Noradrenalineor Norepinephrine

By: Tessa Loewen 1st hr.

Noradrenaline Production Site

Noradrenaline is produced in the adrenal medulla.

Target Cell

Noradrenaline interacts with alpha and beta receptors on the plasma

membrane.

Cause of Hormone Production

The hormone is continuously released at low levels by exocytosis.

Simpathetic stimulation, or “fight-or-flight,” accelerates the rate of

exocytosis.

When Most Active

During the “fight-or-flight” response, noradrenaline is produced at a faster rate. It reaches its peak after thirty seconds of the adrenal stimulation.

Hormone Structure

Tyrosine derivative

Target Cell Entry

The hormone enters the target cell packaged in vesicles that form dense

clusters just inside the plasma membranes.

Typical Blood Content

0-600 pg/ml (picograms per milliliter)

Body ResponseStimulation of the target cells speeds up the use of cellular energy and the mobilization of energy reserves.Activation of the adrenal medulla has the following effects:•In skeletal muscles the hormone mobilizes glycogen reserves and accelerates the breakdown of glucose to provide ATP. This increases both muscular strength and endurance.•In adipose tissue, stored fats are broken down into fatty acids, which are released into the bloodstream for other tissues to use for ATP production.•In the liver, glycogen molecules are broken down. The resulting glucose molecules are released into the bloodstream.•In the heart, the stimulation triggers an increase in the rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction.

Atypical Disorders or Symptoms

Too little: can cause one to be lethargic, drowsy, and to have chronic

depression

Too much: can cause nervousness, racing thoughts, cold hands and feet,

and high blood pressure

Atypical Amounts

Too much Too little

Sythetical Replacement

Norepinephrine can by synthetically replaced through drugs called:

Levophed, Dexedrine, Ritalin, and Adderall.

Atypical Medical Treatment

Too little: One can take noradrenaline drugs (sythetic)

Too much: One can have a test for blood content and get advised by a

doctor.

Works Cited

• http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-noradrenaline.htm

• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003561.htm

• http://www.duskyswondersite.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/sleep-18.jpg

• http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BXqfa0SKnCs/T0k-GyRSwnI/AAAAAAABjHg/_qcaBAbovXs/s1600/img119.jpg

• http://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/courseHome?start=1