil ecology. Even outside the immediate construction site the soil may be affected significantly e.g. by densification of the topsoil layers due to heavy construction equipment and vehicles.

3.64 During the operation phase, the main problem in infiltration system for artificial recharge is the expected clogging of infiltration surface which results in reduction in infiltration capacity. Clogging is caused by physical, biological or chemical processes as follows: Physical processes are accumulation of inorganic and organic suspended solids in the

effluent. For the lake effluent with SS = 59 mg/l, the suspended solids would accumulate on the bottom of the basin producing a clogging layer and declining infiltration rate. Another physical process is the downward movement of fine particles in the soil that found in the applied effluent or in the soil itself.

Biological clogging processes include accumulation of algae and bacterial flocks in the effluent on the infiltration surface and growth of microorganisms on and in the topsoil to form bio-films and biomass that block pores and or reduce pore sizes.

Chemical clogging processes include precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates and other solids and deposits in the soil. Algal growth during flooding of basins due to effluent high content of N (105 mg/l). This will cause raising pH of effluent to high value as a result of CO2 consumption by algae and then leading to CaCO3 precipitation.

3.65 Effluent salinity (EC = 1.77 dS/m) is considered as moderate saline which may increase the salinity of soil. As a result of the project, more water as renovated (reclaimed) water will be available for irrigation of crops, which means more land could be changed from rain fed agriculture to irrigated agriculture resulting more agricultural input. During the emergency phase there are no expectations for generation of sludge. 3.3.4 Impacts at Full Operation of NGWWTP

BLWWTP Site: 3.66 From Part A on all wastewater from the old site will be collected and pumped directly to the new NGWWTP. Only Pond No. 7 will be left as an emergency retention basin. Therefore the soil contamination by wastewater at the old site will be at its end. By de-construction of the old wastewater treatment ponds, the paved access roads and the old pumping station about 8.2 ha of sealed or partly sealed areas will be rehabilitated.

3.67 When the soil of the lake bottom has achieved an advantageous soil structure, due to the natural rehabilitation, it could be either used as green land or also for agricultural purposes, because it is rich in nutrients and it is not necessary to use huge amounts of



chemical fertilizers there. From an ecological point of view green land is the better option. Parts of the green area could also be used for recreational activities (sport sites, parks). This solution definitely would contribute to a better living quality for the local residents.

3.68 There are also ideas to elevate the lake bottom area and to use it for new settlements. Nowadays the population density in Beit Lahia and its surroundings is already extremely high and an additional built-up area would destroy the last wide open area, with all the well known side effects (permanent loss of all soil functions, negative effects for local climate and air quality, etc.). Building up the lake area would mean to miss the chance for a real improvement of the living quality of the local residents, who have been suffering under the heavy impairments caused by the neighboring lake so far. NGWWTP Site: 3.69 The most significant aspect in the operation phase of the NGWWTP concerning the investigation factor soil is the increasing amount of sludge, which comes out of the system every day. The treated sewage sludge has significant organic matter content and contains macronutrients and micronutrients essential for plant growth. However, it can also contain potential contaminants such as heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogens.

3.70 In principle there are three options to solve the sludge problem: deposition, burning and reuse in agriculture. The first option is very problematic in Gaza because there are hardly enough legal and orderly dumping sites to store the waste from the city. Deposition of the sludge would reduce the capacities of these legal dumping sites and it is very difficult to open new sites in this very densely settled area. The second option in theory would be a possible long-term solution, but the high investment and maintenance costs most probably do not allow such a solution. The third option seems to be the most realistic one. The main environmental concern about utilization of sewage sludge on agricultural land is the accumulation of heavy metals in soils and a possible contamination of the food chain. Most municipal wastes, sewage sludge in particular, contain high concentrations of mineral nutrients (N, P, Ca, etc.), but also toxic heavy metals. As heavy metals generally are much higher concentrated in sewage sludge than commonly found in soils, the concentration of extractable heavy metals in soils such as Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni can be increased by sludge application.

3.71 The fine particle structure of pure sewage sludge sometimes causes problems during application in agriculture. The fine particles have a low water retention capacity and – beside the nutrient supply – do not improve the soil quality, especially of sandy soils, significantly. It is much better to compost the sludge together with rough plant material and to use this compost in agriculture.

3.72 Considering the characteristics of Gaza sewage sludge and its negligible content of toxic substances, it could be safely used. To keep such condition of low pollutants, industrial wastewater should be separately disposed or treated at site to reduce its heavy metals content to acceptable values before it is discharged into the public sewer system.

3.4 Health and Safety 3.73 Especially in densely settled areas sewage treatment is a necessary part of the civil infrastructure that allows the population to remain healthy and to prevent ground water from pollution. Therefore the driving force for the proposed development is public safety. The name used for construction of sewers and sewage treatment plants in many places is "public health engineering".



3.74 One of the major problems concerning wastewater is the broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms - bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminthes (intestinal worms) which can be found in the raw wastewater stream. Many of the pathogens are present in high concentrations, and can survive for days, weeks and some for months in wastewater, in wetted soil or on crops irrigated with raw wastewater. These pathogens may pose potential health risks to the workers or adjacent residents who may have direct contact to wastewater recycling activities, and also to the public who may consume wastewater irrigated crops or recreate on wastewater irrigated lawns or lakes.

3.75 The pathogens come from excreta of infected persons. The ability of the pathogens to survive in the environment and the infection paths determine the risk of infection.

3.76 An actual survey about water borne diseases in the Northern Gaza Governorate has been given in the previous EA for the NGWWTP (1999) and is summarized as follows. As shown in Table 3.6, the fecal coliform contamination is detectable the northern Governorate wells while Table 3.7 shows the 1999 Ministry of Health statistics for water borne diseases for the Northern Region of Gaza in addition to the recent data (2003) for the whole Gaza Strip. Other Ministry statistics show that over 60% of reported disease cases in Gaza generally are water borne (largely diarrhea and bloody diarrhea), about 10 % are related to faeces. The continuous flooding of the adjacent pool of partially treated wastewater will worsen the health situation especially to the adjacent poor community.

Table 3.6: Fecal Coliform in the North Governorate Wells during 2003. Fecal Coliform (cfu/100 ml) Number of taken samples Month 1 17 January 0 26 February 0 27 March 1 19 April 0 22 May 2 27 June 7 36 July 3 32 August 3 21 September 0 27 October 0 18 November 2 13 December 19 285 Total

Table 3.7: Water Related Disease Cases Disease No. Cases 1999 north Governorates No. Cases 2003 in Gaza Strip Cholera 0 Hepetitis A 13 802 Salminatlosis 1 1358 Shingellosis 2 41 Typhoid Fever 5 0 Diarrhea 4532 49334 Ascaris 470 1630 Hyman.Nana 16

Entameba H, 432 5542 Gardia Lambe 400 5752 Total 5871 64459

3.77 Generally, the present situation constitutes a potential risk on human health and influences the residents psychologically. Therefore, treatment of sewage to a suitable level



at a location where the effects of a wastewater treatment pant will improve the living quality in the Beit Lahya area.

3.4.1 Baseline Conditions BLWWTP Site: 3.78 The present situation constitutes a permanent risk for human health because:

• The open wastewater bodies (WWTP ponds and the lake) are not fenced and allow direct access. This is especially dangerous for children.

• There is an increasing risk that the sand dams holding back 1.5 million m3 of partly treated wastewater may break and neighboring settlement areas of Beit Lahya may be flooded. A flooding most probably causes casualties (drowning, collapse of houses) as well as indirect dangers for human health (pollution of living quarters and agricultural areas). Some years ago the sand dams of one of the additional, smaller emergency ponds south of the lake and caused two casualties.

• Direct contact with raw or partly treated wastewater, screening material and grit at the unfenced WWTP bears a high infection risk. Also in this case the situation is dangerous especially for playing children.

• Open, polluted water bodies are potential breeding grounds for pathogen vectors like mosquitoes.

NGWWTP Site: Presently there is no specific or significant risk for human health in the agricultural area of the planned site.

3.4.2 No Project Impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.79 There will be a continuous worsening of the situation due to the increasing wastewater volumes, the deterioration of the performance of the WWTP, and the increasing danger of a breaking of the sand dams. The worsening of the water quality leads to an increase of infection risks. NGWWTP Site: 3.80 No relevant changes compared to the present situation could be identified. 3.4.3 Emergency Project Impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.81 The effluent lake will continue to cause high risk on human life till it is completely dry. During the drying process, the partly filled lake with steep sand dams and the deep sludge at the bottom of the lake will be a potential danger for anybody who falls into the lake. In the dry season playing children may break through dry crusts over deep sludge. It may be very difficult to rescue them.

3.82 At the other hand the lowering of the water level reduces the risk for a breaking of the sand dams and the consequent flooding of living quarters and agricultural land.

3.83 When the lake has dried completely and has been rehabilitated the health situation for the local residents will have improved significantly.



Pressure Line

3.84 During the construction activities especially for the sewer line along public road there is a great variety of potential health hazards:

• Vehicle operation, especially operation at high speed • Activities of heavy machinery in close proximity to workers, the use of powered

hand tools and the movement of heavy equipment and materials. • Open pits, unguarded holes and dangerous material can often be seen at

construction sites • Traffic congestions caused by construction sites and construction traffic • Pedestrians crossing or passing by the construction sites or access roads

NGWWTP Site: 3.85 Beside the potential direct health risks in connection with the construction activities described above the most important aspect of the emergency phase on human health is the infiltration of partly treated wastewater into the ground water. This aspect is described in detail in chapter 3.1.

3.86 This exceptional emergency practice is only applied because there is immediate risk for human life in the area of BLWWTP and there is no other option to get rid of the wastewater. This practice of infiltration is only applied until the competed NGWWTP starts its operation in 2008.

3.4.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP BLWWTP Site: 3.87 Beside the new pumping station, the inlet works, the infiltration basins No. 12 and 13 and the emergency Basin No. 7 (See Figure 1.2), all other technical structures will be dismantled.

3.88 In a worst case scenario, when the wastewater can not be pumped to the NGWWTP - for what reasons ever - Pond No. 7 will be used as an emergency basin. The retention volume of Basin No. 7 is about 180000 m3. With a daily inflow of about 26,500 m3 in 2008 the maximum retention time would be 6.5 days, in 2015 the daily inflow is 45000 m3 and the maximum retention time would be reduced to four days. In 2025 (Completion of NGWWTP) the daily inflow volume is estimated at 65,000 m3 and the maximum retention time would be 2.8 days.

3.89 It seems to be quite risky to rely on these quite short retention times. If there are substantial problems at the new plant site or a severe damage of the pipeline, maybe due to military activities, there is the possibility that repair works would take more time. NGWWTP Site: 3.90 As soon as the completed WWTP starts its operation in 2008 the infiltration of a high quality effluent in the infiltration ponds will begin to compensate the negative effects on groundwater between 2006 and 2008. In the long term (15 to 20 years) the infiltration of fully treated wastewater with a high effluent quality will improve the ground water quality in the whole area.

3.91 From an environmental point of view it would be useful to irrigate at least a part of the treated wastewater effluent in agricultural areas and to use treated sludge, especially composted sludge, as a fertilizer.



3.92 An application of treated wastewater and sludge in densely settled areas as the Gaza Strip however requires strict regulations and constant monitoring in order to ensure that the activities are safe for human health and in line with the relevant regulations and standards. Reuse of Treated Sludge 3.93 Currently there is no legislation in Gaza concerning the application of sewage sludge in agriculture. It may be formulated in the next few years. Until the local legislation sets up standards regulations and standards of other countries or international organizations will be considered in order to protect human health, livestock, plants, soil and ground water from undesirable effects. In principle the sludge, which is very rich in nutrients (N, P, K) could be used as fertilizer and replace chemical fertilizer, which are currently imported from Israel. Annex II shows the standards that control the use of treated sludge. However, the impacts of using the sludge in agriculture activities could include:

Potential pollution of the raw eaten crops. Children are often present on the farms and fallen fruit may be picked off the

ground. Labors and farmers at farms that are irrigated by treated wastewater or fertilized by

sludge may be subjected to some danger of Ascaris. Reuse of Treated Wastewater 3.94 The usage of the effluents from the NGWWTP for irrigation in agricultural areas is only recommended when the effluent has been treated to a high standard. This means irrigation with partly treated wastewater in the emergency phase is not recommended.

3.95 when the NGWWTP has been completed and works with full treatment efficiency, it would be possible and useful to take out a part of the effluent for irrigation of neighboring agricultural areas, given that the local and international standards for the quality of the irrigation water are kept (e.g. Engelberg Report (1985), WHO Wastewater Irrigation Guidelines (1989). Irrigation with fully treated effluent would provide nutrients for the crops and reduce the ecologically problematic application of chemical fertilizers.

3.96 Presently a study is conducted in Gaza concerning the reuse of treated sludge and wastewater in agricultural areas. This study will be finished in Summer 2005. The findings and recommendations of this study should be considered in the later project phases.

3.5 Odor

3.97 Any wastewater facility has the potential to create odor problems. Odor from wastewater is usually caused by gases produced by the decomposition of organic matter and is especially problematic when the decomposition has occurred in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic decomposition) and with available sulfur. The decay process produces a range of volatile compounds. Studies of gases generated at wastewater treatment works indicate that the main gas components are hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, ammonia, trimethyl amine, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. The most characteristic of these is the hydrogen sulfide that is known to be responsible for over 90% of unpleasant odor problems from WWTPs. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as an indicator of potential odor nuisance as it becomes easily detectable by the nose at extremely low concentrations.



3.98 In general, offensive odor can reduce the appetite, lower water consumption, impair respiration, and in extreme cases may cause vomiting and mental perturbation. In the long term offensive odors can lead to the deterioration of personal and community pride, interfere with human relations, inhibit capital investment, lower socio-economic status and economical growth. These impacts, to some extent, may result in a decline in market and rental property values, tax revenues, payrolls and sales.

3.99 Mainly based on the facts and findings of the two EAs (boliden contech – Montgomery Watson 1999) the following section describes the possible impacts and benefits and a suitable set of controls during all project phases from the present situation at the existing BLWWTP and the new location for the NGWWTP until the project is finalized. 3.5.1 Standards and Baseline conditions 3.100 Exposure of receptors (humans) to levels of hydrogen sulfide above 5 ppb can lead to odor nuisance. The Israel Ambient Air quality Standards limit the hydrogen sulfide in urban areas to:

1. 0.161 ppb (0.245 mg/m3) for exposure time of 0.5 hour. 2. 0.010 ppb (0.015 mg/m3) for exposure time of 24 hours.

3.101 The distance between the BLWWTP to the sea is about 4 km, the distance between the NGWWTP and the sea is about 8 km. So both WWTPs are relatively close to the sea, which can be a natural source of background hydrogen sulfide at levels of up to 2 ppb.

3.102 Very important aspects of odor assessments are the climatic conditions in the investigation area, especially the wind conditions. The velocity of the wind determines if odor gases are more or less diluted or concentrated, e.g. in times of inversions. The wind direction indicates what parts of the investigation area will be more or less affected.

3.103 In Northern Gaza most of the year the wind is coming from western directions. At the beginning of the year winds are generally light and come from south east to south west. By April the winds are still light and come from south east, north west and sometimes north east in the evening. By August wind speed increases but still south east to northern direction prevail. In October most wind come from south east in the morning and from north west to north east in the evening. Long-term observances show that winds blowing from east to west are quite rare in Gaza. BLWWTP Site: 3.104 By means of portable detectors site surveys were carried out in 1999 in connection with the previous EA to measure concentrations of H2S in the vicinity of the existing WWTP. The measurements, which were taken as random samples in three locations and during two days, ranged from 0.0 to 4.0 ppb in maximum, the average was 1.5 ppb. Of course these results are not representative as they are strongly influenced by momentary wind conditions (direction, velocity), the distance to the H2S producing facilities and the treatment process (efficiency, water volumes, temperature, etc. ).

3.105 For this study neither measurements nor emission calculations have been made. But the fact that the condition of the WWTP and the effluent lake today is by far worse than it was in 1999 indicates that the H2S concentrations in the surrounding settlements most probably already exceed the Israeli Air Quality Standards and the present WWTP constitutes at least an odor nuisance for the neighboring settlements.



NGWWTP Site: 3.106 The planned location is mainly agricultural land and therefore a certain background of H2S from animal manure and agricultural wastes is likely.

3.5.2 No project impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.107 The nuisance for the local population near the BLWWTP is expected to increase due to the increasing wastewater volumes combined with the ongoing deterioration of the efficiency of the treatment system. The potentially most effected settlements would be Al Ezba, Um Al Nasser, Al Awda Towers and Al Nada. In those areas increasing levels of hydrogen sulfide would most likely cause serious odor nuisance. NGWWTP Site:

3.108 At the proposed location of the NGWWTP the present situation of a generally good air quality without significant odor problems would prevail. There would be some short term variations at significant seasons related to agricultural activities, as it has always been, but the odor concentrations e.g. for H2S would most probably not exceed even the strict Israel Ambient Air Quality Standards.

3.109 Recently, there is a proposal to move out all small industries and workshops from Gaza City to a new local industrial zone. The proposed location is closed to the proposed site of the NGWWTP and the Islamic cemetery. These activities in the future may cause more air pollution. The emission values and impacts depend on the type and the size of the industrial activities and the measures taken to avoid or reduce the emissions.

3.5.3 Emergency project impacts

3.110 The following odor effects in connection with the emergency project will only be temporary until the full wastewater treatment system at the NGWWTP starts working in 2008. BLWWTP Site:

3.111 The proposed emergency project will reduce the most urgent problems in BLWWTP. The technical improvement of the existing facility, especially the aeration, together with appropriate maintenance and regular monitoring of the performance of the system will reduce especially the amount of H2S from the treatment plant. The infiltration ponds are not considered to be significant sources of odor as they will only receive treated effluent.

3.112 The drying process of the lake and the rehabilitation of the dried lake bottom however will create some odor emissions. These emissions will be only temporary and neither the amount nor the types of gases can be predicted precisely. NGWWTP Site:

3.113 During the construction of the infiltration ponds there may be temporary and minor local nuisance for visitors of the cemetery caused by exhaust fumes from transport vehicles moving to and from the construction site. The effects of moving vehicles on the site itself are not expected to cause significant effects beyond the area of the site.



3.114 Significant odor emissions from the site are possible as soon as the newly constructed infiltration ponds are filled with treated wastewater from BLWWTP. According to the project time schedule this will be the case at the beginning of 2006. From that time on until the new WWTP is completed in 2008 the emission zones, which have been calculated in the previous EA for project phase 3, most probably will be widened. This may lead to temporary nuisance especially of cemetery visitors, because at relatively rare occasions, when the winds are coming from the east, the 1 ppb H2S zone, which is shown in Figure 3.22, may be widened and cover larger parts of the cemetery. The main annual wind directions however indicate that most time of the year the emissions will be shifted to empty agricultural areas in the east. 3.5.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP BLWWTP Site: 3.115 When the completed NGWWTP starts to operate in 2008 all the raw wastewater will be collected at the old BLWWTP. After screening and sedimentation, which will be done in an almost closed system with biological gas filters, no significant odor problems must be expected under normal operation conditions.

3.116 In emergency cases pond No. 7 will be used as a retention basin for wastewater. The retention capacity for this basin in 2008 would be sufficient to store all incoming wastewater for slightly more than 6 days. Only in such an emergency situation, when pond No. 7 is filled with raw wastewater, the neighboring communities may be more or less exposed to significant odor nuisance, depending on the wind situation. These effects however are only temporary.

3.117 The two infiltration basins in future will be used for storm water only. In order to maintain the infiltration capacity the bottom of the basins must be ploughed. When the basins are drying there may be minor odor emissions, but these temporary effects are not regarded as being significant. NGWWTP Site: 3.118 At the beginning of Phase 1, when the complete new treatment plant starts to operate the facts and findings which have been made in the previous EA for the proposed new wastewater treatment works (boliden contech and Montgomery Watson 1999) are still true. Because of the strictly limited time frame for this emergency study no new emission calculations have been made and the relevant text parts have been taken over from the previous EA report with only minor changes. In the previous EA the following statements have been made concerning odor emissions:

3.119 Odor nuisance arising from a WWTP depends on a number of factors including the type of treatment process, chemistry of sewage influent, and the local meteorological conditions. It is predicted that for the new WWTP the main contributors will be the following processes:

Pre-Aeration basins Completely covered volume Inlet channel and outflow covered Fine screens completely covered volume Grit/grease removal channels Grit/screening container room Sludge removal and treatment



3.120 The pathogen kill tanks are not open to the air and will not therefore, produce odors. The digester plant is pressurized and sealed therefore it will not produce odors. The effluent storage tanks will store final effluent that has been treated to a level where it will not emit odors.

3.121 As the distance of the pressure line from the existing BLWWTP to the New NGWWTP is about 8 km. The combination of high wastewater temperature of 20 to 30°C and Sulphate content up to 100 mg/liter under anaerobic conditions accelerates the creation of Hydrogen Sulfide. This might cause corrosion and odor problems in the whole treatment plant. It is therefore very important to oxidize the influent by aeration in pre-aeration basins to minimize conditions creating those problems. As a result of sludge removal and treatment, amounts of Ammonia, Skatol and Methyl Amine will be set free and may create temporary odor problems.

3.122 The H2S emission rates for each of the hydrogen sulfide producing processes have been estimated based on both published data and the Consultants experience. They are summarized in Table 3.8. The derived H2S emission rates are for an "average / normal" sewage and for systems in good operating condition.

Table 3.8: Odor Sources and Derived H2S Emission Rates for NGWWTP Odor Source Phase 3 H2S %-age of total ppb/s emission

Screen/grit chambers 141 2% Screenings skips 80 1% PSTs 2,397 32% Oxidation ditches 940 12% FSTs 526 7% Sand filters 71 1% Centrate tank 67 1% Cake storage area 825 11% Odor control stack 2,476 33%

3.123 Through the old environmental study of the NGWWTP, a dispersion model had been carried out using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) atmospheric dispersion model ISCST3. Regarding the H2S emissions, the study team compared the old design with the new design and concluded that there is no difference. So the old model is valid to be used in the assessment of the new design of NGWWTP.

3.124 The modeling results for the full operation Phase 3 (target year 2025) are shown as contour lines of H2S in Figure 3.22. They represent the H2S levels which are likely to occur at any particular location on the few occasions during the year given the worst case weather conditions are prevalent, i.e. low wind conditions. During all phases of development the 5ppb contour line never crosses the plant boundary. During all Phases the nearest sensitive receiver, the cemetery area, is not affected by levels of hydrogen sulfide which may cause nuisance. Since there are no sensitive areas (living quarters, recreation areas, etc) nearby it is unlikely that, even during the rare times of low wind conditions, odors will be perceived by anyone in the area as a nuisance.



Figure 3.22: NGWWTP Phase III – Predicted Odor Dispersion 3.125 Therefore, providing that good maintenance, operational practices and good housekeeping methods are employed there is no indication that the proposed WWTP may cause significant odor impacts.

3.6 Exhaust Fumes and Dust 3.126 Exhaust fumes and dust are mainly related to construction activities and comprise exhaust fumes and dust caused by construction activities at the site and transport activities to and from the site due to delivery and handling of bulk materials, excavations and ground preparation. Minor emissions in the operation phase may be expected from heating equipment (burning of fuel) and transport vehicles (mainly sludge transport). 3.6.1 Baseline conditions BLWWTP Site: 3.127 No records and measurements are available about fumes and dust in the area. The existing treatment plant is located in the Northern Gaza Governorate close to the Erez industrial area. Dust and fumes are mostly generated in the south-eastern part of the treatment plant. Due to the prevailing western wind directions most emissions from BLWWTP are shifted to the Erez industrial area. However, the main complaint of people in the area is the bad smell rising from the treatment plant. NGWWTP Site: 3.128 The proposed site of the NGWWTP is located on a west-exposed hill slope. The unpaved access road is in a bad condition which allows only very low speed and due to the very low traffic there is neither any relevant dust nor an exhaust fume problem in connection with road traffic.

3.129 Because the soil in the area of the proposed site is mainly clay dust will locally only be produced when the fields are ploughed or harrowed. In the previous EA the Consultant observed clouds of dust reaching approximately 60 feet high from plough work in July. Therefore, the surrounding fields are already subject to significant temporary dust loads. The presence of Route 4 nearby also contributes to the fine particle load in the air as



high speed traffic raises fine particles into the atmosphere which may reach the site. In addition strong winds carry high background levels of dust from more distant sandy areas.

3.130 There are no large scale fume sources in the wider area (e.g. power stations). Low levels of exhaust fumes from diesel engines used on farms to generate electric power for water pumps and the low local traffic produce a certain background level of exhaust fumes in the vicinity of the site. Considering the general wind direction and the distance to the cemetery this effect is not significant. 3.6.2 No project impacts BLWWTP Site:

3.131 Without the planned project in the area of the BLWWTP the increase of exhaust fumes and dust would just follow the general increase of pollution due to the increasing population and the related activities (road traffic, development of infrastructure, construction of buildings, increased industrial and commercial activities, etc.). NGWWTP Site: Without the construction of the planned WWTP the present situation at the site would not change significantly. 3.6.3 Emergency project impacts

3.132 The most relevant dust and exhaust fume emissions will be caused by the construction of the almost 8 km long pipeline from the BLWWTP to the NGWWTP. The excavation and the refilling of the sewer trench causes dust and the construction vehicles contribute exhaust fumes. As the sewer mainly follows existing roads the reconstruction of the road, especially in paved road sections, causes additional emissions. However all these activities are only local and temporarily. BLWWTP Site: 3.133 In the emergency project phase relevant dust and exhaust fume emissions can only be expected during the remediation activities in the 35 ha large area of the effluent lake. When the lake is dry the area is expected to be recultivated. The earth works and the movements of the construction vehicles will produce dust and exhaust fumes and may cause temporary and local nuisance especially for Um Al Nassir, because of the predominantly western wind directions. NGWWTP Site: 3.134 During the construction of the WWTP facilities, dust emissions will arise during excavation and transport and storage and of soil and construction material.

3.135 The local loess and clay soils have small grain sizes which may enhance dust production in the dry season. Due to this soil structure, the large area of the site and the high soil volumes which will be moved (excavation of about 900.000 m3 of mainly clay) significant dust emissions and – to a minor extend – emissions of exhaust fumes must be expected.

3.136 In principle a high background dust level ensures that plants growing naturally in the area are resistant to this effect. However, agricultural and horticultural plant species in the area may be affected by high levels of dust settling on their leaves and fruit thus reducing photosynthesis and respiration and requiring special treatment before they can be



sold. As the neighboring areas are mainly used for agriculture, significant additional dust loads from the construction site should be avoided through the measures proposed in the EMP. With a appropriate management of the construction site, especially a competent site supervision, application of dust suppression techniques, covering of stored hazardous material and vehicles removing waste, use of water sprays, etc. the impacts on the local air quality can be minimized.

3.6.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP 3.137 During the operation phase of the NGWWTP, fumes will be produced from burning the methane produced from sludge digestion. Fuel or diesel for backup-systems (generators) will also be burned temporary. These fumes will be released to atmosphere through a chimney of suitable design. The level of these emissions is assessed to be negligible.

3.7 Archaeology 3.7.1 Baseline conditions BLWWTP Site: 3.138 Looking into the historical data the village of Beit Lahia can be found among many villages in the vicinity of Gaza City during the Roman Byzantine period. It is shown on the Byzantine mosaic map of Madaba (in Jordan) discovered 100 years ago under the name “Bethelea”. During the Roman-Byzantine period Beit Lahia was a well-populated village possessing several temples, greatly venerated by the inhabitants for their antiquity and furnishing. The location of this village is identified with the site of Tell ad-dahab (the gold-mound), which was located to the west of the present day Beit Lahia and Tell al-Khirba (the ruins-mound) located in the eastern part of Beit Lahia. Many archaeological remains, such as pottery and glass fragments as well as coins were discovered in the soil of the two sites. Field surveys in the area of the BLWWTP did not identify any archaeological sites so far. The nearest archaeological remains in the area is Tell al-Khirb. It is situated in the eastern part of Beit Lahya, 500 m south of the WWTP. In the area archaeological remains such as mosaic fragments and pottery shards can be found over the whole of the mound. They are dated to be from the Roman Byzantine period. NGWWTP Site:

3.139 Strategically the NGWWTP is located in a relative remote, agricultural area, which was neither important for military purposes nor for settlements. These facts may be the explanation for the absence of relevant archaeological sites in the project area. All available data (literature, maps, old photos) do not mention any archaeological remains or historical buildings in the area.

3.140 The archaeological investigation of the site, which was conducted in 1999 in connection with the previous EA, showed the following results:

Presence of some pottery shards of the Roman-Byzantine type and local made. These movable archaeological surface remains are not an absolute indication for structures or dwellings existing under the surface of the project area. The surface of the area does not reflect any structural remains or build material.

An investigation of one-meter deep dug area and a dug for cultivation purposes (70cm deep) shows that there are no visible archaeological remains and – beside agricultural activities - the soil has a natural structure. Also a soil test was conducted in the middle



of the project area. The excavated soil down to 10 meter depth was checked. The excavated soil is muddy and clean. There is no indication for any archaeological remains.

The field survey identifies a small mound about 10 meters high located 150 meters east of the project area, namely behind the green line, inside the Israeli territories. Some similar mounds in the country reflect in different cases archaeological structures.

The nearest known archaeological site is located approximately 2000 meters away from the project area. The remains there are water cisterns and pottery shards scattered in some places. No archaeological excavations were carried out in these areas.

3.141 The most important structure of cultural value in the area is the Al Shuhada Islamic Cemetry which neighbors the proposed location. 3.7.2 No project impacts 3.142 During normal operation of the BLWWTP there would be no changes of the present situation. A breaking of the dams of the effluent lake however may endanger archaeological sites, because remediation measures after wastewater flooding with heavy machinery could impair the relicts.

3.143 At the proposed location of the NGWWTP, there would also be no changes of the present situation. 3.7.3 Emergency project impacts 3.144 According to the available data no relevant impacts concerning archaeology could be identified in connection with the planned activities. Since the project, especially the 8 km long pipeline will be constructed in an old settlement area with a very long history there is the chance that during the excavation works archaeological relicts may be found. In this case the construction works must be stopped and it is the duty of the construction supervision to take care that the relevant authorities (Ministry of Tourism and Antiques - MOTA) are informed immediately. A special archaeological survey will be done by a specialist. Based on the findings of this survey the following proceeding will be agreed between MOTA and PWA. BLWWTP Site: 3.145 Almost all construction works at the existing site will be done in already built-up areas. Therefore no impacts on archaeology are expected at the existing site.

3.146 The remediation activities in the area of the lake must be conducted carefully, especially when the original soil surface is influenced e.g. by removing the bottom of the lake. The construction site supervision will be instructed to pay attention also for archaeological relicts. NGWWTP Site: 3.147 Also the construction activities in the area of the new site lake must be conducted carefully. The construction site supervision will be instructed to pay attention also for archaeological relicts.



3.7.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP BLWWTP Site: 3.148 Almost all dismantling works at the existing site will be done in already built-up areas. Therefore no impacts on archaeology are expected at the existing site. NGWWTP Site:

3.149 The construction activities in connection with the completion of the new WWTP must be conducted carefully. The construction site supervision will be instructed to pay attention also for archaeological relicts.

3.8 Ecology 3.150 In the previous EAs for both sites, BLWWTP and NGWWTP, site investigations have been conducted. The principal conditions concerning wildlife have changed significantly Due to Israeli incursions in the past few years. However, no new field surveys have been conducted for this study and the facts and findings of the previous EAs, literature sources and discussions with experts have been used as a basis for this assessment. 3.8.1 Baseline conditions 3.151 The open areas in the Northern Gaza Government show flora and fauna common to semi-arid desert regions. The previously unusual rich variety of animal and plant species in the wider region (approximately 2500 plant species in the West Bank and Gaza) however has been drastically reduced. Due to the already very high population density and the ongoing increase of the population the few remaining habitats in Northern Gaza are reduced almost day by day.

3.152 The flora and fauna in the Gaza strip suffered severe impacts especially during the last four years (2000-2004) due to the Israeli depletion and partly leveling of green areas and agricultural land. During this period, about 2829 hectare of agricultural or horticultural land including agricultural wells and irrigation networks were destroyed in the whole Gaza strip (Al Mezan, 2004). The Northern Gaza Governorate was especially affected by loosing 1315 ha, which is about 35 % of the total agricultural land in the Northern Gaza Governorate. Flora 3.153 Wild plant species: A wide range especially of wild shrub and flowering plant species can be found in areas that are not cultivated or covered with settlements. However, no particularly protected or rare species have been identified during the surveys for the previous EAs. 10 wild tree species and about 70 weed species are documented (Annex VI).

3.154 Forest: In the whole Gaza Strip there is no land, which can be considered as a real forest area. This is mainly due to the continuous expansion of urbanization and the land limitation.

3.155 Agricultural Crops; There are 34 agricultural plants and 11 fruit tree species reported for the Gaza strip (Annex VI). Agricultural land nowadays occupies about 155 Km² from the total area of the Gaza Strip (it was about 175 Km² four years ago) which is close to 42% of the total area of the Gaza Strip. Traditionally, agriculture was based on irrigated or rainfed agriculture. Green houses have been introduced as a very important



improvement for agricultural production. In general, vegetables, citrus, fruits, strawberry, flowers (carnation) and rainfed crops are commonly seen in Northern Gaza Governorate. Other crops including potato, tomato, eggplants, pepper, beans, etc. are mainly cultivated in other parts of the Gaza Strip

3.156 Existing impairment: Especially in agricultural areas a great variety of chemicals (pesticides, fungicides, herbicides) is currently used, sometimes in very high concentrations, in order to combat the diverse problems in connection with intensive agriculture like weeds, insects, rodents and fungi. Fauna

3.157 About 11 wild mammal species, 30 birds, 12 reptiles, and 14 domestic animals have been recorded in the Northern Gaza Governorate during the last years (Annex VI).

3.158 Mammals; Many species, which could be found in the area a few decades ago have disappeared nowadays due to increased population density, hunting, agricultural and residential expansion, use of chemical substances, and mechanical obstacles like fences between Israel and the Gaza Strip. Wolf, Porcupine, Red fox, Jackal, Striped, Hyaena and Wild Cat are examples for meanwhile extinguished mammal species. Most of the nowadays recorded mammals are rodents.

3.159 Birds; More than 30 bird species are recorded in the wider area (Annex VI). The populations of some species were severely diminished due to certain factors including the use of agrochemicals, hunting, and loss of habitats.

3.160 Reptiles and Amphibians; 5 species have been reported in the northern Gaza area (Annex VI).

3.161 Arthropods; There is a great variety of insects in the area. Mainly due to the insufficient handling of waste (illegal storing and dumping) insects like cockroaches, beetles and flies are abundant, forming a rich food basis for predators like praying mantis, dragon flies and carnivore beetles. Beside insects, scorpions and spiders are very common in the area.

3.162 Domestic Animals; Apart from wildlife, many domestic animals like cows, sheep, goats, donkeys, horses, hens, etc. are commonly seen in the area.

3.163 Existing risks: With the exception of the infiltration ponds Nr. 12 and 13 (Figure 2.2) all open water bodies (treatment ponds and effluent lake) are not fenced and allow direct access for animals. Especially larger mammals (sheep, cows) are endangered when they fall into the water, especially into the lake with its unstable and steep sand dams. BLWWTP Site: 3.164 In densely settled areas like the Northern Gaza Governorate any area which is not intensively used for settlement or agriculture is a potential habitat for species which are sensitive against disturbance by human activities. There is no doubt that the effluent lake today possesses a certain ecological value mainly because of the facts that there are open water areas during the whole year and the inner lake area is not intensely used and disturbed by man.

3.165 Birds: The effluent lake area attracts birds, especially water birds. Today there is a great variety of bird species (Annex VI), some species could be seen in great numbers during site visits.



3.166 Insects: From the insects recorded in the BLWWTP area are the praying mantis, various beetles, crickets, bees, moths, aphids, dragonflies, grasshoppers, mosquitoes, flies….etc. Most people inhabiting the area are suffering from mosquitoes especially during the warm season.

3.167 Flora: Several wild tree species are recorded in Beit Lahia. The most common ones are Acacia raddiana, Acacia nilotica, Opuntia sp., Morus sp., Pinus sp., Ricinus sp., Ziziphus lotus, Australis phramites, Tamarix nilotica, and Tamarix aphylla.

3.168 Wild Weeds; Weeds are the main distinct plant cover noted in both agricultural and non-agricultural fields. Beit Lahian people used to utilize many weeds as food for people, fodder for grazing animals, medication timber production and preventing erosion (stabilizing of sand dunes and hillsides). Some weed species like Citrullus colocynthis and Retama sp. are locally endangered due to overgrazing or utilization for medical purposes Some of the weed species are considered as pests or plant parasites, some are poisonous.

3.169 Horticulture and Agriculture: Most of the area around BLWWTP is used for horti- and agriculture. The neighboring areas, especially west of the BLWWTP site, are mainly used for producing vegetables. Site visits and data collected showed that strawberry (Fragaria Vesca) was and is still considered to be the main crop in Beit Lahia. Many citrus orchards (orange, lemon, mandarin and grapefruit) and other fruit trees such as apples, pears, apricots are commonly cultivated in Beit Lahia.

3.170 Existing impacts: Many types of chemicals are currently being used in high amounts in the neighboring areas to fertilize the sandy soil and to combat the various impacts on agricultural production (weeds, insects, rodents and fungi). NGWWTP Site: 3.171 In the area of the proposed location of the NGWWTP, about 10 wild mammal species, 32 birds, 12 reptiles and amphibians, and 13 domestic animals are recorded in the recent years (Annex VI).

3.172 The study area is also the habitat of wild plant species and important food crops. 13 wild tree species, more than 10 fruit tree species, about 55 beneficial and harmful weeds and 33 agricultural crops are recorded (Annex VI).

3.173 Generally the eastern belt of the Gaza Strip is used as an agricultural area mainly because of its good soils (Quaternary soil, mainly clay). The fertile soil in the study area favors the cultivation of many crops such as citrus, grains and different types of vegetables. Most of the land at the proposed site is cultivated with grain, in its vicinity there are olive and citrus orchards (orange, lemon, mandarin and valencia). These orchards extend from Road No. 4 (Karama Road) to the border line to Israel. Moreover, other fruit trees such as pears, apricots and figs are commonly found in the area. 3.8.2 No project impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.174 The further operation of the BLWWTP, without any remedial action, would result in a deterioration of the water quality of the effluent lake, which at a certain pollution level impairs or even destroys the living conditions of animal species which depend on open water areas. With the decrease of the water quality the open lake constitutes a potential danger for animals which drink the polluted or even toxic water.



NGWWTP Site: 3.175 Without the NGWWTP no major changes are expected for the proposed site. The possible construction of the discussed industrial facilities in the vicinity of the site may change the habitat situation for the existing species. These changes depend on the type of industries, the emissions from the site, the facility management (wastewater handling, solid waste collection and handling, etc.)

3.8.3 Emergency project impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.176 The most relevant aspect concerning flora and fauna in the emergency phase is the drying of the lake. As soon as the pumping station at pond No. 7 starts to work and all treated wastewater is pumped to the new site there will be no more inflow into the effluent lake. The existing pumping facilities (Figure 2.2, station 11, floating pumps 15) will push the water from the lake to the infiltration ponds (12, 13) in order to lower the water level as soon as possible. The shrinking of the effluent lake, which may last one year until the lake is dry, will have many consequences for the flora and fauna.

3.177 One the one hand there are positive effects. The shrinking water level improves the presently problematic relationship between water surface and volume, leads to an enrichment with oxygen, to a better self cleaning ability of the lake and finally to a better water quality. This and the setting free of shallow water areas improves the habitat quality for water birds.

3.178 On the other hand the steep sand dams and the deep sludge at the bottom of the lake are a potential danger for larger animals which may fall down the steep sand dams into the drying lake and are stuck in the sludge. In the dry season animals try to reach the last open water ponds, and they are often trapped when they break through dry crusts over deep sludge. These problems are well-known in arid zones.

3.179 During the drying process of the lake animal or plant species which are depending on open water or wetlands will more and more disappear and species adapted to arid or semi-arid conditions will take over the new habitats.

Pipeline Construction 3.180 The construction of the about 8 km long pipeline between the new pumping station at BLWWTP and the NGWWTP will mainly follow existing streets and roads within settlements or industrial areas. The crossing of agricultural land also causes only temporary disturbance. Therefore, the construction activities are unlikely to cause significant ecological impacts.

3.181 As the working width may be up to 25 m a large number of trees are potentially endangered by the project. As trees are quite rare in the densely settled areas measures should be taken to avoid felling of trees as far as possible e.g. by reducing the working width. Old trees next to the construction site should be mechanically protected by fencing. Loss of older trees will be compensated by replanting of trees after the construction activities have been finished.



NGWWTP Site: 3.182 The main impact of the project on ecology will be the permanent loss of the site area as a habitat for flora and fauna. The huge earthworks (excavation of about 900.000 m3) and the leveling works will affect the surface of the whole site severely. The site area is used to cultivate grains; mainly wheat and barely. The construction of the WWTP means a permanent loss as a productive area.

3.183 Due to the disturbance caused by the construction activities wildlife species in the surrounding areas may migrate to other places or leave the place at least during the daily working hours when there is noise and dust from the construction site and the activities on the access roads.

3.184 When the infiltration ponds start working they will attract animals, especially open water and wetland species. The new ponds may replace the present ones at BLWWTP, which will be dismantled in the later phase, as habitats to a certain extent. New species, especially water and wetland species will inhabit the area and use it as shelter, food source and for breeding.

3.185 The whole infiltration basin area will be fenced in order to keep away sheep, goats, cows and other animals from the ponds, especially in the emergency phase, when they are filled with only partly treated wastewater.

3.186 In order to control and avoid far-reaching effects especially concerning the ground water quality appropriate groundwater-monitoring is inevitable and will be conducted as described in chapter 3.1. 3.8.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP BLWWTP Site:

3.187 When all water in the lake has disappeared completely by infiltration and evaporation the dry lake area will be leveled most probably using the sand dam material to fill up hollows in the area. From that time on and depending on the further land use as settlement or agricultural area the flora and fauna of the lake area will be changed permanently.

NGWWTP Site: 3.188 When the treatment plant is completed there will be two main factors which, due to the volumes, have significant ecological effects, the effluent from the plant and the sludge. The effects concerning the effluents are discussed in chapter 3.1.

3.189 From an environmental point of view it would be useful to irrigate at least a part of the treated wastewater effluent in agricultural areas and to use treated sludge, especially composted sludge, as a fertilizer. Presently the farmers use high quantities of chemical fertilizers and irrigation systems based on ground water. Irrigation with the nutrient rich effluent from the WWTP and fertilizing with preferably composted sludge could reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers. The usage of compost could improve the soil quality, especially in sandy areas. Irrigation with treated wastewater would not only provide the plants with nutrients but also lead to an additional effluent water treatment due to an improved oxygen supply, a partially uptake of nutrients the plant roots and the passage through the upper soil layers with all its microorganisms. All these effects finally contribute to an improved ground water quality in the project area.



3.9 Land Use and Infrastructure 3.9.1 Baseline conditions BLWWTP Site: 3.190 The area around the existing WWTP is densely settled. South of the plant a new road was constructed to connect the area with its surroundings; the al Awda Towers, Al Nada neighborhood and Al Ezba. The existing WWTP reduces the willingness of people to construct new buildings in this area so far. The valley between the lake and Beit Lahya is used for agriculture, mainly to grow vegetables and fruits.

NGWWTP Site: 3.191 The proposed site is located at the northeast administrative boundary of Gaza City. It is about 7 km far from the Erez Industrial Zone at the northern borders between Gaza Strip and Israel, and about 4,5 km south of the existing BLWWTP. The proposed nearest urban centers to the site are Gaza City and Jabalia City. It is about 4 km from the downtown of Gaza city and 2 km from Jabalia center.

3.192 The land at the new site is Wakf Land, owned by the Ministry of Islamic Affairs.

3.193 There are no residential areas or houses on the site itself or near the site. The site itself is used as an agricultural area for wheat production, and it is sometimes used for grazing. There are some temporary shelters beside the cemetery.

3.194 The most obvious feature characterizing the area is the Al Shuhada cemetery located just to the west of the site.

Category Site Attribute

Physical site The site falls within the jurisdiction of Gaza Municipality. It is located at the northeast administrative boundary of Gaza City.

Size Total area = 30 hectares, Initial phase area = 10ha

Relative location

Distance to downtown of Gaza city: 5 kilometers Distance to Jabalia center: 4 kilometers Distance to BLWWTP (Direct) 5 kilometers

Existing structures

There are a few existing structures on the entire proposed site. These include: A sheep farm (about 6,600m2); A cow farm with associated structures and six greenhouses Three wooden sheds (3x3m) 5 Water wells New greenhouses were being constructed on part of the land.

Grade and drainage

The area is gently sloping towards the northwest leading to El Qashash Wadi. In general, the northwest side of the proposed WWTP is the lowest part of the area.

The Wadi provides a natural drainage to the site. In some wet seasons, the surrounding areas have been subjected to flooding from the Wadi

Road access The Shuhada Islamic Cemetery Street is the main access road to the proposed WWTP site. It branches from El Karama Road. Its planned width is 30m wide, currently paved 8m wide only.

Water supply Water wells There are 5 agricultural wells drilled within the site boundary, designated Q54-A, B, D,

and E. The chemical test results show that the chloride level is about 370 mg/l, (in wells Q54-

A and Q54-D) which is above the WHO maximum Standard (250mg/l). The nitrate content is of acceptable levels (less that 50 mg/l).



Category Site Attribute Water pipelines A Municipal pipeline of 14” diameter is passing along road No 4 and connects a

municipal well in Jabalia with a residential area in Gaza City. The pipeline is about 200m to the west from the proposed site It has a capacity of 200m3/hr.

Wastewater Existing Condition The area is not served by a conventional sewage system. The nearest point at which sewage network exists is located about one kilometer to the

west of the proposed site. 3.9.2 No project impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.195 In the recent years large areas were used to construct the lagoons and infiltration basins to mitigate any emergency. If the existing situation continues or even worsens, more land will be acquired to construct infiltration basins.

NGWWTP Site: 3.196 At the NGWWTP, the main agricultural use is expected to remain the same. There are plans for a new industrial zone west of Al Shuhada cemetery. This development would not influence the NGWWTP project because it is not planned to built any new residential areas in the future. The land use planning for the area of concern is summarized in Figure 3.23.

Figure 3.23: Land Use 3.9.3 Emergency project impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.197 The proposed emergency project will protect the settlement areas neighboring the existing site and the lake and allow long term planning for the further use of the rehabilitated area. The project is expected to encourage the responsible agencies; Common

Islamic Cemetery

Industrial Zone

NGWWTP



Services Council, Bait Lahya municipality and Um Al Nasser Village council to arrange for cleaning campaigns e.g. rubble and waste in order to improve the aesthetic features in the area.

NGWWTP Site: 3.198 The area is expected to be subjected of several agriculture activities to replant the destructed and leveled areas. The cemetery is bounded and regulated. So, there is no tangible impacts are expected. Only an idea to develop a small industrial zone and workshops area in the vicinity. This may increase the land prices and lead to minimize the cultivated areas.

3.199 Concerning the emergency project, the project has no conflict with the private properties. The main pipeline will follow the route of Al Shuhada road that is municipal property. Construction the project will reduce the recreational value of the area.

3.9.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP BLWWTP Site: 3.200 The pond No 1 to 6 and their access roads as well as the old pumping station will have be demolished after the NGWWTP has been completed. Only lagoon no. 7 will be used in emergencies. The infiltration ponds No. 12 and 13 will be used for storm water infiltration only.

3.201 The rehabilitation of the lake and the WWTP will improve the living conditions of the local residents considerably and encourage the willingness to live in the surrounding area. The implementation of the emergency project will also have also positive effects on the agricultural sector. Stopping the uncontrolled infiltration of partially treated wastewater, the quality of irrigation water in the surrounding agricultural wells will be improved and allows higher quality of agricultural activities. In general, the project will positively influence the land prices in the project surrounding areas. NGWWTP Site:

3.202 The operation of the NGWWTP will have no effect on the current agricultural land use around the site. Landscaping is necessary to minimize visual impacts especially for visitors of the cemetery. The cultivation of new agricultural plant species may be encouraged due to the reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation.

3.10 Landscape

3.10.1 Baseline conditions

BLWWTP Site: 3.203 The BLWWTP is located in an open, shallow valley between two parallel ridges, the Gaza ridge in the west (up to 50 masl) and the el Muntar Ridge in the east (up to 80 masl). The overall appearance of the valley is that of a mixed residential and agricultural area with almost no areas unaffected by man’s influence. The most significant landscape elements are the open water bodies of the treatment ponds and especially the large wastewater lake. Open water bodies are usually regarded as positive landscape elements, but in this case the knowledge of the purpose of these water bodies, and sometime the odor emissions, strongly impair the impression on the residents.



3.204 A view of the whole scenery is only possible from the top of the two ridges or form upper stories of higher houses in the neighboring settlements. In some parts of the area around the WWTP the uncontrolled disposal of grits, solid wastes and construction wastes severely disturbs the landscape. There are only a few single trees which contribute to a improvement of the picture.

NGWWTP Site: 3.205 According to the previous EA the proposed new WWTP site is planned on the eastern side of a shallow valley between two kurkar ridges, the el Muntar ridge in the west (up to 80 masl) and the Beit Hanoun Ridge (up to 90 masl) in the east. Route 4 runs about 0.5 km west of the site at the bottom of the valley. The site is located at a moderate western slope of the Beit Hanoun Ridge, with reaches 69 m masl in this section. To the east, beyond the ridge, the land falls slowly down to the border line with Israel. All land east of the planned site, also beyond the border in Israel, is undulating farmland without settlements or farm houses. There are no areas on the Israeli side of the border which overlook the proposed site. Only some parts of treatment plant buildings, which will be constructed in Phase 1 (2008) and which exceed 69 masl will be visible from the Israeli side.

3.206 The eastern slope of the valley varies from light industry and high housing density at the bottom to low density housing areas at the top of the ridge. From the upper parts of the eastern slope the planned site area is visible, but the distance to the site area is rather high.

3.207 The relatively low growing citrus plantations between Route 4 and the site effectively screen the side area from views from the west. The belt of trees around Al Shuhada Cemetery, which neighbors the panned site area, forms a 3 – 13 m high visual barrier along the western side of the site. The screening effects lead to the statement that views to the site area are mainly limited to distant views so that the site area is only a small part of the whole panorama. However, direct vies to at least parts of the site are possible from high buildings and the upper parts in the west.

3.10.2 No project impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.208 The deterioration of the treatment process at the WWTP will certainly lead to further impairments of the landscape. The same is true for the dumping of waste and construction material, if this practice is not stopped.

NGWWTP Site:

3.209 Without the construction of the new WWTP there will be no changes in the present landscape situation in the area of the site. The possible effects of a new industrial zone west of the Al Shuhada Cemetery on the landscape depend on the type and size of the industrial activities and will most probably reduce the quality of the landscape in the area.



3.10.3 Emergency project impacts BLWWTP Site: 3.210 The construction activities at the site (new pumping station, sewer, movement of construction vehicles) will bring temporary visual impacts and noise and impair the landscape.

3.211 The drying out of the lake will change the present landscape significantly. In the emergency phase the negative optical effects are expected to dominate, due to the loss of wetland-vegetation (weed, some trees) and the sight of the sludge at the bottom of the lake. The rehabilitation off the area (earthworks, leveling) will also cause short-term impacts.

Pressure Pipe Line

3.212 During the construction of the sewer line there will be impairments of the landscape due to the construction activities (movement of construction vehicles, open earthworks, storing of construction material). However, these impacts are only short-term and local. NGWWTP Site: 3.213 The most significant impacts on landscape in the emergency phase will be construction activities at the planned site. At the construction site (about 300 dunums) and the access roads to and from the site there will be movements of heavy construction vehicles with all the accompanying effects on the landscape (visual disturbance, noise, fume and dust emissions).

3.10.4 Impacts at Full Operation of the NGWWTP BLWWTP Site: 3.214 After all wastewater is pumped to the new site the existing Ponds 1 – 6 will be demolished. These de-construction activities cause visual disturbance, noise, fume and dust emissions from the construction vehicles. The rubble should be transported to an official and orderly rubble deposit site.

3.215 Depending on the further land use of the rehabilitated lake area (built-up or agricultural area) there will be a new landscape. From an environmental point of view only agricultural land use would lead to a significant improvement of the present situation for the local residents. Lagoon No. 7, which will be used in emergency cases to retain the raw wastewater, may impair the landscape in future temporarily. NGWWTP Site: 3.216 Technical structures of the treatment plant which will be built in 2008 range in height between 2 and 12 m. The tallest buildings would be located at the western edge of the site, which is also the lowest part of the site. The tallest buildings and the above ground tanks are clustered together forming a uniform block similar to three-storey building of a industrial nature. Similar structures can be found in many places in the Northern Gaza Governorate.

3.217 The site is already partly screened by surrounding tree rows (Al Shuhada Cemetery) and citrus plantations and allows direct views only at a far distance from the



ride in the west or its eastern slope. The most significant view to the new WWTP will be from the southern part of the cemetery. The most visible parts of the site will be the tall buildings 170 m away from the wall of the cemetery. These will largely block views of the rest of the works behind them. In the northern part of the cemetery views will be possible across the remaining triangle of farm land between the WWTP and the cemetery to the low tanks, stepped terraces and infiltration basins on the hill slope. All together the visual impact of the complete WWTP within the rural area is considered to be moderate.

3.218 A detailed landscape and architectural design was prepared by SWECO in 2004 or the NGWWTP. The main landscaping ideas concerning the exterior perspective were to achieve a nice view with forestry, water terraces and green slopes in addition to an attractive technical plant. According to the design, the site will be exposed from different parts of the surrounding landscape. Plantation that combines a good ecological structure with the use of vegetation for reducing the visibility of the plant from surrounding areas was considered in the design. Certain local trees will be planted to give a good green structure on the site and achieve a good impression from the outside. Gardening by means of grass, flowers, bushes and trees will cover the maximum possible area. The boundary to the cemetery and the area between the NGWWTP structures will be planted to minimize the effect from the wastewater plant to the surroundings.

3.11 Summary of Impacts 3.219 Table 3.9, Table 3.10 and Table 3.11Table 3.11 summarize the environmental impacts of the project on BLWWTP site, the pressure line route, and NGWWTP site, respectively.



Table 3.9: Summary of Environmental Impacts at BLWWTP Site

Phase / Issue Impact Significance Pre Construction General Access to lands for topographic and subsoil surveys. Negligible Construction Works Public Safety Potential injury and death Major negative Noise and Construction Disturbance

Nuisance value that may in extreme cases affect health

Major nuisance value. Minor health impact

Air Quality (excl. dust) Nuisance value that in extreme cases may affect health of general population. Vulnerable groups could have much higher health threat.

Minor negative health impact

Dust Traffic on local dirt roads Minor negative Waste Soil Material Removal and disposal of non usable soil materials Minor negative Hydrogeology, Geology and Topology

Nuisance for local residents (construction, demolition works), drying and rehabilitation of the lake

Moderate negative (for biological treatment of the lake)

Fauna, Flora and Ecology Loss of wetland and open water areas, Loss of relatively undisturbed habitats

Major negative (wetland species) Moderate (disturbance)

Archaeology/Cultural Heritage

Negligible Negligible

Project offices Negligible Negligible Materials Stockpiles Access Minor negative Equipment Maintenance and Cleaning

Storage and use of chemicals (fuel, oil), hazardous waste disposal (especially oils)

Moderate negative Sufficient cumulative impact to warrant attention

Access and Construction Traffic

Mix of heavy construction traffic and existing traffic will be a potential source of accidents.

Moderate negative

Resource Use Land consumption Small scale construction (pumping station, inlet

works) Negligible

Permanent Impacts Land consumption Rehabilitation of the lake area and demolition of

WWTP facilities (pumping station, ponds No 1 – 6 Major positive!

Property take None Nil Cultural Properties None Nil Flora and Fauna Minor Moderate negative Living quality for local residents

Rehabilitation of the lake area and the WWTP site reduces health risks and improves living quality for local residents

Major positive!

Dried Sludge Disposal of large volume of material Potentially Major negative (if not used in agriculture)

Population relocation and settlement

None Nil

Productive land Rehabilitation of the lake area and follow-up use as green or agricultural land Rehabilitation of the lake area and follow-up use as built up area

Major positive! (if the area is used for green land or agriculture) Nil

Employment Rehabilitation of the lake area and follow-up use Moderate positive



Table 3.10: Summary of Environmental Impacts of the Sewer Line between BLWWTP and NGWWTP


Nuisance value that may in extreme cases affect health

Major nuisance value. Minimal negative health impact


Minor negative

Dust Traffic on local dirt roads Moderate negative Waste Soil Material Removal and disposal of non usable soil materials Minor negative Hydrogeology, Geology and Topology


Fauna, Flora and Ecology Negligible Negligible Archaeology/Cultural Heritage



Storage and use of chemicals, industrial waste disposal (especially oils)

Moderate negative. Sufficient cumulative impact to warrant attention


Mix of heavy construction traffic and existing traffic will be a potential source of accidents.

Moderate negative

Permanent Impacts (6.5) Land consumption None Nil Property take None Nil Cultural Properties None Nil Flora and Fauna Temporary disturbance Minor negative Population relocation and settlement

None Nil

Productive land loss None Nil Employment Temporary jobs at the construction site Moderate positive



Table 3.11: Summary of Environmental Impacts at NGWWTP Site


Disturbance of visitors of the Al Shuhada cemetery Major nuisance value Minimal negative health impact


Minor negative

Dust Traffic on local dirt roads Negligible Waste Soil Material Removal and disposal of excavated soil (900.000 m3) Major negative Hydrogeology, Geology and Topology

Excavation and leveling Moderate negative

Fauna, Flora and Ecology Permanent loss of habitats (agricultural area) Moderate Archaeology/Cultural Heritage



Storage and use of chemicals, industrial waste disposal (especially oils)

Moderate negative. Sufficient cumulative impact to warrant attention


Mix of heavy construction traffic and existing traffic will be a potential source of accidents

Moderate negative

Resource Use Ground water Temporary infiltration of partly treated wastewater in

the emergency phase Major negative

Medium-term infiltration of fully treated wastewater from Phase 1 on

Moderate positive

Long-term infiltration of fully treated wastewater Major positive Land consumption Infiltration ponds, treatment facilities Moderate negative Permanent Impacts Land acquisition None Nil Productive land loss Loss of 80 donums fertile agricultural area Minor negative Property take None Nil Cultural Properties None Nil Flora and Fauna Loss of habitats

Creation of new habitats (wetland, open water) Moderate negative Moderate positive

Dried Sludge Disposal of large volume of material Potentially major negative (if not re-used in agriculture)

Population relocation and settlement

None Nil

Employment Creation of new permanent jobs Major positive

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Chapter Four Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report Environmental Management Plan


4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

4.1 Environmental Management Plan Objectives

4.1 The planned project has been classified as Category “A” under the World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.01. For all projects of Category “A” a comprehensive Environmental Assessment (EA) as well as an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are obligatory. The implementation of the EMP is the means by which the adverse environmental impacts of the planned project, subject to mitigation measures, are effectively mitigated and by which the effectiveness of the mitigation is monitored.

4.2 The preparation of the EMP involves the identification of feasible and cost-effective measures that may prevent or reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels.

4.3 This EMP has three basic components: Environmental Mitigation. Environmental Monitoring and Enforcement. Capacity Building Requirements.

4.2 EMP for Part A: NGEST

4.2.1 Institutional Setup 4.4 A responsible entity is necessary to enforce and monitor the implementation of the EMP components. Some monitoring and mitigation measures require the contribution of other governmental institutions, in cooperation with the responsible entity. The institutional setup and capacity building section aims to coordinate the environmental policies, plans, programs and decisions of the various parties involved in the different environmental aspects of the project. This setup and related capacity building will ensure a proper implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

4.5 In general, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the two leading bodies of the regulatory framework in the water and wastewater sector are the National Water Council (NWC) and the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA). The municipalities, village councils and joint service councils are responsible for operating and maintaining water and wastewater facilities. Figure 4.1 shows the proposed institutional setup framework for the Emergency phase. Three levels of institutional management are involved in the project as follows:

Governmental Level Management 4.6 The governmental level management is mainly represented by PWA supported by other ministries and governmental agencies including National Water Council, Environmental Quality Authority , Ministry of Local Government, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Ministry of Health, and Coastal Municipalities Water Utility (CMWU). PWA is responsible for coordination of activities with other agencies in order to ensure smooth implementation of the project from the inception phase of the project to construction and operation. PWA is also responsible for coordination with the Israelis to avoid any trans-boundary problems. PWA and other governmental agencies can form a Steering Committee for the project. The role of this steering committee will be finalized at the end of the construction phase and the specific tasks and duties for each involved entity will be defined according to their responsibilities in line with the laws and regulations. Annex II gives a survey of the existing governmental agencies and their responsibilities.



Project Management Unit (PMU) 4.7 In 2000, the PMU was created as a part of the PWA. The PMU consists of a project director, engineers, supervisors, administrative assistant and financial assistant. The PMU is responsible for day-to-day activities; procurement, higher supervision, accounting, evaluation, monitoring, variation orders, and reporting. During construction and operation phases the PMU is responsible for coordination with the municipalities (later will be part of CMWU) in the Northern Gaza Governorate. Also, it is the responsibility of the PMU director to coordinate with the representatives of other stakeholders to ensure proper implementation of EMP or to discuss any issue. The PMU is a temporary entity, which will be restructured most probably in 2008, after the Coastal Management Water Utility is established. As shown in Figure 4.1 the proposed institutional setup of the project outlines the responsibilities of the PMU at different phases of the project.

4.8 The PMU should be strengthened with a consultant during the construction phase for the management of the construction activities and for control of their compliance with the laws and standards. Another consultant should be commissioned to assist in monitoring, testing and quality assurance. There are some changes on the role of PWA and PMU during the different phases of the project and after establishment of the proposed Coastal Municipalities Water Utility (CMWU) which is proposed to operate all water and wastewater facilities in Gaza Strip. Therefore the relationship between, PWA, PMU and CMWU will change during the project phases according to the change of their responsibilities. However, reporting to the Steering Committee is the responsibility of PMU during the first three years (2006-2008) and the responsibility of CMWU after establishment of the CMWU in 2008.

PMU’s Proposed Staff 4.9 One of the PMU’s staff members should be an environmental specialist or an engineer with strong environmental background to participate in the environmental management and monitoring processes. The tasks of the environmental expert are:

(a) Environmental Auditing: Monitor all construction activities at BLWWTP and NGWWTP and the

new sewer connection, including the transportation and storage of construction material by regular site visits.

Ensure that the EMP is applied during all phases of the project by informing the responsible administrative entities and taking care that timely actions are taken in cases of non-compliance.

(b) Coordinate environmental training activities for staff, engineers and contractors. (c) Coordinate with municipalities, EQA and other involved parties in order to

mitigate the environmental impacts by providing instructions for the implementing agencies.

(d) Assistance in preparation of the progress reports during implementation of the EMP.

4.10 PMU is responsible for supervision during the emergency phase, which comprises one year of construction and two years of operation. A qualified international operator is now contracted to operate all water and wastewater services under the supervision of PMU. PWA in this stage will be a coordinating agency. After the new infiltration basins are constructed, the environmental expert is proposed to be relocated to the CMWU to perform the activities mentioned above during the operation phase.



4.11 To ensure building up the capacity of the involved parties, special training is necessary for the key members, i.e., PWA, CMWU, EQA, contractor and other monitoring and control agencies. Coastal Municipalities Water Utility (CMWU)

4.12 PWA follows the strategy to combine all activities which are executed by several municipalities, village councils, and water and wastewater departments nowadays under the roof of one single, efficient Regional Water and Wastewater Utility. A Memorandum of Understanding for the creation of the CMWU and the outsourcing of water and wastewater services to private contractors has been signed. It is proposed that the CMWU, which will be the owner of the assets, will be responsible for setting and monitoring the key objectives in terms of service delivery, while PWA will mainly focus on regulatory environmental aspects (such as groundwater quality, groundwater abstraction, and wastewater quality and discharge) and some selected economic aspects (such as the adherence to national water tariff guidelines). The existing CSC will be integrated into the CMWU. During the first stage of the project, the CSC is responsible to facilitate construction of the infiltration basins.

4.13 A transitional period is proposed before the CMWU will have the full operational control of water and wastewater services. During this transitional period, the operator will have the responsibility for all managerial and operational aspects of the water and wastewater systems in the Gaza strip, including the use of the Operating Investment Fund. Depending on the type of contract, the operator may have other responsibilities outside the operation and maintenance of the proposed treatment plant. All procurements and services will be procured in accordance with World Bank guidelines.

The Recommended Environmental Consultants 4.14 In order to ensure smooth implementation of the proposed monitoring plan and mitigation measures it is necessary to conduct an intensive capacity building program for the involved parties during the inception phase of the project construction. The capacity building program is proposed to be organized as workshops (four workshops) to cover the following subjects:

Project components and schedule. Description of the EMP components. Institutional arrangements and coordination methodologies. Quality control and assurance plans.

4.15 The needed consultant for the capacity building is clearly identified in the proposed institutional setup as environmental Consultant 1. The other capacity building programs such as on-the job-training, staff training and training for contractors could be conducted by the same consultant as well be described in the capacity building requirements.

4.16 Another qualified consultant is proposed to be responsible for construction compliance supervision as Consultant 2. The duties of this consultant are direct compliance supervision, reporting to PMU, quality control and quality assurance of implementation.



PWAresponsible for regulation , contracting , finacing , andcoordination with other

stakeholders

PMUresponsible for supervison ,

procurement and coordination withstakeholders during constructionand for logistic support during

operation

Contractorsconstrcut the

infiltration basins , terminal PS and

pressure line

Consultant (2)constrcution

management -Construction Quality

Control

Consultant (1)conduct capacitybuilding activities

during the first phase of construction for PMU

and the contractor

Emergency Phase I(Three Years)

Full Control & Follow up

CMWUresponsible for

operation , maintenance ,

monitoring andquality control

PWAresponsible for

regulations

PMUresponsible for

monitoring and logistic

support during operation

CMWUresponsible for

contracting , finacing , and coordination with

other stakeholders, operation , maintenance , monitoring and quality

Assurance

Operator responsible for

operation and Quality Control

Construction Phase One Year

Operation Phase Two Years

Figure 4.1: Institutional Setup Framework for Part A



4.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Actions

4.17 Avoiding or mitigation of environmental impacts is by far preferable to compensation or rehabilitation measures after an impact has happened.

4.18 It is the task of the EA and especially the EMP to identify significant impacts, to define measures to avoid or at least to minimize these impacts and to take care that these measures are properly applied at all project phases. The following paragraphs describe the proposed mitigation measures and monitoring actions for each project phase in general before the most significant measures are defined in detail.

4.19 As identified earlier, impacts during the one year long construction phase are primarily associated with the construction of the pressure line and the infiltration basins. The significant accompanying activities comprise land consumption, earthworks, material transport and movement of heavy machinery. Such impacts are mostly short-term, local, and caused by the contractors activities at the construction sites and the access roads and can be mitigated through proper construction management in coordination with the contractor and the authorities concerned. The contractor in cooperation with the monitoring agency and the environmental expert are responsible for implementing the mitigation measures during the construction phase.

4.20 Impacts during the operation phase of the emergency project, which is about 2 years, are primarily associated with ground water, soil, health and land use. The most significant impact at this phase is the infiltration of partially treated wastewater into the ground water.

4.21 Environmental monitoring is the timely and proper survey of the significant environmental impacts of a project during all project phases. Monitoring results help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment. They are also used to ensure compliance with environmental standards, and to identify necessary changes in the project design or operation.

4.22 The Environmental Monitoring plan sets out a framework for monitoring the environmental situation at all project sites (BLWWTP, NGWWTP and sewer line). In order to ensure that the reality complies with the demands of the EMP environmental, monitoring should be carried out concerning the following aspects:

Construction and transport activities. Health and safety measures (construction and operation workers, local

inhabitants). Site cleaning, solid wastes removal, hauling and disposal. Efficiency of the treatment process. Quality of treated wastewater. Aquifer Water quality in the vicinity of the infiltration ponds. Monitoring of unexpected leakages or system failures. Top soil of the infiltration basins against clogging issues. Agricultural soil subjected to sludge or treated wastewater application.

4.23 In addition, the PMU is responsible for monitoring and enforcing the various environmental issues as related to the project activities as outlined in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3. Also, the PMU is responsible for executing any necessary measure out of those highlighted in the table according to the prevailing conditions at the site. Environmental mitigation and



monitoring actions are presented in a simple matrix format. They include identification of the problems, mitigation measures, monitoring responsibilities, and the responsibilities to carry out the mitigation and monitoring measures. All the mitigation measures should be incorporated into the construction and supervision contracts.

4.24 The following section highlights the necessary monitoring actions and mitigation measure for the significant environmental issues:

4.2.2.1 Water Quality Mitigation Measures and Monitoring

BLWWTP Site:

4.25 Based on the effluent quality testing, considerable differences have been identified between the effluent from the polishing pond and the adjacent effluent lake especially concerning nitrogen, BOD, and SS. At the beginning of the emergency phase, the partially-treated effluent wastewater will be taken from the polishing pond at BLWWTP, pumped to the new site and recharged into the groundwater via the new infiltration ponds. The effluent quality in the polishing pond is expected to improve due to the upgrading of the BLWWTP facilities (inlet works, aeration) at the beginning of the emergency phase. The combination of existing aeration capacity (88 KW) and enough retention time can produce a relatively good effluent (BOD < 50 mg/l) for flow up to14,000 m3/day. According to EU standards, it is required to provide 5 KW aeration capacity every 1000 m3 of influent. As the influent increases to about 18,000 m3/day, the retention time will be less than 1.2 day which is not enough for aeration. As a result the treatment efficiency will decrease.

4.26 The following measures are recommended before infiltration phase begins at the new site:

• Upgrading of the inlet works for a better performance of debris screening and sand removal. Neither the existing screen nor the sedimentation facilities, which have to be cleaned manually, seem to be sufficient or sufficiently maintained for the pre-treatment of the incoming wastewater.

• Cleaning and installation of additional aerators in Ponds 3 and 4. These ponds should be fully aerated with at least 100 KW aeration power.

• Ponds 3 and 4 should be cleaned to increase the depth from 1.5 - 1.75 m currently to their original design (2.4 m).

4.27 When the infiltration at the new site begins, and with all upgrading activities at BLWWTP realized, the effluent levels of BOD, SS and Total N would be significantly lower than the present values. Previous records in 2001 and 2002 show that the BOD was about 45 mg/l (Shomar, 2004). Chloride concentration from both the polishing pond and the lake is suitable for infiltration and will have even positive effects on the high chloride concentration of the aquifer. Nothing significantly can be done in the emergency case within the available budget to reduce the total nitrogen concentration in the effluent. Using large area infiltration basins, low application depth, and more drying days than flooding will enhance the nitrification process in the soil top layers and de-nitrification in the deeper layers. Increasing the drying period will supply more oxygen to the soil that will enhance the nitrification process of Kejldal nitrogen to NO3. Some decay will occur if the infiltrated effluent passes through soil layers that is rich with organic materials (Clay) but that part of the aquifer does not have enough of these lenses. High degree of treatment can be achieved by allowing



partially-treated sewage effluent to infiltrate into the soil. Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAR) removes SS, BOD, bacteria, viruses and Reduce N, Ph, Heavy Metals significantly.

4.28 The local infiltration of the lake water at the two storm water infiltration facilities should continue until the lake level has gone down at least by 4 to 5 m. During winter time storm water enhances leaching and dilution processes at the basin bottoms. The infiltration of the lake water can be done at a rate of about 4.000 m3/day in summer and much lower in winter because of the incoming storm water. Natural evaporation will do part of the lake water level reduction (open water evaporation 840 mm/year). When the lake water level is reduced significantly, the sun light and oxygen can reach the whole depth and the lake will be an effective part of the treatment process. NGWWTP Site:

4.29 In order to reduce the expansion of the nitrogen plume and to minimize any trans-boundary effects, the following measures are proposed:

• Infiltration Basins 7 and 9 will not be used during the emergency phase. • Only the direct effluent from BLWWTP from the polishing pond (12,000m3/day and

its natural increase) will be used for infiltration at the beginning.

4.30 Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 show the short and long term impacts of these measures. Comparing the results with Figure 3.16 shows that the nitrogen plume at the end of the emergency phase will extend about 200 m to the west and about 100 to the east of the infiltration site. Comparing the results shown in Figure 3.13 and Figure 4.3, it can be seen that the transport path will be confined to a smaller area at the long run. The reason is that the regional flow will surplus this small infiltration quantity and force it in the western direction.

Figure 4.2: NO3-N Plume at the End of Part A using 12,000 m3/day and not using

Infiltration Basins 7 and 9



Monitoring for Year 2006-2008

4.31 Regarding the risk of pollution from pathogens, no well should be operated within a distance of 150 m (6-month residence time) from the edge of infiltration basins (contour line, Figure 3.21). The groundwater beyond that area will be hygienically safe.

Figure 4.3: Long Term extent of Particle Transport if Basins 7 and 9 are not Used

Recommendations for after 2008

4.32 Considering the worst case scenario (if the NGWWTP is not implemented and infiltration with partially treated sewage continues after 2008), recovery scheme around the infiltration site has to be implemented or pumping to the infiltration basins must be stopped.

4.33 Figure 4.4 shows the proposed locations of recovery wells. It is proposed to have 24 wells that are 100 m apart and are tentatively located about 200-300 m north and south and 400 west of the infiltration basins. The wells are located at the edge of agricultural lots near existing roads and inside the proposed industrial area as it will be easy to connect them in a regional irrigation scheme in the future. Figure 4.7 also shows nine private agricultural wells in the nearby areas (Q14, Q15, Q53, Q54A, Q54D, Q55, Q56, and R12) that can be upgraded or renovated and used as recovery wells in addition to the new wells. The recovery scheme in addition to the nearby agricultural wells should be able to pump 10% more than what is infiltrated. Figure 4.4 shows how the proposed recovery wells will be able to capture most of the infiltrated particles.

4.34 The operation of the agricultural wells in the surrounding areas of the infiltration basins should be regulated by PWA in order to ensure that all the infiltrated effluent is recovered. The quality of the abstracted water should be strictly monitored to ensure health



and safety of the users. In case of any problem in any of the water quality parameters, the necessary action should be decided and enforced by PWA.

4.35 Figure 4.5 also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed recovery system in reducing the expected extent of the contaminant plume compared with the model results shown in Figure 3.20. The proposed new wells will be able to pump19,200 m3/day (800 m3/day for each well and screened between -10 to -30 from the mean sea level).

4.36 The exact location and design of the proposed wells should be part of PWA plans for a regional reuse scheme. The planning should take into consideration the tariff and how and where this pumped water will be used. And in order to be prepared for the worst case. The planning for this activity should start soon.

Figure 4.4: Impact of the Proposed Recovery System in Capturing the Contaminant Particles.



Figure 4.5: Long Term Extent of the NO3-N Plume with the Implementation of

Recovery System.

Locations for Monitoring Wells

4.37 At the infiltration site, the observation points have to cover the deep part of the aquifer and the zone between the water table before infiltration and the water table after infiltration. Some of the already implemented observation wells can be utilized. DB wells should be used to monitor the deep part of the aquifer beneath the infiltration site. SD2 or one of the SD group should be used to monitor the shallow part of the aquifer. Figure 4.6 shows the proposed location of the new monitoring wells.



Figure 4.6: The Proposed Location of the Monitoring Wells

4.38 At the west of the infiltration site 3 lines of observation wells should be considered. The line comprises two sets of three observation wells located at 200 m radius from the edge of infiltration basin (east and west of the infiltration basins). The second line comprises of two wells located at 350 m radius from the edge of infiltration basin. In addition to that one observation well should be located at 500 m distance from the edge of infiltration basins. All these wells should be screened somewhere between -20 to -5 m from MSL.

4.39 Table 4.1 shows a list of parameters that should be monitored at different frequency for the different project phases. This table was designed based on local experience and the experience from the Dan region monitoring program. Samples from the observation wells are taken after at least half an hour of pumping in order to exchange the water in the well. After the start of operation of the new NGWWTP measurements for influent and effluent should be performed daily for all the proposed parameters in the table.

4.40 The aquifer water quality monitoring should start upon the completion of construction of the infiltration basins to establish a baseline data for the new site. Some of the nearby existing wells (see Figure 4.7) that are now used for monitoring can also be utilized for this purpose (Q14, Q15, Q53, Q54A, Q54D, Q55, Q56, and R12).



Figure 4.7: Existing Production Wells that are Used for Monitoring

Table 4.1: Proposed Monitoring Parameters during Part A Emergency Phase Pumped Effluent Aquifer water Parameter every month every two weeks every three months

Later level N/A X X pH X X X EC X X X TDS X X X SS X BOD X X X COD X X X NO3 X X X NH3/NH4 X X X Cl X X X SO4 X X P X X Ca X X Mg X X K X X Na X X Faecal Coliform X X X Total Coliform X X B X X X Detergents (HPLC) X X X Heavy metals X X



4.2.2.2 Environmental Health and Safety Mitigation Measures and Monitoring

4.41 As discussed in the preceding chapter, the expected impacts during construction phase are related to danger resulting from equipment and vehicles movement. Limiting the speed in the construction site and working hours to the day hours as well as enforcing the maintenance of mobile equipment will mitigate the impacts. Also, fencing the whole construction site will save workers and children from dangerous activities.

4.42 At the BLWWTP inlet works a mechanical screening and de-gritting system should be installed as soon as possible to avoid the risk for the workers, who presently have to enter the facility in order to remove waste and sediments. This measure has already been proposed in the previous EA in 1999 and was not realized.

4.43 During the emergency phase and in order to prevent people, especially children away from falling into the drying lake it is proposed to fence and to guard the wastewater lake as soon as possible, at least at the beginning of the emergency phase. As another alternative, creating jobs for about 20 guards is preferred more than fencing which is very costly and only necessary until the lake is completely dry.

4.2.2.3 Soil Mitigation Measures and Monitoring

4.44 Major part of the excavated clay from the new site (900,000 m3) can be transported to the existing depressions south east of BLWWTP. Many farmers will be interested in improving their farm soil with this clay. Hence, part of the clay can be sold to farmers at the transportation cost. Also part of the clay can be used for the Lake bottom soil remediation and leveling after the drying process.

4.45 For the rehabilitation of the lake bottom, an area of 340 dunums covered with sludge, the consultant proposes to use biological treatment methods. The first step in the treatment process happens automatically. As soon as the sinking water level of the lake reaches the bottom a better oxygen supply will initiate the microbiological decay of the bottom sludge. When the lake bottom is dry enough to be entered it could be planted with deep-rooting grass or weed species for some years. The roots of the plants break up the densified soil, contribute to a better oxygen supply also of deeper soil layers which enhances bacterial activity and accelerates the biological rehabilitation process including the decomposition of hazardous organic material. As the chemical analyses of samples from the lake bottom sludge showed no significant levels of heavy metals or other toxic substances the vegetation could be cut regularly by the farmers and be used as animal fodder.

4.46 It is highly recommended after draining of the lake to take few soil samples from the deeper parts of the lake to check for heavy metals and other toxic substances. The mitigation actions can be decided accordingly.

4.47 When the soil of the lake bottom has achieved an advantageous soil structure, due to the natural rehabilitation. it could be either used as green land or also for agricultural purposes, because it is rich in nutrients and it is not necessary to use huge amounts of chemical fertilizers there. From an ecological point of view green land is the better option. Parts of the green area could also be used for recreational activities (sport sites, parks). This solution definitely would contribute to a better living quality for the local residents.



4.48 The infiltration basins are operated in a cycle of flooding and drying. The cyclic drying of infiltration basins will restore the infiltration capacity by breaking up sludge layers and bio-films. Each pond is equipped with a level meter and when the level reaches a predetermined maximum value, the inflow is stopped. After operation for a certain time for example 3 days or when each of the ponds in operation has reached the predetermined maximum level of approximately 0.5 m, the next group of ponds in order is flooded. The ponds not subject to the flooding cycle are dried and this will ensure that infiltration capacity is maintained. The length of flooding and drying periods must be optimized by practical experience and observation of effect. An initial approach is that an average flooding period lasts for 0.5 - 1 day and is followed by a drying period of 2-4 days, or longer, if necessary. The short alternation of flooding and the drying periods will minimize algae growth and this will prevent a quick clogging of the ponds.

4.49 Periodically, scraping and excavation will be required to remove silt and organic matter. This may be done with a front-end loader once or twice a year. The excavated material washed in a sand-washing unit and the clean sand is refilled into the pond. Regular disking is sometimes used, however it should be avoided to practice this too often, because heavy machinery may compact underlying soils and they become less permeable. Further the practice of disking will mix the clogging materials with surface soil. The best practice for maintaining infiltration rates at the site will be found out during operation.

4.50 For each basin time related reports should be kept concerning water levels, water flow, observations of algae growth and remarks concerning the quality of the infiltration water. The reporting procedure should make it possible to combine the observations with the actual infiltration water quality. Time for start and stop of flooding/drying periods should be noted, as well as scraping and cleaning activities.

4.2.2.4 Socio-economic Mitigation Measures and Monitoring

BLWWTP Site:

4.51 The whole lake should be fenced and/or at least be guarded in order to prevent people, especially children, and livestock from falling into the lake. Because of the steep sand dams and the sludge at the bottom falling into the lake as well as rescue operations would be dangerous.

4.52 To reduce the small negative impact in the existing location, noise mitigation measures discussed in other parts of the report should be carefully implemented and observed to ensure that the impacts to the neighboring communities are minimized.

4.53 As for the temporary disruption for the use of agricultural land, this can be mitigated through direct compensation for their losses during the season. The agricultural season in this area starts mainly in October and ends in April or May, thus the project construction especially in agricultural areas can be done in off season times to minimize the negative impact.



NGWWTP Site: 4.54 A public awareness campaign is proposed to show the effects of the project on the overall economic and social conditions in the northern area of Gaza especially with respect to improved water quality and agricultural and commercial land.

4.55 High coordination with the Ministry of Religious Affairs to ensure their buy-in and the Islamic view of constructing this new project. This, if done properly, should also be used in the public awareness campaign.

4.56 The tariff should be planned based upon recovery of operating and replacement costs and that the initial investment in infrastructure must come from other sources, at least in the medium term. At the long run the future tariff should take into consideration the following factors:

o To achieve cost recovery o To maintain social equity o To adopt flexible price mechanism that discourages wasteful uses of water and raise

awareness of the economic value of resources invested in this vital sector. o To promote environmental efficiency aimed at effective preventive measures to

preserve water resources.

4.2.3 Capacity Building during Emergency Phase

4.57 The current staff of the PMU, CMWU, PWA and EQA have the basic skills that enable them to follow-up the implementation of mitigation measures and execute the monitoring plan during the construction and operation phases of the emergency phase. However, during the inception phase of the emergency project, it is necessary to hire a consultant to conduct the following proposed workshops:

Project components and schedule. Description of the EMP components. Institutional arrangements and coordination methodologies. Quality control and assurance plans.

4.58 The PWA project manager is responsible to arrange these workshops. The PMU, CMWU, PWA and EQA representatives should attend these workshops. The qualified contractor should be aware about the environmental mitigation measures, costing, schedule and institutional arrangements. This issue should be highlighted before the bidding stage and the EMP should be an essential annex of the project contract documents.



Table 4.2: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan for the Construction Phase of the Emergency Project Potential Impacts at 1 - existing site – BLWWTP 2 -new site - NGWWTP 3 – pipeline between BLWWTP and NGWWTP

Mitigation Measures

Monitoring Measure & Method

Responsibility of Execution

Monitoring & Enforcement Responsibility

- Nuisance, noise and dust at the construction sites (1, 2, 3)

- Definition of Noise and dust mitigation measures, the construction supervision takes care that these measures are applied

- Proper activity scheduling and working hours and days and limit the activities to day times and prevent any construction activities at weekends.

- Particulate emissions control unit such as scrubbers, cyclones, fabrics, or electric precipitators

- Covering of stored spoil material and vehicles removing waste, use of dust suppression

- Water spraying - Using relatively new construction and transportation vehicles with lower

emissions - Ensure that noisy activities occur during daytime only and not during

holidays or late at night

- Site supervision, public consultation,

Contractor PWA

PWA

- Risk of accidents and injuries (1, 2, 3) - Follow safety instructions, worker should wear proper clothing - A first aid station with trained staff, which is able to coordinate with local

hospitals in case of emergencies - Personnel will be trained in Environmental Health and Safety matters

including accident prevention, safe lifting practices, safe chemical handling practices, proper control and maintenance of equipment and facilities

- Warning signs and instructions in case of emergencies should be properly displayed, workers must be informed about these precautions

- Requirements of Palestinian Labor Law especially regarding safety should be applied

- Training program - Site supervision - Public consultation

Contractor Operator

CMWU PWA

- Potential accidental break of existing infrastructure (pipelines, power lines, irrigation network etc. ( 1, 3).

- Consideration in the detailed design, construction supervision, in case of damage immediate repair.

- Report about compliance with the as-built drawings

Contractor PMU

PMU

- Impairment of agricultural activities during the cultivation period from October until April or May (1, 2, 3)

- Construction activities in agricultural areas should be executed in winter to minimize impacts. If this is not possible farmers will receive compensation

- Site supervision, coordination with local farmers

Contractor PWA

PMU

- Disturbance of the soil structure, densification (2, 3)

- Vehicle movement outside the construction site only on existing roads, no crossing of agricultural areas

- Construction supervision

Contractor PMU



Potential Impacts at 1 - existing site – BLWWTP 2 -new site - NGWWTP 3 – pipeline between BLWWTP and NGWWTP

Mitigation Measures




- Public consultation

- Producing huge piles of clayey soil due to excavations of infiltration basins (2)

- Transfer to depressions located southeast of existing BLWWTP - Selling to farmers at transportation cost

- Site management and Coordination with local farmers

Contractor PMU

- Loss of agricultural area (1, 2) - Partly compensated by rehabilitation of the lake area which may be used for agriculture

- Coordination of authorities and local residents

- PWA, - Palestinian

Land Authority

- Palestinian Land Authority

- Obstruct the accessibility or property and impairment of the local traffic in the vicinity of the construction sites; risk of traffic accidents (1, 2, 3).

- Proper planning of construction activities, monitoring of risky activities such as excavation and backfilling.

- Provision of adequate notification procedures for any road closures. - Monitoring the use of safety measures and tools. - Traffic management (signs, traffic flow) - Speed limits for construction vehicles

- Site monitoring - Complaint

monitoring

Contractor PWA Police

PMU

- Local traffic is expected to increase due to the movements of heavy trucks which transport construction material to the site and the excavated clay outside the site (3).

- Traffic signs to ensure proper routing and distribution of traffic - Provision of adequate notification procedures for any road closures - Traffic Management Plan

- Complaint monitoring

Contractor PWA Police

PMU

- Loss of older trees along the roadsides (3) - Minor local modifications of the pipeline route in order to avoid tree felling - Replanting of trees.

Construction supervision

Contractor PWA

PMU

- Archaeological remains could be discovered (1, 2, 3)

- Monitoring of site excavations - In case of findings information of the concerned agency (MOTA) and

additional survey


Contractor PMU

PMU & MOTA

- Impact on nearby flora and fauna (1, 2, 3) - Dust generating activities such as excavations and back-filling should be avoided during flowering period of the plants (March to May) as much as possible

- Rare plants could be transferred to safe places - Avoiding of disturbance of breeding activities of rare birds (March to May)

- Good planning for activities

- Site investigation

Contractor PMU

PMU MOA



Potential Impacts at 1 - existing site – BLWWTP 2 -new site - NGWWTP 3 – pipeline between BLWWTP and NGWWTP

Mitigation Measures




- Improper disposal and pile up of construction materials (1, 2, 3)

- Cleaning and removal of wastes or deposits to landfills or designated areas. - Construction supervision,


Contactor PMU

Table 4.3: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan for the Operation Phase of Emergency Project

Potential Impacts for the Operations of the Emergency Project 1 - existing site – BLWWTP 2 - new site - NGWWTP 3 - pipeline between BLWWTP and NGWWTP

Mitigation Measures




- Grit, sand, and debris entering treatment pond No.1 and impairing the treatment process (1).

- Flooding in wastewater networks due to mixing of storm water with sewage during heavy rains (1)

- Upgrading the screen and grit removal structure and maintenance to perform effective screening and sedimentation.

- Cleaning of the ponds 3,4 from sand and installation of aerators in the first two ponds. The aerators should be fully operated in the first four ponds.

- Proper design of wastewater facilities - Draw emergency plans - The planning and operations should be carried out according to the master

plans and the operator (& CMWU) should be informed - Planning of new areas should consider the design constraints of the

NGWWTP and proposed future serviced areas.

- Frequent observation

CMWU PWA

PWA, CMWU

- Aquifer pollution at the new infiltration site (3) expansion of the nitrogen plume salinity pathogenic bacteria (Fecal coliform)

- regular daily manual cleaning for the sand sedimentation is necessary - Infiltration basins 7 and 9 will not be used during the emergency phase. - only the direct effluent from the polishing pond at BLWWTP

(12,000m3/day) will be used for infiltration. - no wells should be operated within a distance of 6 month residence time

from the edge of infiltration basins (>150 meters) - Follow alternate operations plan (short flooding and drying periods) - Regular cleaning of the infiltration ponds (scraping, sediment removal) is

required to remove silt and organic material

- Regular infiltration performance check

- Comprehensive aquifer water quality and water level monitoring program (Section 4.4.1.3, Table 4.1, Figure 4.5)

- CMWU - PWA

- PWA,

- Over pumping due to potential drilling of new wells and rehabilitation of existing wells (3)

- Proper spatial distribution of new wells - Controlling measures, penalties for non compliance, employing guards and

installing fencing (to prevent the illegal use of water in basins for

- Comprehensive testing program

PWA MOA CMWU

- PWA




Mitigation Measures




agricultural purposes by local farmers.

- Hazards during drying out of the lake (after pumping) in the old site of BLWWTP (1)

- Creating jobs for about 20 guards to prevent people, especially children away from falling into the drying lake. (it is preferred more than fencing which is very costly and only necessary until the lake is completely dry)

- The first layer of sand after drying the lake should be left to dry enough

- Site visits - Reporting (guards)

Operator PMU, CMWU

- Risk of Accident and injuries (1, 2) - Follow safety instructions, worker should wear proper clothing - A first aid station with trained staff, which is able to coordinate with local

hospitals in case of emergencies - Warning signs and instructions should be properly displayed - Requirements of Palestinian Labor Law especially regarding safety will be

applied

- Testing programs - Awareness - Complaint

monitoring - Site visits

Operator PMU CMWU PWA

- Impact to landscape, disturbance of aesthetic features, expansion of built-up areas (1, 2)

- Landscaping (esp. screening by planting of trees, substitution of cut-down trees)

- Following all mitigation impacts that minimize and/or control the dust, odor, noise, and aesthetic features.

- Proper land use plan for the lake area should be considered - Considering of not only onsite but also offsite effects - Proper operations and maintenance management, and reshaping of

construction sites

- Supervision - Site visits

Operator PMU MOTA

- Livestock (sheep, cows), could drown in the infiltration basins (2)

- Proper fencing should be installed around the facility. - Site Visit - Designer, contractor

- PMU - CMWU

- negative publicity and misconceptions (2) - Public information campaigns before the project is executed

PWA PMU, PWA



4.3 EMP of Part B (NGEST)

4.3.1 Institutional Setup 4.59 The proposed institutional setup for Part B (NGEST) is similar to the proposed institutional setup for the emergency phase. Some special arrangements are necessary according to the variations of construction period and involved institutions. PWA, PMU and CMWU have the same responsibilities of those during emergency phase. Figure 4.8 shows the proposed institutional setup for Part B components.

4.60 One of the expectations during the operation of NGWWTP is that the CMWU will have the full responsibilities for operation and maintenance of all water and wastewater facilities in Gaza Strip.

4.61 Most of responsibilities of the PWA will be moved to the PMU and the CMWU during the operation phase and PWA will act as a regulator agency.

4.62 It is recommended to engage an international consultant to train the involved agencies and operator about the implemented treatment process. This treatment process is a new technology and local people are not familiar with its requirements. The international consultant is clearly identified as consultant (3) in Figure 4.8.

4.3.2 Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Plan for Part B (NGEST) 4.63 The construction impacts are similar to those expected during the emergency phase. Such impacts are mostly short-term, local, and caused by the contractors activities at the construction sites and the access roads and can be mitigated through proper construction management in coordination with the contractor and the authorities concerned.

4.64 Impacts during this long-term phase mainly concern ground water, soil and human health. These impacts are long term impacts either direct or indirect. The proposed mitigation measures will minimize the impacts as far as possible. The operator is responsible for the implementation of all mitigation measures. The expected impacts and the proposed mitigation measures during construction and operation phases are detailed in Table 4.5 and Table 4.6. The Environmental Monitoring plan for Part B components sets out a framework for monitoring the environmental situation at all project sites (BLWWTP, NGWWTP and sewer line). In order to ensure that the reality complies with the demands of the EMP environmental, monitoring should be carried out concerning the same issues that were considered during the emergency phase.

4.3.2.1 Water Quality Mitigation Measures and Monitoring 4.65 After completion of the NGWWTP (Phase 1) the full treatment process will produce high quality effluent that will be suitable for infiltration that will allow the subsequent direct use for unrestricted irrigation according to both local and international quality guidelines. The model simulation results did not show any negative impact to the aquifer water quality. Therefore, no mitigation measures are required but the aquifer water will be subject to regular and comprehensive monitoring.



PWAresponsible for regulation , contracting , finacing , andcoordination with other

stakeholders

PMUresponsible for supervison ,

procurement and coordination withstakeholders during constructionand for logistic support during

operation

Contractorsconstrcut the

infiltration basins , terminal PS and

pressure line

Consultant (2)constrcution

management -Construction Quality

Control

Consultant (1)conduct capacitybuilding activities

during the first phase of construction for PMU

and the contractor

NGWWTP (Phase I & II) (Immediate Start of NGWWTP)

Full Control & Follow up

Coordinate and provide support

CMWUresponsible for

operation , maintenance ,

monitoring andquality control

PWAresponsible for

regulations

PMUresponsible for

monitoring and logistic

support during operation

CMWUresponsible for

contracting , finacing , and coordination with

other stakeholders, operation , maintenance , monitoring and quality

Assurance

Operator responsible for

operation and Quality Control

Construction Phase Three Years Operation Phase

Consultant (3)International consultant to conduct training on the treatment process for the PMU, CMWU

and Operator.

Figure 4.8:Institutional Setup Framework for NGWWTP



4.66 The effect of the infiltration of the treated wastewater should be subject to thorough monitoring for both water level and water quality in the aquifer. In order to make a suitable selection of the number and location of the observation points, the following selection criteria are used:

• The geographical distribution in relation to hydraulic stresses (the center and the extent of the water level mound).

• The half-life time of pathogenic bacteria. • The extent and the variation of contaminant plume. • Availability of existing monitoring wells that can be utilized.

The proposed monitoring wells are shown in Figure 4.6.

4.67 The existing production wells were not designed as formally constructed observation wells but they can be used to support the data taken from the designed monitoring wells. In the immediate vicinity of the site there are several production wells which may be used for monitoring (Q14, Q15, Q53, Q54A, Q54D, Q55, Q56, and R12).

4.68 Table 4.4 shows a list of parameters that should be monitored at different frequency for the different project phases. This table was designed based on local experience and the experience from the Dan region monitoring program. Samples from the observation wells are taken after at least half an hour of pumping in order to exchange the water in the well. After the start of operation of the new NGWWTP measurements for influent and effluent should be performed daily for all the proposed parameters in the table.

Table 4.4: Proposed Monitoring Parameters for Effluent Aquifer Water

Pumped Effluent Aquifer Water Parameter Every Month Every Month Every Six-month

Later level N/A X X pH X X X EC X X X TDS X X X SS X BOD X X X COD X X X NO3 X X X NH3/NH4 X X X Cl X X X SO4 X X P X X Ca X X Mg X X K X X Na X X Faecal Coliform X X X Total Coliform X X B X X X Detergents (HPLC) X X X Heavy metals X X

4.3.2.2 Environmental Health and Safety Mitigation Measures and Monitoring

4.69 The NGWWTP projects include a 100 day storage place for the sludge. Almost all the farmers in Gaza apply organic fertilizers in November and April. For the rest of the



year the sludge or the organic fertilizer is rarely used. Hence, additional storage place for sludge should be provided to accommodate at least one year sludge production. There is additional place within the NGWWTP site than can be utilized for that.

4.70 Although vegetables are grown on 40% of the cultivated area in Northern Gaza they have not been included in the potential area for sludge use. Even though the sludge will be pasteurized it is considered unacceptable for application to ground crops which are eaten raw. This is because a double protection barrier for health is preferred, just as proposed for effluent reuse. In other countries sludge is used for vegetables which are cooked but a high degree of control on application and cropping constraints is required to ensure safety. That degree of control is less easy to apply where a large number of small farms will be supplied with sludge. The attitudinal research carried out also indicates that farmers and consumers are suspicious about sludge on vegetable crops.

4.71 During the de-construction works the application of the safety measures and competent site supervision reduces the risk of accidents.

4.72 If the wastewater cannot be pumped to the NGWWTP, Pond No. 7 will be used as an emergency basin. The retention time of this basin is only a few days. Emergency repairs and actions should be planned in advance and implemented quickly.

4.3.2.3 Soil Mitigation Measures and Monitoring 4.73 The application of sewage sludge to land in member countries of the European Community is governed by Council Directive No. 86/278/EEC, 1986. This directive prohibits the sludge from sewage treatment plants from being used in agriculture unless specified requirements are fulfilled, including the testing of sludge and soil. Parameters subject to provisions of the Directive include the following:

• Dry matter (%) • Organic matter (% dry sludge) • pH • Salinity • Nitrogen, total and ammoniacal (% dry sludge) • Phosphorous, total (% dry sludge) • Potential toxic metals like (mg/kg dry solids): Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Pb, Hg, Cr, • Mb, Se, Ar and Fl are four parameters added by UK department of environment.

4.74 Sludge must be analyzed for the Directive parameters at least once every 6 months and every time significant changes occur in the quality of the sewage treated. The frequency of analysis for the additional four parameters by UK may be reduced to not less than once in five years provided that their concentrations in the sludge are consistently no greater than the following reference concentrations (mg/ kg dry solids): Mb=3, Se=2, Ar=2 and Fl=200. Therefore, strict regulations and constant monitoring of the sludge quality must be applied as well as a regular control of the soil structure and soil quality where the sludge is applied.

4.75 The concentration of potentially toxic elements in arable soils must not exceed certain determined limits within the normal depth of cultivation as results of sludge application (see Annex II). Application rates should be based on the content of nitrogen or phosphorous (macronutrient) whichever is the more limiting factor. When the soil test does not recommend phosphorus fertilization, sewage sludge should not be applied. Application rates should also be limited by the soil’s cumulative pollutant load of heavy metals based on the suggested soil limits recommended in Annex (II).



4.3.2.4 Socio-economic Mitigation Measures and Monitoring 4.76 A public awareness campaign to show the impact of the project on the overall economic and social conditions in the northern area of Gaza especially in terms of improved water quality and agricultural and commercial land.

4.77 High coordination with the Ministry of Religious Affairs to ensure their buy-in and the Islamic view of constructing this new project. This, if done properly, should also be used in the public awareness campaign.

4.78 In cooperation with local police, the project management should plan for the least disruption of traffic by providing alternative routes approved by the police department in the area.

4.79 At the long run the future tariff should take into consideration the following factors:

o To achieve cost recovery. o To maintain social equity. o To adopt flexible price mechanism that discourages wasteful uses of water and

raise awareness of the economic value of resources invested in this vital sector. o To promote environmental efficiency aimed at effective preventive measures to

preserve water resources.

4.3.3 Capacity Building 4.80 An international consultant is required to conduct training about wastewater reuse and sludge monitoring for the representatives of PWA, PMU, CMWU and the operator in the following subjects:

Advanced training in testing and monitoring inlet quality, outlet quality, sludge removal and treatment, odor removal, etc.

Reuse of treated wastewater and sludge in agriculture applications.

4.81 During the implementation of the NGWWTP, a training program would be designed to be implemented by this recommended consultant. The training would target three levels:

On-the-job training for a selected project staff to direct activity planning, design, and implementation with respect to environmental protection.

Staff Training. The training should be provided through short duration seminars and workshops. Oriented site visits and intensive training, one-month duration, should also be provided for selected staff members.

Training for contractors should be provided, including one or two-day’s workshops for local contractors, focusing on: preparation and use of the appraisal/mitigation forms, use of environmental guidelines, and implementation of mitigation measures. Also, they should be trained on safety measures for construction works, proper construction wastes disposal and cleaning measures during construction.

4.82 Representatives of the involved agencies; PWA, PMU and CMWU are proposed to attend the training sessions. As part of the comprehensive capacity building program, the purpose and outcomes of the EA and EMP reports will be explained and the further development of a database based on the information collected during the assessment could enhance the EMP.



Table 4.5: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan for the Construction of NGWWTP Potential Impacts at 1 - existing site – BLWWTP 2 - new site - NGWWTP 3 – pipeline between BLWWTP and NGWWTP

Mitigation Measures




- Nuisance, noise and dust at the construction sites (1, 2, 3)

- Definition of Noise and dust mitigation measures, the construction supervision takes care that these measures are applied

- Proper activity scheduling and working hours and days and limit the activities to day times and prevent any construction activities at weekends.

- Particulate emissions control unit such as scrubbers, cyclones, fabrics, or electric precipitators

- Covering of stored spoil material and vehicles removing waste, use of dust suppression

- Water spraying - Using relatively new construction and transportation vehicles with lower

emissions - Ensure that noisy activities occur during daytime only and not during

holidays or late at night

- Site supervision, public consultation,

Contractor PWA CMWU

- Risk of accidents and injuries (1, 2, 3) - Follow safety instructions, worker should wear proper clothing - A first aid station with trained staff, which is able to coordinate with local

hospitals in case of emergencies - Personnel will be trained in Environmental Health and Safety matters

including accident prevention, safe lifting practices, safe chemical handling practices, proper control and maintenance of equipment and facilities

- Warning signs and instructions in case of emergencies should be properly displayed, workers must be informed about these precautions

- Requirements of Palestinian Labor Law especially regarding safety should be applied

- Training program - Site supervision - Public consultation

Contractor

CMWU PWA

- Potential accidental break of existing infrastructure (pipelines, power lines, irrigation network etc. ( 1, 3).

- Consideration in the detailed design, construction supervision, in case of damage immediate repair.

- Report about compliance with the as-built drawings

Operator CMWU PWA

- Nuisance and psychological problems concerning the construction and operations of the new WWTP on the Existing Cemetery (2).

- Coordination with the Ministry of Religious Affairs to ensure their acceptance of the project

- public awareness campaign

- Public campaign PWA MWRA

PWA MWRA

- Impairment of agricultural activities during the cultivation period from October until April or

- Construction activities in agricultural areas should be executed in winter to minimize impacts. If this is not possible farmers will receive compensation

- Site supervision, coordination with

PMU,

PWA CMWU



Potential Impacts at 1 - existing site – BLWWTP 2 - new site - NGWWTP 3 – pipeline between BLWWTP and NGWWTP

Mitigation Measures




May (1, 2, 3) local farmers

- Disturbance of the soil structure, densification (2, 3)

- Vehicle movement outside the construction site only on existing roads, no crossing of agricultural areas


- Public consultation

PMU,

PWA CMWU

- Producing huge piles of clayey soil due to excavations of infiltration basins (2)

- Transfer to depressions located southeast of existing BLWWTP - Selling to farmers at transportation cost

- Site management and Coordination with local farmers

PMU,

PWA CMWU

- Loss of agricultural area (1, 2) - Partly compensated by rehabilitation of the lake area which may be used for agriculture

- Coordination of authorities and local residents

- PWA, - Palestinian

Land Authority

- Palestinian Land Authority

- Obstruct the accessibility or property and impairment of the local traffic in the vicinity of the construction sites; risk of traffic accidents (1, 2, 3).

- Proper planning of construction activities, monitoring of risky activities such as excavation and backfilling.

- Provision of adequate notification procedures for any road closures. - Monitoring the use of safety measures and tools. - Traffic management (signs, traffic flow) - Speed limits for construction vehicles

- Site monitoring - Complaint

monitoring

Contractor PMU Police

PWA MOT

- Local traffic is expected to increase due to the movements of heavy trucks which transport construction material to the site and the excavated clay outside the site (3).

- Traffic signs to ensure proper routing and distribution of traffic - Provision of adequate notification procedures for any road closures - Traffic Management Plan


Contactors, PMU

PWA MOT

- Loss of older trees along the roadsides (3) - Minor local modifications of the pipeline route in order to avoid tree felling - Replanting of trees.

Construction supervision

Contractor PWA

PMU

- Archaeological remains could be discovered (1, 2, 3)

- Monitoring of site excavations - In case of findings information of the concerned agency (MOTA) and

additional survey


Contractor PMU

PMU MOTA

- Impact on nearby flora and fauna (1, 2, 3) - Dust generating activities such as excavations and back-filling should be avoided during flowering period of the plants (March to May) as much as possible

- Rare plants could be transferred to safe places

- Good planning for activities

- Site investigation

Contractor PMU PWA



Potential Impacts at 1 - existing site – BLWWTP 2 - new site - NGWWTP 3 – pipeline between BLWWTP and NGWWTP

Mitigation Measures




- Avoiding of disturbance of breeding activities of rare birds (March to May)

- Improper disposal and pile up of construction materials (1, 2, 3)

- Cleaning and removal of wastes or deposits to landfills or designated areas. - Construction supervision,


Contactor PMU

Table 4.6: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Plan for the Operation of NGWWTP


Mitigation Measures




- Grit, sand, and debris entering pressure station and impairing the treatment process (2).

- Flooding in wastewater networks due to mixing of storm water with sewage during heavy rains (2)

- Increase of wastewater quantities is expected after developing the non-serviced areas (2)

- Upgrading the screen and grid removal structure and maintenance to perform effective screening and sedimentation.

- Proper design of wastewater facilities - Draw emergency plans - The planning and operations should be carried out according to the master

plans and the operator (& CMWU) should be informed - Planning of new areas should consider the design constraints of the

NGWWTP and proposed future serviced areas. - Implement proper tariff structure (for both water and wastewater) - Planning of new areas should be consider the design constraints of the

NGWWTP and proposed future serviced areas.

- Frequent observation

Operator TCMWU, PWA

- Increase the level of toxic contaminants - The aquifer water will be subjected to comprehensive monitoring - Public awareness - Proper operations and maintenance plans - Issued a restrict regulations and standards - Implement a periodic testing program


- Site visit - Random quality

assurance

Operator

CMWU

PWA




Mitigation Measures




- Potential Impact of Sludge and irrigation by WW (2) Potential pollution of the raw eaten crops Children are often present on the farms and

fallen fruit may be picked off the ground labors and farmers at farms that are irrigated

by treated wastewater or fertilized by sludge may be subjected to some danger of Ascaris

- Control the use of sludge for specific crops with restricted standards (Specific regulation to control the use of treated wastewater in irrigation according to the quality of treated wastewater and according to soil structure).

- no sludge to be used with out treatment - Public Awareness program for the neighboring communities (using the

available media is recommended) - Provide workers with appropriate protective clothing including rubber

gloves, boots, long sleeved shirts and pants. - train workers to wash hands and faces frequently with soap and water and

make both available - Test samples from active chamber and mature chamber after fallow period

for Ascaris eggs and fecal coliforms - Treat sludge before secondary use and don’t allow disposal in or neat

water bodies.


monitoring

Operator

CMWU

MOA,

PWA,

- Risk of Accident, injuries and handling of toxic and hazardous materials (1, 2)

- Follow safety instructions, worker should wear proper clothing - A first aid station with trained staff, which is able to coordinate with local

hospitals in case of emergencies - Employees will be trained on the hazards, precautions and procedures for

safe storage, handling and use of all potentially harmful materials relevant to each employee’s task and work area.

- Warning signs and instructions should be properly displayed - The work place should have proper ventilation to refresh oxygen and reduce

temperature (labs, control rooms, etc.). - Requirements of Palestinian Labor Law especially regarding safety will be

applied


monitoring - Site visits

Operator CMWU PWA

- Impact, change the soil structure (1 &2) - The site should be cultivated with grass to take up the existed trace elements. - The grass should be cut three times a year, this process will grantee the site

cleaning (phytoremediation). - Planting fodders and grass is recommended. - Industrial wastewater should be separately disposed or patricianly treated in

site to reduce its heavy metals content to acceptable values to be discharge to the public sewer system


Contractor PWA

CMWU

- Bad smells from the wastewater treatment process (2)

- Proper design, construction and operations of the odor control system stack - Suitable design of the chimney

- Random checking - Complaint

monitoring

Operator CMWU

PWA




Mitigation Measures




- Noise generation by some activities (1 & 2) - Ensure that noisy activities occur during daytime and not during holidays or late night times

- Air pollutant generated by traffic, construction activities and electricity generators

- Using relatively new construction and transportation vehicles with lower emissions

- Control the air pollutants of the power generators - Control the activities and movement routes in the site to specify the

construction area.

- Random Checking

- Operator PMU

- Uncontrolled expansion of built up areas (make them subjected to uplift pressure and danger) (1&2)

- Proper land use plan should be considered - Site visits - Random checking

- Municipality of Gaza

- MOLG MOP

- Disturb of aesthetic features (1&2) - Ensure aesthetic view of the WWTP - Offsite and onsite design should be integrated - Planting of trees and bushes, shrubs, trees, and flowers. Planning and

implementing of appropriate landscaping program (planting should be planed carefully to far enough from the WWTP fence to ensure a natural aeration of wastewater in the logons)

- Site visits - PMU PWA

- Livestock (sheep, cows), could drown in the infiltration basins (2)

- Proper fencing should be installed around the facility. - Site Visit - contractor - PMU

- CMWU

- negative publicity and misconceptions (2) - Public information campaigns before the project is executed

Public campaign PWA PWA, MOH,

EQA



4.4 EMP Cost Estimate and Schedule

4.83 The cost of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is divided into several parts to reflect the different phases of the project and the requirements of each phase. Table 4.7 lists the main components of EMP and the related estimated costs.

4.84 The cost of EMP includes the costs of the capacity building and the quality control requirements. The costs of implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring (except for short term water quality and BLWWTP effluent quality) are excluded for the following reasons:

The implementation of the mitigation measures is the responsibility of the PMU during construction and the responsibility of the operator during operation phase. The costs of implementation of mitigation measures will be included in the cost of contract.

Monitoring costs were excluded because the monitoring as outlined in the EMP requirements is part of the duties of the local agencies. So, they will monitor the implementation without any extra costs. Only the costs for training, consultancies and other specific issues will be considered.

Table 4.7: EMP Cost Estimates (US$) Phase

Item Unit Quantity

Unit Cost US$ Construction Operation

Part A – 2006-2008 Consultant 1: Environment Specialist hired to train in techniques for monitoring, testing and wastewater reuse workshops 4 1,000 4,000 Consultant 2: Local Environment Specialist hired to ensure compliance to EMP workshops 4 1,500 6,000 Quality Test for Existing BLWWTP effluent and infiltrated water including aquifer monitoring Yearly 2 48,000 96,000

Construction of Monitoring Wells (9 wells) LS LS 150,000 150,000

Environmental Auditing Yearly 2 5,000 10,000

Miscellaneous* Yearly 3 3,000 3,000 6,000 Total (Part A) US$275,000 Part B – 2008-2012 Consultant 3: International Consultant hired to train the local institutions at the NGWWTP project components and Process (operation)

Training Programs (week/each) 3 5,000 15,000

On-the-job training Month 3 2,500 7,500 Quality Test for influent and effluent of NGWWTP and aquifer monitoring Yearly 4 48,000 192,000 Environmental Auditing Yearly 4 5,000 20,000 Miscellaneous* Yearly 5 4,000 12,000 8,000

Total (Part B) US$260,000 Any unexpected emergency mitigation measure will be covered from this amount.



4.85 A schedule for the implementation of the various activities of the Environmental Management Plan is prepared and shows the duration of the activities and timing of the proposed periodic assessments as shown in Table 4.8

Table 4.8: Tentative EMP Implementation Schedule

Item Details Yearly Schedule 1St year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th year 5th year Emergency Phase Consultant hired to train the local institutions at the emergency project (construction and operation) workshops

XXXX (4 Work-shops)

Quality Test for Existing BLWWTP effluent and infiltrated water including aquifer monitoring.

Quality Tests (Yearly)

X X

Environmental Auditing Yearly X X

Miscellaneous* Yearly X X X

NGWWTP (Including Emergency) Local Qualified Consultant hired to train the local institutions at NGWWTP (Parts 1 and 2) project (construction) workshops

XXXX X X

International Consultant hired to train the local institutions at the NGWWTP project components and Process (operation).

Training Programs (week/each)

X

On-the-job training Month

XXX (three

months)

Quality Test for influent and effluent of NGWWTP and aquifer monitoring.

Quality Tests (Yearly)

X X X X

Environmental Auditing Yearly X X X X

Miscellaneous* Yearly X X X X X

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report Main Issues and Recommendations


5 Main Issues and Recommendations

5.1 Main Issues

5.1 Based on the understanding of the project components, phasing and scheduling, the environmental resources that are of particular interest to the project were investigated. Through thorough assessment and evaluation of all environmental concerns, the proposed project will have an overall positive impact on the environment and social conditions of northern Gaza. On the other hand, some of the project components are envisaged to have a temporary or short term negative impacts depending on the different phases of the project. These impacts were discussed in great details in chapter 3 of this report. Some of the environmental issues of special concern are summarized below.

5.2 Water resources and water quality: during all phases, the project will have positive impacts on the water balance in the aquifer as it will contribute 7.3 to 13 MCM of reusable water per year to the aquifer recharge in Part A and Part B respectively. Regarding chloride, the infiltrated water (250 mg/l) will improve the aquifer water quality significantly at all phases of the project. The high nitrogen concentration of the existing BLWWTP effluent will negatively affect the native groundwater quality in the aquifer during the emergency phase. The infiltrated water will be good for agricultural purposes but extra care should be taken (through the EMP) to prevent this water from reaching the domestic water wells. Regarding pathogenic bacteria, the groundwater model simulations indicate that an area within the distance of 150 m from the infiltration site receives infiltration water with a shorter residence time than 6 months. Within this 150 m, there are no domestic potable water wells. After this time span, the bacteriological risk will not be an issue.

5.3 BLWWTP: The current performance of the BLWWTP is much below the required treatment standards for aquifer recharge. The inlet facilities do not prevent sand accumulation in the first four ponds and as a result reduce the retention time required for the necessary biological treatment. The continuous increase in the volume of the influent also hinders the performance efficiency. The effluent quality in the adjacent lake is even worse than the plant effluent quality.

5.4 Soil: Around 80 dunums of soil will be lost by excavation and huge quantities of loamy clay soil (900,000 m3) will be removed from the site and transferred to other locations. In general these activities will have short term negative impacts on the soil ecology. Another problem in infiltration system for artificial recharge is the expected clogging of infiltration surface which results in reduction in infiltration capacity. Effluent salinity (EC = 1.77 dS/m) is considered moderately saline which may increase the salinity of soil.

5.5 Treated sewage sludge: The NGWWTP will produce great quantities of treated class A sludge that will be suitable for agriculture. However at certain times of the year excess sludge will be accumulated and will need proper storage space and proper management. The treated sewage sludge has significant organic matter content and contains macronutrients and micronutrients essential for plant growth. It can also contain potential contaminants such as heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogens.

5.6 Health and safety: The continuous growing effluent lake with steep sand dams and the deep sludge at the bottom of the lake poses a great risk and continuous nuisance for all of the neighboring population. Lowering of the water level reduces the risk for a breaking of the sand dams and enhances the biological treatment processes in the lake itself and



hence improves the quality. When the lake is dried completely and rehabilitated, the health situation for the local residents will be improved significantly.

5.7 Socio-economic: The construction phase will have positive effects on employment. During the construction phase, services of local subcontractors will be used which will generate job opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers in addition to professional services of engineers and others. Transferring treated wastewater from the Beit Lahia WWTP will provide additional land due to the removal of the effluent lake. This land must be tested for contaminants, and then rehabilitated, most likely for a park and recreational purposes. The rehabilitation and construction work will have positive economic effect through employment generation and use of Palestinian contractors for construction activities. The construction of the wastewater treatment plant near the Martyrs cemetery will cause some discomfort to the families of the deceased during the burial ceremonies. Odor and mosquitoes can be a problem if not properly mitigated for.

5.2 Recommendations 5.8 In order to alleviate the expected negative impacts and to make the project environmentally sounder, an EMP (Chapter 4) was prepared, and it includes: the mitigation plan; the necessary institutional setup; the monitoring and enforcement requirements; and the capacity building requirements. All the recommendations below should be financed by the emergency credit, and incorporated in the construction and supervision contracts. The paragraphs below summarize some of the main recommendations to mitigate the negative impacts of the project.

General Recommendations

5.9 Several negative impacts have been identified during Part A. The best way to minimize these impacts and to restore the site is to start Part B as soon as possible. On one hand, people in the surrounding area of BLWWTP are now facing enormous danger. Part A will definitely eliminate the risk; on the other hand, relying on Part A for long term will create irreversible impacts on the aquifer water quality. Hence, to solve both problems and to stay in the reversible side, work should be done in two parallel lines: (a) start Part A immediately as it will be an integral part of Part B; and (b) secure the remaining funds to start Part B immediately. While this EA was being finalized, PWA has received good news that the funding for Part B is secured. This means that the construction of Part B will start sooner than what was planned.

5.10 For any environmental project an emergency arrangement should be provided to account for worst case scenarios. Beit Lahia site will be the hub for the whole wastewater in the northern area, after the decommissioning of the BLWWTP. If an accident or emergency arises and wastewater cannot be pumped to the NGWWTP, then Pond No. 7 will be used as an emergency basin. The retention time of this basin however is only a few days. Emergency repairs and actions need to be planned in advance and implemented immediately.

5.11 The institutional setup proposed in Chapter 4, should be adopted and followed to ensure smooth implementation as well as clear classification of duties and responsibilities among the involved agencies.

5.12 Training and capacity building activities should be conducted during the different phases of the project implementation.



5.13 To minimize local disruptions to residents, limit the project activities to day time, prevent any construction activities on weekends, control traffic management and speed limits to minimize the pollution of dust, noise and other air pollutants.

5.14 A first aid station with trained staff in Environmental Health and Safety matters, are necessary to respond to emergencies.

5.15 A public information campaigns before the project execution should be implemented to avoid negative publicity and misconceptions. Water resources and water quality:

5.16 During Part A and in order to minimize the expected impacts on aquifer water quality, the following measures are necessary: (a) Upgrading of the inlet works for a better performance of debris screening and sand removal; (b) Cleaning and installation of additional aerators in Ponds 3 and 4. These ponds should be fully aerated with at least 100 KW aeration power.

5.17 At the beginning of emergency phase, only the effluent from BLWWTP (currently 12,000 m3/day and its natural growth) should be used for infiltration. The infiltration from the lake water should continue at the two existing storm water infiltration facilities until the lake level has gone down at least by 4 to 5 m. During winter time, storm water enhances leaching and dilution processes at the basin bottoms. The infiltration of the lake water can be done at a rate of about 4.000 m3/day in summer and much lower in winter to allow mixing with storm water. When the lake water level is reduced significantly, the sun light and oxygen can reach the whole depth and as a result the quality of the effluent in the lake will be improved and can then be transferred to the new infiltration site.

5.18 During Part A, it is also recommended not to use all of the infiltration basins. If Basins 7 and 9 are not used during the emergency phase, the trans-boundary impacts on the aquifer will be eliminated or significantly minimized. One-day flooding followed by 2 / 3-day drying is the recommended operation cycle. The optimal operation cycle can only be decided based on practical experience and visualization of the impacts. Regular cleaning of the infiltration ponds (scraping, sediment removal) is required to remove silt and organic material.

5.19 In all phases of the project, no wells should be operated within a distance of 6-month residence time from the edge of infiltration basins (150 m from the edge of the infiltration basins). Beyond this distance, the water is considered hygienically safe.

5.20 Considering the worst case scenario (if the NGWWTP is not implemented and infiltration with partially treated sewage continues after 2008), a recovery scheme around the infiltration site MUST be implemented or the pumping from BLWWTP MUST be stopped. The recovery scheme in addition to the nearby agricultural wells should be able to pump 10% more than what is infiltrated.

5.21 In all phases, the operation of the agricultural wells in the surrounding areas of the infiltration basins should be regulated by PWA in order to ensure that all the infiltrated effluent is recovered. The quality of the abstracted water should be strictly monitored to ensure health and safety of the users.

5.22 Thorough monitoring for both water level and water quality in the aquifer as specified in section 4.4.1.3 should be implemented.



Soil

5.23 The majority of the excavated clay from the new site (900,000 m3) can be transported to existing depressions south east of BLWWTP. Many farmers will be interested in improving their farm soil with this clay. Hence, part of the clay can be sold to farmers at the transportation cost. Also part of the clay can be used for the remediation and leveling of the bottom of the BLWWTP effluent lake.

5.24 Periodically, scraping and excavation will be required to remove silt and organic matter. This may be done with a front-end loader once or twice a year. The excavated material washed in a sand-washing unit and the clean sand is refilled into the pond. Regular disking is sometimes used, however it should be avoided to practice this too often, because heavy machinery may compact underlying soils and they become less permeable. Further the practice of disking will mix the clogging materials with surface soil. The best practice for maintaining infiltration rates at the site will be clarified based on operational experience.

5.25 For each basin time related reports should be kept concerning water levels, water flow, observations of algae growth and remarks concerning the quality of the infiltration water. The reporting procedure should make it possible to combine the observations with the actual infiltration water quality. Time for start and stop of flooding/drying periods should be noted, as well as scraping and cleaning activities.

Health and safety issues

5.26 It is proposed to fence and to guard the wastewater lake as soon as possible, at least at the beginning of Part A. As another alternative, creating jobs for about 20 guards is preferred more than fencing which is very costly and only necessary until the lake is completely dry. The first layer of sand after drying the lake should be left to dry enough.

5.27 Specific regulation to control the use of treated sludge. Even though the sludge will be pasteurized it is considered unacceptable for application to ground crops which are eaten raw. This is because a double protection barrier for health is preferred, just as proposed for effluent reuse.

5.28 After the operation of the NGWWTP, additional storage place for sludge should be provided to accommodate at least one year sludge production.

5.29 Strict regulations and constant monitoring of the sludge quality must be applied as well as a regular control of the soil structure and soil quality where the sludge is applied. Sludge must be analyzed for the parameters specified in section 4.4.3 at least once every 6 months and every time significant changes occur in the quality of the sewage treated.

5.30 The concentration of potentially toxic elements in arable soils must not exceed certain determined limits within the normal depth of cultivation as results of sludge application (see Annex II). Sludge application rates should be based on the content of nitrogen or phosphorous (macronutrient) whichever is the more limiting factor. When the soil test does not recommend phosphorus fertilization, sewage sludge should not be applied. Application rates should also be limited by the soil’s cumulative pollutant load of heavy metals based on the suggested soil limits recommended in Annex (II).



Socioeconomic issues

5.31 Affordable water and wastewater tariff should be designed to meet the human needs for a household (25 1/h/d - 75 1/h/d). To be affordable, water and wastewater charges should not exceed 4% of income. Under he current economic conditions, recovery of all costs, including capital costs for the project and additional sewerage investment is not affordable for average families

5.32 The future tariff should be based upon recovery of operating and replacement costs and that the initial investment in infrastructure must come from other sources. At the long run the future tariff should take into consideration the cost recovery, social equity, flexibility, and environmental efficiency.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report References


REFERENCES Al- Khatib I. A., Kamal S., Taha B., Al Hamad J., and Jaber H. (2003). Water- health

relationships in developing countries: a case study in Tulkarem district in Palestine”, International Journal of Environmental Health Science, U. K., 13, 199-206.

Bjorn Andersson and Olle Colling, 2000, The Northern Gaza Wastewater Treatment Plant; Feasibility Study.

Boliden Contech and Montogomery Watson, 1999, Environmental Impact Assessment of Improvements to Bait Lahya WWTP and Associated Development.

Boliden Contech and Montogomery Watson, 1999, Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed New wastewater Treatment Works.

Carl Bro Inc. (1999). Water sector strategic planning study: Final report. Palestinian Water Authority.

Feachmem R.G., Bradley D. J. Garelick H., and Mara D. D. (1983) Sanitation and Diseaes: Health aspects of Execreta and Wastewater Management. World Bank, U.S.A.

Food and Agricuture Organization, 2005, Aquifer recharge with partially treated wastewater: Soil Aquifer Treatment.

http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/IALC/soils/israel/soilmap.html, Soil Map and Satellite Image of Israel

http://www.1uptravel.com/worldmaps/israel8.htm, Land use map of Israel

Jorgensen, C. 2001. Migration and survival of bacteria during artificial recharge. In: Artificial recharge of groundwater. Final Report EC project ENV4-CT95-0071, EUR 19400, European Commission, p 231-234.

Lyonnaise des Eaux - Khatib and Alami (LEKA). 1999. Service Improvement Project for Water and Wastewater Systems in the Gaza Strip. Technical Paper 50, Water Distribution System Master Plan. Gaza Strip, Palestine.

Mekorot Water Company, 1997, Dan Region Reclamation Project; Ground Water Recharge with Municipal Effluent, Israel.

Metcalf & Eddy, 1991, Wastewater Engineering; Treatment- disposal – Reuse, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2000). Final model report. Gaza Coastal Aquifer Management Program, USAID Contract No. 294-C-00-99-00038-00.

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2000). Integrated aquifer management plan: Final report. Gaza Coastal Aquifer Management Program, USAID Contract No. 294-C-00-99-00038-00.

Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 1997. Palestinian Territories: Statistical Brief. Issue No. 2. Ramallah, Palestine.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report References


Palestinian Water Authority. 2000. Water Resources Management in Gaza Governorates: Water Resources Management Strategy. Working Technical Paper. Gaza strip, Palestine.

PWA, 2004. Domestic wells production in Gaza Strip.

PWA, 2004. Service Improvement Project for Water and Wastewater Systems in the Gaza Strip. Annual progress report. Gaza Strip, Palestine.

Shomar B H, 2004, Potential use of treated wastewater and sludge in the aricultural sector of the Gaza Strip, clean tech environ policy 6 pp 128-137.

Stoddard, C.S.; Coyne, M.S and Grove J.H, 1998. Fecal bacteria survival and infiltration through a shallow agricultural soil. As cited by Jorgensen 2001.

SWECO / Palestinian Water Authority, 2002. Wastewater Treatment Plant; Report 3.1 (Final Detailed Evaluation); Northern Gaza.

SWECO INTERNATIONAL, 2003. Infiltration system; Final Report. Northern Gaza; Project no. 1701 269 012. Stockholm.

SWECO INTERNATIONAL, 2003. Final Model; Report 4.1; Northern Gaza; Project no. 1701 269 031.

The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (http://www.pcbs.org/populati/est_n1.aspx)

World Bank, “Four Years-Intifada, Closures and Palestinian Economic Crises”, October, 2004.

World Health Organization, 1989, "Health Guidelines for the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture and Aquaculture", Report of a WHO Scientific Group - WHO Technical Report Series 778, WHO, Geneva.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annexes Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report

Engineering and Management Consulting Center

Annexes

Annex I Methodology of the Environmental Assessment

Annex II Organizations, Legislations and Standards

Annex III Effluent Quality Tests

Annex IV Water Quality Model and Soil Investigation

Annex V Flora and Fauna Species

Annex VI Archeological Maps

Annex VII Environmental Health Factors

Annex VIII Meetings and Consultations

Annex IX Photos

Annex X Draft Inspection Checklist

Annex XI Public Hearing and Stakeholders Comments

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex I Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Methodology of the Environmental Assessment

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex I

Annex I Methodology of the Environmental Assessment EA study will be conducted in compliance with the requirements of the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.01. The methodology outlined in this chapter was first made in our Technical Proposal dated July 2004, and was presented during the bidding phase without elaborating some issues. However, and after thorough discussions between the study team and getting in touch with the PWA project manager and paying several site visits and collecting data, the consultant became in a better position to outline his detailed methodology.

I.1 General Approach What is important in any EA study is the ability to think in a systematic way in order to understand the interactions of the environment and technological change and to follow the fundamental process of preparing an EA. Since the objective is to update the existing EA, data collection is very important to survey any changes occurred from the previous conditions, to accomplish the best results and to ensure enough involvement of different stakeholders a scoping session should be designed at the early stages of the project. Before the scoping session a Weighted-scale checklist will be prepared. The purpose of this checklist is to:

• Provide all possible relationships and impacts, out of which a set tailored for the specific assignment may be chosen.

• Help stakeholders to become more aware of the proposed project. • Help to produce a higher degree of awareness of the environmental aspects of a

project. • Quantification of impacts is possible using the weighted-scale method.

The scoping will then be followed by analysis of the alternatives and their impacts. At this stage the checklist will be unable to relate individual activities to environmental components affected by these activities. Therefore, an environmental impact matrix will be prepared for each alternative at each stage of the project development. The matrix can be used to identify impacts by systematically checking each development activity against each environmental component. Assessment of the impacts varies from qualitative/descriptive type to quantitative type where sometimes we need mathematical model to help assess the impact. For example, the impact of infiltration on the water quality is a very important issue and will need a hydrological model to analyze the pollutants transport. This will involve more field investigation and data collection. The assessment of significance and weight assignment is best done by holding another group discussion involving the relevant interdisciplinary expertise. Having identified the different impacts mitigation plan for the negative impacts will be prepared. The study team will then develop an environmental management and monitoring plan, which will include feasible and cost effective measures to minimize or mitigate negative impacts. The monitoring plan will describe how and who will carry out the monitoring activities for addressing the negative environmental issues.



I.2 Some of the Changes Need to be Considered Since this study is a review of the original EA study, changes from the original track of the project should be studied thoroughly and the impacts from the changes should be given extra attention. Some examples of these changes are: • Current performance of the existing treatment plant and the quality of the treated sewage

that need to be infiltrated. actual wastewater measurements should be taken including the following parameters: BOD, COD, PH, Oil and grease, TSS, Nematode eggs, Fecal coliform, Heavy metals, Phosphate, Ammonia, Nitrate, Salinity, Sulfate and Sulfide. Measurements should be taken at different locations, different depths, and different time of the day to represent all the situations. (a detailed quality testing program were prepared for the wastewater effluent from BLWWTP, the pond water quality, the soil beneath the pond, and the sediment zone.

• Existing ground water quality and possible changes compared to the 1999 groundwater quality and the potential impacts of infiltration of treated sewage on the quality of the groundwater aquifer. (a new water quality data up to April 2004 were collected from PWA).

• The construction of the infiltration basin will involve excavation and removal of 900,000m3 of the top clay layer instead of using boreholes to enhance infiltration rate.

• The significant socioeconomic change due to the current political situation. This may include significant increase in the unemployment rate, the tight restrictions on the travel to Israel and West Bank, and the associated labor market changes.

• The change in the implementation phases, in particular the construction and operation of the infiltration basins before the construction and operation of the NWWTP.

• Any change in regulations or standards related to wastewater reuse and sludge use in agriculture.

• The influent increase into the existing Beit Lahia treatment plant and the continuous enlargement of the effluent pond to uncontrolled levels. The impacts of pumping the extra effluent to the new infiltration basins and restoring the area of Beit Lahia wastewater treatment plant and the lake to their original state should be carefully considered (PWA, LEKA, CSC were consulted to get an updated information about wastewater connections and influent to BLWWTP.

• Any changes in the pressure pipe route from the original plan will be investigated. The investigation will cover any changes in the roads conditions (new pavement) and any new communities or residential areas that will be affected by the construction (the pipe route has changed to avoid passing through Al Shiekh Zayed city main road).

• The EA should take into consideration any existing or new trans-boundary issue. These may include the groundwater quality at the Israeli side of the aquifer and whether there are any new well dug at the other side of the borders.

I.3 Data Collection

The existing EA report for the project was reviewed. The collected data included: • Available information, documents and studies regarding the existing wastewater

management facilities in the communities covered by the project and the facilities to be



provided under the project. These include: old EA reports, appraisal report, design reports, infiltration and geotechnical report, and existing model report.

• Some site-specific field information with respect to social economic and environmental issues.

• Most of the data on aquifer conditions, aquifer water quality, infiltration rate, vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivities, pumping wells around the infiltration area, rainfall data, irrigation practices, losses from utility pipelines.

• Existing studies conducted on the environmental situation in Gaza Strip specifically the environmental profiles; the Environmental Strategy and Action Plan, the feasibility study and environmental impact assessment of the project.

• Environmental laws, strategies and actions plan that were adopted by the Environmental Quality Authority (EQA).these include effluent and sludge use policies and guidelines.

The following data collection is underway and will be finished soon: • Data on best practices, potential impacts and mitigation measures adopted in the

infiltration and recharge of treated effluent in neighborhood countries. • A brief archaeological survey is required to update the previous survey. This will provide

information on the location and existence of any archaeological sites that might have been recently discovered on the chosen property as well as on or around potential pipe route.

• A brief ecological survey will also be conducted to update data on the flora, fauna, and habitats of the area.

• Data regarding the economic benefits of using treated wastewater in infiltration. • Information on the environmental attributes of the study area. Infrastructure,

transportation links, and utilities are documented from available reports produced by PWA and other relevant institutions.

I.4 Analysis of Alternatives of the Proposed Project An environmental impact matrix will be used for comparison where environmental costs and benefits is quantified to the extent possible. The alternatives considered will include:

• No project situation • The proposed emergency project to pump and infiltrate partially treated sewage • The proposed complete project including the full-scale treatment, reuse, and/or disposal of

effluent and sludge. In addition to the capital and operating costs and suitability under local conditions, various alternatives will be reviewed and analyzed based on the followings: • Will the project cause unwarranted losses in precious/irreplaceable natural or other

resources? • Will the project make an unwarranted accelerated use of scarce resources in favor of

short-term rather than long-term economic needs? • Will be the project result in unwarranted hazards to endangered species?



I.5 Stakeholder Consultation and Workshops Stakeholders’ consultation is an essential part of any EA study. The main objective of such consultation is to make sure that all concerned stakeholders are aware of the project and their views and comments are taken into consideration to the maximum possible extent. In addition to PWA as client, the study team have already met and discussed the project and the environmental concerns with the following institutions: Institution Discussed issues

Environment Quality Authority (EQA) Project description Role of EQA, policies, and reuse guidlines EQA concerns of Aquifer water quality and public health

Ministry of Agriculture Project description Role of MOAG Available tests General discussion of reuse issues

Common Services Council for water and wastewater in the Northern Governorate

Update figures of populations and wastewater connections Type of connected facilities Future plans (residential buildings, …)

Scoping meeting for the relevant stakeholders and public is scheduled November 24th. The purpose of the scooping is that for the stakeholders to become aware of the proposed project and the different alternatives and make sure that all their concerns and views are considered. The scoping secession will help identify the environmental issues, stakeholders concerns, and the relative importance of each issue. Stakeholders that will be consulted are the following: • Concerned governmental organizations such as Palestinian water authority, ministry of

health, ministry of agriculture, environmental quality authority, ministry of planning. Ministry of the local governments, ministry of housing, ministry of waqf and religion.

• Municipalities of Jabalia, Beit Lahia, Beit Hanon, Um Alnasr, and Gaza. • Residents of the project area and interested individual citizens • Academic and research institutes, • Relevant non-governmental organizations, • Representatives of the donors bodies such as the World Bank, European Union, UNRWA,

and SIDA, • Any other agency specified by the client.

A site visit to the central wastewater treatment plant in Tel Aviv was arranged on 19/10/2004. Three staff members from the consultant as well as the PWA project manager managed to visit this treatment plant and one of the infiltration basins. The treatment plant serves about 2 million people with an annual discharge of 130MCM.



The Palestinian side represented by the PWA PM presented the North Gaza WWTP and the phasing of the project. Also the Israeli side presented the historical development of the existing treatment plant at Dan Region in addition to the current performance of the plant. The Palestinian side raised several questions regarding the effluent quality, the abstraction wells, and the infiltration basins. The raised questions aimed at exploring the best practices followed in managing the plant and the difficulties that were encountered during the lifespan of the treatment plant. The consulting team from the Israeli side raised some concerns regarding three key issues: • The sludge treatment and reuse. • The infiltration of partially treated sewage and its negative impact at the performance of

infiltration basins and the water quality. • The recovery of the infiltrated sewage through recovery wells so as to keep the impact

of this recharged water within the boundary of abstraction wells. Responding to these concerns, the PWA PM clarified that the construction of the treatment plant will include the sludge treatment and reuse. With regard to the other two concerns, Mr. Sadi Ali mentioned that because of limited financial resources committed from the donors, PWA has no other choice at the first phase except to infiltrate the partially treated sewage to alleviate the increasing danger from the accumulation of this sewage close to residential area. He also clarified that abstraction wells will not be constructed at the first phase of the project because these wells are part of the reuse project that requires complete piping system.

I.6 Impact Assessment The impacts of the proposed project will be described and evaluated for construction, operation and maintenance stages. The estimated or measured impacts will be described and evaluated based on well-defined criteria. The total impact values considering the different stages of the project will be assessed and used for comparing the alternatives. The assessment of significance is best done by through scoping and discussion meetings involving interdisciplinary expertise.

Criteria used to describe the impacts Subjective or qualitative words are difficult to deal with because their interpretation depends on cultural values and specific circumstances. Even when quantitative data are available, they must be gauged against some standard and often there is none or at least none widely accepted. However, There are some useful guides/criteria that will be used for impacts assessment and ranking: • Sign of the impact (Positive or negative) • Magnitude (a criterion that is defined as the probable severity of each potential impact.

Will the impact be irreversible such as water resources contamination? irreversibility always commands attention because they signal a loss of future options.

• Prevalence (which is defined as the likely eventual extent of the impact) • Duration and frequency • Risk (which defined as the profanity of serious environmental effects) • Importance (which is defined as the value that is attached to an environmental

component in its presents state)



• Mitigatability (are solutions to problems available? Existing technology may provide a solution to a siting problem expected during construction)

• Understanding (do we have the tools to understand and evaluate a particular impact) Reference will always be made to local environmental management standards. In case of lack of relevant domestic legislation regarding any issue, reference will be made to the corresponding internationally applied and accepted standards. In any issue if we refer to a certain international standards, the same standards will be first applied for other issues in case of lack of local standards.

Effect value Effect value is the amount of effect caused by the project activities on a certain area. For example, if the project offers employment opportunities for 50 persons, the value of effect will be 50 workers. But if the effect value cannot be given numerically (e.g. cultural property) negative or positive singes give the effect value. For example: -- Very negative - Negative 0 No effect + Positive ++ Very positive

Impact value or assessment criteria Impact value is a numerical standardized value that represents the impact extent of a certain effect value. In other words, the effect values are translated into impact values. The range of the impact value is from –5 to +5. This is a conventional technique for summarizing environmental impacts utilizing the matrix method. The predicted impacts are converted into an ordinal scale (ranking) of impact severity, as in the following example: Severity Impact score No impact 0 Negligible 1 Minor (slight or short term) 2 Moderate 3 Major (irreversible or long term) 4 Severe (permanent) 5

A positive sign denotes a beneficial impact, while a negative sign denotes an adverse impact.

I.7 Environmental issues and assessment tools The impacts of each project activity on the different environmental issues/component will be assessed and in comparison with the baseline situation. The baseline and the full project impacts for most of the environmental issues have been already covered in the previous study. These issues will be reviewed thoroughly and updated considering the changes from the previous conditions when the previous EA were conducted. Environmental issues like aquifer water quality, human health, socio-economics, and employment command special attention. Details about the assessment methodology of the some of the important issues are discussed below.



Water resources and water quality To study the impacts of using treated wastewater effluent for infiltration a flow and transport hydrological model should be constructed. the quality of the effluent has changed from the previous planning targets. Hence, detailed study is necessary. First, the flow model should be developed, calibrated, and verified before use. Based on that a particle transport-tracing model for the major contaminants such as nitrates, chlorides, and heavy metals if found, will be constructed.

Soil and vegetations Some changes may have occurred in the topsoil and the vegetation especially around the existing treatment plant. Thus, the baseline conditions may have changed which will affect the impacts of the project activities on this component. Another significant change is the excavation and removal of 900,000 m3 of clay from the top layer of the new infiltration site. Reference will be made to the recent infiltration report at the new site.

Socio economics and employment The current political situation in the Palestinian authority areas has definitely changed the socio economic situation from 1999. EMCC team will carefully study the changes which include local population, housing areas around the old and the new site, employment, income and affordability, industrial facilities that may affect the effluent quality, agricultural activities, etc.

Human health Impacts on human health especially from the existing situation (no project), from using partially treated sewage in infiltration, and from sludge reuse should be given special attention. Among the EMCC team there is an environmental health specialist who will consult experts in the local and regional health centers to help assess the existing situation and the impacts of the proposed alternatives. Data about the historical health situation of the population surrounding the existing treatment plant will be collected and analyzed.

Land use The changes in the land use including the switch from agriculture to residential or industrial in the areas around the project will be studied and the previous EA will be updated accordingly.

Air quality Hydrogen sulfide forms over 90 % of unpleasant odour problems from WWTPs. A baseline monitoring for H2S was established in the previous study. Also the impact of the new WWTP was assessed using USEPA atmospheric dispersion model ISCST3. The baseline information will be reviewed and updated considering the new changes in the project sites. The new assessment will take into consideration the proposed project activities. New air quality modeling will be performed.

Other issues The baseline survey regarding noise and vibration, flora and fauna, tourism or archaeological importance has been covered in the previous study. The new EA will study the changes in the baseline information as well as the impact of the project alternatives on these environmental issues.



I.8 Other important considerations

Effluent quality testing Data will be collected to update the information about the performance of the existing treatment plant

Soil Investigation A comprehensive geotechnical investigation was conducted for the design purposes. During the drilling, permeability tests, infiltration tests, pumping and recovery tests, soil sampling and water sampling were carried out. Samples were subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. Five types of boreholes were drilled as follows:

• Shallow boreholes (B) • Complementary drillings (CD) • Semi deep drillings (SD) • Deep boreholes (DB) including test pumping well • Complementary boreholes (CB)

Altogether 17 boreholes were driven below the groundwater level. Shallow boreholes (designated B and CD) were drilled in order to determine the thickness of the topsoil on the site, consisting of clay. With the purpose to determine the stratigraphy in the unsaturated zone, semi-deep boreholes (designated SDand CB) were made. The deepest boreholes were meant to penetrate the entire aquifer, ending at the bottom of the aquifer. This resulted in three deep boreholes and one pumping well (designated DB), of which one reached the Saqiye group at the bottom of the aquifer (DB4).

Transboundary Issues A detailed investigation of transboundary environmental impacts is required in order to describe the current environmental conditions within the area of interest with specific reference to hydrogeology, groundwater quality, air quality, noise and vibrations, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other sensitive issues. Predicted impacts will be quantified wherever possible. In situations where quantitative measurements will not be possible or difficult, impacts will be described through the use of qualitative measurements, relative changes and general comparisons, based upon expert judgment. Assessment methodology for some of the important transboundary environmental issues is discussed below: • Air Quality and Noise: the transboundary impacts on air quality and noise generated by the

project activities will be evaluated comparing the ambient conditions before the project with the ambient conditions after the project. The air quality dispersion model will be used to define the extent of the impact for each project alternative. The impact will then be evaluated and the necessary mitigation measures will be defined in full coordination with the client and if possible experts from the other side of the border.

• Water Quality: the hydrological model will be used to assess the extent and the magnitude of the impacts of the proposed project on the water quality. Accordingly the transboundary impacts will be evaluated and mitigated. The following points will be taken into consideration:

• Assessment of background information, including local hydrological asset, with respect to potential gradients and sub-surface streamlines. Also, detailed local water table levels were provided.



• Hydrologic impact assessment due to groundwater level and flow modifications in the area of concern.

• Evaluation of potential transboundary impact on the groundwater quality due to the infiltration of the partially treated effluent.

• Based on groundwater flow and contaminant transport model, monitoring and mitigation measures will be proposed.

I.9 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan Environmental monitoring provides feedback about the actual environmental impacts of a project. Monitoring results help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment. They are also used to ensure compliance with environmental standards, and to facilitate any needed project design or operational changes. Environmental monitoring must be an integral part of all phases of the project cycle. The study team will develop an environmental management and monitoring plan, which will include feasible and cost effective measures to minimize or mitigate negative impacts. The implementation of this plan is the means by which the adverse environmental impacts of a project, that are acceptable subject to mitigation measures, are in practice effectively mitigated and by which the effectiveness of the mitigation is monitored. The monitoring plan will describe how and who will carry out the monitoring activities for addressing the negative environmental issues effectively and in a timely manner. Minimum Requirements for an Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan will be: 1. Summary of all significant environmental variables to be monitored and their anticipated

impacts. 2. Institutional arrangements for implementation of the mitigation measures and

responsibilities for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring and reporting to the appropriate authorities and local communities. The Institutional Component also details out the responsibilities for management and enforcement of the EMP components and activities. This section includes any needs for capacity building, training or equipment

3. Detailed technical description of each proposed mitigation measure, including the impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required. Environmental mitigation includes a matrix identifying the issues, mitigation measures, responsibility for carrying out the mitigation measures and the approximate cost estimates for the actions.

4. The EMP should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented during both the construction and operational phases of the project.

5. Environmental standards and guidelines that will be adopted or required 6. Estimation of the capital and recurrent costs of the proposed mitigation measures and

monitoring and identification/ confirmation of funding sources for implementation of the plan.

7. Implementation schedule showing phasing and co-ordination throughout the project implementation and monitoring.

The EMP for the proposed project would include and address effectively the following issues: 1. Specific wastewater treatment and monitoring requirements for recharge of aquifer with treated wastewater:



Information and data on the best practices, potential impacts, and mitigation measures in the wastewater treatment and infiltration of treated effluent adopted in neighborhood countries will be collected. Based on that and in coordination with the relevant experts at PWA and EQA the EMCC team will prepare guidelines for wastewater treatment and reuse to be adopted in the proposed project. If the existing effluent is not up to the required standards for infiltration, the hydrological model will be able to decide the safe quantities of sewage effluent to be infiltrated without causing irreversible damage to the aquifer. The EMP will include the details on the operation and maintenance of the infiltration basins. Based on the model performance and results, the optimal groundwater-monitoring network can be designed including monitoring wells location and number and the testing schedule. The possibility of using existing agricultural wells for monitoring and recovery will also be studied. The EMP will also include feasible measures for addressing the discharge of effluent in case any of the following scenarios occur: (a) shutdown of the treatment plant; (b) lower quality treated effluent than what is required; (c) lower than expected infiltration and aquifer capacity, which might lead to overflowing. 2. A formal Sludge Management Plan: A formal sludge management plan will be designed to demonstrate the environmental acceptability and sustainability of the proposed disposal routes. The EMP will identify the Proper storage, handling and disposal procedures of sludge. The EMP will address the environmental impacts that are related to sludge as well as the mitigation measures and enforcement tools. Also, the study will provide the controls and management procedures for reuse of sludge in agriculture. After introducing the environmental, economic and agricultural values of treated sludge, the study team will investigate the farmers opinions about their acceptance to use the treated sludge. Promotion of the use of treated sludge is essential. Offering a cheap, safe, and effective sludge to farmers could achieve this. The necessary public awareness will be discussed. 3. Noise and odour control: Noise and odor control at wastewater treatment plant through careful siting, process and equipment selection and use of buffer zones will be an essential part of the EMP. The Odour dispersion model will assess on the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and will assess on the location and the frequency of the odour-monitoring program. 4. Construction management: A construction management plan will be an integrated part of the proposed EMP. This will include traffic regulations, warning signs, and safety barriers to minimize urban disruption during construction. It will include activity scheduling to avoid peak or rush hours disruption. It will also include an effective and appropriate way to inform the concerned public at each stage of the construction. The construction management plan will include a detailed spoil construction plan. In order to achieve the EMP objectives in this part the following are necessary actions:

Special permits for any demolition activity. Coordination with other authorities. Safety measures.



Storage of construction and demolition wastes in specified locations in coordination with PWA and the responsible municipality.

Proper storage, handling and disposal procedures. 5. Site restoration Remediation measures to restore the area of Beit Lahia wastewater treatment plant and the lake to their original state will be carefully selected and included in the EMP. Environmental mitigation and monitoring actions will be presented in a simple matrix format. It would include identifying the issues, mitigation measures, and responsibility for carrying out the mitigation measures, environmental monitoring, and responsibility for carrying out the monitoring actions.

I.10 Environmental Capacity Building and Training Program A training program would be designed to be implemented by local or international consultants in cooperation with PWA and EQA. The training would target three levels:

On-the-job training for a dedicated project staff to direct activity planning, design, and implementation with respect to environmental protection.

Training for staff dedication for the operation and maintenance of treatment facilities and pumping stations. The training should be provided through short duration seminars and workshops. Oriented site visits and intensive training, one-month duration, should also be provided for selected staff members.

Training for contractors should be provided, including one or two days workshops for local contractors, focusing on: preparation and use of the appraisal/mitigation forms, use of environmental guidelines, and implementation of mitigation measures. Also, they should be trained on safety measures for construction works, proper construction wastes disposal and cleaning measures during construction.

A comprehensive capacity building program is needed to be provided a range of aids that can be used to engender skill development and knowledge transfer. This can include:

Developing a library of environmental assessment reports and maintaining a database of information collected during the assessment;

Collecting examples of good practice and establishing environmental awards in the workplace;

Holding an environment 'day', inviting guest speakers on environmental issues; and Producing desk aids such as a yearly calendar based on environmental themes and

designing corporate environmental posters.

I.11 Study Time Schedule The study time schedule was initially submitted with the proposal without assigning a start date. As part of the contract documents, the time schedule was updated with the assumption that September 22,2004 will be the starting date.

Having started some activities of the study, a military Israeli incursion to the project area was initiated on September 29, 2004. The incursion continued until October 15, 2004. This incursion caused the halt of some critical activities such as site visits and data collection and



water quality testing. Accordingly the time schedule presented below is an update that takes into consideration the aforementioned delays.

I.12 Study Team The proposed study team was kept unchanged except the team leader who was unable to participate due to the change in the time schedule of the study. The shift in the start date of the study made a conflict with other commitments of the team leader with other projects. Consequently, a qualified expert from DORSCH CONSULT was proposed to PWA, which approved the replacement.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex II Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Organizations, Legislations and Standards

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex II

Annex II Organizations, Legislations and Standards

II.1 Relevant Ministries and Institutions a- The Palestinian Water Authority PWA is responsible for management of the available water resources in Palestine to achieve the balance between available water quantities and qualities, and the needs of the Palestinian people in the present and the future. Law No.2 for 1996 identified the role of PWA in the following areas:

1. Strategic planning for the water resources: In this context, PWA has the authority to develop, enhance and allocate the water resources among the various demand sectors in order to achieve its goals which are:

Find the optimal way to manage, protect, and conserve the limited national water resources.

Guarantee the right of access to water of a good quality for both present population and future generations at cost that they can afford.

2. Monitoring and protection of water resources: PWA has developed a comprehensive monitoring program. The program identified the needs, the number of monitoring wells and their locations. Also vulnerable areas by different sources of pollution like wastewater treatment plant, industrial estates, ports and intensive farms were considered carefully [PWA Monitoring, 1998].

3. Regulation: Aiming at maximization of the benefit from the water resources and due to existing conflict of interests, it is necessary to have a mature regulator for the water sector in general. Regulations should organize the relationship between service providers, users environment and water resources. The role of PWA will be:

Environmental Regulation: aims at controlling the utilization of water resources and wastewater disposal and/or reuse in such a manner that enables the environment and optimizes the benefit.

Water Quality Regulation: aims at controlling the drinking water quality. In this context the PWA will be responsible for imposing a set of regulations on the service provider. These regulations should satisfy the requirement of the various stakeholders and mainly the Ministry of Health (MOH).

Economic Regulation: aims at reviewing the prices of water in order to protect the customer from the service provider, which is normally working in a monopolistic environment. Also the regulator should ensure that all cost related activities are performed adequately by the utility.

b- Environmental Quality Authority (EQA) Presidential Decree No. 6 in June 2002 established the Environment Quality Authority as the successor body to the Ministry of Environmental Affairs during the administrative reforms. The responsibility of EQA is to promote a sustainable environmental development of the Palestinian society. Its main task is the protection of the environment, including its water, soil, air, natural resources, nature and Biodiversity, and the prevention of public health risks related to environmental issues. The main responsibilities of EQA are in the field of planning, monitoring, licensing and enforcement. EQA is responsible for the development of the environmental policy, legislation and environmental planning. It is also responsible for developing standards, norms and guidelines for creating environmentally sustainable



conditions. For a number of standards EQA has primary responsibility. The Agency, EQA, plays a complementary role to the MOH in setting standards related to the conservation and protection of the environment such as:

Minimum water requirement to preserve the environment. Disposal of treated sewage in wadis, streams, rivers, lakes and seas. Disposal of treated sewage in environments, which affects the bio-diversity. Regulation of the industrial wastewater which is not treated by the utility. Disposal of brine from the desalination plants.

Monitoring of the physical environment is an important task of EQA. It also includes the monitoring of the compliance with the environmental laws and regulations, as well as the enforcement by means of putting sanction on violations and transgressions.

c- Ministry of Planning (MOP) MOP also took the initiative to develop an Emergency Natural Resources Protection Plan through their former Environmental Protection Directorate (EPD) and the Regional Development Plans through their Directorate for Urban and Rural Planning (DURP). MOP objectives are matching with the current objectives of EQA, which aim at the distribution of responsibilities and tasks among the ministries, institutions and agencies for the sake of achieving or working towards sustainable development. The development objectives of MOP are to: 1. Institutionalize the strategic planning process at the national level; 2. Support the participation of the all ministries and agencies of the PNA in the preparation

and implementation of the three - five years plans “Palestinian Development Plan PDP”. 3. Coordinate the development at the national level between environment, socio-economic

and physical sectors in a sustainable manner.

d- Ministry of Local Government Historically, local governments have been the cornerstone of Palestinian governance and the key providers of public goods and services in West Bank and Gaza. Municipalities, particular, have well-established service delivery and regulatory functions including electricity, water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, local roads, libraries, parks and recreation, slaughterhouses, markets, land use planning, building and development approval, and business and professional licensing. Until November 1996 the governmental organization basically consists of two levels: central and local levels. In November 1996 a new intermediate level was introduced as Governorate, thus three levels were established: central, regional and local governments. MOLG is responsible for the following activities: 1. To work towards an inclusive and unified local administration and establish local and

municipal councils. 2. To provide the infrastructure services to all areas, both within and outside municipal

boundaries. 3. To develop the organizational structure and public administration at local levels based on

studies and a close dialogue with concerned localities.



e- The Ministry of Health Environmental Health Department (EHD) is a central department in the Ministry of Health. One of the main objectives of EHD is promote research and information exchange related to health and environment (water, air, hazardous waste, vectors, and toxic materials). The Preventive Medicine Department (PMD) is responsible for monitoring the water quality. The MOH pays an important role in the water industry regulation. This covers setting the standards, which are related to the public health such as:

Drinking water quality. Disposal of treated sewage in bathing waters. Disposal of treated sewage in environments which affects the quality of some products

like fish. Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation, which may affect the agricultural products. Disinfection and drinking water storage.

f- Ministry of Agriculture The Ministry of Agriculture plays an important role in managing the agricultural resources in Palestine. Its responsibilities are summarized as follows:

Achieving food security. Establishing cooperation with the Palestinian Water Authority to achieve

rehabilitation of water sources, their protection from pollution, and promotion of their rational and economic use for agricultural production.

Achieving the legislation that controls the extension of urban areas at the expense of agricultural areas and ensure sustainable development.

Establishing methodologies for conservation of biological diversity and for sustainable use of resources by utilizing legislation, rules, procedures, budgetary allocations and other regulatory measures.

Advancing public awareness concerning the advantages of Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

Indicating the types of crops that can be irrigated by treated wastewater using the international standards.

g- Ministry of labor The Department of Occupational Safety is responsible for:

Performing periodical visits to work places and giving instruction regarding workers and equipment safety,

Monitoring chemical, physical and biological impacts on workers, and Keeping records and monthly reports on work places.

h- Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) The objectives of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources are to develop current electricity sources and develop sustainable and cost-effective new sources and to minimize the emission of air pollutants. This can be achieved by full adoption of the actions specified in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) to protect health and the environment from the effects of air pollution.



i- Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA): The ministry in general has the following responsibilities: 1. To protect antiquities. 2. To develop internal and external tourism, 3. To bring Palestinian history to the world’s fingertips, 4. To work with other institutions in establishing specialized department/programs that is

specialized in protecting ancient sites, cemeteries and monuments.

j- Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH): The main responsibilities of the Ministry of Housing and Public Works are: 1. To improve the standard of housing to safeguard the health of the inhabitants, which

comprises improvement of the housing conditions and services such as sanitary facilities and ventilation.

2. To complete and upgrade the infrastructure required for economic development and social activities and to improve the quality of public buildings.

3. To ensure the use of high-quality construction materials to improve safety standards. 4. To concentrate on issues that has a direct impact on the environment such as air pollution

and wastewater treatment and disposal.

k- Ministry of Religious Affairs The ministry is responsible for management the religious issues in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The ministry manages the Waqf lands. Some of these lands may rented to other ministries to implement a public facility.

l- United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) UNRWA has a monitoring program for drinking water in refugee camps.

II.2 Applicable Regulatory Standards and Guidelines A number of draft and adopted laws, standards and policies that are of particular interest to this EMP study have been reviewed. These legislative, policies and regulatory standards are summarized as follows:

m- The Draft Water Law The draft Water Law, which is being debated in the Legislative Council, confirms the status of PWA as an autonomous institution supervised by the President of the Palestinian Authority. The draft Law assigns the following powers to PWA: to allocate water for beneficial uses; to issue licenses and permits for the uses of water resources and for the discharge of pollutants; to assure optimal utilization of water resources for public uses (by monitoring water use and sources of pollution, as well as by enforcing licenses and permits); to regulate existing water institutions; to establish regional water and wastewater utilities; to set water tariff policies; and to prepare a National Water Master Plan. The Draft Water Law allows water services to be contracted out to the private sector.



n- Palestinian Environmental Law A number of principles and guidelines have been defined in the Environmental Law (Environmental Law No. 7, 1999) which forms the basis for decisions and structures of the environmental institutions and legislation. These principles are listed below:

Every individual living in Palestine has the right to a sound and clean environment and to the best possible of health care and social welfare, as well as protection of the country’s natural resources, and to the preservation of its historical heritage.

Every person in Palestine has the right to pursue the enforcement of the right to a clean and healthy environment against any party; he/she may also obtain any official information about the environmental impacts of any planned activity.

The general public may present advice and consultancy regarding the preparation of national environmental policies, regulations and plans.

Persons responsible for the occurrence of any environmental harm shall bear the cost of removing this harm in a way that reduces the pollution, in addition to the bearing of other compensations.

Measures to prevent pollution shall be given precedent over measures to control pollution, which shall be used only in cases where pollution prevention measures are not possible or economically not feasible.

Every person shall be committed to preserving the Palestinian environment and shall work on avoiding any activity that may cause environmental harm”

The protection of the environment through collective and individual initiatives for volunteer work shall be encouraged through environmental education in schools, universities, institutions and clubs.

o- Palestinian Environmental Assessment Policy According to this policy the proponent of any proposed activity should fill in application for Environmental Approval to EQA. Then EQA will notify the appropriate permitting authorities that an application for environmental approval has been received and that an EIA is required. Stakeholder consultation is mandatory when undertaking an EIA. In consultation with the proponent and the EA Committee, the Authority determines what the minimum requirements for stakeholder consultation should be. It may be required during scoping and terms-of-reference preparation, and during the conduct of the EIA.

p- Land Ownership If a land is needed for public services, the procedure to repossess the land is as follow:

The concern agency has to send an official application to the central planning committee in the Ministry of Local Governments describing the situation and the necessity to repossess the land.

The committee from its side studies the application and if it is accepted they have to apply to the President asking him to confiscate the land.

When the application is accepted by the President, he gives his approval and sends an order to the Ministries of Housing, Justice and Finance to formulate a committee in order to visit the site and estimate the amount of compensation to the owners.

q- Antiquities Law



A person must have a license to dig or search in any manner for antiquities. Work on land on which an antiquity has been discovered must be suspended, and the Director must (1) notify the owner or occupier of the land of the conditions by which the works may be continue on the land, or (2) order the work be permanently stopped. Persons damaged by these orders may demand compensation. At Present the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquity through the department of Antiquity within the ministry is responsible for this issue. The department drafted a Palestinian Law of Antiquity which is in the PLC since 1996. The department modifies a system now to deal with any antiquity issue with regard to any project as fellow: The proponent or concern agency should apply in written about the project with all data needed. Then the Department will ask the inspection section to carry a survey at that area of the project and reply in written about their finding and opinion.

r- Labor Law Labor law No. 16 for the year 1964 is the Palestinian Labor Law applicable for West Bank and Gaza Governorates till a comprehensive law for all Palestine is issued and approved by PLC. Labor Law is the reference for work and labor regulations and different parties rights. Workers occupational health and safety is presented thoroughly in the Labor Law in the following Context:

3rd chapter, 1st section contains regulations for workers health and safety. Articles 62 and 63 states that it is necessary to inform the worker about any danger in his duties before starting the work and take the necessary measures on the owner expenses.

Article 64 states that workers should not damage or spoil any protection means and has to obey all the instructions related to workers health and safety. Also it is the mandate of labor ministry to monitor factories and penalize the non-compliance.

The law require that the employer to provide all necessary first aids to injured workers. Therefore, first aid measures, equipment and medication should be available on site. The law has articles that regulate the number of working hours, wages, and disputes resolutions and workers age.

s- Draft Law on Local Government The Ministry of Local Government (MOLG) has focused its efforts initially on preparing for national, which were successfully held in January 1996. It is also actively developing managerial systems and drafting a new local government law for consideration by the Palestinian Council. It is not yet clear what would be the functions and degree of autonomy of local governments and their relationship to the central government. Two versions of the potential law on local government have been drafted. One would give local governments substantial autonomy, building on the existing situation, while the other would confer heavy control to the central government. The new law on local government would add the Higher Planning Council to existing local and central planning committees and would define the roles and responsibilities of these three planning bodies:

Local Planning Committee: comprised of the president and members of the Municipal Council.

Central planning Committee: comprised of representatives of all ministries and chaired by the Ministry of Local Government. Although there is one local planning committee for each Governorate, there is only one central planning committee for all Governorates.



Local councils: A new law on Palestinian local authorities was promulgated and signed in 1997. The new law clarifies the roles and responsibilities of local governments in Palestine, including procedures for electing local councils and presidents of local councils, the roles and responsibilities of local councils and the presidents of local councils, and fiscal and financial management.

t- Draft National Environmental Health Strategy (1999) The Department of Environmental Health (EHD) in the Ministry of Health at 1998 has formulated a draft environmental health strategy. This strategy explains the current situation of environmental health in Palestine and indicates the strategy and the action plan for five years (1999-2003). The main subjects tackled in this strategy are:

Environmental Health Information Drinking Water Monitoring and Control Wastewater and Solid waste Monitoring and Control Air Pollution Control Vector Control licensing of Crafts and Industries Food Safety

II.3 International, Regional and Local Standards In case of absence of local standards for a certain matter, international or regional standards may be used in evaluating the environmental pollution problems. This section outlines the main standards.

Table II.1: Water Quality Standards Maximum Concentration Level

EPA Standards (10/96), (mg/l))

PWA (mg/l) Item

Chemical Standards 500 1500 TDS 250 600 Cl 10 as N 70 NO3 1 as N 0.10 NO2

0.5 NH4 600 Total Hardness 400 Alkalinity 400 SO4 100-200 Ca 150 Mg 200 Na 12 K

4.0 1.5 F 0.2-0.8 FRCL 0.5 ABS - Industrial detergents

Heavy Metals 0.3 0.5 Fe 0.05-0.2 0.2 A1 1.3 1.0 Cu 5.0 5.0 Zn



Maximum Concentration Level EPA Standards (10/96), (mg/l))

PWA (mg/l) Item

0.05 0.1 Mn 0.1 0.05 Ni 0.015 0.01 Pb 0.006 0.005 Sb 0.05 0.01 Se 0.05 0.01 As 0.005 0.003 Cd 0.1 0.05 Cr 0.002 0.001 Hg 0.2 0.05 CN

Pesticides and Organic Pollutants 0.002 0.02 Alachlor 0.007 0.01 Aldicarb

0.00003 Aldrin/Dieldrin 0.002 Atrazine

0.002 0.002 Chlordane 0.002 (D.D.T) 0.001 1,2 Dibromo-3 chloropropane

0.07 0.03 2,4-D 0.00003 Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide

0.0002 0.002 Lindane 0.04 0.02 Methoxychlor

0.02 Permethrin 0.004 0.002 Simazine

0.02 Tri-fluralin 0.01 2,4,5 T P

0.002 0.002 Endrin 0.002 0.005 Vinyl chloride

3.0 Monochloramine 0.1 0.1 (T.H.M)

Emitted Materials 15 pCi/L 0.1 Alpha emitters 4 mrem/yr 1 Beta emitters 5 pCi/L Radium 226 and 228

Microbiological Standards 1 Total Colony Count

0 Viruses <1/100 mL Coliforms

Gardia Lamblia Hetrotrophic Plate Count Legionella 0.0 Pseudomonas Sp. Pyrogens

Physical Properties 0.5-1.0 NTU 4 NTU Turbidity 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 PH

25 Temperature 15 Color



Table II.2: Wastewater Standards (PWA & EQA) Irrigation Fodder Fruit trees

Dry Green

Gardens and

Parks

Wheat and

industrial crops

Infiltration to aquifer

Sea outflow (500m)

Forest (not used as parks) Citrus Olive Almond

Quality parameter

mg/1 except other wise indicated

60 45 40 60 40 60 60 45 45 45 BOD5200 150 150 200 150 200 200 150 150 150 CODMore than 0.5

More than 0.5

More than 0.5

More than 0.5

More than 0.5

More than 1.0

More than 1.0

More than 0.5

More than 0.5

More than 0.5

DO

1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 - 1500 1500 1500 1500 TDS50 50 30 50 50 60 50 40 40 40 TSS

6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 PH COLOR

(PCU)5 5 5 5 0.0 10 5 5 5 5 FOG0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 1 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 PHENOL15 15 15 15 5 25 15 15 15 15 MBAS50 50 50 50 15 25 50 50 50 50 MO3.N- - 50 - 10 5 - - - - MH4.N50 50 50 50 10 10 50 50 50 50 O.Kj.N30 30 30 30 15 5 30 30 30 30 PO4.P500 500 350 500 600 - 500 500 500 500 CI500 500 500 500 1000 1000 500 500 500 500 SO4200 200 200 200 230 - 200 200 200 200 Na60 60 60 60 150 - 60 60 60 60 Mg400 400 400 400 400 - 400 400 400 400 Ca9 9 10 9 9 - 9 9 9 9 SAR- - - - - - - - - - Residual C125 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 A10.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ar0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Cu1 1 1 1 1.5 - 1 1 1 1 F5 5 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 5 FE0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Mn0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Ni1 1 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1 1 1 1 Pb0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Se0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Cd2 2 2 2 5 5 2 2 2 2 Zn0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 CN0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cr0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Hg0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 1 1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Co0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 B1000 1000 200 1000 1000 50000 1000 1000 1000 1000 FC

(CFU/100ML) Pathogens- - - - - - - Amoeba &



Irrigation Fodder Fruit trees

Dry Green

Gardens and

Parks

Wheat and

industrial crops

Infiltration to aquifer

Sea outflow (500m)

Forest (not used as parks) Citrus Olive Almond

Quality parameter

mg/1 except other wise indicated

Gardia (cYST/l)

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Less than 1.0

Nematodes (Eggs/l)

a- Sludge Standards The toxic contaminants that may be found in sewage sludge are:

Heavy metals Organic contaminants and toxins Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi)

A review of legislation in other countries has been conducted in order to set a basis for treatment and recycling of sludge in Gaza.

Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) In Europe the Directive 86/278/EEC sets up limits for concentrations of six metals in sludge and/or in sludge amended soil. Annex (VIII) shows the limits set for sludge concentrations of PTEs by the EC Directive and by the Israeli Ministry of the Environment. The UK has implemented the EC Directive through the Sludge (Use in agriculture) Regulations, which place limits on:

Average annual application rates of PTEs per hectare; and Maximum soil concentrations.

Some European countries have decided to be more cautious and have imposed much stricter limits on PTEs. The limits set in The Netherlands, Sweden and Norway are likely to reduce the application of sewage sludge in agriculture. On the other hand in the USA the application limits are much higher. Extensive research has resulted in the, ''503 Regulations" being based on, "No Observed Adverse Effect" levels, determined by pathway risk assessments. Annex (VIII) shows the PTE limits set for sludge amended soils in various countries. Limits have also been set in the UK (through a Code of Practice) and in USA (for Molybdenum, Selenium and Arsenic). The US limits on PTEs are considered appropriate for use in Gaza. However, even the more stringent EC limits could be easily met by the sludge from the new treatment plant as explained below. The PTE content of the sludge and the waste water from the BLWWTP has been examined by analyses. Annex (VIII) shows the results and provides a comparison with the limits set for PTEs in various countries. It can be seen that there are relatively low levels of heavy metals mainly due to the facts that the industrial waste water load in comparison to the housing waste water is very low and there are no industrial activities which cause significant heavy metal loads. Even if the maximum sludge amounts would be applied for over 100 years the recommended soil concentration limits for PTEs would not be exceeded.



Pathogens Pathogenic organisms are a major concern with regard to the use of sludge in agriculture, However, this is a subject that has been extensively researched and in many countries regulations are well established for the safe use of sludge in agriculture. The control of the risk to health of plants, animals and humans is usually enforced in two stages:

Sludge treatment requirements; and Crop, planting and harvesting constraints.

Some countries have more stringent requirements for treatment than others and standards have been revised recently or are likely to be revised in some countries as a result of research. For example, the UK has permitted the use of untreated sludge provided that it is limited to certain crops and periods in between planting and harvesting on gracing (e.g. 10 months before planting of crops that may be eaten raw). Where the sludge is treated to a better standard a wider range of crops is allowed and some limitations concerning time are reduced. UK water companies are also considering higher standards of treatment, to provide a pasteurized product for certain crops in order to satisfy the food retailers. In neighboring countries to Gaza a number of research projects have been carried out in order to define the benefits and hazards of sludge application in Egypt, Jordan and Israel. Research in Egypt has shown that conventional air drying leads to a 90% reduction in the numbers of viable helminth eggs. This reduction however would not yet meet the US EPA class A standard. In deciding on the level of pathogen reduction required it is important to take account of the nature of the agriculture on which sludge would be used in Northern Gaza. Citrus and other fruit trees make up the major proportion of agriculture and sludge would be used to fertilize these trees in order to make full use of it in northern Gaza. The great majority of citrus farms are small and farming methods require close contact between the labor and the land. The agricultural techniques are largely dependent on manual labor. Children are often present on the farms and fallen fruit may be picked off the ground. Ascaris is a major concern because of its resilience and persistence. The OTUI study reported that SS'/o of 4 to 5 year olds in Gaza are infected with ascaris. The transmission via sewage sludge can be prevented if the sludge is treated and its use is controlled e.g. it is not applied to crops that are eaten raw or if the sludge is pasteurised. Due to the level of exposure to contact with sludge applied to the surface around fruit trees it is recommended that a high level of treatment and pasteurisation is required for safe use of the sludge in this way. The US class A standard for sludge is considered appropriate for this use. As the Class A standard is to be adopted (which reduces the level of microbiological activity in the sludge to the same level as that in soils) the use of sludge in agriculture presents no increased risk to the public and a reduction if it replaces animal manures or untreated sludges. Health and safety impacts are therefore negligible. The areas affected by the developments are "greenfield", i.e. no previous structures have been placed on the site and the site has not been put to other contaminative uses. Therefore there should be no risk to workers from contaminants, as they will not be encountered. The US introduced regulations in 1993 that provide for two qualities of sludge treatment to suit different end use restrictions. Extensive investigation and research has resulted in the EPA Part 503 Rule, which is based on a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System (HACCP). The approach demands a higher level of treatment and less reliance on land



management practices to prevent disease transmission. The EPA Part 503 Rule sets two classes of treatment:

Class A sludges are considered to have been treated sufficiently to reduce the numbers of pathogens to those ambient in the soil. Sludges must be shown by regular analyses to contain less than 1000 faecal coliform bacteria per gram and less than 3 salmonella per 4 gram dry solids at the time of application to land. Other conditions of treatment or temperature and time or pH or pathogen content must be met to ensure the sludge is pasteurised. This sludge can be applied without restriction to:

o Agricultural land; o Horticulture; public parks, lawns and gardens; o Reclamation sites; and, o Pastures.

Class B sludge must meet a lower pathogen standard or have been treated by certain specified processes. This class of sludge can only be used in conjunction with planting and harvesting constraints similar to the UK ones.

The US EPA Class A standard seems to be regarded increasingly as the desirable future treatment standard to provide long term security of the sludge outlet and allay concerns of farmers, food retailers and the public. This standard has been adopted by Norway and is expected to be adopted by Ireland too. The US regulations are regarded as being appropriate for application in Gaza.

Table II.3: PTE Limits For Sludge Concentration (mg/kg) PTE | Israel | EU Min EU Max | USA'" Zn 2500 2500 4000 2800 Cu 600 1000 1750 1 500 Ni 90 300 400 420 Cd 20 20 40 39 Pb 300 750 1200 300 Hg 5.00 1.00 25 17 Cr 400 1000 I 200 111The value given is the clean sludge limit at which sludge could be applied at cumulative loadings of 1000 tDS/ha mn) not fail the Pachwny Risk Assessment which protects highly exposed individuals.



Table II.4: PTE Limits For Sludge Amended Soils Maximum Soil Concentration (mg/kg)

PTE Germany (2) France (3) Denmark

Italy Spain (4) UK (5) EC (1) USA (6)

Zn 200 300 100 300 150 300 150-300 1500 Cu 60 100 4 100 50 135 50-140 775 Ni 50 50 15 75 30 75 30-75 230 Cd 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 3.0 1.0-3.0 20 Pb 100 100 40 100 50 300 50-300 190 Hg 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0-1.5 9 Cr 100 150 30 150 100 400 (7) 100-150(8) 1540

Notes: 1. For a soil of pH 6-7 2. For soil with a pH >6. Limits for Cd and Zn are reduced to 1.0 and 150 mg/kg respectively for soils with

pH of 5-6 or containing <5% clay. Sludge application is not permitted at pH <5. 3. For soil with a pH >6. Sludge application is not permitted at pH <6. 4. For soil with a pH <7. 5. Limit values for Zn, Cu and Ni are for soil with a pH of 607. Limits for these elements are reduced with

decreasing soil pH and are increased by 50% in soil with pH>7. Sludge application is not permitted at pH<5.

6. Approximate values from the cumulative pollutant rates from Final Part 503 rule (US EPA, 1993) assuming sludge is cultivated to 0.2m and background soil concentrations are taken as common values.

7. Provisional value (DoE, 1989a). CEC (1990a).

Table II.5: Sludge Quality Assessed From Beit Hanoon Sludge Samples

Sludge Mean Sludge Limits EU Applic. Limit* UK CoP Applic Limit*

Mg/kg Israel Mg/kg

EU Min Mg/kg

EU Max Mg/kg

@ 10 tDS/ha Mg/kg Ratio

@ 10 tDS/ha Mg/kg Ratio

Zn 89 2500 2500 4000 3000 0.03 1500 0.06 Cu 18 600 1000 1750 1200 0.01 750 0.02 Ni 11 90 300 400 300 0.04 300 0.04 Cd 539 20 20 40 15 0.40 15 0.04 Pb 21 300 750 1200 1500 0.01 1500 0.01 Hg - 5.00 1.00 25 10 - 10 - Cr 10 400 1000 300 0.03 150 0.07

* Converted from PTE addition limit as kg/ha/y



Table II.6: Potential toxic elements concentration in soil and sludge from the bottom of the adjacent random lake and the EPA limitations in the sludge and soil.

Sludge and soil from the bottom of effluent pool Sludge Soil

Elements (mg/l) Settled Limits* Under layer soil Limits * Cd <0.01 39 <0.01 2.0 Co <0.01 - <0.01 - Hg <0.001 17 <0.001 1.0 Pb 0.15 300 <0.01 150 Zn <0.01 2800 <0.01 130 Cr 0.2 1200 0.4 - Ni <0.01 420 <0.01 35-50

*USEPA limitations

Table II.7: Potential toxic elements limits for Sludge concentration (mg/kg) in Israel and EU

Israel EU Min EU Max Elements

mg/l Cd 20 20 40 Hg 5.00 1.00 25 Pb 300 750 1200 Zn 2500 2500 4000 Cr 400 1000 Ni 90 300 400 Cu 600 1000 1750

Table II.8: Maximum permissible concentration of potentially toxic elements in soil after application of sewage sludge and maximum pollutant concentration sewage sludge limits (adapted from Pescod, 1992)

Max. permissible concentration in soil (mg/kg dry soil)

Potentially toxic elements

pH 5.0<5.5

pH 5.5<6.0

pH 6.0<7.0

pH >7

Pollutant concentration sewage sludge limits (mg/kg dry sewage sludge)

Zn Cu Ni

200 80 50

250 100 60

300 135 75

450 200 110

2800 1500 420

Cd Pb Hg Cr Mo Se Ar F

3 300 1 400 4 3 50 500

21 300 17 1200 18 28 41 -



b- Air Pollution Standards

Table II.9: Israel Ambient Air quality Standards, Abatement of Nuisance Regulations Chemical Formula

Concentration Factor used to

Concentration

Exposure Time

Pollutants mg/m3

Convert 1 ppm to mg/m3 ppm

O3 0.230 2.14 0.107 0.5 hour Ozone 0.160 0.075 8 hours

SO2 0.500 2.86 0.175 0.5 hour 0.280 0.098 24 hours

Sulfur Dioxide 0.060 0.021 1 year

CH2ClCH2Cl 6.0 4.42 1.358 0.5 hour 1,2 Dichloroethylene 2.0 0.453 24 hours

Toluene C7H8 10.0 4.11 2.435 24 hours Teterachloroethylene C2Cl4 5.0 7.41 0.675 24 hours

Trichloroethylene C2HCL3 1.0 4.75 0.210 24 hours H2S 0.245 1.52 0.161 0.5 hour Hydrogen Sulfide

0.015 0.010 24 hours Styrene C8H8 0.100 4.64 0.022 0.5 hours

Formaldehyde CH2O 0.100 1.34 0.075 0.5 hors CO 60.0 1.25 48 0.5 hours Carbon Monoxide

11.0 8.8 8 hours NOX 0.940 2.05 0.458 0.5 hours Nitrogen Oxides

(as NO2) 0.560 0.273 24 hours

Table II.10: The Recommended Standard Values of Air pollutants Concentration Environmental Manual

24-hr average IS

24-hr average Pollutant PPM µg/m3 PPM µg/m3

Particulate Matter, SPM - 70 - 300- (3-hr) Carbon Monoxide, CO - - 8.8-(8-hr) 11,000-(8-hr) Sulfur Dioxide, SO2 0.044 125 0.098 280 Nitrogen Oxides, NO2 0.1 150 0.373 560 Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S - - 0.010 15

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex III Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Effluent Quality Tests

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex III

Annex III Effluent Quality Tests This section discusses the performance of the BLWWTP and the Physical and chemical properties of the wastewater effluent in both the polishing pond and the random effluent lake in addition to soil and sludge potential toxic elements. The sampling the testing were carried out by the Islamic University Laboratories, Environmental and Rural Studies Laboratory as part of the EA requirements.

BLWWTP performance evaluation Figure III.1 shows a schematic diagram for the existing BLWWTP based on its original design. The biological treatment process consists of anaerobic lagoon followed by two actively aerated lagoons, two facultative lagoons (each has 2.4m depth) and one deep lagoon (6.75m deep) proposed a polishing pond. The effluent is released into the area adjacent to the wastewater treatment plant. Part of the effluent infiltrates randomly into the groundwater aquifer. Part of it evaporates. and the major remaining part accumulate to form uncontrolled lake. The current effluent BOD concentration is varied according to the management system of the treatment process. In some cases the floating aerators at the aerated lagoons works full time and in some cases it is shut down for pure economical reasons. The following parameters are considered in the performance assessment.

• Influent BOD= 400-600 mg/l • Average flow rate= 12000 m3/day based on the average monthly records at the

treatment plant. • Winter and summer water temperatures are 14 and 23oC, respectively. • The mentioned size of the lagoons is the water size when all gates are open (regular

operation route). • The existing aerators are sufficient for complete mixing in the aerated lagoons more

that 5KW/1000m3.

Anaerobic lagoon The size of the anaerobic lagoon equals to 26000m3 and the average flow rate estimated to be 12000m3/day. Therefore, the hydraulic retention time equals 2.2 days. The BOD concentration in the influent ranges from 400 to 650 mg/l based on PWA and the municipality recordings. For the assessment purposes BOD of 600 mg/l will be considered. Based on water temperature in winter 14oC and summer 23oC the treatment efficiency estimated to be 48 and 60% (Horan, 1991) respectively. The effluent from the anaerobic lagoons has 312 and 240 mg soluble BOD/l in winter and summer, respectively.

Aerated lagoons Anaerobic lagoon is followed by two aerated lagoons with total volume 26300m3. The estimated retention time equals to 2.2 days nearly same as the anaerobic lagoon. The two aerated lagoons have eight floating aerators each rated at 11KW (15hp) in addition to 4 jet-mixing aerators. This provides sufficient aeration for the lagoon if the European standard is considered (>5KW/103m3). Considering the kinetic and rate of cell synthesis equation: Le= Li/ (1+KTR) where Le and Li are the effluent and influent BOD respectively.



KT reaction rate where KT= K20 OT T-20 where K20=1.4/day

OT =1.056 when T ranges between 20-30oC 1.135 when T ranges between 4-20oC The effluent from the aerobic treatment at wintertime equals 312/(1+0.67x2.3) = 123 mg BOD/l. While at summer time = 240/(1+1.69x2.3) = 50 mg BOD/l. considering the aeration system and complete mixing of 5KW/103m3.

Facultative lagoons Two facultative lagoons receive the effluent from the aerated lagoons with soluble BOD concentration equals to 123 and 50 mg/l in winter and summer respectively. The volume of the facultative lagoons equals to 84000 m3, which leads to 7.3 days as a retention time. Normally for facultative lagoons 7 days is the middle range.

• V= 84000m3 • Surface area 30500 m2 • Depth 2.4m • Q= 12000m3/day • BOD load=49x12000= 588 kg/day • BOD load /surface area=588x10000/30500= 180 kg/ha.d

The maximum allowable surface load for facultative lagoons=11.2(1.054) F where F is the water temperature in Fahrenheit. Winter temperature is the most critical; therefore the calculations should be relying on winter data.

• 14oC=1.8(14)+32=57.2F • Maximum surface load= 11.2 (1.054) 57.2=227 kg/ha.d

The actual surface load is less than the permissible load, therefore it is expected that the facultative lagoon is functioning as proposed. Generally, when the treatment in the aerated lagoon is completed, the surface load at the facultative lagoon in the permissible values as shown in the previous calculation, otherwise, the treatment in the facultative lagoons become completely anaerobic.

2.1 The depth of each pond was measured in order to assess the operation of BLWWTP under the existing conditions. Table III.1 shows the original design depth and the existing depth. The combination of existing aeration capacity (88 KW) and enough retention time can produce a relatively good effluent (BOD ~ 50mg/l) for flow up to 14,000 m3/day. According to EU standards, it is required to provide 5 KW aeration capacity every 1000 m3 of influent. As the influent increases to about 18,000 m3/day, the retention time will be less than 1.2 days which is not enough for aeration. As a result the treatment efficiency will decrease significantly.



Incoming flow

Collection chamber

Inlet work

Depth= 2.4m Area= 6660m2

V= 13310m3


V= 12740m3


V= 13480m3


V= 12910m3

Depth= 2.96m Area= 15230m2 V= 38570m3

Depth= 2.96m Area= 15230m2 V= 38570m3

Depth= 6.75m Area= 26930m2 V= 135940m3

Pumping Station

12

3 4

5 6

7

Figure III.1: Layout Plan of Beit Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant

Table III.1: Depth of Ponds in BLWWTP.

It is obvious from the Table III.1 that the level of the water has increased by at least 15 cm over the maximum designed levels. Raising the water level is necessary most of the year to create a little hydraulic head between the BLWWTP ponds and the effluent lake which is now almost the same water level as the treatment plant. If the water level in the lake is allowed to

Pond No. Design Depth Existing Depth from the water

surface 1 anaerobic 2.4 2.55 2 anaerobic 2.4 2.55 3 aerated 2.4 1.5 4 aerated 2.4 1.75 5 facultative 2.96 2.65 6 facultative 2.96 2.63 7 Polishing 6.75 6.9



rise slightly the flow direction will be from the lake to the treatment plant and the whole treatment system will be disabled. Effluent, Sludge and Soil analysis Table III.2, 3 and 4 the physical and chemical characteristics of the effluent as well as sludge and soil from the bottom of the lake. The recent testing results are also compared with the historical results from different sources. Table III.2: Testing of the Lake Water (Grab Sample)

Element Unit Result 29/11/2004 sample 1

Result 29/11/2004 sample 2

Result 20/02/2005

Result 06/03/2005

1Average Historical records

BOD mg/1 145 140 130 43 COD mg/1 317 315 343 156 pH -- 7.6 7.6 8.1 TSS mg/1 71 67 50 55 TDS mg/1 1130 1150 982 T.P. mg/1 1 0.2 - Ammonia mg/1 68 68 13 18.5 Nitrate mg/1 2.5 2.5 1 0.3 TKN mg/1 140 150 23 64 Chloride mg/1 250 250 252 Sulfate mg/1 14.8 Heavy metal: Lead mg/1 0.09 0.08 < 0.01 Zinc mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Copper mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Nickel mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Chromium mg/1 0.2 0.1 < 0.01 Cadmium mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.065 Mercury mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 - Boron mg/1 2 0.415 Nematode eggs 0 0 0 Fecal Coliform CFU/10

0ml 29.5*103 34.2*103 0.00

Sodium mg/1 60 60 103 Calcium mg/1 62 Magnesium mg/1 68 68 93 Fluoride mg/1 - - 0.89

1- Average results from 2003 and 2004 monthly measurements based on PWA and Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) 2- Average results from 2002 and 2003 grab samples analyzed by Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). This is less than the allowable maximum level by EPA and Israeli standards (0.8 mg/l) if the effluent will be used for irrigation continuously.



Table III.3: BLWWTP effluent (Composite Sample) Element Unit Result

29/11/2004 Result

20/02/2005 Result

06/03/2005

1Average Historical records

BOD mg/1 100 95 85 COD mg/1 250 284 267 pH -- 7.1 7.8 TSS mg/1 19 20 60 TDS mg/1 999 1100 T.P. mg/1 1.2 - Ammonia mg/1 64 19 22.5 Nitrate mg/1 5.5 3.7 2.5 TKN mg/1 75 31 31 78 Chloride mg/1 210 267 Sulfate mg/1 - 15.5 Heavy metal: Lead mg/1 0.09 < 0.01 Zinc mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 Copper mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 Nickel mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 Chromium mg/1 0.1 < 0.01 Cadmium mg/1 < 0.01 0.01 Mercury mg/1 < 0.001 - Nematode eggs 0 0 Fecal Coliform CFU /

100ml 12.5*103 40*103

Sodium mg/1 30 101 Calcium mg/1 52 Magnesium mg/1 68 95 Fluoride mg/1 - 0.22 EC mS 1600 -



Table III.4: Sludge and Soil Tests Sediment layer/sludge at the bottom

of the pond (0-30 cm “mixed sample”)

Soil 30-50 cm “mixed sample” below the bottom of the pond

Heavy Metal Unit

Result 29/11/04

Result 20/02/05 Sample 1


Result 29/11/04



Lead mg/1 0.15 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Zinc mg/1 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Copper mg/1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Nickel mg/1 < 0.01 0.006 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.037 < 0.01 Chromium mg/1 0.2 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.4 < 0.01 < 0.01 Cadmium mg/1 < 0.01 0.079 0.042 < 0.01 0.08 0.055 Mercury mg/1 < 0.001 - - < 0.001 - - pH -- 8.4 9.2 -- 8.6 9.3 Iron mg/1 0.6 2.1 0.54 1.9 2.2 1.2 Nematode Eggs

mg/1 1-3/ field 0 0 0 0 0

sodium mg/1 7 122 110 7 115 114 TKN % 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.02 T.P. % 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.01 0.01 F.C /100ml 1.15*103 - - 1.15*103 - -

Based on the current flow, the system should produce effluent suitable for agricultural reuse and groundwater recharge, but based on the recent analysis the effluent may be risky for both uses. The effluent quality testing results sampled in November show considerable variation between the effluent in both the polishing and the adjacent lake. The comparison between the maturation pond effluent and the adjacent flooded effluent showed slight increase in the pH, TDS and EC. Total suspended solids TSS, BOD, Na and TKN in the surrounding effluent is 3, 1.5, 2 and 2 times higher than that in the maturation ponds, respectively (Table III.2 and 3). This may be explained based on the followings:

1. The lake works as a facultative pool. The long period of stagnant effluent increased the chances for eutrophication, which usually leads to massive development of phytoplankton (algae blooms). Algae obtain carbon for photosynthesis for bacterial respiration and the carbonic acid system. Most of the algae indigenous to waste stabilization pond require inorganic carbon in the form of CO2. Thus during the daytime when photosynthesis is occurring and CO2 is being utilized, the pH increases. As a consequence, unstable oxygen conditions by photosynthesis and respiration of algae in addition to production of organic compounds with chelating properties.

2. Due to long period stagnant effluent, there is BOD feedback to the pool because of anaerobic digestion of the deposited solids in the bottom of the pool. Therefore, higher BOD was tested in the adjacent pool than the maturation lagoon.

Most of the historical records show that the BOD, TKN, and TSS are slightly lower in the lake than in the treatment plant effluent. The sampling might have been taken from different



locations, different influent load, different times of the year, and different operation conditions. For quality assurance, another set of sampling were taken from the polishing pond effluent, lake water, soil, and sludge. The results show some agreement with the November results in most of the parameters except for the ammonia and TKN. The new results (20/02/2005) show as if the existing BLWWTP is doing perfect nitrification and de-nitrification processes. This is contradicting the basic treatment concepts if we look at the BOD results. Achieving good nitrification should be reflected in good BOD removal. Therefore, for the purpose of this EA study, Total Nitrogen of 75 mg/l is considered based on November analysis results and supported by historical data.

2.2 with all upgraduing activities at BLWWTP realised, the effluent levels of BOD and SS would be significantly lower than the present values. Previous records in 2001 and 2002 (full aeration of pond 3 and 4) show that the BOD was about 45 mg/l (Shomar, 2004).

2.3 As a result, it is recomended perform the recomended upgrading for BLWWTP and to use the effluent for infiltration at the begining of the emergency phase. The lake water level can be reduced by natural evaporation and local infiltration. Once the water level in the lake is brought down, the lake will function as maturation lagoon and the quality of the lake water will improve. Then it can be transfered and used for infiltration.

Industrial effluent contribution

2.4 The main source for industrial wastewater is Beit Hanoun Industrial Estate which contributes less than 5% of the BLWWTP influent. Additional industrial wastewater are also discharged from small establishments in Jabalia and Beit Lahia. In total, less than 7% of the influent is attributed to industrial wastewater. A field surveys conducted in 2002 showed that the pre-treatment processes were almost absent, and in the best case they were very simple, represented by sediment tanks.

2.5 According to EAQ, industrial installations are classified into three categories according to the hazards arising from these installations in terms of gaseous, liquid or solid waste affecting the human health and the environment. Class A represent the group of industries with the least toxic waste, Class B with medium toxic wastes, and Class C with the most toxic waste. The industries in the northern area forms about 20.5% (295) of the total industries in Gaza Strip (1436). Of the 295 industries present in the northern area, 29 were classified as Class A, 199 as Class B, and 67 as Class C (EQA – Baseline Budget, 2004).

2.6 Under the worst case scenario of the industrial wastewater production in terms of quality and quantity, the existing treatment plant is able to absorb all amounts of pollutants and the final effluent is considered clean for agriculture and other reuse applications (Shomar, 2004). As shown in Table III.4, the risk of heavy metals accumulation is negligible in comparison to the limit values from US, Israel and EU countries due to the low concentrations of potential toxic heavy metals in soil and the sludge from the bottom of the lake.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex IV Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Water Quality Model and Soil Investigation

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex IV

Annex IV Water Quality Model and Soil Investigation

IV.1 Groundwater Modeling a- Software Description Previously, there have been two modeling exercises related to the study area: 1) A regional groundwater model has been constructed for the southern part of the coastal

aquifer focusing on Gaza strip and using the DYN software. This was a MS-DOS based software manufactured by CDM-consultants and is limited to the use of PWA and CAMP project.

2) A local growndwater model has been constructed for the hydrogeological evaluation of the infiltration system. The consultant (VA-Project AB, Sweco Viak AB and an under consultant at Tyréns, all in Sweden) has used MODFLOW. Modflow with its connected modules, is a commercial product and operates in a Windows environment. It has been on the market for about 10 years and is well established. It is fully available for PWA and consultants.

For the work under consideration, Visual Modflow (VMF) and its integrated modules is chosen. VMF is based on the finite-difference code MODFLOW (Harbaug & McDonald 1988) and contains four integrated modules:

- MODFLOW – Groundwater flow model. - ZONE BUDGET – Water balance within user defined zones. - MODPATH – Particle tracing. - MT3D (Model Tracking 3D) – Substance or solute transport.

A mass balance approach and a particle tracing model will be used to study magnitude and the extent of impact and the travel/residence time of the main pollutants on the aquifer. b- Conceptual Model Model domain and boundaries Based on the previous modelling efforts and the simulated water level contours for the year 2000, the model domain was chosen to fit stable boundary conditions. The Model Domain encloses an area of 17x23 km in the northern part of the Gaza Strip. Figure IV.1 shows the selected model domain as part of the coastal aquifer. Hydro-geologically there is not sufficient information available for the entire model domain. Therefore primary effort has been made finding data for the central part of the Model Domain. This is the area that will be affected by the infiltration water within a time of a few decades. The reason for expanding the Model Domain beyond the Data Area is to minimize the effects of Model Boundaries in the central part of the Model, the area of interest. The model domain is divided into a horizontal grid with cell size 50x50 m at the BLWWTP site and 20x20 m at the new NGWWTP site and the cell size then increases gradually towards the model boundaries (Figure IV.2).



Figure IV.1: Model domain and boundaries

Figure IV.2: Model Grid

NGWWT Site

BLWWT Site



Figure IV.3: Bottom of the Aquifer and the Ground Surface Elevation

The model boundaries can be described as follows (Figure IV.1):

• East: General Head Boundary • West: Constant Head Boundary • North and South: No Flow Boundary

The lower boundary of the model consists of Saqiye’s surface (Figure IV.1). This has been adopted based on the regional DYN model consideration and the results from geophysical investigations, and borehole investigation at the site (DB4).

Stratigraphy Although the greater part of the Gaza strip has a topsoil of stiff clay, the pumping test at the site (August 2002 in well DB4) clearly indicates that the aquifer is an unconfined, phreatic aquifer. Furthermore, clayey and silty layers have been found on the site during soil investigations by drilling. The layers are found both in the unsaturated and saturated zone. The arial continuity and hydraulic permeability of these layers do, however, not lead up to the conclusion that the aquifer is divided into several hydraulically separate subaquifers. Instead, the one aquifer approach is supported. The CAMP model final report indicates that the top clay layer extends up to 2 km inland. The second clay layer extends up to 1.5 km and the third deep clay layer extends up to 3.5 km inland. The average depths of those layers are -60, -100, and -130 t0 -60 respectively. Most, if not all, of the wells, screens are located above the deep clay layer. SWECO INT. in the previous modelling effort has indicated that the extent of infiltration influence is about 3 km in 20 years. In other words, the influence area is far from the coastal area where the thin clay layers separates the aquifer into three sub-aquifers. Hence a single layer model will serve the purpose of the study.

Recharge Components A GIS module is designed to calculate the net recharge to the aquifer in winter days and in summer days. The net recharge comprises of; recharge from rain, irrigation return flow, water

Water Table



networks losses, wastewater leakages, existing treatment plants and recharge basins, and recharge from treated wastewater irrigation in the Israeli side of the model. The details are illustrated below:

Recharge from rain: Recharge from rainfall was quantified as the average seasonal rainfall multiplied by an infiltration factor. Based on the rainfall records from 15 rainfall stations, Thiessen polygons interpolation method was used to calculate the aerial rainfall distribution over the model domain cells. The value of the rainfall in each cell is then multiplied by the an infiltration factor based on the soil type. Infiltration coefficient 0.6, 0.25, 0.2 for clay, Loess, and Sand soil types (M&E, 2000 and OALS/IALC, 2001). Infiltration factor for impervious surfaces was considered zero.

Recharge from irrigation: In the CAMP model report, it was assumed that 0.25 of water pumped for irrigation return to the aquifer in Gaza area. The same assumption was considered in the Israeli side for irrigated agriculture. For Israel since we do not have the exact land use map, 80% of the land where we have irrigation wells is assumed to be irrigated (See the land use map of Israel, http://www.1uptravel.com/worldmaps/israel8.htm, for crop information). For Israeli part of the model, three water sources were considered: 1) irrigation directly from rainfall, the recharge from that is taken into consideration while calculating recharge from rain. 2) Irrigation from wells, 0.25 of the pumped water is assumed to return to the aquifer. 3) Recharge from wastewater reuse network at the far east of the model domain which was estimated at 35 MCM

Recharge from un-piped wastewater: In areas not connected to wastewater networks, people use septic tanks or cess/percolation pits to dispose their sewage. From 70% to 75% of the Northern Governorate population are connected to wastewater networks (Boliden Contech and Montgomery Watson, 1999; LEKA, 2003). Most of the produced un-piped sewage seeps to the aquifer through the percolation pits. The rest is transported to the wastewater treatment plant via tanker trucks. 80% of the water consumption is assumed to be a non-consumptive use and thus turns into wastewater. In each area the produced wastewater is multiplied by a seepage factor (1- network connection percentage) to estimate the leakage into the aquifer from the un-piped sewage (M&E, 2000). Recharge from piped wastewater: Piped wastewater is assumed to reach the treatment plants in the model domain area. The quantity recharged from each treatment plant is taken as recorded by other studies (M&E, 2000).

From Gaza wastewater treatment plant = 6,000 – 10,000 m3/day From Beit Lahia wastewater treatment plant and the pond = 6,000 – 8,000 m3/day



Water supply network losses recharge: This was calculated based on water consumption and the physical water supply network losses in each area in the model domain. Records indicate that the total annual water supply in the Gaza and the Northern Governorate is about 40.5 MCM (PWA, 2004). Physical losses are estimated at 30% in these areas (PWA, 2004). Figure IV.4 and Figure IV.5 show the GIS distribution of the 2002-2003 hydrologic year total recharge rate in winter and summer respectively. Same was done for 1999-2000, 2000-2001, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004 hydrologic year. For modeling purposes, the hydrologic year consists of a winter season from October to March and a summer season from April to September.

Recharge rate (m /day)0.00062 - 0.000760.00076 - 0.000960.00096 - 0.001140.00114 - 0.001340.00134 - 0.001690.00169 - 0.002010.00201 - 0.002430.00243 - 0.002940.00294 - 0.003560.00356 - 0.03243

N

EW

S

Figure IV.4: Recharge rate grid during winter 2002-2003



Recharge rate (m/day)00 - 0.000040.00004 - 0.000340.00034 - 0.000380.00038 - 0.000550.00055 - 0.000710.00071 - 0.000750.00075 - 0.001030.00103 - 0.029120.02912 - 0.02983

N

EW

S

Figure IV.5: Recharge rate grid during summer 2002-2003

Based on the GIS recharge grid distribution, 24 recharge zones (Figure IV.6 based on Figure IV.4 and Figure IV.5) were considered for the MODFLOW input. Each zone carry different values based on annual and seasonal recharge values.

Figure IV.6: Head observation wells and MODFLOW recharge zones.



c- Abstraction Components Within the model area, 1061 wells have been defined and parameterized with a given average discharge based on available data (data from PWA). These include 46 domestic wells. The abstraction from domestic wells is recorded monthly. Table IV.4 shows the average seasonal abstraction rate from domestic wells. Data is also available for years 1998 – 2000. Very limited data is available about agricultural wells abstraction. In most of agricultural wells the abstraction rates were estimated based on information from Ministry of Agriculture about irrigated areas, crop patterns, and crop water requirements (M&E, 2000). 26 wells were selected as head observation wells for the model regional calibration (Figure IV.6). The selection was based on the availability of good hydrograph for these wells. More details are presented in the calibration section.

Table IV.1: Municipal wells abstraction rate

Well No. TOS BOS QS2001 QW2001 QS2002 QW2002 QS2003 QW2003

C127 -17.8 -27.8 -1631 -1250 -1736 -1540 -1288 -795

C128 -44 -54 -2548 -2147 -2333 -2093 -2269 -2110

C76 3.1 -8.9 -617 -409 -530 -398 -474 -401

C79 -21.5 -31.5 -801 -501 -1240 -536 -180 -189

A180 -57.9 -67.9 -1467 -1060 -1508 -1210 -1838 -1392

A185 -39.4 -49.4 -3706 -3037 -4162 -3265 -5290 -3631

D67 -56.1 -66.1 -3490 -2688 -3995 -2935 -4045 -2644

E6 4.2 -7.8 -2058 -1609 -1913 -1413 -791 -1165

D68 -49.2 -59.2 -4197 -4270 -4530 -4342 -4436 -3698

E154 -48.4 -58.4 -3531 -3590 -3119 -2807 -3526 -2939

E157 -11.8 -58.8 -3780 -3670 -3876 -3819 -3866 -3517

R112 -15.3 -24.3 -1392 -327 -1362 -279 -1217 -601

R162G -54.3 -64.3 -4348 -3538 -3922 -3739 -3662 -3937

R162H -57 -67 -2021 -2020 -4227 -2972 -4259 -3573

R162HA -53 -63 -3310 -2971 -3094 -2982 -3271 -3105

R162L -53.1 -63.1 -4356 -4090 -3950 -3282 -4077 -3983

R162LA 3.1 -6.9 -3665 -3952 -3663 -4103 -3226 -3210

R254 -9.9 -35.9 -2541 -1964 -2476 -1781 -1337 -1662

R25A -52.7 -62.7 -2874 -2786 -2995 -2949 -2729 -2600

R25B -18.9 -28.9 -4487 -3360 -3687 -3353 -4347 -3348

R25C -10.6 -20.6 -1160 -44 -38 -37 -459 -363

R25D -15.5 -25.5 -4583 -4332 -4946 -4362 -4253 -2991

R74 -0.3 -10.3 -453 -221 -365 -126 -240 -136

R75 -19.9 -29.9 -1187 -180 -1246 -232 -1536 -595



Well No. TOS BOS QS2001 QW2001 QS2002 QW2002 QS2003 QW2003

Q68 -30.7 -54.7 -5124 -4683 -5476 -5034 -5492 -4628

R162E -5 -15 -1456 -1079 -1757 -1359 -1583 -1225

R162BA -16.5 -26.5 -1361 -1013 -1210 -1260 -1488 -1219

R162CA -16.5 -26.5 -784 -585 -1116 -1096 -1337 -1134

R162D -5 -15 -724 -747 -1280 -1099 -1312 -1137

R265 0.1 -26.9 -1024 -1064 -1258 -1180 -1224 -1138

R113 -5 -15 -1745 -1728 -1779 -1600 -1925 -1939

D69 -12.5 -57.5 -4035 -3796 -4036 -3499 -4026 -3970

D70 -17.1 -65.1 -3578 -3390 -3288 -2888 -3013 -2892

D71 -22 -43 -4396 -3563 -4740 -4418 -5236 -5043

D72 -24.4 -48.4 -4138 -4088 -4091 -3931 -4078 -4149

E1 3.3 -8.7 -1167 -944 -1828 -1578 -2246 -1217

E142 10.97 -9.03 -740 -689 -1047 -915 -1130 -699

D74 -41.4 -51.4 -3940 -2845 -4144 -2865 -3537 -3142

D20 -3.4 -13.4 -2073 -1439 -1576 -1045 -2195 -1304

D60 -9 -19 -1849 -1780 -2419 -2016 -2543 -1983

E156 -42.8 -52.8 -3880 -3112 -4642 -4032 -4675 -4143

E4 3.9 -19.1 -1423 -877 -987 -740 -1761 -1359

E61 1.8 -6.2 -1178 -749 -540 -222 0 0

E90 -23.8 -33.8 -4212 -3408 -4470 -3777 -4681 -4109

Q40B -10 -30 -894 -550 -1113 -1778 -3912 -3148 TOS = top of screen level BOS = bottom of screen level QS = average abstraction rate from April to September (m3/day) QW = average abstraction rate from October to March (m3/day) Source: PWA Data

IV.2 Model Calibration Aquifer Properties The default model parameters were set based on the calibrated parameters from the CAMP DYN model (Metcalf and Eddy, 2000) and the short term transient calibration based on the pumping test at the proposed site (SWECO INT, 2003). Kxy has been initially set with a general value of 35 m/day in the proximity of the proposed infiltration site and 30 m/d else where in the model domain. Little adjustments have been made Thereafter in specific zones in connection to model calibration. In the same way, Kz has been set for 3 m/day, Sy for 0.15, Ss for 0.00002 m-1, ne for 0.25, and total porosity for 0.35.

Steady State Model Calibration Data from year 1998 to 2000 was used for the steady state calibration at year 2000. the recharge and abstraction rates were estimated based on 1999-2000 data. The modeled



watelevel was then calibrated based on year 2000 water level records for 26 observation wells distributed throughout the model domain (Figure IV.6). Figure IV.7 shows the steady state water level contour map for the year 2000. in general, the modeled contour map shows a good agreement with the previous modeling results through CAMP project and SWECO INT project for the same period. Figure IV.8 compares the modeled results with the observed water level values. Except for few wells close to the seashore (e.g. R/161, R/210, and E/32), the modeled values shows 97% (Correlation Coefficient = 0.968) agreement with the observed value. In other words the model would perform very well within at least 6.0 kilometers radius from the proposed infiltration site.

Table IV.2 shows the overall water budget for the Gaza part of he model domain. The calibrated figures shows a good agreement with the Camp model for he same data period.

Table IV.2: North Gaza zone budget based on steady state calibration.

Calibrated steady state model results (1998-2000 data)

CAMP Calibrated results north of Wadi Gaza (1998 data)

Inflows (Mm3/year) Total recharge 46.6 46.2 Sea water intrusion 10.3 10-15 Lateral inflow 22.6 22.8 Outflows (Mm3/year) Total abstraction 78.2 80.2 Outflow to sea 2.3 ---



Figure IV.7: Steady State water level contours

Figure IV.8: Steady state calibration results



Transient Model Calibration Data from the period 2000-2004 was used for the transient model calibration. The abstraction components were discussed earlier and Table IV.1 showed earlier the abstraction of the municipal wells used in the transient period. The recharge components were earlier discussed in section 2.2.3. The same GIS model is used to derive the total recharge rate for the dry and wet seasons of each year. The main change in the recharge from a wet season to another is due to the change in the rainfall rate which changes significantly in the transient period (Table IV.3). Table IV.3: Rainfall data used for transient calibration (mm/year) Station X Y 99_00 00_01 01_02 02_03 03_04

Beit-Hanoun 106420 105740 406 498 548 802 357

Beit-Lahia 99750 108280 391 490 542 724 397

Shati 97500 105320 425 479 522 627 343

Gaza-City 97140 103300 335 512 544 599 385

Nusseirat 91950 94080 279 558 546 446 324 D-Balah 88550 91600 257 551 391 373 319 Khanyunis 84240 83880 192 381 312 298 208 Rafah 79060 75940 199 308 242 221 174 Gaza-South 95380 98000 368 564 661 791 503

Jabalia 99850 105100 389 540 566 693 374

Tuffah 100500 101700 357 533 604 654 432

Khuzaa 83700 76350 142 284 259 261 186

Karmiyya 106600 111200 416 634 638 721 445

Mefaisim 107300 101500 358 545 549 621 383

Saad 108000 96300 344 525 528 598 369 Beeri 100800 94200 326 497 500 565 349 Nirim 93200 83000 277 422 425 480 296 Besor Far 91800 75000 194 296 298 337 208

Since the aquifer properties were set based on the CAMP DYN model and the model developed by SWECO INT, the calibration was mainly performed based on the recharge distribution. The time step for the transient model was set monthly since we have a monthly data for well abstraction. Figure IV.9 and Figure IV.10 show the modeled groundwater level contours at the end of 2002-2003 winter season and at the end of 2003 summer season. Notice that the cone of depression got wider and deeper by the end of the dry season. Figure IV.11 and Figure IV.12 show the observed verses modeled water level hydrograph for wells E/45 and E/53 respectively. Notice the summer and winter fluctuation of water level.



Similar graphs are available for other wells in the model domain. The modeled water level showed good agreement with the observed water level both in the trend and in the value.

Figure IV.9: Groundwater level contours end of March 2003

Figure IV.10: Groundwater level contours end of September 2003

-5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0 182.5 365 547.5 730 912.5 1095 1277.5 1460

Days

Hea

ds

E45/(Observed) E45/Calculated Figure IV.11: Observed vs. modeled water level for well E/45



-5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0 182.5 365 547.5 730 912.5 1095 1277.5 1460

Days

Hea

ds

A53/(Observed) A53/Calculated Figure IV.12: Observed vs. modeled water level for well E/53

Figure IV.13 shows the observed verses modeled water level hydrograph for well R/84. There is a good correlation till the end of winter season 2002-2003. The observed water level then started to get higher than the modeled water level through the end of calibration period. This is typical in all the wells located in areas affected by Israeli incursion activities. In these areas, the trees have been uprooted and the abstracted water was less than the modeled abstraction. This was the same case in about 300 agricultural wells located north and east of the Gaza Strip close to the borders with Israel when these wells are shut down, the results of the model improved in these areas and the modeled water level matched the observed water level in year 2004.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 182.5 365 547.5 730 912.5 1095 1277.5 1460

Days

Hea

ds

R84/(Observed) R84/Calculated Figure IV.13: Observed vs. modeled water level for well R/84



IV.3 Predication Model Flow Model In order to study the impacts of the proposed infiltration basins on the aquifer, a 22 year prediction model, starting from year 2005 till the year 2025, was designed taking into consideration the calibration results of both the steady state and the transient models. Hence, the aquifer parameters are set as in the transient model. The long term seasonal recharge rate for summer and winter is considered to represent the seasonal differences in recharge through each year. The time step is chosen 10 days to study the impact of infiltration in greater details. Regarding the abstraction the following assumption are made:

• No change in agricultural abstraction due to the limitations in expanding agricultural activities (same assumption was made in CAMP Model).

• In each well, the municipal abstraction increases 3.0 % annually (same as the average population growth rate based on PCBS1997 predictions). Also there is an upper bound for the well abstraction which is equal to170 m3/hour (Metcalf &Eddy, 2000).

The infiltration quantities are initially set as shown in Table IV.4. The infiltration quantities in the first three years might change based on the EMP recommendations for the emergency phase. At the end of year 2008, the construction of the new wastewater treatment plant is expected to be completed and more sewage is expected to reach the treatment plant due to the planned network expansion. Hence, there will be a significant increase in the infiltration quantities but, with better quality effluent. Table IV.4: Proposed/planned infiltration quantities

Start of Year Infiltration Quantity (m3/day)

Expected Source

2006 20,000 12,000 from the Existing BLWWTP + 8,000 from the effluent pond

2007 20,000 Existing BLWWTP 2008 20,000 Existing BLWWTP 2009 28,800 New NGWWTP 2010 31,000 New NGWWTP 2011 33,300 New NGWWTP 2012 35,600 New NGWWTP 2025 35,600 New NGWWTP

Transport Model In order to study which part of the aquifer that will be directly influenced by the infiltration, the module Modpath was used to simulate the advective transport. Thereafter the dispersion was examined by simulation of chloride and Nitrate in the infiltration water using the MT3D module. The parameters that principally influence mass transport in the flow model are effective porosity and dispersivity. The effective porosity, ne, has been set to 25 %. The uncertainty for the parameter is considered to be small, approx. 5 % (SWECO INT., 2003). Reducing ne will result in increased particle velocity which affects the time aspect in advective transport. Dispersivity has been set to values ranging from 3 m to 12 m calculated by the following equation (SWECO INT, 2003):



DL=0.83 log L2.414

where DL= concerns longitudinal dispersivity and L is the length of the mass transport plume considered. Comparison of simulations shows that this difference in dispersivity does not result in any measurable changes of the diffusion plume.



IV.4 Soil Investigation

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex V Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Flora and Fauna Species

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex V

Annex V Flora and Fauna Species

NGWWT BLWWTP Scientific Name Common Name Mammals

x x Lepus capensis Hare x Gazzella gazzella Gazzella x x Spalax leucodom chrenbergi Mole rat * x x Erinaceous european European hedgehog x x Herpestes ichneumon Mongoose x x Meriones tristrami Gerbil * x x Rattus norvegicus Brown rat * x x Mus musculus House mouse * x Mustela nivalis Weasel x x Canis sp. Dog x x Chiroptera Bat x Hystricidae Porcupine

Disappeared Mammals in the project site x x Canis lupus Wolf x Hystricidae Porcupine x x Vulpes vulpes Red fox x x Canis aureus Jackal x x Hyanea hyanea Striped hyanea x x Felis sylvestris Wild cat x Gazzella gazzella Gazzella

Birds x x Upupa epops Hoopoe x x Nectariana osea Palestine sunbird x x Passer hispaniolensis Spanish sparrow x x Passer domesticus House sparrow* x x Corvus sp. Crow* x x Turdus merula Black bird x x Pycnonotus barbatus Bulbul x x Aedeolla ibis Ruff-backed heron x x Streptopelia turtur Turtle dove x x Sturnus vulgaris Starling x x Columba sp. Dove x Anas platyrynchos Mallard x x Alectoris chukar Chukar x x Mylvas migrans Black kite x x Dendrocopos syriacus Wood-picker x x Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch x Hoplopterus spinosus Spur-winged plover x x Burhinus oedicnemus Stone curlew x x Crex crex Land rail x x Larus sp. Gull x x Coturnix coturnix Quail x x Halcycon smyrnensis Smyrna kingfisher* x x Coracias grrulus Roller x x Merops apiaster Turopean bee-eater



NGWWT BLWWTP Scientific Name Common Name x x Buteo ferox Buzzard x x Motacilla sp. Wagtail x x Hirundo rustica Swallow x x Turdus philomelos Song thrush x x Lanius excubitor Great grey shrike x x Lanius ollurio Red backed shrike x x Lanius nubicus Masked shrike x x Parus major Great tit * x x Galerida cristata Crested lark x x Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret x Aedeolla ibis Ruff-backed heron

Reptiles and Amphibians in the project site x x Varanus griseus Monitor x x Stenodactylus stenodactylus

Ptyodoctylus hasselquistii Geckos

x x Chalcides sp. Lizards x x Agamma sp. Agamma x x Sand shink x x Vipera palaestinae

Naja hagi Elrenis spp.

Snakes

x x Testudo graeca Terrestrial turtles x x Chelonidae Marine turtles x x Chameleon chameleon Chameleon x x Rana sp.

Bufo viridis Frogs

Domestic Animals x x Equidae Donkey x x Equidae Horse x x Equidae Mule x x Bovidae Cow x x Bovidae Sheep & goat x x Camelus dromedarius Camel x x Leporidae Rabbit x x Meleagridigae Turkey x x Phasianidae Chicken x x Anatidae Goose x x Anatidae Ducks x x Anatidae Sheldrake x x Columbidae Pigeon

Fishes x Epinephelus spp Grouper x Sardina aurita Sardine x Scomber japonicus Chub mackerel x Mullus barbatus Red mullets x Pagrus sp. Bream x Pomobonius sp. Blue fish x Bops bops Bongue x Agryosomus ragius Meagre



NGWWT BLWWTP Scientific Name Common Name x Trachurus sp. Horse mackerel x Rhynchobatus sp. Guitar fish x Sphraena sp. Baracuda x Liza sp. Grey mullets x Synodus saurus Lizard fish x Tachinotus ovatus Pompano x Solea vulgaris Black sole x Mustelus sp. Shark x Dasyatis sp. Sting rays x Exocoetus sp. Flying fish x Odonus sp. Trigger fish x Siganus sp. Spinefoot x Enthynnus alletteratus Little tunny x Diplodus sargus White sea bream x Mobula mobula Devil ray x Loligo vulgaris Squid x Protunus sp. Swim crab x Sepia pharaonis Cuttle fish x Panaeus spp. Prawn x Octopus vulgaris Octopus

Agricultural Crops x x Fragaria vesca Strawberry x x Solanum tuberosum Potato x x Lycopersicum esculentum Tomato x x Daucus carota Carrot x x Lactuca sativa Lettuce x x Capsicum frutescens Hot pepper x x Zea mays Maize x x Solanum melongena Eggplant x x Brassica olevacea Cauliflower x x Salvia fructicosa Garaden fage x x Cucumis sativus Cucumber x x Phaseolus vulgaris Bean x x Pisum sativum Pea x x Raphanus sativas Radish x x Brassica rapa Turnip x x Allium sativum Garlic x x Cucurbita pepo Squash x x Allium cepa Onion x x Chorcorus olitorius Jews- mallow x x Spinacia oleraceae Spinach x x Triticum sp. Wheat x x Hordeum vulgaris Barely x x Hibiscus esculentus Okra x x Trifolium alexandrinum Alfa alfa x x Petroselium Parsley x x Eruca Sativa Gargir x x Citrullus Vulgaris Watermelon x x Cucumis melo Muskmelon



NGWWT BLWWTP Scientific Name Common Name x x Melo pubescens Curcumis x x Thymus capitatus Common thyme x x Ipomea batatas Sweat potato x x Capsicum annum Sweet pepper x x Saccharum officinarum Sugar cane x x Chamomilla racutita Roman camomile

Fruit Trees x x Pyrus malus Apple x x Prunus persics

Prunus demestica Plum

x x Psidium guajava Guava x Avocado sp. Avocado x x Prunus amygdalis Almond x x Vitis sp. Grapes x x Ficus Carica Fig x x Prunus armeniaca Apricot x x Olea europaea Olives x x Phoenix dactylifera Date plams x x Pyrus communis Pear

Common Weeds x x B Acacia farnesiana x B Allium porrum x x B Amaranthus retroflexus x x B Anagallis arvensis x x B Anethum graveolens x x B Asphodelus fistulosus x x B Avena sativa x x B Avena sterilis x x B Brassica nigra x x H Centaurea eryngioides x x B Chenopodium ambrosoides x x B Citrullus colocynthis x x B Convolvulus arvensis x x H Cuscuta planiflora x x H Cynara syriaca x x H Cynodon dactylon x x H Cyperus rotundus x x H Datura innoxia x x B Eucalyptus rostrata x x B Euphorbia peplus x x B Famaria officinalis x x H Ferula communis x x B Heliotropium ramosissimum x x B Hoedeum glaucum x x B Lamium amplexicuale x x H Lantana camara x x B Lathyrus gorgonei x x H Lupinus varius x x B Lycium arabicum



NGWWT BLWWTP Scientific Name Common Name x B Malva silvestris x x B Margulialis annua x x B Matricaria chamomilla x x B Melilotus officinalis x x B Mentha piperita x x B Nasturtium officinale x x H Nerium oleander x x B Ocimum basiticum x x B Ononis natrix x x B Oxalis corniculate x x B Papaver rhoeas x x B Portulaca sativa x x B Rumex-sp. x x B Senecio vernalis x x H Solanum nigrum x x B Sonchus oleraceas x B Stellaria media x x B Stipa capensis x x B Stipa lagascae x x H Tribulus terrestris x x H Urtica polulifera x x H Urtica urens x x H Withania somnifera x H Xanthium echinatum x x H Xanthium spinosum x x B Ziziphus christi x x B Ziziphus soina

* = Harmful species B = Beneficial (mostly for grazing animals) H = Harmful

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex VI Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Organizations, Legislations and Standards

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex VI

Annex VI Archeological Maps

Beit Lahya

Figure VI.1: Beit Lahya in the Byzantine Mosaic Pavement discovered in Madaba (Jordan)

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex VII Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Environmental Health Factors

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex VII

Annex VII Environmental Health Factors The Factors that affect the wastewater related infections are: Excreted load: The concentration of pathogens passed by an infected person. This depends on the type of infection the person has. If so many pathogens are excreted with feces they will be transferred to sewage, infection then will rely on how this sewage is treated and disposed. Latency: The time interval between the excretion of a pathogen and its becoming infective to a new host. Some pathogens are infective as they are excreted (e.g. Entamebea, bacterial and viral infections) others need some time outside the human body to become infective (e.g. Ascaris, Trichiorius). Persistence: The viability of the pathogen in the environment, and how quickly it dies after leaving human body. This single property is the most indicative of the fecal hazard. Multiplication: Some pathogens may be able to multiply under certain conditions outside human host. This multiplication increases the number of pathogens and raises the risk of infection. Infective dose: The number of pathogens that can cause infection upon being ingested. Human Behavior: (washing hands, food, etc.) Human response: effect of acquired immunity, age and other genetic factors. Environmental classification is based on the above mentioned characteristics of the pathogens. Additionally, it considers the effects of wastewater disposal and changes in disposal facilities and technologies. Six categories of infection have been classified.

I. Non-latent low infective dose (not able to multiply, low to moderate persistence) II. Non-latent, medium or high infective dose, moderately persistent, able to multiply

III. Latent and persistent, no intermediate host IV. Latent and persistent, cow or pig as intermediate host V. Latent and persistent, aquatic intermediate host

VI. Spread by excreta related insects Category I infections are caused by excreted viruses and protozoa and the helminthes Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or threadworm) and Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm). These pathogens are infective immediately on excretion("non-latent") and have a low median infective dose. Transmission of these diseases occurs predominantly in the immediate domestic environment, especially when low standards of personal hygiene prevail, although survival times of excreted viruses and protozoa may be long enough to pose a health risk in excreta and wastewater use schemes. The pathogens causing category II infections are excreted bacteria. Like the causative agents of Category I infections they are infective immediately on excretion. They are moderately persistent and can multiply outside their host, for example in food or milk. They are also very commonly transmitted in the immediate domestic environment, but their greater persistence means that they can survive longer transmission routes and therefore they can, and do, pose real health risks in excreta and wastewater use schemes. There are well documented cases of, for example, cholera epidemics caused by the irrigation of vegetable crops with untreated wastewater.



Infections of category III and V are caused by excreted helminthes, which all require a period of time after excretion to become infective to humans. This period of latency occurs in soil, in water or in an intermediate host; most of the helminthes are environmentally persistent, with survival times usually ranging from several weeks to several years. Excreta and wastewater use schemes are important mechanisms for transmission of many of these diseases, and a major environmental measure for their control is the effective treatment of excreta, wastewater and wastewater derived sludges before use. The diseases in Category III by soil-transmitted intestinal nematodes that require no intermediate host. The most important of these are the human roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) and the human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). They are all readily transmitted by the agricultural use of raw or insufficiently treated excreta and wastewater; indeed, of all excreted pathogens, these cause the greatest public health concern in agricultural use schemes. Category IV infections are caused by the cow and pig tapeworms, Taenia saginata and T. solium, respectively. For their successful transmission viable eggs must be ingested by a cow or pig; a potential route for the transmission of these diseases in the irrigation of pasture with wastewater. The infections in category V are all water-based helminthic infections. The pathogens require one or two intermediate aquatic hosts, the first of which is a snail, in which huge asexual multiplication of the pathogen occurs, and the second (if there is one) either a fish or an aquatic macrophyte. Many of these helminthes have a limited geographical distribution, and it is only in endemic areas that their transmission is promoted by the aquacultural use of raw or insufficiently treated excreta and wastewater, together with the practice of eating raw or inadequately cooked fish and aquatic vegetables. Agricultural use is not relevant, except in so far as all irrigation schemes may facilitate the transmission of schistosomiasis. Details about the environmental classification of excreted infections are shown in Table VII.1. Persistence outside the host of excreted pathogens (categories I-V from Table 1 over time is summarized in Figure VII.1. Length and dispersion of transmission cycles of excreted infections (categories I-VI) is shown in Figure VII.2, in which the possible efficacy of improved excreta disposal is indicated by the “sanitary barrier”. The correlation of environmental features of the categories with the length and spread of transmission routes is shown in Figure VII.2, and it is clearly shown that there is an importance of complementary controls for most diseases. If wastewater disposal alone is improved, however, likely control for each category is as follows:

Category Control I Negligible II Slight to moderate III Moderate to great IV Moderate to great V Moderate VI Slight to moderate

The outstanding difference is between categories I and II, which depend strongly on personal and domestic cleanliness, and the other categories, which do not. The central changes



necessary to control infections in categories III and IV are relatively simple-namely, the provision of toilets which people of all ages will use and keep clean, and the treatment of wastewater prior to recycling on land.

Table VII.1: Environmental Classification of Excreted Infections



Figure VII.1: Persistence outside the host of excreted pathogens (categories I-V) over

time.

Figure VII.2: Length and Dispersion of Transmission Cycles of Excreted Infections.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex VIII Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Meetings and Consultations


Annex VIII Meetings and Consultations The following table summarizes the conducted Meetings, Consultations, Scoping Sessions and Workshops:

Date Attendee Objective Comments 1. 11/08/2004 PWA

EMCC Negotiation meeting (staff and scheduling)

2. 28/09/2004 PWA EMCC

Project scheduling, data collection, testing program, team leader, and visit to Tel Aviv

3. 28/10/2004 EMCC CSC in the North Area

To discuss the operational conditions of the treatment plant, population, serviced areas, percentage of serviced population, industries and future recommendations.

4. 02/11/2004 EMCC EQA

To discuss the main concerns of EQA and the requirements according to the Environmental Law and Environmental Policies.

5. 02/11/2004 EMCC MOA

To collect the available information about water quality test in the areas of concern and discuss the idea of reuse of sludge and treated wastewater.

6. 24/11/2004 PWA, EQA, MOH, MOLG, MOA, EMCC and other relevant institutions

Introductory Meeting with Stakeholders for The Environmental Assessment of North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant

Attached MOM

7. 11/12/2004 World Bank PWA EMCC

The World Bank and PWA comments on the inception report

Attached MOM

8. 12/12/2004 Mekorot Water Company World Bank PWA EMCC

Discussion of Israeli concerns about the proposed project

Attached MOM

9. 05/01/2005 PWA EMCC

To discuss the progress of EA and discuss the wastewater sampling

10. 17/01/2004 MOH EMCC

To discuss the roles of MOH and their recommendation for mitigation measures and monitoring plan

11. 27/01/2004 PWA EMCC

To discus the main components of the EMP, its structure and to have an overview of the proposed PMU and institutional setup in general.

12. 30/01/2004 World Bank EMCC

To discuss the institutional setup of the project and the establishment of the CMWU and its roles and responsibilities



Introductory Meeting with Stakeholders for The Environmental Assessment of North Gaza Emergency Sewage

Treatment Plant Date: November 24, 2004 Time : 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Place : Meeting Room, Atfaluna Society for Deaf Children, Gaza Registration Introduction Dr. Rifat Rustom, EMCC The Introductory Meeting Session was prepared by EMCC staff. Dr. Rustom (EMCC) started the meeting by welcoming the attendees and presenting the objective of the scooping session. Eng. Sadi Ali, Project Manager, PWA The meeting started with a short opening given by Eng. Ali on behalf of Mr. Nabil El Sharif. He gave an introduction to the project. He stressed on the importance of the meeting and thanked the institutions who participated in the session. Mr. Sameeh Abu Safia, EQA Mr. Abu Safia said, wastewater treatment is one of the EQA priorities. The EA study should identify the significant environmental issues that should be taken into consideration to protect public health and water resources. EQA has a participatory planning role rather than monitoring role in the project development process. Project Description Eng. Sadi Ali, Project Manager, PWA Eng. Ali showed a power point presentation about the project. He briefly summarized the meeting objectives as well as the following issues:

Existing condition of BL-WWTP Impacts of BL-WWTP; land use, health, environment, and social. Emergency Measures taken to prevent the disaster Limitations of land and unavailability to construct new lagoons. Construction of new infiltration ponds. North Gaza WWTP components phase I transfer of sewage effluent to the NWWTP

site and its costs. Route of the proposed pressure line and the details of the new site. Construction phases

EA Components and Issues Dr. Rifat Rustom, EMCC Dr. Rustom introduced Eng. Rifat Diab, EA project coordinator, to summarize the project components. Eng. Rifat Diab, EMCC, Project Coordinator



Eng. Diab addressed the following issues: Changes from the old EA studies which require new study or update. These include

treatment process design change, infiltration with partially treated sewage, project phasing, top clay layer removal from the new infiltration site, socio-economic changes.

Emergency measures implemented by PWA Water Quality concerns. Project alternatives. These include no project situation, emergency infiltration

component, and the full scale treatment and infiltration. Dr. Rifat Rustom, EMCC Some Specific components of the study are:

Soil and infiltration performance ground water quantity and quality Landscape potential re-use of treated sludge for soil conditioning Restoration of Beit Lahia effluent pond to its original state

EA team (from EMCC) covered the following areas:

EA international expert (team leader) Wastewater and Sanitation Expert Water quality Expert Hydro-geologist EMP Expert Soil Science Expert Socio economist Institutional Expert Public Health Expert Ecology Expert Archeology Expert Legislation Expert

Discussion The following are the highlighted issues of attendees arranged according to the institutions:

Q: Ministry of Local Government Operational costs, maintenance, rehabilitation and renovation the existing WWTP. The planning of the existing WWTP was done by the Israelis and they are the

beneficiaries from the underground water. Is it possible to use gravity pipelines and pumps to transfer the generated

wastewater from north area directly to the new site without the transferring to BL-WWTP.



A: Eng. Sadi Ali, PWA A feasibility study for the project was prepared; it addresses all the highlighted

issues. The EA study is proposed to handle the emergency situation that resulted in changing the project phasing as well as some changes in design.

The deficit in O&M cost of the first years will be covered through the operator contact to be managed under the CMWU and funded by the World Bank.

The impacts on human life and risk of drowning are more important than impacts on the underground water, moreover, the current practice of effluent infiltration at the BLWWTP site is more seriously affecting the aquifer and the public health..

Q: Local Consultant The proposed project will transfer the problem, it is not a solution. Ministry of health closed about 12 water wells in Beit Lahia. The project may

cause pollution for water wells at the new site. Expectation for FC to presented in the aquifer in the new site due to poor effluent

quality .

A: Eng. Sadi Ali, PWA Continuation of treatment in Bait Lahya is not an option since the feasibility study

in 1999 has excluded it and all the relevant ministries, institutions and municipalities have agreed to build the NWWTP in conformity with the FS and the sewage master paln.

Waiting three years until finishing the construction of the NG-WWTP is impossible (provided funds available) since the flooding of the lake to the surrounding is impeding.

FC pollution will be studied in details under the EA study.

Q: Ministry of Health In design of the Inlet of the effluent infiltration basins, is wind direction

considered? The proposed tests are not enough because the transfer may cause changing of

some chemical items of discharged treated sewage, due to long distance of transfer.

Impact on soil It is not clear which institution will monitor what. If the use of sludge is not accepted by public, what will be the solution.

A: Dr. Rifat Rustom, EMCC EMCC team includes a public health expert who will study these issues in details. EMCC will carry out a coprehensive tests and will consider any chemical changes

to the treated effluent during the transferring from BLWWTP to the infiltration basins.



The impact on soil will be thoroughly studied by a soil specialist. One of the most important parts of the study is the preparation of the

Environmental Management Plan which will identify the roles and responsibilities of local institutions.

• Eng. Sadi has commented that the inlet structures have been thoroughly studied in

the infiltration design report, however, the current EA will study the impact of the designed configuration.

Q: Ministry of Agriculture The route of the pressure line should be carefully studied as there are some water

wells adjacent to the route. The location is too close to the Border with Israel. The Israelis constructed

interception wells which may change the underground water hydrology. Construction of recovery wells near the proposed WWTP to re-pump the water for

agricultural uses. Focusing on sludge treatment to be used in agriculture. Dust impacts on the plants Occupational health and safety Flooding impacts

A: Dr. Rifat Rustom, EMCC The regional flow will be studied through the groundwater modeling task. The

recovery wells option will also be covered in the modeling. Impacts of dust, occupational health and safety, sludge use in agriculture will be studied in details.

Q: UNRWA As part of the Five-year plan (2005-2009), UNRWA requested financial support

for the project. Flooding of water in the eastern area should be considered, it occurred before 1967

and before two years.

A: Eng. Sadi Ali, PWA In case the funds are not sufficient to secure the implementation and the money

requested by UNRWA is available PWA will request UNRWA participation. The current tender documents of the NWWTP has incorporated storm water

convey system and the design levels for the roads and the landscape areas have been designed taking into account this problem. All these issues will be revised in the current EA study .



Q: Al Mezan Center What about the construction period of infiltration basins (12 months), are the

impacts during this period considered? Is the restoration of the existing site considered?

A: Eng. Sadi Ali, PWA PWA has implemented certain emergency measures at the vacancy of the

BLWWTP site to prevent any disastrous affect during implementing the phase I components.

Yes, it is an important issue to be considered in the EA Study.

Q: EQA Is it possible to improve the quality of pumped water (at the existing site). Are the World Bank’s regulations allow the use of partially treated sewage for

infiltration.

A: Dr. Rifat Rustom, EMCC The study will identify the impact of the infiltration of partially treated sewage on

water quality and will recommend solutions to the problem.

Q: Local Consultant The proposed project will increase the negative environmental impacts. The

improvement of the existing WWTP is necessary.

A: Eng. Monther Shoblak, PWA The decision about the alternatives and project location was issued in 1999 and

can not be discussed now. The problem is the Quantity not the Quality (at the existing WWTP). The human life is in danger.

Q: Eng. Maher Al Najjar, PWA It is necessary to keep some lagoons under operation (1 and 2) and remove others

(3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) for emergency purposes.

A: Eng. Sadi Ali, PWA Lagoon no. 7 is necessary for emergencies. The infiltration basins are necessary either with reuse for agriculture or without.

For reuse condition, the basins are necessary during winter seasons when no body will use treated water if the rainwater is available.



Thank You Departure

List of Attendees (Scipoing

S/N Name Organization Telephone Mobile E-mail 1. Samih Abu Salim EQA 2022000 219800 [email protected] 2. Said Ghabayen EQA 2022000 319800 [email protected] 3. Hazim Tarazi Gaza Municipality 2866006 815660 [email protected] 4. Ammen El HindI MoH – E HD 2801323 441184 [email protected] 5. 2861794 799822 6. A/ Karim Jouda UNRWA 6777434 413347 [email protected] 7. M Bardawil PWA - WB 2827530 602650 [email protected] 8. O. Shatat PWA - WB 2854157 784463 [email protected] 9. M. Shoblak PWA - 2827409 267108 [email protected]

10. Maher Najjar PWA 2822696 2671104 [email protected] 11. Moh. Galayeain

Loaie Mosleh National Office 2827727 736355 [email protected]

12. Amal Rashidi PWA 2823407 412542 Amal_Rashidi@ 13. Shehada Wahdan M.o.A 2877289 841758 14. Ahmed Husain PWA 413963 يدحسن السر .15 PWA 601299 16. Taysir Awad TECC 2844166 847865 [email protected] حممود قعدان. م .17 -- 2810911 وزارة األوقاف أشرف مشتهى. م .18 PWA 2827520 418127 [email protected] خليل طبيل. د .19 Al-Azhar Univ 2873042 353206 [email protected] M.o.H 2831323 832708 [email protected] سامل أبو عمرو .2021. Ibrahim Ralim UG 2825557 402104 [email protected] سامر أبو عايل. م .22 UG 2825557 484656 [email protected] 23. Yousef Abu

Mosameh UG 2825557 870720 [email protected]

24. Nsc. eng Amani Al farra

Consultant 483923 [email protected]

25. Atia Aligla M.o.H 2801323 444338 وسيم دياب. م .26 2820773 وزارة احلكم احمللي 320972 2053747 وزارة احلكم احمللي حمي الدين الفرا .27 [email protected] 461673 2820497/2 مركز امليزان حلقوق اإلنسان حممود أبو رمحة .2829. Dima Alzamer 712255 2822000 سلطة البيئة [email protected] 30. Ahmed Kuhal 267124 2822696 سلطة املياه [email protected] 31. Yousef Abu Mayla Al-Azher univ 2137277 704465 [email protected] 32. Mahmoud shatat CEP 2846445 330224



Minutes of meeting North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Project

The World Bank and PWA comments on the inception report

Date: 11/12/2004 Time: 2:30 PM Place: World Bank Office, Al Ram, West Bank Participated in discussion:

1) Suhail Jme’an, Senior Financial Analyst, WB 2) Alan Rotman, Senior Environmental Specialist, WB 3) Sana Aghaalnimer WB project Engineer 4) Sadi Ali, Project Manager, PWA 5) Said Ghabayen, Water Quality Expert, EMCC

Mr. Rotman started the meeting questioning the qualification and the role of the new team leader. He questioned the way that the rest of the team is communicating with the team leader. Mr. Ghabayen, representing the consultant, explained that the new team leader has a PhD in biology and worked for many years as environmental specialist mainly with wastewater projects. Till now, the team leader could not come to Gaza, the client is working on a security permit for him and soon he will be able to come. The team leader is leading the team to make sure all the study components are integrated together according to the WB requirements. In order to conduct the assignment optimally the EMCC has added a project coordinator to take care with all administrative and liaison issues relevant to the assignment. The rest of the team is communication with him via email and phone. The project description, TOR, study methodology, and the inception report were sent to him. His CV is attached to the modified inception report. Mr. Ali acknowledged the new team leader qualifications. He said that the new team leader, if not better, is certainly equal to the replaced one as he has more experience in the area. Mr. Ali stressed that the team leader should be responsible for the outcome of the study and should lead the team to make sure that everything is produced according to the required EA standards. He also said that there will be three missions to the team leader; one at the inception phase (now), another before the draft report, and the last one when presenting the final results. Mr. Rotman and Mr. Jme’an questioned what was meant by the changes that need to be considered and whether the current EA assignment can be considered as an update of the 1999 study or a new EA study. Mr. Ghabayen explained that the changes listed in the inception report are some of the changes that led to the decision of conducting the EA assignment, although there was an old study. Some other important changes are added to the modified inception report including; the infiltration with low quality sewage in the first phase, removal of huge amount of top clay soil from the new infiltration site, socio economic changes, process design change, etc. Mr. Ghabayen added that the new EA will focus on the new important environmental issues that were not tackled in the old study. It will also review the old report and update it. Mr. Ali and Mr. Jme’an Said that the new study should be produced as a stand alone study. The next question was about the EMP structure and it was agreed that it should include:



• Environmental Mitigation Measures • Environmental Monitoring Plan • Institutional and Capacity Strengthening Plan

The final report size and structure was discussed and it was agreed that the main report should not exceed 80 pages with as many annexes as necessary. The main report should consist of:

• Executive summary that does not exceed 10 pages and includes project description, main issues and findings, and EMP table.

• Detailed project description • Alternative analysis including impacts, mitigation, and EMP • Findings and recommendation

There also was a discussion on the groundwater and hydrology issues and the link between Biet Lahia Site and the Shaf Dan site. The consultant clarified all issues about the North Gaza plant location, the regional groundwater flow direction, and the expected influence zone. He added that the Gaza Plant site it is not hydraulically linked to the Shaf Dan site, but the Shaf Dan Treatment Plant will be considered as a good example for wastewater treatment, infiltration, and recovery system. The sludge treatment and testing standards were also discussed in the meeting. Mr. Ali explained the proposed treatment process and the use of sludge in agriculture. Mr. Ali added that the sludge will be treated to Class A and the local standards which are based on international standards for treatment and reuse will be applied. Mr. Rotman has stated that inception report does not incorporate neither effluent nor sludge standard requirements. The proposed testing program was the last point of discussion. Mr. Rotman suggested that additional sampling should be conducted for quality control. He said that minimum three samples should be taken from the bottom of the lake and minimum three samples from the sediment layer. So far one sample is taken from both of them. Hence additional two samples are necessary. He also suggested adding some tests for other key parameters for toxic and hazardous organic pollutants. It was agreed to perform the additional sampling considering additional cost. It was further agreed that the consultant will write to project manager for additional sampling and analysis approval and the project maanger will notify the WB Manager accordingly. The meeting was adjourned at 5:30 PM



Minutes of meeting North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Project

Discussion of Israeli concerns about the proposed project Date: 12/12/2004 Time: 10:30 PM Place: Dan Region Reclamation Project administrative office Attendance:

1) Nelly Icekson Tal, Mekorot Water Company LTD. 2) Yigal Gurion, Expert adviser, Water Commission 3) Suhail Jme’an, Senior Financial Analyst, WB 4) Alan Rotman, Senior Environmental Specialist, WB 5) Sana Aghaalnimer WB project Engineer 6) Sadi Ali, Project Manager, PWA 7) Said Ghabayen, Water Quality Expert, EMCC

The meeting was started by a brief presentation by Nelly about the Dan region treatment and reclamation project. The presentation included an overview of the treatment process, infiltration and recovery concepts, effluent and reclaimed water quality, and reclaimed water transfer and reuse in agriculture. After this presentation there was a discussion about the process performance, cost and economics, and administrative structure. Mr. Ali of PWA then gave a presentation about the North Gaza project. He covered the existing problems with the old site, the new project components, fund status, and the emergency components of the project. This was followed by a presentation by Mr. Ghabayen about EA methodology, time schedule, EA team, important environmental issues, and study progress. He also presented preliminary results from the hydrologic modeling task. The main Israeli concerns were: 1) infiltration with low quality sewage may pollute the aquifer, therefore recovery system should be considered; 2) sludge treatment and storage methods; 3) construction and operation of the full treatment plant as soon as possible. The meeting followed by a field visit to the treatment facilities and one of the infiltration basins. The visit was finished at around 3:30 PM.

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex IX Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Photos

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex IX

Annex IX Photos

Figure IX.1: BLWWTP is Located near Um Al Nasir Village

Figure IX.2: NGWWTP



Figure IX.3: Pond No. 1 at BLWWTP

Figure IX.4: Outlet of Partially Treated Wastewater from Pond No. 7 to the Lake



Figure IX.5: Aerators at BLWWTP (Pond No. 3)

Figure IX.6: The Lake at the BLWWTP



Figure IX.7: Embankments to Support the Edges of the Lake

Figure IX.8: The Proposed New Site of NGWWTP



Figure IX.9: The Proposed New Site of NGWWTP

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex X Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Draft Inspection Checklist

Engineering and Management Consulting Center Annex X

Annex X Draft Inspection Checklist 1. General Are required regulations generally being met and maintained? Are construction personnel, equipment and materials operating only within the defined work area? Are garbage and other wastes regularly collected from the work area and disposed of properly? Are vehicles using the approved access routes to the proposed alignment? Are all necessary utilities approvals, diversion plans and traffic management plans in place? 2. Access Roads Are access roads properly located? Are access roads properly demarcated? Are access points to public rights of way appropriately controlled? Does run off from access roads show evidence of hydrocarbon spillage? Is run off from access roads causing water ponding elsewhere? 3. Camps Are camps located correctly? Are camps secured? Are all fuel stores etc. placed on appropriately sized hard stands? Are fuelling and maintenance of equipment conducted at defined sites? Are proper records being kept of the volume of waste being generated? Are safety and security procedures in place and is staff aware of procedures? Are equipment washing procedures being observed? 4. Spoil Heaps, Aggregates etc. Are spoil heaps of an appropriate size? Are materials separated correctly? Is there evidence of excessive wind blowing off material? Is there evidence of turbid waters running off heaps? 5. Trench Works Are trench sides properly buttressed? Are access points to trenches appropriate? Is cut material placed away from sides of trench? Is topsoil being salvaged and placed as specified in contract specifications? Are men in trenches properly equipped and protected? Is excavated material placed in discrete piles? 6. Backfill Are soil and topsoil properly replaced without mixing? Is backfill appropriately compressed?

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex X Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Draft Inspection Checklist


7. Processing Sites Are sites correctly located to minimize adverse atmospheric and noise pollution effects? Are sites secured? Are all fuel stores etc. placed on appropriately sized hard stands? Are fuelling and maintenance of equipment conducted at defined sites? Are safety and security procedures in place and is staff aware of procedures? Are equipment washing procedures being observed? Is there evidence of excessive wind blowing off material? Is there evidence of turbid waters running off heaps? Are materials stored appropriately, (e.g. Asphalt)? 8. Clean-up Is the final clean-up appropriately timed? Has all man-made debris been removed? Have all trenches been restored to as close as practicable to original configurations? Has all the infrastructure been restored to its original functions (e.g. irrigation systems, drainages)? Has access to all areas been restored?

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Annex XI Environmental Assessment Study – Draft Report Public Hearing and Stakeholders Comments


Annex XI Public Hearing and Stakeholders Comments

Part I

Public Hearing Session

Date: Sunday 15/05/2005 Time: 10:00 AM - 12:30 PM

AGENDA

1- Opening 10:00 – 10:05 Dr. Rifat Rostum

2- PWA welcoming words 10:05 – 10:10 Eng. Rebhi El Sheikh

3- EQA forward 10:10 - 10:15 Eng. Hisham Mater

3- North Gaza Sewage Treatment

Project • Existing problems • Project Standing • Funding status

10:15 – 10:30 Eng. Sadi Ali

4- EA presentation

• EA objectives • Project activities • Environmental impacts • EMP • Conclusions and

Recommendations

10:30 – 11:30 Dr. Werner MillerDr. Said Ghabayen

5- Discussion and conclusions 11:30 - 12:25

6- Closing 12:25 – 12:30





A Public Hearing for The Environmental Assessment of North Gaza Emergency Sewage

Treatment Project Date: May 15th, 2005 Time : 10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Place : Meeting Room, Atfaluna Society for Deaf Children, Gaza Registration Introduction The Public hearing session was organized by PWA (the Client) and EMCC (the consultant). The objectives were: 1) to present and discuss the draft final results of the environmental assessment study (EA) prepared for the Northern Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Project, 2) to inform the different stakeholders about the EA conclusions and recommendations, and 3) to listen to the opinions and comments of the stakeholders to incorporate them in the final EA report. Dr. Rifat Rustom, EMCC Dr. Rustom (EMCC) started the meeting by welcoming the attendees and presenting the objective of the public hearing session. Dr. Rustom also, presented the team composition and their different specializations including Dr. Werner Miller, the team leader from Dorsch Cosult. Eng. Ribhi Al Sheikh, PWA Acting Deputy Chairman - Gaza Mr. Al Sheikh gave an introduction to show the importance of the project. He highlighted that the project is intended to systemize the random wastewater facilities in the serviced areas and its compliance with PWA policies and interests. Also, he mentioned briefly the funding status and project phases. Eng. Hisham Matar, EQA Mr. Matar also addressed the importance of the project. He valued the fruitful coordination between EQA and PWA and highlighted that the emergency project is an integral component from the North Gaza Wastewater Treatment Plant. Following the introductory talks, the project staff started a power point presentation comprises project description and EA findings and recommendations. Project Description Eng. Sadi Ali, Project Manager, PWA Eng. Ali briefly summarized the existing situation and highlighted the following issues:

The EA draft report was distributed to the key governmental institutions, universities, NGOs, and UNRWA.

Most of these institutions have actively participated in reviewing the draft report and have sent valuable comments that will be incorporated into the final report.



The Existing situation is very critical (the difference of water level between the lake and the polishing pond was only a few centimeters last March.

The situation will be more critical next summer and winter due to the increase of wastewater flows.

The effluent lake is continuously growing, now the volume is more than 1.5 MCM and in some locations the water depth is more than 9 meters.

PWA has implemented some measures to reduce the risk of flooding including using the existing storm water infiltration basin and building a new infiltration basin at Beit Lahia (BL) site. Those measures most likely will not be sufficient to accommodate the continuously increasing flows.

Project alternatives and previous studies and considerations. Status of the project activities as follows:

Project component Status

Terminal Pumping Station

No Objection from the World Bank has been requested by PWA on (11/05/2005)

Pressure Line Contract signed on 14/5/05 Effluent Infiltration Basins

Letter of Acceptance Issued on 11/05/2005

Construction Management

Contract Awarded and to be signed in due time

EA Study Completed

Funding status: for phase I, 11.3 MUS$ is available from the WB and EIB. For phase II, about 25.9 MUS$ is now confirmed or committed from the WB, Sida, and AFD. The remaining gap is about 5.85 MUS$ without considering the sea outfall component and 9.85 MUS$ with the sea outfall.

Project Impacts, Benefits and Mitigation Measures. Dr. Werner Miller, EA Team Leader Dr. Miller started his presentation by expressing his pleasure of working in this study. He summarized the project components, phases and existing deteriorated situation. Dr. miller showed the details of each components using aerial maps and photos. He then presented the EA main outcomes including the main impacts, mitigation measures, and monitoring actions regarding the emergency phase and NGWWTP phase at the three different sites: BLWWTP, pipeline route, and the NGWWTP site. The followings are the main environmental issues that were addressed by the team leader.

Socioeconomic Soil Health Air Quality Flora, Fauna and Habitats

Water Quality Issues Dr. Said Ghabayen, Water Resources Expert



Dr. Ghabayen discussed in details the impacts of the project on water resources and quality, mitigation measures, and monitoring requirements. The impacts on water resources and quality were assessed using groundwater flow and transport model. Dr Ghabayen discussed the model inputs and outputs components. In this regard He specifically addressed the following issues:

Effluent quality during emergency and NGWWTP phases. Water level mound extent in all directions. Assumptions used in modeling Chloride and Nitrate transport. The Soil Aquifer Treatment process. The magnitude and the extent of nitrogen plume. Worst case scenarios. Basin management as part of mitigation and monitoring measures.

EMP Components Dr. Said presented the main components of the environmental management plan which are; institutional setup, capacity building, monitoring plan and mitigation measures. He showed the proposed institutional setup that is necessary to ensure the implementation of the outlined monitoring plan and mitigations measures. He showed the institutional setup during the different phases as well as during construction and operation and the role of the key institutions in implementing the EMP. Study Recommendations Dr. Said summarized the findings and recommendations of the study. The main issues presented were:

Importance of EMP implementation. Improvement at BLWWTP Immediate start of the emergency phase. Immediate parallel start of the NGWWTP phase. Emergency provisions including sea outfall and recovery scheme. Infiltration basins operation and monitoring during different project phases.

Open Discussion

Q: Mr. Mazen Al Banna, PWA The study didn’t take into consideration the effectiveness of Soil Aquifer

Treatment (SAT) in boron removal as it is an important element when reuse is considered.

the study mentioned that 20% of infiltrated water will flow east out of Gaza borders. Is there a way to reduce that? What will be the situation if Israelis drilled wells near the borders ?

The hydrological model neglected the three dimensional effect. What are the mitigations measures regarding the wells that are very close to the

infiltration basins (<150 meters)

A: Dr. Said Ghabayen, EMCC



Through this study we approached the local laboratories for Boron analysis. Only MOH laboratory had the capabilities to test boron, but they did not have the required chemicals. Previous tests taken in 2002 and 2003 indicated that the average Boron concentration in the BLWWTP effluent was (0.414 mg/l). based on EPA and the Israeli regulations, the tolerance of all soils for Boron is 0.8 mg/l even if the effluent is used for irrigation continuously.

The infiltration basins are near the borders, part of infiltrated water is expected to flow east (it is 13% to 18%). This all depends on the pumping practices at both sides. We have neither control nor complete information of Israeli wells. The only information we have was through the CAMP project. We could not manage to get the new information during the study period.

The aquifer in the project location and the surrounding areas is a single layer aquifer regarding all hydraulic properties. The existing wells screens are almost covering the whole depth. Hence, for the purpose of this study it does not do any better.

There is only one existing well at the edge of infiltration basins. The operation of this well can be negotiated with the owner in case the monitoring results show some health risk.

Q: Mr. Shehada Wahdan, MOA The path/route of the pressure line is not shown clearly. The study propose to use the nearest Wadi for emergency. The nearest Wadi is

Beit Hanoun. I suggest to construct special pond for emergency. the consultant proposed a recovery scheme to pump the infiltrated water in case of

delay in construction of Phase II, do you have plans where will this water be used? The excavated clay may contain some elements that is not suitable for agriculture.

It is suggested to analyze the clay before transporting it to agricultural lands. The chloride concentration in the NGWWTP area is about 300 mg/l where did the

consultant get the 780 mg/l figure? A: Dr. Said Ghabayen, EMCC and Mr Said Ali, PWA

The pipeline route follows existing roads and it is shown clearly in the report. The outlet to Wadi is proposed for very specific emergency situation. This

emergency occurs when we cannot divert the treated effluent from NGWWTP to the infiltration basins for maintenance. This situation is not likely will happen.

The recovery system should be part of a regional plan for reuse. This was considered in more details in CAMP.

The excavated clay is taken from agricultural land and it is assumed to be free of hazardous material. Few random soil samples are necessary to check that.

Most of the water samples taken from the investigation wells at the new site showed the high chloride concentration (780 mg/l) especially from the deep part of the aquifer.

Q: Mr. Khalil Matar, Bait Lahia Municipality The existing wadi is closed in several parts, so, it is necessary to consider other

options for emergency.



A: Mr. Khairy Al Jamal, World Bank The EA report considers several options for emergencies. First, pond 7 of

BLWWTP can handle 7 days flow which is a long period of emergency for a wastewater treatment plan. PWA considers multi options for periods that exceed 7 days, i.e. sea outfall. It is necessary to keep in background that any emergency plan costs money and it is considered as a selection criteria for emergency plans. Speaking about any long term failure of the pressure system is not valid.

Most of the necessary fund to start Phase II is committed as detailed by Mr. Ali. It is necessary to propose a plan for pond no. 7 to be consistent with the future

plans of the area as recreational area.

Q: Mr. Ayman Al Hendi, Ministry of Health Is it possible for local farmers to use the sludge and what is the recommended

practice of such huge amounts of sludge.

A: Mr. Werner Miller, Team Leader and Mr. Sadi Ali, Project Manager – PWA

The public acceptance for using sludge is considered. There is a separate study for Gaza Central Treatment Plant had considered this issue in details, the report will be issued soon.

This study is part of a comprehensive FS study conducted 1999. The public participation and acceptance was considered and investigated in detail during the feasibility phase of the project. The study recommends storing the sludge for 100 days.

Q: Mr. Akram Abu Amera, UNRWA Did the study considered the storm issues? Is there an odor control system? Is there a penalty system (to enforce the implementation of the mitigation

measures).

Q: Mr. Mohammed Al Moqayad, PWA Is there any evaluation of the existing wastewater treatment plant. the outlet water

is of bad quality. The quality of lake of water is much worse than that of polishing pond, is it the

result of algae?



Q: Mr. Hisham Matter, EQA In this particular project we are facing a bad option and a worse option, EQA

preferred the option that have the less negative impacts.. It is necessary to modify the executive summary specially the part that discussed

the requested fund for Phase II. What are roles of CMWU in the project? The study neglected the public participation and local NGOs. Regarding the nearby wells we should be very careful and strict in mitigation and

monitoring measures as the farmers may use the water for drinking. The implementation of mitigation measures should be regulated and enforced and

EQA will be one of the key institutions to enforce these regulations.

A: Mr. Sadi Ali, Project Manager – PWA and Dr. Said Ghabayen, EMCC

This study is part of a comprehensive FS study. The public participation and acceptance was considered for this meeting we have invited many relevant NGOs and individuals who represents the concerned public including Al Mezan Center, but unfortunately few have answered the invitation.. Also the project impacts was discussed with the municipalities (Bait Hanoun, Bait Lahya and Jabalia) in several public meetings conducted for this purpose.

Several records for the lake water quality are available (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004). In this study the samples were collected at the inlet of the infiltration basins (outlet of the lake) which is considered the best representation of the quality of the lake. The depth now is about 9m and the average depth is 4.5m and thus has a sever impact on the lake quality.

The design included a very simple and efficient odor control system at the terminal pumping station and at the NGWWTP.

The existing BLWWTP was thoroughly evaluated considering the existing configuration and other different cooperation configurations. Also it was evaluated considering the expected increase in the inflow for the coming three years. We do not here talking about a perfect system but we considered all options and modification to improve the effluent quality with minimal investment costs.

The water quality in the lake is worse than that of the treatment plant effluent especially in terms of BOD and TKN. The high depth of the water in the lake does not permit degradation of organic materials. Growth of algae and increase of organic nitrogen could be the reason for the bad quality.

The new proposed institutional setup presented today identifies clearly the role of CMWU in the project.

Implementing awareness programs and penalties are very important to ensure sustainable project.

Part of storm water has been separated in Jabalia after the construction of Abu Rashed retention pool and the infiltration basins.

There is a separate annex in the feasibility study that discusses the storm water issues in details.



A: Mr. Khairy Al Jamal, World Bank The contract with the CMWU was signed since two weeks. The contract delayed

for four years because of the prevailing situation. There is a transition period, one year, to enable CMWU performing its functions. The role with PWA and PMU was highlighted and elaborated in the institutional

setup. There is an operator who will work with the CMWU. It is the responsibility of EQA, PWA, and other governmental institutions to

enforce the implementation of EMP.

Q: Mr. Moain Sadeq, Ministry of Tourizm According to the available surveys, there are no archeological remains at

BLWWTP or NGWWTP locations. During excavations some remains may be discovered.

Are the master plans of the area considered. It is good to use the treated wastewater to create green areas for local tourism

which will create job opportunities?. The old study discussed two options, reuse of treated wastewater and recharge.

The urgent need is how to mitigate the existing deteriorated situation.

A: Mr Sadi Ali, Project Manager – PWA and Mr. Khairy Al Jamal, World Bank The land use of the new site as agricultural land was one of crucial criteria in the

selection of the site. A workshop was conducted to discuss the land use options. A plan was proposed

to cultivate about 80donoms by suitable species in the NWWTP site. There is a good chance to use the BL site after BLWWTP decommissioning for

agriculture or tourism. The water quality is good enough to ensure implementation of such plans.

There was an old plan between Palestinians and Israelis to cultivate and conserve the areas near the border (500m from each side).

Q: Mr. Mahmoud Shaaban, PWA Is the EMP cost considered within the budget of the project? The study did not consider the negative impacts of the sea outfall on the marine

life. What is the plan regarding the huge amount of clay.

Q: Mr. Shehada Wahdan, MOA Most of water wells in the area were destroyed and there is a rehabilitation plan.

MOA is willing to coordinate to change the location of these wells to comply with the study recommendations.

The Israeli practices (wells to intercept the flow) should be considered, the study mentioned that about 20% of water will flow to the Israeli side.

There is an existing project to develop Wadi Beit Hanoun.

A: Dr. Said Ghabayen, EMCC and Mr. Sadi Ali, Project Manager – PWA



The cost of the EMP is part of WB grant for the project. The sea outfall was not a component of this EA study. There is an old completed

study for the sea outfall prepared in 1999, discussing the impacts on marine life. Regarding the clay the study mentioned some suitable locations to accommodate

most of the clay in the depressions near the BLWWTP. Part of the clay can be distributed to farmers to improve their land.

As it was mentioned earlier, we do not have enough information on the Israeli pumping practices. The flow model was very well calibrated in the Gaza part of the aquifer and this is enough to estimate what is happening on the other side of the borders regarding lateral inflows.

A: Mr Sadi Ali, Project Manager At the end of this session we would like to thank all participants for their attendance and valued discussion. All the comments will be incorporated in the final EA report as well as in special annex. Thank You Departure



Part II Comments from Stakeholders

The following table summarizes all the comments received on the draft final EA report. All the editorial and typing comments were taken into consideration in the preparation of the final version of the report. No.

Comments Consultant Responses Reference in the final report

World Bank Comments All the EA recommendations as presented

on p.9-11 of the executive summary should be financed by the Emergency credit, and incorporated in the construction contracts and supervision contracts.

This note is added as separate clause in the recommendations

Clause 5.7 of chapter 5

As an alternative to construction of the new wastewater treatment plant, the additional mitigation measures below may be an acceptable (for implementation at the end of year 2) to allow continuation of the emergency pumping and infiltration of untreated “lake” water:

The emergency phase must not last for more than three years. During this period the coming wastewater flow can be handled with some upgrading of the existing treatment plant. Beyond this period the situation will escalate and will become out of control. It was clearly agreed with EQA, MOH, PWA, Israeli Water Commission that they will agree on emergency project just to save lives at BL, but real action towards the implementation of Phase II should be seriously considered simultaneously.

See annex III, BLWWTP performance evaluation

This set of additional mitigation measures could be discussed with the client and his EA consultant, and then incorporated into the next revision of the EA report. These preliminary suggestions below should be further developed, and the residual impacts evaluated before being adopted by this project.

a. A set of extraction wells surrounding the infiltration basins at a distance of maximum 150 m b. Increased set of chemical and physical parameters for input waste water and “treated” groundwater extracted, with an explicit definition of a monitoring program to be carried out by the operator and oversight by the supervising engineer c. A strict control on a weekly basis of the volumes of water pumped to assure proper treatment by infiltration

Most of these issues were discussed with PWA and WB in the last meeting (09/04/2005). a) Recovery wells cannot be implemented at this stage. It should be part of a regional reuse distribution network which does not exist now. b) The parameters to be monitored were discussed with experts and stakeholders and are clearly stated in Tables 4.1 and 4.4. Increasing the parameters or the monitoring frequency will not justify the delay phase II. c) The future (>2008) volumes of generated wastewater in the northern Gaza will be beyond the environmental carrying capacity of the BL site and the infiltration basins.

Tables 4.1, 4.4 Table 2.1, Column 2



No.


and extraction d. Additional mitigation of untreated water at the “lake” (e.g. upgrade inlet works, new aerators for first two ponds, stronger aeration for the first 4 basins, etc) e. Hold a new public hearing with the adjacent landowners and residents to inform them of the proposed continuation of the emergency infiltration f. An agreed timetable for the duration of the emergency with a fixed end date (often called an exit strategy) g. An agreed schedule for financing and construction of the new wastewater treatment plant h. An agreed emergency mitigation financial fund that can be easily accessed to pay for unexpected problems.

d) These measures were stated among the recommendations and will improve the effluent quality if the maximum influent is <15,000 m3/day. e) This study completes a set of previous studies including the Feasibility Study where the public participation and acceptance was considered. Many relevant NGOs and individuals who represent the concerned public including Al Mezan Center were invited to the scoping and public hearing sessions. g) See the recommendations in the executive summary. h) added to the recommendations

Annex III Chapter 1.4 Clause 5.7

The EA’s recommendation for an emergency sea outfall will be modified to clearly state that such an outfall would be constructed during phase II. The outfall would be used only in emergency situations, for example should flooding due to heavy rains threaten the integrity of the WWTP.

The sea outfall option is cancelled This comments was modified later by the world Bank to cancel the sea outfall

Clause 5.9

The EMP should be clearly separated into two (2) EMPs for two different projects: (i) one EMP for the Emergency Project, and (ii) second EMP for the permanent NGESTP.

It is now separated into two projects Chapter 4.2 and 4.3

The institutional framework should also be clearly divided into two projects (for example Figure 4.1; p. 87). The difference in roles and responsibilities between the PWA and the CSC/CMWU is not clear. Similarly it is not clear who is responsible for performance of the infiltration system, and why so many agencies are monitoring (see page 102 bottoms). This requires full discussion and clarification.

It was clarified in the discussion with the WB and PWA. The whole section and figures are modified

Chapters 4.2.1 and 4.3.1 Also see Figures 4.1 and 4.8

Final recommendations on pages 110 -112 : a. The recommendations should be

divided into the two projects b. It is not clear what is meant by “proper

institutional set up should be adopted”

a) The recommendations are divided into general and specific recommendations. It is clearly stated for each recommendation to which phase they belong. Some of them are general and common to the two phases.



No.


c. Please emphasize that after 2008 recovery wells MUST be implemented if the emergency continues

d. The implications of insufficient revenues from cost recovery, and its relationship to the sustainability of the new wastewater treatment plant is not clear; it appears that the new investments are not affordable and will not be maintained - does the EA recommend to proceed with the NGWWTP, even if it appears unaffordable and unsustainable ? What phasing is sustainable?

e. The whole issue of selling the extracted and treated wastewater for reuse in agriculture is not at all discussed. This issue is also a financial sustainability issue, and should be addressed.

Dividing it into two projects will create some confusion. b) it was clarified what is meant by proper institutional setup c) it was emphasized in the mitigation and recommendations d) This was linked to the current poor economic situation. The EA mentioned that the future tariff should be based on cost recovery assuming the economic situation will improve in the near future. e) The issue of the wastewater reuse was addressed in the feasibility Study and was not par of RFP/TOR for this EA study as the proposed project was mainly infiltration issues.

Clause 5.10 Clause 4.32, and 5.19 Clause 4.55 and Chapters 3.23 and 3.24 TOR

All the above issues could also be raised at the next public hearing, to receive public comments on the impacts and mitigation measures (including full EMPs) of (i) the proposed emergency project, and (ii) the second longer term project.

Most of the issues were raised in the public hearing session

Annex XI, Part I

EQA Comments One of the major things is to include Terms

of reference in the report.

The TOR is very much reflected in the Annex 1, A copy of the TOR was supplied by the Client (PWA) to the EQA before the start of the EA.

Annex I

Environmental Assessment is a mandatory regarding to Environmental law the Palestinian Environmental Policy but not for World Bank procedure only, so, it should be included in legislation item.

Reference to the Palestinian environmental law and a brief summary of it were included in Annex II. I do not see it is necessary to include the whole documents in the report.

Annex 11, section II.2a

Summary of impacts should include two phases separately construction and operation.

Initial emergency phase and NGWWTP phases will be presented separately in the EMP. The summary of the impacts was clearly separated in Tables 4.2, 4.3, 4.5 and 4.6

The time horizon of study is not defined.

The time horizon of the EA is defined while defining the project phases, see paragraph I.15 and I.16 from the draft report.

Clause I.15 and I.16 from the executive summary

It is more properly if all database information is included in a separate chapter.

I do not think it is a good idea to include all the data in a separate chapter. It is better to mention a particular piece of



No.


data when it is used in the report. Referring to Table III.2: Testing of the lake

water, please check the result date The testing date will be corrected. I think this comment is not complete.

Table III.2 and III.3

Please, check table 2.3, it is not clear the samplings date, and if it's a random sample or what.

This table (2.3) is summarizing the testing results from Annex III which includes more details about date and type of sampling. See paragraph 2.8 from the draft report.

Clause 2.18, Table 2.3, and Table III.2 and III.3

The number of worker involved with the project during both construction and operation should be described.

Many workers will be involved especially during construction. The exact number cannot be estimated.

The implementation cost of mitigation measures and monitoring activities must be included and the reasons which given are not sufficient.

See chapter 4.4 from the final report

Chapter 4.4 and Table 4.7

The study doesn't clarify a transfer pipe line and doesn't describe the land legal situation which the pipe line cross.

The pipe line will follow existing roads and will not be subjected to land conflict

Clause 2.11 and Figure 2.1

Social impacts should be more careful regarding to cemetery location which is closed to NWWTP.

It was stated in the report that there will be no physical impacts regarding air quality, Odor, and Dust due to operation of NGWWTP on the cemetery. The psychological feeling of the families that there is a treatment plant near the cemetery is difficult to quantify.

Chapter 3.2.3

It is not clear what should be done in case of emergency in the pipe or the pump especially during closures.

If I understand this point, pond 7 will be used for emergency. Also a see outfall is proposed in phase II for longer emergency periods.

Clause I.61

The first phase which includes pipe and use age of basins with partially treated wastewater, with affixed assumption of timeframe. What will happen if the second phase delay due to any cause?

This issue was discussed in paragraph 3.29, 4.28, and 1.59 from the draft report.

Clause I.60, 4.32, and 5.18 from the final report

Comments on modeling: The trend lines for the nitrate in figures 3.5 and 3.6 are not correct. The trend line in Figure (3.5) could be step trend line while in figure 3.6 could be a periodic trend line.

We cannot really say that because the x-axis is not divided into equal intervals and there are many missing data between one reading and the other (e.g. May 99 to Jan 2002). Using one single trend line here was for the sake of showing the general trend in 4 years regardless of the information between the points.

The flow model seems good since the calibration of the flow model can be accepted.

Thank you.

Cross section in the area is missing where the mod of the water table can present the difficulties of infiltrating large amount of

Cross section will be added in the final version of the report.

Figure 3.9



No.


treated wastewater of the aquifer The calibration of the transport model for

both Nitrate and Chloride are missing Without this part of modeling, there will be droughts in the rest of modeling procedures such as simulation and prediction. The advection – dispersion assumptions are used in both the transport of Nitrate and Chloride with out giving any references if the assumptions can be used. The MT3D is used in simulating both Nitrate and Chloride, which considers both of them of chemicals. The physical transport of Nitrate is not the same as Chloride and it is not completely correct to use the same program with the same assumptions. This will lead to almost the same results of simulation of the transport of both Nitrate and Chloride. Please chick the simulated contours of Niturate and Chiloride in Figures 3.13 which are almost the same.

Chloride is considered as conservative ion which does not undergo adsorption, reaction, or decay processes while moving through the soil. Therefore the transport of chloride is mainly due to advection process (Freeze and Cherry, 1978). The flow model (steady state and transient) was very well calibrated (0.98 correlation). Hence, the particle tracking module is expected to behave very well and the chloride transport results should be more than 90 percent correct. Nitrogen in the infiltrated water occurs in many forms (NO3, NH3, Organic N, etc) within the scope of this assignment it is very difficult to quantify exactly all the reaction and decay processes especially in the unsaturated zone. Therefore, little assumption was made in simulating the Nitrogen transport that will lead us to study the impacts of the worst case. These assumptions were explained in paragraphs 3.24 and 3.25 from the draft report which included: • All forms of nitrogen will end up as

Nitrates in the aquifer due to the use of large infiltration basins with more days for drying than wetting. This will supply enough oxygen to enhance nitrification process.

• Reaction and decay comprises not more than 10% (the soil layers consists generally of course grain material which lack organic matters that will enhance de-nitrification).

There are some differences between figure 3.13 and figure 3.15, see the exact extent of the plume in the west and the north directions and the contour gradient. The chloride has a sharper gradient than the case in the nitrates.

See clause 3.23 and 3.24 Also see figures 3.14 and 3.16

Cross section of the area which presents the transport of the chemicals in depth orientation is also recommended.

The wells’ screens and their capturing zones cover almost all the aquifer profile. Furthermore, the aquifer is considered isotropic throughout the influence/impact zone (3 km from the infiltration site). Hence, a one-layer model will perform the same as a multi-layer model and for the purpose of the EA study the vertical profile is a minor

Figure 3.9



No.


issue. UNRWA Comments There is no abbreviation list. Abbreviation list will be added to the

final report. Abbreviation list

EIA should be started at the planning stage (preventive Mitigation Measures should be incorporated. in the desigJ1 stage).

You are right. That was done in the 1999 EA study for the same project components. The assignment here is “An update to the 1999 EA study” focusing on particular issues and the changes that have occurred from 1999 to 2005 regarding, implementation phases, design changes in some components, socio economic situation, water quality, etc.

See Annex, section 1.2

Report Structure is confusing: it should. Be divided into (Existing environment, Impact prediction and mitigation Measures) and the environmental impact should. Be predicted during (construction and operation phases).

Regarding the structure of the report, initially we proposed something inline with your suggestion. The World Bank specialist suggested the present structure. We received similar comments from other institutions about the report structure and we are going to modify structure in the final report. The emergency phase and the final NGWWTP phases will be presented separately in the EMP.

Chapters 4.2 and 4.3

The report is focusing on the recommended design without considering other alternatives

As I mentioned in point 2, this study is conducted to conclude the last five years of planning, design, feasibility, and EA studies. The issue of planning and design alternatives had been thoroughly covered in the previous studies and decisions were made regarding most of alternatives. The scope of this study was not to analyze different sites or design alternatives.

Chapters 2.2.1 And Annex I, section 1.4 for considered alternatives

The report minimizes the negative impacts while impacts should be emphasized more by indicating figures and limits

This is not right, all negative impacts and worst case scenarios were given more attention, For example see the water quality impacts

For example figure 3.20

In term of air quality, there are other parameters that should be focused on like particulate matters (Pm10), Total Suspend Particulate (TSP), N2O, and CO2 not only H2S.

The study is an update of old studies, so the consultant considered the main gas produced from wastewater treatment plants which is H2S. Other parameters are considered in general. The consultant issued the dust, particulate matters and vehicles exhausts mainly at the construction phase and listed several mitigation measures to mitigate the impacts of such parameters.

See clause 3.97

As negative consequences of constructing The pressure line will follow the



No.


of main pressure line in the area is the expected urbanization of the area. Therefore much land used currently for agriculture purpose will be used for residential purpose.

existing roads only.

Mitigation measures need to be more emphasized and detailed.

The consultant detailed the main parameters in the proposed EMP (water quality, soil, health and socio-economic).

Tables 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7

Penalties should be imposed if the mitigation measures not implemented during construction and. operation phases.

It is the responsibility of EQA and PWA to enforce the penalties. The study issued the requirements only.

Chapter 4.1

The monitoring plan missed some parameters that should be tested periodically during the project life cycle. (i.e. Air Quality)

Sea the mitigation and monitoring tables Table 4.6

There should be an emergency plan £or the whole. Project activities in case I (of sudden failure of any of the project component.

Yes, there is and emergency plan. It is clearly stated in the study. (pond. 7 will be used as an overflow in case of any breakdown in the system. Also a sea outfall is proposed for longer emergency periods.

Clause 1.61

In term of economical negative impact: the proposed NGWWTP, will cause reduction in the price of the surrounding plots of land.

Not necessarily, the proposed industrial zone potential extension of residential areas will increase the cost of plots.

There is no indication or any kind of community participation

This study completes a set of previous studies including the Feasibility Study where the public participation and acceptance was considered. Many relevant NGOs and individuals who represent the concerned public including Al Mezan Center were invited to the scoping and public hearing sessions.

See Annex XI, part I

Although the report focuses on the problems ana1ysis, it does not recommend solutions or alternatives. For example, page 109 under the clause "Water resources and water quality ,...,"

The solutions to the problems indicated in page 109 are summarized in section 5.2 (recommendations). Chapter 4 contains the full details of the recommended solutions.

Chapter 5.2 and Chapter 4

As on page no. 111 under clause 4.55 the recommend solution is contradicted with the standard of design mentioned on page no. 20 under clause 2.7 .

The study recommended using only the effluent from BLWWTP for infiltration (~ 12,000 m3/day which is 1/3 of the infiltration basins maximum capacity) during emergency phase (2006-2008). In page 111 clause 4.55 we were talking about this effluent quantity and the emergency phase only. In page 20 clause 2.7 we were generally talking about the infiltration basins capacity, the full capacity will be utilized not before

See table 2.1 and clause 4.29



No.


2012. PWA Comments The transfer of BLWWTP and effluent to

the NGWWTP is seriously dangerous issue in terms of water resources management, pol1ution transport and the overall environment if the recommendation delineated in the report ate not will applied or delayed or constrained for different reasons. It SHOULD bared in mind that. Our ultimate objective of the notes and recommendations is to ban transferring the disaster from area to another. Unfortunately, the draft repot couldn't depict the worst scenarios at all levels in case of not satisfying the following measures. The NGWWTP isn't implemented due to the financial constrains (partially or completely due to the financial constrains as expected.

The environmental protection measures are not fully satisfied.

The incapability of infiltration basins to take the full quantities of TWW or the failure of BLWWTP in improving the quality of transferred effluent.

The pollutant transport has adverse and. intensive impacts on the other side of the borders, (transboundary pollution).

The BLWWTP effluent gets worse than its bad quality now.

EA studies is not about one issue (water quality), it involves so many issues the right recommendation is based on a multiple and collective approach. The human life should be our top priority. We are now facing a real danger on human life at BL site. We have to take action to save people. Aquifer pollution is another issue, but can be solved if the recommendations are followed strictly. Most of the worst case scenarios were taken into consideration in the study. This includes not implementing of NGWWTP, quality deterioration of BLWWTP, and Tran-boundary issues. See chapter 3 and 4 for more details.

Clause 1.61, 4.32, and annex III for the BLWWTP performance

The draft report mainly depends on the Mod-Flow to predict the pol1utants transport, without accurate confirmation to the accuracy of these predictions on the ground, without any pervious indication to its application on other occasions or sites. Furthermore, the report lacks in supporting the wide wastewater reuse schemes in terms of crop patterns or crop water requirements and the socio-economic aspects with field visits or questionnaires.

Mod-Flow and its integrated modules is a very well known and widely used code almost all over the world for modeling flow and solute transport problems. Furthermore, it was agreed in the work agreement and elaborated in the inception report that EMCC would use this package. In this stage any argument about the used code is deemed unreasonable. The issue of the wastewater reuse was addressed in the feasibility Study and was not par of RFP/TOR for this EA study as the proposed project was mainly infiltration issues.

The draft report in some cases reported general, conditional or ambiguous

Most of the points were covered in details in the report. It will be better if



No.


recommendations concerning the disposal and application of sludge, potential crop patterns and sea out fall and the entities that may organize the reuse wastewater reuse schemes.

you can specify where in the report we have ambiguous recommendation so we can elaborate more.

It is obvious that there are repeated paragraphs and pages in the report, especially for the recommendations, which may be reported two. to or three times

The recommendations might be repeated in the mitigation measures, in the final chapter which summarizes the conclusions and recommendations, and in the executive summary. This is not considered repetition rather that summarizing the important issues. The same point was also answered in some of the specific comments.

The report has no indication to the importance of equipping suitable and appropriate technical laboratories to. carry out the specific and required chemical, biological and physical analysis

Equipping the existing laboratories is out-of-scope of this study.

It is recommend that to split your report into 2 parts, one taking about the EIA of the existing BLWWTP. and the second part talking about the proposed NGWWTP

The EMP is divided into two parts in the final re

Chapters 4.2 and 4.3

After investigating the preliminary. results of the groundwater now model, the followings wore conc1uded:

The project with regard to the infiltration will not add too much concerning minimizing the deficient in the water balance, since a significant amount of the infiltrated water will flow outside the border of Gaza. Strip.

There is no planning with regard to allocate recovery production wells to get benefit from the infiltrated water before going to the other side (out side the border of Gaza Strip). even there is no measures or tested scenarios in case our neighbors have their own pumping scenarios on the other side of Gaza Strip and how this will affect our infiltration project.

In a whole, and from the preliminary modeling results it seems that the infiltration project will not stop or minimize the intrusion the sea water in the area. Therefore and from water resources management point of view, the proposed infiltration project will not enhance the situation. Based on that there should be recommendations regarding

The amount of water that will flow outside the borders of Gaza Strip is not as you mentioned SIGNIFICANT, but minor. Paragraph 3.14 of the report stated that 13 % to 18 % of the infiltrated water will flow outside the borders of Gaza Strip.

In the Gaza and the Northern Governorates, there are more than 1000 production wells that will certainly act as a recovery system for the infiltrated water. Even though, a recovery system was proposed chapter 4, see paragraph 4.32.

There are so many benefits and issues of the project other than seawater intrusion. Reallocation of domestic wells to solve seawater intrusion problem is OUT-OF–SCOPE of this assignment.

Clause 3.14 Clause 4.32



No.


reallocation of the municipal wells in the northern area to be for example shifted to the cast to relieve the aquifer in the canter and in the west and get benefit from the infiltrated water in the east.

The groundwater flow and transport model has been developed based on several simplified assumptions regarding the geology, the applicability of the used code for such coastal aquifer etc... And this may not reflect the picture as it will be. The impact of the unsaturated, zone is not taken into consideration regarding its impact of the flow path: and on the enhancement of the infiltrated water quality. In other words the role of the soil treatment in the unsaturated is to be tested and evaluated regarding other parameters than chloride and nitrate.

The boundary condition at the sea side is not well defined in the report and how it fits to the sea boundary condition.

The same modeling work has been done by SWECO work, 2003 REPORT; I do not know what new features have been done.

The same assumptions were used in CAMP regarding geology within 4 km from the infiltration area. We talked about the applicability of the model before. Once the steady state as well as the transient calibrations is good, then we are reflecting the right picture.

What happens in the unsaturated zone needs another study/model based on long years of monitoring? Nothing of that sort was considered even in CAMP or SWECO Model. All we can do here are assumptions based on literatures (see FAO, 2005 from the reference list)

The boundary condition at the sea is very well defined as a constant head boundary.

You have to read both reports carefully before you draw this conclusion. The scope of assignment is totally different.

Fertilizer N and No3: The NO3 nitrification and denititrification processes depend on the factors mentioned in the report, in addition to the aeration, moisture content, and clay type (Kaolinite, Montinorilite).

The estimate of fertilizers load in TWW may be inaccurate (P 48). If the concentration in TWW is 30 mg/l - as mentioned - and the TWW irrigated, is 1000 m3, so the potential N applied will be 30 kg/dunam.

The report doesn't mention the potential controversial and opposing effect of nutrients in case of applying TWW and sludge simultaneously

Nitrification and de-nitrification processes: all factors mentioned in the report, see paragraph 3.23 and 3.24 from the draft report.

Fertilizers load, page 48: the estimate was based on crop water requirements for citrus (580mm) based on MOA figures. The figure is modified in the report based on 900 mm.

Yes, because when we are in a position to use the sludge from NGWWTP, the nitrogen in the TWW will be treated to lower than 10 mg/l.

Clause 3.25

Sludge There is no specific recommendation for sludge application, regarding the quantities, or times of application.

The money saving in Case of using sludge.

P 97: The parameters subject to sludge

Recommendations for sludge application are mentioned in the recommendations with reference to Annex II.

This issue can not be easily quantified under the scope of this study.

Parameters subject to sludge

Clause 4.66 and 4.67



No.


application should consider the salinity level in the sludge extract

application: salinity is added to the list of parameters.

Page 3. Paragraph 1.16, the phases target

capacity is not understandable, please review it.

The target capacity was based on the design report of the NGWWTP.

Page 3, Paragraph 1.18.What do you mean here by inland, is it east, please clarify.

Inland is a known terminology in coastal area for “away from sea direction”.

Page 4, Paragraph I.22.You statement about stabilization of seawater intrusion needs a prove.

Nothing was mentioned about stabilization of seawater intrusion, the project will contribute to the reduction of seawater intrusion from 30 (as in CAMP) to 24 Mm3/year in the year 2025.

Clause I.22

Page 4, Paragraph I.26, Are you sure that the transported TWW has a chloride less or equal to 250mg/l during the emergency phase project. Since the existing BLWWTP is overloaded it can't treat WW to achieve a Cl <= 250mg/1. Please check your chemical ana1ysis if there is any."...up to the distances specified in the Modpath results above', I did not saw any Modpath result above, Please see where you are?

That was the results of the water quality analysis for BL effluent. In any case, chloride can not be treated in WWT biological or physical processes even if the system is not overloaded.

Table III.2 and III.3

Page, 5, Paragraph 1.35: and I.3, These 2 paragraph is almost repeated 1.32 and I.34 respectively, please combine these paragraph together respectively.

Right, but we are talking about the impacts from different phases (emergency and NGWWTP).

Page, 6, Paragraph 1.39, you did not state what is your measure to do for the excavated clay of 900,000 m3.

Page 6, paragraph 1.39: we are talking here about the impacts only, the mitigation measures were mentioned in the recommendations and EMP sections.

Clause 4.39

Page 9, Paragraph I.59, "..., relying on the emergency components for long time will create irreversible impacts on the aquifer water quality', this paragraph contradict with your paragraph 1.26 where you state that the infiltrated partially, TWW will improve the water quality.

In paragraph 1.26 we were talking about improving Chloride concentration in the aquifer. In paragraph 1.59 Nitrate is the main issue when talking about impacts.

Page 10, Paragraph I.63,"... is required to remove silt and organic material", can you state to where you are going to do with the removed materials...

We do not have to write everything in the executive summary. This was explained in clause 4.41, page 96.

Clause 4.41

Page 10, Paragraph 1.64,"... a distance of 6 month residence time..." please clarify

Page 10, paragraph 1.64: the distance in meters was mentioned in the same



No.


it is a distance of time (the statement is not understandable).

paragraph which is the distance to allow residence time of 6 month for the infiltrated water.

Page l0, Paragraph 1.65, "..... Recovery scheme around the infiltration site MUST be implemented". Can you specify Where to locate these recovery wells from the basins distance and location Wise?

It was explained very well in the report, see clause 4.32

Clause 4.32 and Figure

4.4

Page 10, Paragraph I.66 "Many farmers will be interested in improving their soil. Farm soil with this clay", what if the, farmers are not. Interested in these soil, and what if the amount of the soil exceeds the fanner needs, where. are you going to do with the rest of soil.

Farmers do that all the time, we do not have to make unexpected assumptions.

Page 19. The infiltration capacity, of the basins is not identified to adopt with the hydraulic loads shown in table 2.1. The infiltration load is increased from 0.75 mid in 2005 to 1.35 m/d in 2012. Are the infiltration basins capable to receive these quantities? If not, how much. Are the quantities and how will be solved. In. quantitative aspect? The surplus amounts; exceeding direct reuse in agriculture are not mitigated in section 4.3 (page 88).

These figures were based on a thorough infiltration study (Source: Infiltration Report, SWECO INT, 2003).

Page 40. Lines 3 and 4 are not! Related to the context of the paragraph (sink, source). The text talks about WHO standards.

It is pretty much related to the context. You have a source of contamination when the added water has a concentration greater than the specified limits and vice versa.

The estimated flow of wastewater is 12,000 m3 (page 2. line 1), and infiltrated amount is 20,000 to 35 000 m3 (page 4, line 4). That could be, but in which years (please clarify).

The complete schedule for the planned infiltration is mentioned in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2

Page 39, paragraph 3.4, you are talking about Gaza Strip coastal aquifer. So it will be better if mention the. Aquifer dimension in the south also.

We are more interested in the northern part of Gaza aquifer.

Page 41, paragraph 3.9. the increase in the chloride and nitrate could be due to the agricultural and human activities; since there is overlapping activities the vicinity of the infiltration basins

You are right, human activities could contribute to the problem, but random infiltration of partially treated sewage in that area certainly has a hand on it.

Page 44, studying the impact of the recharge mound on the groundwater lateral flow should be done directly beneath the infiltration basins, since the

We are more interested in the lateral inflow change at the border line, part of the flow will be diverted back to Gaza as a result of the regional flow

Figure 3.11



No.


hydraulic gradient will be higher and so the: flow rate will be higher

Regarding the same previous point, sensitivity analysis to be done concerning the impact of changing the aquifer formation hydraulic conductivity and its impact of the lateral flow.

Since we have obtained a very good calibration results, we do not have to perform sensitivity analysis. This kind of analysis was performed in SWECO model and proves very minor changes.

Page 46, regarding the flow paths. Vertical profile of particle paths will be good if presented in the report. Since it will guide in better exploitation of the aquifer and how the down stream municipal and agricultural wells will be affected.

The wells’ screens and their capturing zones cover almost all the aquifer profile. Furthermore, the aquifer is considered isotropic throughout the influence/impact zone (3 km from the infiltration site). Hence, a one-layer model will perform the same as a multi-layer model and for the purpose of the EA study the vertical profile is a minor issue.

In the same previous point, why you do not me the base of the, chloride concentration as it is in reality (you can use the real existing concentration as the initial values), this will make the final picture more clear to the, report readers.

Choosing the base as zero concentration will better show the exact impact of the infiltrated water and where we have particular percentage of mixing. Starting with the existing concentration it was difficult to interpolate the well data since it represents different depths and wide variety of concentration values. In the same cell we have wells with ~300 mg/l and ~700 mg/l chloride

Other contamination parameters are to be investigated such as detergent, organic matters etc.....

Based on the effluent analysis none of the other parameters was an issue. The main parameter was nitrogen.

B) Comments on Annex With regard to the model domain, do not you think that it wills more practical to reduce the eastern extend of the model domain so that you minimize the error in the input parameters and the calibration effol1ts.

Since we have a very good calibration in Gaza and nearby areas the model domain outside Gaza is not an issue.

In the annex Figure IV.4 it will be better to indicate the recharge as cm/day or cm/yr so that the numbers will be more understandable.

I do not think choosing particular units is an issue, since many people will be comfortable with other units. It is more or less a personal judgment.

MOA Comments The comments of MOA stresses that all

activities related to EMP should be coordinated with ministry of agriculture and that the MOA should play a major role in the monitoring activities related to aquifer water quality, wastewater reuse, sludge reuse, and farmers acceptance.

It is the responsibility of PWA to coordinate with other agencies to ensure smooth implementation of monitoring plan (i.e. ministry of agriculture, ministry of health, etc.)

The report clearly identified some responsibilities regarding monitoring

Tables (4.2, 4.3, 4.5, and 4.6).



No.


and enforcement for the ministry of agriculture in Tables (4.2, 4.3, 4.5, and 4.6).

Annex (II) describe the roles of Ministry of Agriculture. MOA plays an important role in managing the agricultural resources in Palestine.

The consultant agrees that the MOA should be involved in implementation of reuse programs of treated wastewater or treated sludge according to MOA mandates.

Documents

North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant …...North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant Project Environmental Assessment Study – Final Report Engineering and Management Consulting