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No
n-F
un
ctio
nal
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
(go
als,
re
qu
ire
me
nts
, sp
eci
fica
tio
ns)
Law
ren
ce C
hu
ng
De
par
tme
nt
of
Co
mp
ute
r Sc
ien
ce
Th
e U
niv
ers
ity
of
Texa
s at
Dal
las
No
n-F
un
ctio
nal
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Pra
ctic
es
and
Re
com
me
nd
atio
ns:
A
Bri
ef
Syn
op
sis
�Why
�What
�Some Classification Schemes
�NFRs and RE Processes
�Some Individual NFRs
�With Rational Unified Process and UML
�With Volere Requirements Specification Templates
Wh
y N
on
-Fu
nct
ion
al R
eq
uir
em
en
ts (
NFR
s)?
•C
onsi
der
a br
ochu
re fr
om a
n au
tom
obile
man
ufac
ture
r:–
Whe
n yo
u bu
y ou
r ca
r, yo
u ca
n no
w d
rive
to a
sto
re…
•C
onsi
der
a br
ochu
re fr
om a
cel
lula
r ph
one
man
ufac
ture
r:–
Whe
n yo
u bu
y ou
r ce
llula
r ph
one,
you
can
now
cal
l you
r fr
iend
.–
Wel
l, …
Law
renc
e C
hung
Wh
y N
FRs?
•W
ith
au
tom
obile
s:
–T
he b
asic
func
tion
is tr
ansp
orta
tion
from
one
loca
tion
to a
noth
er.
–“W
ith p
rem
ium
luxu
ry,
outs
tand
ing
safe
ty fe
atur
es a
nd s
uper
ior
off-
pave
men
t ca
pabi
lity,
…
cont
inue
s to
exc
eed
the
high
exp
ecta
tions
of i
ts o
wne
rs,
… c
ontin
ue t
o se
t the
sta
ndar
d fo
r pr
emiu
m lu
xury
in it
s se
gmen
t."
•W
ith
ce
llu
lar
ph
on
es:
–T
he b
asic
func
tion
is c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith a
noth
er p
arty
–“…
enh
ance
men
ts e
nabl
e th
e be
st p
ossi
ble
oper
atio
n of
you
r m
obile
… in
var
ious
co
nditi
ons.
… T
he e
arpi
ece
fits
in e
ither
ear
allo
win
g fo
r co
nven
ient
and
disc
reet
acce
ss to
al
l bas
ic c
all c
ontr
ols.
...
To m
axim
ize
call
secu
rity,
the
hea
dset
als
o su
ppor
ts e
ncry
ptio
n of
th
e w
irele
ss c
onne
ctio
n fo
r co
mpa
tible
… m
odel
s.
•W
ith
ho
me
ne
two
rkin
g:
“… is
th
e t
ota
l ho
me
ne
two
rkin
g so
luti
on
… li
nki
ng
vari
ety
of
dig
ital
ho
me
ap
plia
nce
s as
on
e.
It e
nab
les
you
to
en
joy
con
ve
nie
nt,
ple
asa
nt,
an
d c
om
fort
ab
leliv
ing
en
viro
nm
en
t a
t a
ny
tim
e a
nd
an
y p
lace
.
•W
ith
CA
SE
to
ol so
ftw
are
:–
The
bas
ic fu
nctio
n is
pro
visi
on o
f som
e se
rvic
es–
“… is
a p
ower
ful,
easy
-to-
use
appl
icat
ion
defin
ition
pla
tform
use
d by
bus
ines
s ex
pert
s to
qu
ickl
yas
sem
ble
func
tiona
lly r
ich
sim
ulat
ions
of W
eb-b
ased
app
licat
ions
in a
mat
ter
of
hour
s. …
Usi
ng th
e ea
sy to
lear
n, d
rag-
and-
drop
par
adig
m …
, bus
ines
s pe
ople
can
qui
ckly
lay
out t
he p
age
flow
of s
imul
atio
ns a
nd c
reat
e hi
gh fi
delit
ypa
ges
that
pre
cise
lym
imic
not
on
ly t
he lo
ok a
nd fe
el o
f the
fina
l app
licat
ion,
…”
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:IE
EE d
efin
itio
n
“no
n f
un
ctio
nal
re
qu
ire
me
nt
–in
so
ftw
are
sys
tem
en
gin
ee
rin
g, a
so
ftw
are
re
qu
ire
me
nt
that
de
scri
be
s n
ot w
ha
tth
e
soft
war
e w
ill d
o, b
ut h
ow
the
so
ftw
are
will
do
it, f
or
exa
mp
le,
soft
war
e p
erf
orm
ance
re
qu
ire
me
nts
, so
ftw
are
ext
ern
al in
terf
ace
re
qu
ire
me
nts
, de
sign
co
nst
rain
ts, a
nd
so
ftw
are
qu
alit
y at
trib
ute
s.
No
nfu
nct
ion
al r
eq
uir
em
en
ts a
re d
iffi
cult
to
te
st;
the
refo
re, t
he
y ar
e
usu
ally
eva
luat
ed
su
bje
ctiv
ely
.”
Law
renc
e C
hung
Ge
ne
ral
Ge
ne
ral
Ob
se
rvati
on
sO
bse
rvati
on
s
““non
functio
nal requirement
non functio
nal requirement––
generally in
form
ally stated,
generally in
form
ally stated,
often contradictory, difficult to enforce du
ring developm
ent a
nd
often contradictory, difficult to enforce du
ring developm
ent a
nd
evaluate fo
r the customer prio
r to delivery”
evaluate fo
r the customer prio
r to delivery”
Wh
at a
re N
on
-Fu
nct
ion
al R
eq
uir
em
en
ts?
•-i
litie
s: u
nd
ers
tan
dab
ility
, usa
bili
ty, m
od
ifia
bili
ty, i
nte
r-o
pe
rab
ility
, re
liab
ility
, po
rtab
ility
, mai
nta
inab
ility
, sca
lab
ility
, (re
-)c
on
figu
rab
ility
, cu
sto
miz
abili
ty, a
dap
tab
ility
, var
iab
ility
, vo
lati
lity,
tr
ace
abili
ty, …
•-i
tie
s: s
ecu
rity
, sim
plic
ity,
cla
rity
, ub
iqu
ity,
inte
grit
y, m
od
ula
rity
, n
om
adic
ity,
…
•-n
ess
: u
ser-
frie
nd
line
ss, r
ob
ust
ne
ss, t
ime
line
ss,
resp
on
sive
ne
ss, c
orr
ect
ne
ss, c
om
ple
ten
ess
, co
nci
sen
ess
, co
he
sive
ne
ss, …
•…
and
man
y o
the
r th
ings
: p
erf
orm
ance
, eff
icie
ncy
, ac
cura
cy, p
reci
sio
n, c
ost
, de
velo
pm
en
t ti
me
, lo
w c
ou
plin
g, …
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:So
me
cla
ssif
icat
ion
sch
em
es
-1
•In
terf
ace
req
uir
emen
ts: d
esc
rib
e h
ow
th
e s
yste
m is
to
inte
rfac
e w
ith
its
en
viro
nm
en
t, u
sers
an
d
oth
er
syst
em
s. E
.g.,
use
r in
terf
ace
s an
d t
he
ir q
ual
itie
s (e
.g.,
use
r-fr
ien
dlin
ess
)
•P
erfo
rman
ce r
equ
irem
ents
: de
scri
be
pe
rfo
rman
ce c
on
stra
ints
invo
lvin
g–
tim
e/s
pac
e b
ou
nd
s, s
uch
as
wo
rklo
ads,
re
spo
nse
tim
e,
thro
ugh
pu
t an
d a
vaila
ble
sto
rage
sp
ace
. E.g
.,
“sys
tem
mu
st h
and
le 1
00
tra
nsa
ctio
ns/
seco
nd
”–
relia
bili
ty i
nvo
lvin
g th
e a
vaila
bili
ty o
f co
mp
on
en
ts a
nd
inte
grit
y o
f in
form
atio
n m
ain
tain
ed
an
d s
up
plie
d
to t
he
sys
tem
. E.
g., “
syst
em
mu
st h
ave
less
th
an 1
hr
do
wn
tim
e/3
mo
nth
s”–
secu
rity
, su
ch a
s p
erm
issi
ble
in
form
atio
n f
low
s–
surv
ivab
ility
, su
ch a
s sy
ste
m e
nd
ura
nce
un
de
r fi
le,
nat
ura
l ca
tast
rop
hie
s
•O
per
atin
g r
equ
irem
ents
: in
clu
de
ph
ysic
al c
on
stra
ints
(si
ze,
we
igh
t),
pe
rso
nn
el a
vaila
bili
ty,
skill
le
vel c
on
sid
era
tio
ns,
sys
tem
acc
ess
ibili
ty f
or
mai
nte
nan
ce, e
tc.
•L
ifec
ycle
req
uir
emen
ts: c
an b
e c
lass
ifie
d u
nd
er
two
su
bca
tego
rie
s:–
qu
alit
y o
f th
e d
esi
gn:
me
asu
red
in t
erm
s su
ch a
s m
ain
tain
ab
ility
, e
nh
ance
abili
ty,
po
rtab
ility
.–
limit
s o
n d
eve
lop
me
nt,
su
ch a
s d
eve
lop
me
nt
tim
e li
mit
atio
ns,
re
sou
rce
ava
ilab
ility
, m
eth
od
olo
gica
l st
and
ard
s, e
tc.
•E
con
om
ic r
equ
irem
ents
:im
me
dia
te a
nd
/or
lon
g-te
rm c
ost
s
•P
olit
ical
req
uir
emen
tsLa
wre
nce
Chu
ng
��[Rom
an, IEEE Com
puter 1
985]
[Rom
an, IEEE Com
puter 1
985]
NFR
s:So
me
cla
ssif
icat
ion
sch
em
es
-2
�P
roce
ss, P
rod
uct
an
d E
xte
rnal
co
nsi
de
rati
on
s [S
om
me
rvill
e 1
99
2]
Law
renc
e C
hung
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFRs:
NFRs:
Some classification schemes
Some classification schemes --33
�D
ime
nsi
on
s o
f Q
ual
ity
–Co
mp
on
en
ts o
f FU
RP
+ [G
rad
y19
92
]
Law
renc
e C
hung
FFun
ctio
nalit
yF
eatu
re s
et c
apab
ilitie
s, s
ecur
ity,
gene
ralit
y
UUsa
bilit
yH
uman
fact
ors
aest
hetic
s, c
onsi
sten
cy,
docu
men
tatio
n
RRel
iabi
lity
Fre
quen
cy/s
ever
ity o
f fai
lure
, re
cove
rabi
lity,
pre
dict
abili
ty, a
ccur
acy,
M
TB
F
PPer
form
ance
Spe
ed e
ffici
ency
, res
ourc
e us
age,
th
roug
hput
, res
pons
e tim
e
SSup
port
abili
ty
Test
abili
ty
Ext
ensi
bilit
y A
dapt
abili
ty
Mai
ntai
nabi
lity
Com
patib
ility
C
onfig
urab
ility
Ser
vice
abili
tyIn
stal
labi
lity
Loca
lizab
ility
Rob
ustn
ess
NFRs:
NFRs:
Some classification schemes
Some classification schemes --44
NFR
s:So
me
cla
ssif
icat
ion
sch
em
es
-5
�So
ftw
are
Qu
alit
y Tr
ee
[B
oe
hm
19
76
]
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s &
RE
Pro
cess
es:
Wh
y?Q
ual
ity
of
pro
du
ct
Qu
alit
y o
f P
roce
ss
Law
renc
e C
hung
Product
P r o c e s s
So, know the input sources, specify process & specify product
So, know the input sources, specify process & specify product
�Garbage in
garbage out,
so get th
e rig
ht re
quire
ments
�Garbage th
ru garbage out,
so get th
e rig
ht process
Evolution is inevitable
Evolution is inevitable ––traceability is a virtue
traceability is a virtue
Ap
pro
ach
es
to N
FRs
•P
rod
uc
t vs. P
roc
ess?
Pro
du
ct
vs. P
roc
ess?
Pro
du
ct
vs. P
roc
ess?
Pro
du
ct
vs. P
roc
ess?
–P
rod
uct
-ori
en
ted
Ap
pro
ach
es
•Fo
cus
on
sys
tem
(or
soft
war
e)
qu
alit
y•
Aim
is t
o h
ave
a w
ay o
f m
eas
uri
ng
the
pro
du
ct o
nce
it’s
bu
ilt –
me
tric
s
–P
roce
ss-o
rie
nte
d A
pp
roac
he
s•
Focu
s o
n h
ow
NFR
s ca
n b
e u
sed
in t
he
de
sign
pro
cess
•A
im is
to
hav
e a
way
of
mak
ing
app
rop
riat
e d
esi
gn d
eci
sio
ns
•Q
ua
nti
tati
ve v
s. Q
ua
lita
tive
?Q
ua
nti
tati
ve v
s. Q
ua
lita
tive
?Q
ua
nti
tati
ve v
s. Q
ua
lita
tive
?Q
ua
nti
tati
ve v
s. Q
ua
lita
tive
?–
Qu
anti
tati
ve A
pp
roac
he
s•
Fin
d m
eas
ura
ble
sca
les
for
the
qu
alit
y at
trib
ute
s•
Cal
cula
te d
egr
ee
to
wh
ich
a d
esi
gn m
ee
ts t
he
qu
alit
y ta
rge
ts
–Q
ual
itat
ive
Ap
pro
ach
es
•St
ud
y va
rio
us
rela
tio
nsh
ips
be
twe
en
qu
alit
y go
als
•R
eas
on
ab
ou
t tr
ade
-off
s e
tc. La
wre
nce
Chu
ngNot everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.
[Albert Einstein]
Mea
sure
men
t of p
rodu
cts
or s
yste
ms
is a
bsol
utel
y fu
ndam
enta
l to
the
engi
neer
ing
proc
ess.
I am
con
vinc
ed th
at m
easu
rem
ent a
s pr
actis
ed in
oth
er e
ngin
eerin
g di
scip
lines
is
IMP
OS
SIB
LEfo
r so
ftwar
e en
gine
erin
g [S
omm
ervi
lle;
http
://w
ww
.utd
alla
s.ed
u/~
chun
g/S
E33
54H
onor
s/IE
EIn
augu
ral.p
df]
The
mos
t im
port
ant t
hing
s ca
n't b
e m
easu
red
[Dem
ing
]
NFR
s &
RE
Pro
cess
es:
�B
efo
re F
Rs?
�A
fte
r F
Rs?
�A
t th
e s
am
e t
ime
wit
h F
Rs?
�…
an
d w
ha
t a
bo
ut
Bu
sin
ess
ob
ject
ive
s/g
oa
ls,
syst
em
arc
hit
ect
ure
s,
syst
em
mo
de
ls,
SS
, S
RS
, …
?
Bu
t, s
ho
uld
we
pe
rha
ps
be
tte
r k
no
w a
bo
ut
the
va
rio
us
rela
tio
nsh
ips
be
twe
en
NF
RS
an
d s
uch
an
d s
uch
,
be
fore
an
swe
rin
g t
he
se q
ue
stio
ns,
mo
re c
lea
rly,
un
de
rsta
nd
ab
ly,
con
cise
ly, p
reci
sely
, ag
ree
ab
ly,
…?
Law
renc
e C
hung
So, where are NFRs in an RE Process?
So, where are NFRs in an RE Process?
M MMM, P
rog
Pro
gP
rog
Pro
g|=
S SSS; G GGG
s sss, ,,,
S SSS, D DDD
|= R RRR
; (G GGG
s sss, ,,,
R RRR, D DDD
|= G GGG
) V
(G GGG
s sss, ,,,
R RRR,
D DDD|~
G GGG);
(G GGG
|= ¬ ¬¬¬
P PPP) V
(G GGG
|~ ¬ ¬¬¬
P PPP)
Pro
du
ct-o
rie
nte
d a
pp
roac
he
s
Law
renc
e C
hung
Pro
du
ct-o
rie
nte
d a
pp
roac
he
s
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:P
ort
abili
ty
•T
he
de
gre
e t
o w
hic
h s
oft
war
e r
un
nin
g o
n o
ne
pla
tfo
rm c
an
eas
ily b
e c
on
vert
ed
to
ru
n o
n a
no
the
r p
latf
orm
•E
.g.,
nu
mb
er
of
targ
et
stat
em
en
ts (
e.g
., f
rom
Un
ix t
o W
ind
ow
s)
•H
ard
to
qu
anti
fy, s
ince
it is
har
d t
o p
red
ict
wh
at a
“n
ext
gen
era
tio
n”
pla
tfo
rm m
igh
t b
e li
ke
•C
an b
e e
nh
ance
d b
y u
sin
g la
ngu
age
s, O
Ss a
nd
to
ols
th
at a
re
un
ive
rsal
ly a
vaila
ble
an
d s
tan
dar
diz
ed
.
E.g
., C
/C+
+/C
#/J
ava
J2E
E/J
2M
E/.
NE
TLa
wre
nce
Chu
ng
NFR
s: R
elia
bili
ty•
the
ab
ility
of
the
sys
tem
to
be
hav
e c
on
sist
en
tly
in a
use
r-ac
cep
tab
le m
ann
er
wh
en
o
pe
rati
ng
wit
hin
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt
for
wh
ich
th
e s
yste
m w
as in
ten
de
d.
•th
eo
ry a
nd
pra
ctic
e o
f h
ard
war
e r
elia
bili
ty a
re w
ell
est
ablis
he
d;
som
e t
ry t
o a
do
pt
the
m f
or
soft
war
e
•o
ne
po
pu
lar
me
tric
fo
r h
ard
war
e r
elia
bili
ty is
me
an-t
ime
-to
-fai
lure
(M
TT
F)
"Bat
htu
b"
curv
e c
har
acte
rize
s M
TT
F:
•In
fan
t m
ort
alit
y:G
ive
n a
larg
e p
op
ula
tio
n o
f a
par
ticu
lar
com
po
ne
nt,
man
y w
ill f
ail s
oo
n a
fte
r d
eve
lop
me
nt
du
e t
o in
accu
raci
es
in t
he
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g p
roce
ss;
•Is
sue
s:D
o 2
dif
fere
nt
soft
war
e c
op
ies
hav
e d
iffe
ren
t ch
arac
teri
stic
s?
Do
es
soft
war
e w
ear
& t
ear
by
de
com
po
siti
on
?D
oe
s so
ftw
are
ob
ey
ph
ysic
al la
ws?
Law
renc
e C
hung
time
# of failures
Infant
motility
Con
stant o
peratio
n
Wear &
tear
MT
BF
MT
BFM
TT
FM
TT
FM
TT
RM
TT
R
Ava
ilabi
lity
= [M
TT
F/(
MT
TF
+ M
TT
R)]
x 1
00%
NFR
s: R
elia
bili
ty•
Som
eti
mes
re
liab
ility
re
qu
ire
me
nts
tak
e t
he
fo
rm:
"Th
e s
oft
wa
re s
ha
ll h
av
e n
o m
ore
th
an
X b
ug
s/1
K L
OC
"
Bu
t h
ow
do
we
me
asu
re b
ugs
at
de
live
ry t
ime
?
•B
eb
ug
gin
gP
roce
ss -
ba
sed
on
a M
on
te C
arl
o t
ech
niq
ue
fo
r st
ati
stic
al
an
aly
sis
of
ran
do
m e
ve
nts
.
1. b
efo
re t
est
ing,
a k
no
wn
nu
mb
er
of
bu
gs (
see
de
db
ugs
) ar
e s
ecr
etl
y in
sert
ed
.2
. est
imat
e t
he
nu
mb
er
of
bu
gs in
th
e s
yste
m3
. re
mo
ve (
bo
th k
no
wn
an
d n
ew
) b
ugs
.
# o
f d
ete
cte
d s
ee
de
d b
ug
s/ #
of
see
de
d b
ug
s =
#
of
de
tect
ed
bu
gs/
# o
f b
ug
s in
th
e s
yst
em
# o
f b
ug
s in
th
e s
yst
em
= #
of
see
de
d b
ug
s x
# o
f d
ete
cte
d b
ug
s/#
of
de
tect
ed
se
ed
ed
bu
gs
Exam
ple
: se
cre
tely
se
ed
10
bu
gs
(sa
y, i
n 1
00
KLO
C)
an
in
de
pe
nd
en
t te
st t
ea
m d
ete
cts
12
0 b
ug
s (6
for
the
se
ed
ed
)
# o
f b
ug
s in
th
e s
yst
em
= 1
0x
12
0/6
= 2
00
# o
f b
ug
s in
th
e s
yst
em
aft
er
rem
ov
al
= 2
00
-1
20
-4
= 7
6
•B
ut,
de
adly
bu
gs v
s. in
sign
ific
ant
on
es;
no
t al
l bu
gs a
re e
qu
ally
de
tect
able
; ( S
ugg
est
ion
[M
usa
87
]:"N
o m
ore
th
an
X b
ug
s/1
K L
OC
ma
y b
e d
ete
cte
d d
uri
ng
te
stin
g"
"No
mo
re t
ha
n X
bu
gs/
1K
LO
C m
ay
be
re
ma
in a
fte
r d
eli
ve
ry,
as
calc
ula
ted
by
th
e M
on
te C
arl
o s
ee
din
g t
ech
niq
ue
"La
wre
nce
Chu
ng
ori
gin
alo
rig
inal
seed
edse
eded
seed
edse
eded
ori
gin
alo
rig
inal
==::
::
66
10
10
114
114
??
190
190
––114;
10000
0
114;
10000
0 ––
(190
(190--1
14)/
100000
114)/
100000
NFR
s:Ef
fici
en
cy
•re
fers
to
th
e le
vel a
t w
hic
h a
so
ftw
are
sys
tem
use
s sc
arce
co
mp
uta
tio
nal
re
sou
rce
s, s
uch
as
CP
U c
ycle
s,
me
mo
ry, d
isk
spac
e, b
uff
ers
an
d c
om
mu
nic
atio
n c
han
ne
ls
•ca
n b
e c
har
acte
rize
d a
lon
g a
nu
mb
er
of
dim
en
sio
ns:
Cap
acit
y:m
axim
um
nu
mb
er
of
use
rs/t
erm
inal
s/tr
ansa
ctio
ns
...
Deg
rad
atio
n o
f se
rvic
e: w
hat
hap
pe
ns
wh
en
a s
yste
m w
ith
cap
acit
y X
wid
gets
pe
r ti
me
un
it r
ece
ive
s X
+1
w
idge
ts?
-Le
t th
e s
yste
m h
and
le t
he
load
, pe
rhap
s w
ith
de
grad
ed
pe
rfo
rman
ce-
Let
the
sys
tem
cra
sh
Tim
ing
co
nst
rain
ts: L
et
stim
ulu
s re
fer
to a
n a
ctio
n p
erf
orm
ed
by
the
use
r/e
nvi
ron
me
nt,
an
d r
esp
on
se r
efe
r to
an
act
ion
ge
ne
rate
d b
y th
e s
yste
m.
Law
renc
e C
hung
respon
se
respon
se
stim
ulus
stim
ulus
--st
imul
usst
imul
us--r
espo
nse
resp
onse
: : e.
g., "
the
syst
em w
ill g
ener
ate
a di
al to
ne w
ithin
10
secs
from
the
tim
e th
e ph
one
is p
icke
d up
"e.
g., "
the
syst
em w
ill g
ener
ate
a di
al to
ne w
ithin
10
secs
from
the
tim
e th
e ph
one
is p
icke
d up
"--
resp
onse
resp
onse
--res
pons
ere
spon
se: :
e.g.
, "th
e sy
stem
will
rec
ord
that
the
phon
e is
in u
se n
o la
ter
than
1 m
icro
e.g.
, "th
e sy
stem
will
rec
ord
that
the
phon
e is
in u
se n
o la
ter
than
1 m
icro
--sec
ond
afte
r it
had
seco
nd a
fter
it ha
d ge
nera
ted
a di
al to
ne"
gene
rate
d a
dial
tone
"--
stim
ulus
stim
ulus
--stim
ulus
stim
ulus
: : e.
g., "
the
user
will
type
her
pas
swor
d w
ithin
15
secs
from
typ
ing
her
logi
n na
me"
e.g.
, "th
e us
er w
ill ty
pe h
er p
assw
ord
with
in 1
5 se
cs fr
om t
ypin
g he
r lo
gin
nam
e"--
resp
onse
resp
onse
--stim
ulus
stim
ulus
: : e.
g., "
the
user
will
sta
rt d
ialin
g th
e ph
one
num
ber
with
in 1
min
ute
from
get
ting
the
dial
tone
"e.
g., "
the
user
will
sta
rt d
ialin
g th
e ph
one
num
ber
with
in 1
min
ute
from
get
ting
the
dial
tone
"
NFR
s:U
sab
ility
•b
road
ly –
qu
alit
y; f
it t
o u
sen
arro
wly
-go
od
UI
•U
sab
ility
insp
ecti
on
:fi
nd
ing
usa
bili
ty p
rob
lem
s in
UI d
esi
gn,
mak
ing
reco
mm
en
dat
ion
s fo
r fi
xin
g th
em
, an
d
imp
rovi
ng
UI d
esi
gn.
•H
eu
rist
ics:
a se
t o
f cr
ite
ria
agai
nst
wh
ich
usa
bili
ty o
f U
I de
sign
is
eva
luat
ed
•"9
usa
bil
ity
he
uri
stic
s"[N
iels
en
90
]•
Pro
mp
tne
ss n
o u
nd
ue
de
lay
in a
cce
pti
ng
info
ite
ms
and
re
spo
nd
ing
to r
eq
ue
sts
•To
lera
nce
no
han
g-u
ps
agai
nst
err
ors
, de
lays
, u
nex
pe
cte
d b
eh
avio
r, e
tc.
•G
uid
an
ce p
rovi
din
g gu
idan
ce f
or
corr
ect
ing
err
ors
, ge
ne
rati
ng
rem
ind
ers
, e
tc.
•C
oh
ere
nce
... .
..
•"1
0 u
sab
ilit
y h
eu
rist
ics"
[Mo
lich
an
d N
iels
en
90
]•
Sim
ple
an
d n
atu
ral d
ialo
gu
e;
Sp
ea
k t
he
use
r’s
lan
gu
ag
e
•M
inim
ize
th
e u
ser’
s m
em
ory
; C
on
sist
en
cy;
Fe
ed
ba
ck
•C
lea
rly
ma
kre
d e
xits
; S
ho
rtcu
ts
•P
reci
se a
nd
co
nst
ruct
ive
err
or
me
ssa
ge
s; P
reve
nt
err
ors
•H
elp
an
d d
ocu
me
nta
tio
nLa
wre
nce
Chu
ng
NFR
s:U
sab
ility
•A
ll u
sers
will
be
sat
isfi
ed
wit
h t
he
usa
bili
ty o
f th
e p
rod
uct
.•
95
% o
f al
l use
rs w
ill b
e s
atis
fie
d w
ith
th
e u
sab
ility
of
the
pro
du
ct.
•9
5%
of
the
use
rs w
ill b
e a
ble
to
co
mp
lete
re
pre
sen
tati
ve t
asks
wit
ho
ut
req
uir
ing
assi
stan
ce (
e.g
., m
od
ifyi
ng
excl
usi
on
dat
e s
et)
•9
5%
of
the
use
rs w
ill b
e a
ble
to
co
mp
lete
re
pre
sen
tati
ve t
asks
by
the
th
ird
att
em
pt
wit
ho
ut
req
uir
ing
assi
stan
ce
•9
5%
of
the
use
rs w
ill b
e a
ble
to
co
mp
lete
tas
ks X
Y Z
by
the
th
ird
att
em
pt
wit
ho
ut
req
uir
ing
assi
stan
ce
•9
5%
of
the
use
rs w
ill b
e a
ble
to
co
mp
lete
tas
ks X
Y Z
in le
ss t
han
10
m
inu
tes
wit
ho
ut
req
uir
ing
assi
stan
ce•
95
% o
f th
e u
sers
will
be
ab
le t
o c
om
ple
te t
ask
X in
less
th
an 1
0 m
inu
tes
wit
ho
ut
req
uir
ing
assi
stan
ce•
80
% o
f th
e u
sers
will
be
ab
le t
o c
om
ple
te t
ask
Y in
less
th
an 1
0 m
inu
tes
•7
7%
of
the
use
rs w
ill b
e a
ble
to
co
mp
lete
tas
k Z
in le
ss t
han
5 m
inu
tes
Law
renc
e C
hung
De
pe
nd
abili
ty•
Dim
en
sio
ns
of
De
pe
nd
abil
ity
–A
vaila
bili
ty-
The
ab
ility
of
the
sys
tem
to
de
live
r se
rvic
es
wh
en
re
qu
est
ed
–R
elia
bili
ty-
The
ab
ility
of
the
sys
tem
to
de
live
r se
rvic
es
as s
pe
cifi
ed
–S
afet
y-
The
ab
ility
of
the
sys
tem
to
op
era
te w
ith
ou
t ca
tast
rop
hic
fai
lure
–S
ecu
rity
-Th
e a
bili
ty o
f th
e s
yste
m t
o p
rote
ct it
self
aga
inst
acc
ide
nta
l or
de
libe
rate
intr
usi
on
Law
renc
e C
hung
��Cost of development
Cost of development--G
eometric
rise in
cost from lo
w dep
endability to highest
Geometric
rise in
cost from lo
w dep
endability to highest
��Effects of low dependability
Effects of low dependability
��Often unu
sed
Often unu
sed
��Failu
re re
covery costs m
ay be high
Failu
re re
covery costs m
ay be high
��Difficult to retrofit depend
ability
Difficult to retrofit depend
ability
��Lo
ss of inform
ation
Loss of inform
ation
��Repeatable improvement process
Repeatable improvement process
helps
helps
��CMM
CMM --S
EI
SEI
��More later
More later
��Critical Systems
Critical Systems
��Safety critical
Safety critical
��Miss
ion critical
Miss
ion critical
��Business critical
Business critical
��Dep
endability a
key aspect
Dep
endability a
key aspect
��A sy
stem
failure causes
A sy
stem
failure causes
��Sign
ificant eco
nomic lo
ssSign
ificant eco
nomic lo
ss��
Physical dam
age
Physical dam
age
��Threat to or lo
ss of hu
man
Threat to or lo
ss of hu
man
life
life
De
pe
nd
abili
ty
•C
ost
of
failu
re–
dir
ect
•Lo
ss o
f lif
e /
In
jury
•Lo
ss o
f b
usi
ne
ss
–In
dir
ect
•
Liti
gati
on
•G
oo
d w
ill
•Availability
and
Reliability
–Fa
cto
rs e
ffe
ctin
g•
Envi
ron
me
nt
off
ice
ve
rsu
s u
niv
ers
ity
•P
erc
ep
tio
n (
fre
qu
en
cy o
f o
ccu
rre
nce
)
•D
egr
ee
s–
Failu
re -
serv
ice
th
at i
s ex
pe
cte
d i
s n
ot
de
live
red
–Er
ror
–b
eh
avio
r th
at d
oe
s n
ot
con
form
to
th
e s
pe
cifi
cati
on
–Fa
ult
–in
corr
ect
sta
te –
un
-an
tici
pat
ed
–H
um
an e
rro
r
Law
renc
e C
hung
��Im
prov
e Im
prov
e reliability
reliability
��Fault avo
idance
Fault avo
idance
��Fault d
etectio
n and remov
al
Fault d
etectio
n and remov
al ––
testing and
testing and
debu
gging
debu
gging
��Fault tolerance
Fault tolerance --
self checking and
self checking and
redu
ndancy
redu
ndancy
��Errors o
f this type are ra
ndom
Errors o
f this type are ra
ndom
��Re
main after testin
g du
e to unforeseen
Remain after testin
g du
e to unforeseen
combinatio
ns of inpu
t or u
secombinatio
ns of inpu
t or u
se��
Rando
m based on user m
etho
dsRando
m based on user m
etho
ds��
Not all inpu
ts don
e the same
Not all inpu
ts don
e the same
��Le
arn to avo
idLe
arn to avo
id��
Therefore re
mov
al of some faults will not
Therefore re
mov
al of some faults will not
improv
e percep
tion
improv
e percep
tion
De
pe
nd
abili
ty -Safety
•A
bili
ty t
o o
pe
rate
no
rmal
ly o
r ab
no
rmal
ly w
ith
ou
t th
reat
to
life
or
en
viro
nm
en
t•
Cla
sse
s–
Pri
mar
y sa
fety
cri
tica
l•
Emb
ed
de
d a
s co
ntr
olle
r
–Se
con
dar
y•
The
re o
utp
ut
cou
ld e
ffe
ct in
dir
ect
ly
oth
er
pro
cess
es
(CA
D)
•R
eas
on
s fo
r le
ss t
han
10
0%
ce
rtai
nty
of
fau
lt t
ole
ran
t/fr
ee
–In
com
ple
te s
pe
cifi
cati
on
–H
ard
war
e m
alfu
nct
ion
–ca
usi
ng
exce
ed
ed
lim
its
in s
oft
war
e–
Inco
rre
ct in
pu
t
Law
renc
e C
hung
��Metho
ds to
lessen chance of
safety failu
reMetho
ds to
lessen chance of
safety failu
re��
Hazard avoidance
Hazard avoidance
��Add
ed con
trol fe
atures (I
.e. two man ru
le)
Add
ed con
trol fe
atures (I
.e. two man ru
le)
��Hazard detection and remov
alHazard detection and remov
al��
Scans for kno
wn causes and
cause preventive actio
nScans for kno
wn causes and
cause preventive actio
n
��Dam
age lim
itatio
n (con
trol)
Dam
age lim
itatio
n (con
trol)
��Firewalls and other p
rotective reactio
ns to
results
Firewalls and other p
rotective reactio
ns to
results
��Te
rms
Term
s��
Accident
Accident
��Hazard
Hazard
��Dam
age
Dam
age
��Hazard Severity
Hazard Severity
��Hazard Prob
ability
Hazard Prob
ability
��Risk
Risk
Spe
cifi
cati
on
•Safety
–IE
C 6
15
08
saf
ety
life
cyc
le
•C
on
cep
t to
de
ath
–H
aza
rd a
na
lysi
s
–Sa
fety
re
qu
ire
me
nts
de
fin
itio
n
–P
lan
nin
g , v
alid
ati
on
, d
eve
lop
me
nt,
ex
tern
al r
isk
red
uct
ion
–Se
pa
rate
sa
fety
va
lida
tio
n –
inst
alla
tio
n
an
d c
om
mis
sio
nin
g
–O
&M
–D
eco
mm
issi
on
ing
–H
azar
d a
nd
Ris
k A
nal
ysis
•It
era
tive
pro
cess
–H
aza
rd Id
en
tifi
cati
on
»H
aza
rd d
esc
rip
tio
n
–R
isk
an
aly
sis
an
d h
aza
rd c
lass
ific
ati
on
»R
isk
ass
ess
me
nt
–H
aza
rd d
eco
mp
osi
tio
n
»A
na
lysi
s a
s to
po
ten
tia
l ca
use
s (f
au
lt-t
ree
an
aly
sis)
–R
isk
red
uct
ion
an
aly
sis
–P
relim
ina
ry s
afe
ty r
eq
uir
em
en
tsLa
wre
nce
Chu
ng��Fault tree
Fault tree
��Deductiv
e Deductiv
e ––start w
ith a hazard
start w
ith a hazard
��Indu
ctive
Indu
ctive ––start w
ith fa
ilure
start w
ith fa
ilure
��Fa
ult tree starts with
the failu
re and
Fa
ult tree starts with
the failu
re and
works backw
ards to
potential causes
works backw
ards to
potential causes
��Risk
assessm
ent
Risk
assessm
ent
��Classificatio
nsClassificatio
ns��
Intolerable
Intolerable
��As low as reason
ably practical
As low as reason
ably practical
(ALA
RP)
(ALA
RP)
��Accep
table
Accep
table
��Fo
r each hazard
For e
ach hazard
��Prob
ability
Prob
ability
��Severity
Severity
��Estim
ated risk
Estim
ated risk
��Risk
redu
ction
Risk
redu
ction
��Avo
idance
Avo
idance
��Detectio
n and remov
alDetectio
n and remov
al��
Dam
age lim
itatio
nDam
age lim
itatio
n
De
pe
nd
abili
ty -Security
•La
ck o
f security
com
pri
se t
o
availability
and
reliability
•Ty
pe
s–
De
nia
l of
serv
ice
–C
orr
up
tio
n o
f p
rogr
ams
or
dat
a
–U
nau
tho
rize
d d
iscl
osu
re
•Te
rms
–E
xpo
sure
–V
uln
era
bili
ty
–A
ttac
k
–T
hre
ats
–C
on
tro
ls
•M
eth
od
s–
Vu
lne
rab
ility
avo
idan
ce
–D
ete
ctio
n a
nd
ne
utr
aliz
atio
n
–D
amag
e li
mit
atio
n
Law
renc
e C
hung
��Security
Security Specification
Specification
��Similar to safety
Similar to safety
��Im
practic
al to
specify
Impractic
al to
specify
��Usually are “shall n
ot”
Usually are “shall n
ot”
��Cycle in
General
Cycle in
General
��Asset ID
and
evaluation
Asset ID
and
evaluation
��Degree of
impo
rtance
Degree of
impo
rtance
��Threat a
nalysis
and
risk assessm
ent
Threat a
nalysis
and
risk assessm
ent
��Threat a
ssignm
ent lists all threats against each
Threat a
ssignm
ent lists all threats against each
asset
asset
��Te
chno
logy analysis
what is available to cou
nteract
Techno
logy analysis
what is available to cou
nteract
��Security specificatio
nSecurity specificatio
n
Spe
cifi
cati
on
•R
eq
uir
em
en
ts s
pe
cifi
cati
on
–Fu
nct
ion
al
for
err
or
de
tect
ion
an
d r
eco
very
–N
on
fu
nct
ion
al f
or reliability
an
d availability
–Sh
all
no
t re
qu
ire
me
nts
•Reliability
spe
cifi
cati
on
–H
ard
wa
re–
Soft
wa
re–
Op
era
tor
•D
ecr
ea
se p
rob
ab
ility
of
failu
re–
For
a s
eri
es
of
de
pe
nd
en
t co
mp
on
en
ts P
t =
su
m o
f P
1 t
o P
n–
Bu
t if
th
ere
are
n r
ep
lica
ted
(re
du
nd
an
t) a
nd
ind
ep
en
de
nt
com
po
ne
nts
th
en
th
e P
t=p
a t
o t
he
nth
•M
etr
ics
for reliability
–P
OFD
pro
ba
bili
ty o
f fa
ilure
on
de
ma
nd
.00
01
= 1
on
10
00
0•
Syst
em
s w
ith
un
pre
dic
tab
le d
em
an
d o
ver
lon
g ti
me
p
eri
od
s –
em
erg
en
cy s
yste
ms
–R
OC
OF
Ra
te o
f fa
ilure
occ
urr
en
ce 2
/10
00
•
Syst
em
s w
ith
a r
egu
lar
de
ma
nd
atm
/air
line
re
serv
ati
on
s
–M
TT
F M
ea
n t
ime
to
Fa
ilure
avg
tim
e b
etw
ee
n o
bse
rve
d f
ailu
res
5
00
= a
vg o
f 1
in 5
00
tim
e u
nit
s•
Syst
em
s w
ith
lon
g tr
an
sact
ion
s (a
uto
sav
e)
–A
VA
IL p
rob
ab
ility
sys
tem
is a
vaila
ble
at
an
y gi
ven
tim
e
.99
9 e
qu
als
in e
very
giv
en
10
00
tim
e u
nit
s sy
ste
m is
like
ly t
o b
e
ava
ilab
le f
or
99
9 o
f th
ese
•Sy
ste
ms
of
con
tin
uo
us
serv
ice
; tp
sw
itch
La
wre
nce
Chu
ng
��Non
Non
--fun
ctional
functio
nal reliability
reliabilityrequ
irements
requ
irements
��ID
type of failu
re to
occur
ID ty
pe of failu
re to
occur
��Pa
rtition
them
into
Partition
them
into
��Transie
ntTransie
nt��
Perm
anent
Perm
anent
��Re
coverable
Recoverable
��Unrecov
erable
Unrecov
erable
��Non
Non
--corrupting
corrup
ting
��Corrupting
Corrupting
��Define the approp
riate re
quire
ment (metric
)Define the approp
riate re
quire
ment (metric
)��
E.g. recov
erable w
/intervention
E.g. recov
erable w
/intervention ––PO
FOD
POFO
D��
If autom
atic th
e RO
COF
If autom
atic th
e RO
COF
��Assign a prop
er m
etric
as a functio
nal
Assign a prop
er m
etric
as a functio
nal
reliability metric
reliability metric
NFR
s:W
ith
Rat
ion
al U
nif
ied
Pro
cess
an
d U
ML
Tab
le o
f C
on
ten
ts1
.In
tro
du
ctio
n5
1.1
Pu
rpo
se5
1.2
Sco
pe
51
.3D
efi
nit
ion
s, A
cro
nym
s, a
nd
Ab
bre
viat
ion
s5
1.4
Re
fere
nce
s5
2.
Po
siti
on
ing
52
.1B
usi
ne
ss O
pp
ort
un
ity
52
.2P
rob
lem
Sta
tem
en
t5
2.3
Pro
du
ct P
osi
tio
n S
tate
me
nt
63
.St
ake
ho
lde
r an
d U
ser
De
scri
pti
on
s6
3.1
Mar
ket
De
mo
grap
hic
s6
3.2
Stak
eh
old
er
Sum
mar
y6
3.3
Use
r Su
mm
ary
73
.4U
ser
Envi
ron
me
nt
73
.5St
ake
ho
lde
r P
rofi
les
73
.5.1
Ho
me
ow
ne
r7
3.5
.2B
usi
ne
ss O
wn
er
83
.5.3
Cu
sto
me
r C
are
83
.6U
ser
Pro
file
s9
3.7
Ke
y St
ake
ho
lde
r o
r U
ser
Ne
ed
s9
3.8
Alt
ern
ativ
es
and
Co
mp
eti
tio
n9
3.8
.1H
ou
se S
itte
r9
3.8
.2H
om
e S
ecu
rity
Sys
tem
an
d M
on
ito
rin
g C
om
pan
y9
Law
renc
e C
hung
Hom
e A
pplia
nce
Con
trol
Sys
tem
Vis
ion
Ver
sion
1.2
Rev
isio
n H
isto
ryD
ate
Ver
sion
Des
crip
tion
Aut
hor
4.4.Prod
uct O
verview
Prod
uct O
verview
994.1
4.1
Prod
uct P
erspectiv
eProd
uct P
erspectiv
e99
4.2
4.2
Summary of Capabilities
Summary of Capabilities
10104.3
4.3
Assum
ptions and
Dependencies
Assum
ptions and
Dependencies
11114.4
4.4
Cost and
Pric
ing
Cost and
Pric
ing
11114.5
4.5
Licensing and Installatio
nLicensing and Installatio
n1111
5.5.Prod
uct F
eatures
Prod
uct F
eatures
11115.1
5.1
Start system
Start system
11115.2
5.2
Shutdo
wn system
Shutdo
wn system
11115.3
5.3
View status of s
ystem
View status of s
ystem
11115.4
5.4
Add
a new
group
of sequences
Add
a new
group
of sequences
1212……
6.
6.
Constraints
Constraints
14
14
6.1
6.1
Security
Security
14
14
6.2
6.2
Usability
Usability
15
15
6.3
6.3
Responsiveness
Responsiveness
15
15
6.4
6.4
Capacity
Capacity
15
15
Appendix A. COTS Components
Appendix A. COTS Components
15
15
NFR
s:W
ith
Rat
ion
al U
nif
ied
Pro
cess
an
d U
ML
6.
Co
nst
rain
ts
6.1
Se
curi
ty
Secu
rity
for
the
HA
CS
incl
ud
es
auth
en
tica
tio
n, a
cce
ss c
on
tro
l, d
ata
inte
grit
y, a
nd
dat
a p
riva
cy.
Au
the
nti
cati
on
of
the
use
r is
by
ide
nti
fie
r an
d p
assw
ord
.
Ho
me
ow
ne
rs a
nd
Bu
sin
ess
Ow
ne
rs c
an m
on
ito
r an
d c
han
ge t
he
sta
te o
f th
e s
yste
m.
Cu
sto
me
r C
are
use
rs c
an o
nly
mo
nit
or
the
sys
tem
an
d m
anu
ally
pla
ce a
me
dic
al a
lert
91
1 e
me
rge
ncy
re
qu
est
fo
r an
am
bu
lan
ce.
Tran
smis
sio
ns
sho
uld
be
en
cryp
ted
fo
r p
riva
cy
6.2
Usa
bili
ty
Easy
to
use
(e
spe
cial
ly s
afe
ty r
ela
ted
fe
atu
res)
Re
qu
est
fo
r an
am
bu
lan
ce,
po
lice
or
fire
tru
ck n
ee
ds
to b
e a
t th
e p
ush
of
a b
utt
on
or
voic
e a
ctiv
ate
d
6.3
Re
spo
nsi
ven
ess
Syst
em
re
spo
nd
s q
uic
kly
to u
ser
req
ue
sts
or
chan
ges
in t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t.
Syst
em
re
spo
nd
s w
ith
in 2
se
con
ds
on
ave
rage
to
loca
l use
r re
qu
est
s an
d c
han
ges
in t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t.
Syst
em
re
spo
nd
s w
ith
in 4
se
con
ds
on
ave
rage
to
re
mo
te u
ser
req
ue
sts
and
ch
ange
s in
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt.
6.4
Ca
pa
city
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
qu
en
ces
for
ind
oo
r lig
hts
is t
we
nty
(20
)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f in
do
or
ligh
ts t
hat
can
be
co
ntr
olle
d is
fif
ty (
50
)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
qu
en
ces
for
ou
tdo
or
ligh
ts is
tw
en
ty (2
0)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f o
utd
oo
r lig
hts
th
at c
an b
e c
on
tro
lled
is f
ifty
(5
0)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
qu
en
ces
for
rad
ios,
CD
pla
yers
, te
levi
sio
ns
is t
we
nty
(20
)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f ra
dio
s, C
D p
laye
rs, t
ele
visi
on
s th
at c
an b
e c
on
tro
lled
is t
en
(1
0)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
qu
en
ces
for
safe
ty a
nd
se
curi
ty e
qu
ipm
en
t is
tw
en
ty (2
0)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
nso
rs,
secu
rity
cam
era
s, s
ecu
rity
VC
Rs,
em
erg
en
cy n
oti
fica
tio
ns,
th
at c
an b
e c
on
tro
lled
is f
ifty
(5
0)
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s: W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te
Th
e A
tla
nti
c Syst
em
s G
uild
Lim
ite
d
Tab
le o
f C
on
ten
ts(h
ttp
://w
ww
.vo
lere
.co
.uk/
tem
pla
te.h
tm)
PR
OJE
CT
DR
IVE
RS
:1.
The
Pur
pose
of t
he P
roje
ct2.
Clie
nt, C
usto
mer
, Sta
keho
lder
s3.
Use
rs o
f the
Pro
duct
PR
OJE
CT
CO
NS
TR
AIN
TS
:4.
Man
date
d C
onst
rain
ts5.
Nam
ing
Con
vent
ions
and
Def
initi
ons
6. R
elev
ant F
acts
and
Ass
umpt
ions
FU
NC
TIO
NA
L R
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
:7.
The
Sco
pe o
f the
Wor
k8.
The
Sco
pe o
f the
Pro
duct
9. F
unct
iona
l and
Dat
a R
equi
rem
ents
NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:
10. L
ook
and
Fee
l11
. Usa
bilit
y an
d H
uman
ity12
. Per
form
ance
13. O
pera
tiona
l14
. Mai
ntai
nabi
lity
and
Sup
port
15. S
ecur
ity16
. Cul
tura
l and
Pol
itica
l17
. Leg
al
PR
OJE
CT
ISS
UE
S:
18. O
pen
Issu
es19
. Off-
the-
shel
f S
olut
ions
20. N
ew P
robl
ems
21. T
asks
22. C
utov
er23
. Ris
ks24
. Cos
ts25
. Use
r D
ocum
enta
tion
and
Tra
inin
g26
. Wai
ting
Roo
m27
. Ide
as f
or S
olut
ions
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s: W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te
10
Lo
ok
an
d F
ee
l Re
qu
ire
me
nts
10
a.
Th
e in
terf
ace
Co
nte
nt
Th
e s
ect
ion
co
nta
ins
req
uir
em
en
ts r
ela
tin
g to
sp
irit
of
the
inte
rfa
ce. Y
ou
r cl
ien
t m
ay h
ave
giv
en
yo
u p
art
icu
lar
de
ma
nd
s su
cha
s co
rpo
rate
bra
nd
ing
, sty
le,
colo
rs t
o b
e u
sed
, de
gre
e o
f in
tera
ctio
n a
nd
so
on
. T
his
se
ctio
n c
ap
ture
s th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts f
or
the
inte
rfa
ce r
ath
er
tha
n t
he
de
sign
fo
r th
e in
terf
ace
.
Mo
tiva
tio
n
To e
nsu
re t
ha
t th
e a
pp
ea
ran
ce o
f th
e p
rod
uct
co
nfo
rms
to t
he
org
an
iza
tio
nÕ
s ex
pe
cta
tio
ns.
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
com
ply
wit
h c
orp
ora
te b
ran
din
g st
an
da
rds.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
att
ract
ive
to
a t
ee
na
ge a
ud
ien
ce.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
ap
pe
ar
au
tho
rita
tive
.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Inte
rfa
ce d
esi
gn m
ay o
verl
ap
th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts g
ath
eri
ng
pro
cess
. Th
is p
art
icu
larl
y tr
ue
if y
ou
are
usi
ng
pro
toty
pin
g a
s p
art
of
you
r re
qu
ire
me
nts
pro
cess
. A
s p
roto
typ
es
de
velo
p it
is im
po
rta
nt
to c
ap
ture
th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts t
ha
t re
late
to
th
e lo
ok
an
d f
ee
l. I
n
oth
er
wo
rds,
be
su
re t
ha
t yo
u u
nd
ers
tan
d y
ou
r cl
ien
t's
inte
nti
on
s fo
r th
e p
rod
uct
's lo
ok
an
d f
ee
l. R
eco
rd t
he
se a
s re
qu
ire
me
nts
in
ste
ad
of
me
rely
hav
ing
a p
roto
typ
e t
o w
hic
h t
he
clie
nt
ha
s n
od
de
d h
is a
pp
rova
l.
10
b.
Th
e s
tyle
of
the
pro
du
ct
Co
nte
nt
A d
esc
rip
tio
n o
f sa
lien
t fe
atu
res
of
the
pro
du
ct t
ha
t a
re r
ela
ted
to
th
e w
ay a
po
ten
tia
l cu
sto
me
r w
ill s
ee
th
e p
rod
uct
. Fo
r ex
am
ple
, if
you
r cl
ien
t w
an
ts t
he
pro
du
ct t
o a
pp
ea
l to
th
e b
usi
ne
ss e
xecu
tive
, th
en
a lo
ok
an
d f
ee
l re
qu
ire
me
nt
is t
ha
t th
e
pro
du
ct h
as
a c
on
serv
ati
ve a
nd
pro
fess
ion
al a
pp
ea
ran
ce. S
imila
rly
if t
he
pro
du
ct is
fo
r sa
le t
o c
hild
ren
, th
en
th
e lo
ok
an
d f
ee
lre
qu
ire
me
nt
is t
ha
t it
be
co
lorf
ul a
nd
loo
k lik
e it
's in
ten
de
d f
or
child
ren
. …
Mo
tiva
tio
n
Giv
en
th
e s
tate
of
tod
ay's
ma
rke
t a
nd
pe
op
le's
exp
ect
ati
on
s, …
On
ce t
he
fu
nct
ion
al r
eq
uir
em
en
ts a
re s
ati
sfie
d, i
t is
oft
en
th
e
ap
pe
ara
nce
of
pro
du
cts
tha
t d
ete
rmin
es
wh
eth
er
the
y a
re s
ucc
ess
ful o
r n
ot.
…
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Th
e lo
ok
an
d f
ee
l re
qu
ire
me
nts
sp
eci
fy t
he
yo
ur
clie
nt'
s vi
sio
n o
f th
e p
rod
uct
's a
pp
ea
ran
ce. T
he
re
qu
ire
me
nts
may
at
firs
t se
em
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s: W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te
11
Usa
bili
ty a
nd
Hu
ma
nit
y R
eq
uir
em
en
ts
11
a.
Ease
of
use
.
Co
nte
nt
Th
is s
ect
ion
de
scri
be
s yo
ur
clie
nt'
s a
spir
ati
on
s fo
r h
ow
ea
sy it
will
be
fo
r th
e in
ten
de
d u
sers
of
the
pro
du
ct t
o o
pe
rate
it.T
he
pro
du
ct's
usa
bili
ty is
de
rive
d f
rom
th
e
ab
iliti
es
of
the
exp
ect
ed
use
rs o
f th
e p
rod
uct
an
d t
he
co
mp
lexi
ty o
f it
s fu
nct
ion
alit
y.
Th
e u
sab
ility
re
qu
ire
me
nts
sh
ou
ld c
ove
r su
ch t
hin
gs a
s:
Effi
cie
ncy
of
use
-h
ow
qu
ickl
y o
r a
ccu
rate
ly t
he
use
r ca
n u
se t
he
pro
du
ct.
Ease
of
rem
em
be
rin
g -
ho
w m
uch
is t
he
ca
sua
l use
r ex
pe
cte
d t
o r
em
em
be
r a
bo
ut
usi
ng
the
pro
du
ct
Erro
r ra
tes
-fo
r so
me
pro
du
cts
it i
s cr
uci
al t
ha
t th
e u
ser
com
mit
s ve
ry f
ew
, o
r n
o,
err
ors
.
Ove
rall
sati
sfa
ctio
n in
usi
ng
the
pro
du
ct -
this
is e
spe
cia
lly im
po
rta
nt
for
com
me
rcia
l, in
tera
ctiv
e p
rod
uct
s w
he
re t
he
re is
a lo
t o
f co
mp
eti
tio
n.
We
b s
ite
s a
re g
oo
d e
xam
ple
of
this
.
Fee
db
ack
-h
ow
mu
ch f
ee
db
ack
do
es
the
use
r n
ee
d in
ord
er
to f
ee
l co
nfi
de
nt
tha
t th
e p
rod
uct
is a
ctu
ally
acc
ura
tely
do
ing
wh
at
the
use
r ex
pe
cts.
Th
e n
ece
ssa
ry d
egr
ee
of
fee
db
ack
will
be
hig
he
r fo
r so
me
pro
du
cts
(eg:
sa
fety
cri
tica
l) t
ha
n in
oth
ers
.
Mo
tiva
tio
n
To g
uid
e t
he
pro
du
ct's
de
sign
ers
into
bu
ildin
g a
pro
du
ct t
ha
t w
ill m
ee
t th
e e
xpe
cta
tio
ns
of
its
eve
ntu
al u
sers
.
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
ea
sy f
or
11
ye
ar-
old
ch
ildre
n t
o u
se.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
he
lp t
he
use
r to
avo
id m
aki
ng
mis
take
s.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
ma
ke t
he
use
rs w
an
t to
use
it.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
use
d b
y p
eo
ple
wit
h n
o t
rain
ing
, an
d p
oss
ibly
no
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
Engl
ish
.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
Th
ese
exa
mp
les
may
se
em
sim
plis
tic,
bu
t th
ey
do
exp
ress
th
e in
ten
tio
n o
f th
e c
lien
t. T
o c
om
ple
tely
sp
eci
fy w
ha
t is
me
an
t b
y th
e
req
uir
em
en
t it
is n
ece
ssa
ry t
o a
dd
a m
ea
sure
me
nt
of
acc
ep
tan
ce. W
e c
all
this
a f
it c
rite
rio
n.
Th
e f
it c
rite
rio
n f
or
the
ab
ove
exa
mp
les
wo
uld
be
:
[An
agr
ee
d p
erc
en
tage
, say
90
%]
of
a t
est
pa
ne
l of
11
ye
ar
old
s sh
all
be
ab
le t
o s
ucc
ess
fully
co
mp
lete
[lis
t o
f ta
sks]
wit
hin
[sp
eci
fie
d t
ime
]
On
e m
on
th's
use
of
the
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll re
sult
in a
to
tal e
rro
r ra
te o
f le
ss t
ha
n [
an
agr
ee
d p
erc
en
tage
, say
2%
]
An
an
on
ymo
us
surv
ey
sha
ll sh
ow
th
at
[an
agr
ee
d p
erc
en
tage
, say
75
%]
of
the
use
rs a
re r
egu
larl
y u
sin
g th
e p
rod
uct
aft
er
[an
agr
ee
d t
ime
] fa
mili
ari
zati
on
pe
rio
d.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Law
renc
e C
hung
�Why
�What
�Some Classification Schemes
�NFRs and RE Processes
�Some Individual NFRs
�With Rational Unified Process and UML
�With Volere Requirements Specification Templates
No
n-F
un
ctio
nal
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Pra
ctic
es
and
Re
com
me
nd
atio
ns:
A B
rie
f Sy
no
psi
s
No
n-F
un
ctio
nal
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Wh
at -
Ess
en
tial
Co
nce
pts
M MMM, P
rog
Pro
gP
rog
Pro
g|=
S SSS;
G GGGs sss, ,,,S SSS
, D DDD
|= R RRR
; (G GGG
s sss, ,,,R RRR
, D DDD
|= G GGG
) V
(G GGG
s sss, ,,,R RRR
, D DDD
|~ G GGG
); (
G GGG|=
¬ ¬¬¬P PPP
) V
(G GGG
|~ ¬ ¬¬¬
P PPP)
R:a
mod
el o
f th
e re
quire
men
ts
D:
a m
odel
of
the
envi
ronm
ent
S:
a m
odel
of
the
sw b
ehav
ior
satis
fy
acts upon
constrains
G: g
oals
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
Fn
Fn
NF
nN
Fn
WW RR SS
S, A
c, D
╞ R
wit
h S
, A
c, D
|≠
fa
lse
R, A
s, D
╞ G
wit
h R
, A
s, D
|≠ f
als
e
NFR
s:fu
nct
ion
al v
s. n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al:
a m
ath
em
atic
al p
ers
pe
ctiv
e
•(m
ath
em
atic
al)
fun
ctio
n:
f 1:
I -
>
Of 2
: I 1
X I
2
->
Oe
.g.:
su
m:
R X
R -
> R
•n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al:
–H
ow
fas
t ca
n it
be
do
ne
?–
Ho
w p
reci
se is
th
e a
nsw
er?
–H
ow
eas
y is
it t
o f
igu
re o
ut
ho
w t
o u
se it
?–
Ho
w r
ob
ust
is it
co
nce
rnin
g th
e 2
nd
inp
ut
of
f 2?
–W
ho
can
use
it?
–C
an it
be
ch
ange
d e
asily
?–
Ho
w m
uch
wo
uld
it c
ost
to
de
sign
an
d im
ple
me
nt
it?
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:fu
nct
ion
al v
s. n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al:
a m
ath
em
atic
al p
ers
pe
ctiv
e
•(m
ath
em
atic
al)
fun
ctio
n:
f(x,
y)
=
f 1(f
2(x
), f
3(y
))
•n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al:
nf(
x, y
) =
n
f 1(n
f 2(x
), n
f 3(y
))
nf(
x, y
) =
n
f 1(n
f 2(n
(x))
, nf 3
(n(y
)))
Glo
ba
l na
ture
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:su
bje
ctiv
e, g
rad
ed
, in
tera
ctin
g
•Su
bje
ctiv
e v
s. o
bje
ctiv
e:
sub
ject
ive
ob
ject
ive
•G
rad
ed
:
wo
rse
be
tte
r
exp
en
sive
che
ape
r
slo
we
rfa
ste
r
•In
tera
ctin
g:–
Co
nfl
icti
ng:
th
e w
ho
le is
less
th
an t
he
su
m o
f it
s p
arts
–Sy
ne
rgis
tic:
th
e w
ho
le is
mo
re t
han
th
e s
um
of
its
par
ts
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:su
bje
ctiv
ein
bo
th d
efin
itio
ns
& s
olu
tio
ns
Cla
ssifi
catio
n 2
-P
roce
ss, P
rodu
ct a
nd E
xter
nal
cons
ider
atio
ns[S
om
me
rvill
e 1
99
2]
Law
renc
e C
hungC
lass
ifica
tion
5 C
lass
ifica
tion
5 --
Sof
twar
e Q
ualit
y Tr
eeS
oftw
are
Qua
lity
Tree
[Boehm 1976]
[Boehm 1976]
Cla
ssifi
catio
n 1
Cla
ssifi
catio
n 1
[Rom
an, I
EE
E C
ompu
ter 1
985]
[Rom
an, I
EE
E C
ompu
ter 1
985]
NFR
s:su
bje
ctiv
ein
bo
th d
efin
itio
ns
& s
olu
tio
ns
�C
on
sid
er
“se
curi
ty”
–p
rob
lem
is s
ub
ject
ive
•P
rote
ctio
n o
f d
ata
alo
ne
, fin
e w
ith
Ch
ris
•P
rote
ctio
n o
f d
ata,
an
d d
ata
avai
lab
ility
, fin
e w
ith
Pat
•P
rote
ctio
n o
f d
ata,
an
d d
ata
avai
lab
ility
, an
d d
ata
accu
racy
, fin
e w
ith
Ale
x
•P
rote
ctio
n o
f d
ata,
an
d d
ata
avai
lab
ility
, an
d d
ata
accu
racy
, an
d f
ilte
rin
g o
f vi
ruse
s,
fin
e w
ith
Ne
o
•P
rote
ctio
n o
f d
ata,
an
d d
ata
avai
lab
ility
, an
d d
ata
accu
racy
, an
d f
ilte
rin
g o
f vi
ruse
s,
and
blo
ckin
g ad
war
e, f
ine
wit
h G
ail La
wre
nce
Chu
ng
��Con
sider “security”
Con
sider “security” ––
solutio
ns are sub
jective
solutio
ns are sub
jective
��A passw
ord authentication fin
e with
Chris
A passw
ord authentication fin
e with
Chris
��A passw
ord authentication, w
ith periodic change, fine with
Pat
A passw
ord authentication, w
ith periodic change, fine with
Pat
��A passw
ord, to
gether with
a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n, fine with
Alex
A passw
ord, to
gether with
a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n, fine with
Alex
��A passw
ord, w
ith a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n rechecked every ho
ur, fine with
Neo
A passw
ord, w
ith a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n rechecked every ho
ur, fine with
Neo
��A passw
ord, w
ith a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n rechecked every ho
ur, and
co
A passw
ord, w
ith a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n rechecked every ho
ur, and
co--presence of two
presence of two
peop
le, fine with
Gail
peop
le, fine with
Gail
NFR
s:su
bje
ctiv
e –
and
als
o r
ela
tive
in p
rio
riti
es
Law
renc
e C
hung
security
performance
reliability
usability
security
safety
reliability
reliability
security
NFR
s:gr
ade
d in
bo
th d
efin
itio
ns
and
so
luti
on
s –
and
re
lati
ve
very
bad
bad
goo
dve
ry g
oo
d
wo
rse
be
tte
r
exp
en
sive
che
ape
r
slo
we
rfa
ste
r
Law
renc
e C
hung
��Protectio
n of
data alon
e go
odProtectio
n of
data alon
e go
od��
A passw
ord authentication alon
e bad
A passw
ord authentication alon
e bad
��Protectio
n of
data alon
e << Protection of
data, and
data availability
Protectio
n of
data alon
e << Protection of
data, and
data availability
��A passw
ord authentication <<
A passw
ord authentication <<
A passw
ord, to
gether with
a fing
erprint v
erificatio
nA passw
ord, to
gether with
a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n
NFR
s:in
tera
ctin
g
–C
on
flic
tin
g: t
he
wh
ole
is le
ss t
han
th
e s
um
of
its
par
ts
�A
pas
swo
rd,
wit
h a
fin
gerp
rin
t ve
rifi
cati
on
re
che
cke
d e
very
ho
ur,
fin
e f
or
secu
rity
�Si
mp
licit
y is
th
e k
ey f
or
eas
e-o
f-u
se
–Sy
ne
rgis
tic:
th
e w
ho
le is
mo
re t
han
th
e s
um
of
its
par
ts
Law
renc
e C
hung
��A passw
ord, w
ith a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n rechecked every ho
ur, fine for security
A passw
ord, w
ith a fing
erprint v
erificatio
n rechecked every ho
ur, fine for security
��Re
stric
ted access is goo
d for d
ata accuracy
Restric
ted access is goo
d for d
ata accuracy
No
n-F
un
ctio
nal
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Wh
at -
Ess
en
tial
Co
nce
pts
�n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al,
�su
bje
ctiv
e,
�gr
ad
ed
,
�in
tera
ctin
g
�–
an
d r
ela
tive
�-
in b
oth
de
fin
itio
ns
& s
olu
tio
ns
No
n-F
un
ctio
nal
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Ho
w 1
-E
sse
nti
al T
asks
M MMM, P
rog
Pro
gP
rog
Pro
g|=
S SSS;
G GGGs sss, ,,,S SSS
, D DDD
|= R RRR
; (G GGG
s sss, ,,,R RRR
, D DDD
|= G GGG
) V
(G GGG
s sss, ,,,R RRR
, D DDD
|~ G GGG
); (
G GGG|=
¬ ¬¬¬P PPP
) V
(G GGG
|~ ¬ ¬¬¬
P PPP)
R:a
mod
el o
f th
e re
quire
men
ts
D:
a m
odel
of
the
envi
ronm
ent
S:
a m
odel
of
the
sw b
ehav
ior
satis
fy
acts upon
constrains
G: g
oals
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
Fn
Fn
NF
nN
Fn
WW RR SS
S, A
c, D
╞ R
wit
h S
, A
c, D
|≠
fa
lse
R, A
s, D
╞ G
wit
h R
, A
s, D
|≠ f
als
e
NFR
s:fu
nct
ion
al v
s. n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al:
a m
ath
em
atic
al p
ers
pe
ctiv
e
Law
renc
e C
hung
��(m
athematical) fun
ction:
(mathematical) fun
ction:
ff 11: I
: I --> O
> O
ff 22: I
: I 11
X I
X I
2
2 -->
O
> O
e.g.: sum
: R X
R
e.g.: sum
: R X
R --> R
> R
��no
nno
n--functio
nal:
functio
nal:
��How
fast can it be do
ne?
How
fast can it be do
ne? Fast,
Fast,Fast(f), Fast(f
Fast(f), Fast(f 22))
��How
precise is th
e answ
er?
How
precise is th
e answ
er? Precise, Precise(f), Precise(O
)Precise, Precise(f), Precise(O
)��
How
easy is it to figu
re out how
to use it?
How
easy is it to figu
re out how
to use it?
Easy
Easy--toto--learn, Easy
learn, Easy--toto--learn(f), Easy
learn(f), Easy--toto--learn(f
learn(f22), Easy
), Easy--toto--learn(x)
learn(x)
��How
robu
st is th
e inpu
t?
How
robu
st is th
e inpu
t? Robust,
Robust,Robust(I
Robust(I
11)), , R
obust(I
Robust(I
22))��
Who
can use it?
Who
can use it? Security, Security(f), Security(I), Security(O
), Security
Security, Security(f), Security(I), Security(O
), Security
(f(f22),),Accessibility, Accessibility(f), Accessibility(O)
Accessibility, Accessibility(f), Accessibility(O)
��Can it be changed easily?
Can it be changed easily?
Changeability, Changeability(f), Changeability(f
Changeability, Changeability(f), Changeability(f 22))
��How
much wou
ld it cost?
How
much wou
ld it cost?
Cost, Design
Cost, Design--cost(f), Implementation
cost(f), Implementation--cost(f), Testing
cost(f), Testing--cost(f
cost(f22))
f(x, y) =
f
f(x, y) =
f 11(f(f22(x
), f
(x), f 33(y))
(y))
nnf(x, y) =
f(x, y) =
nnff 11((nnff 22(x),
(x), nnff 33(y))
(y))
nnf(x, y) =
f(x, y) =
nnf1(
f1(nnf2(
f2(nn(x)),
(x)), nnf3(
f3(nn(y)))
(y)))
The
NFR
Fra
me
wo
rk
•B
ase
d o
n t
rad
itio
nal
fra
me
wo
rk f
or
pro
ble
m s
olv
ing
in A
I [N
ilsso
n]
–E
stab
lish
th
e g
oal
s–
Intr
od
uce
su
b-g
oal
s to
sat
isfy
th
e g
oal
wh
ere
th
e r
ela
tio
nsh
ip is
AN
D o
r O
R•
AN
D g
oal
is s
atis
fie
d w
he
n a
ll o
f su
b g
oal
s ar
e s
atis
fie
d•
OR
go
al is
sat
isfi
ed
wh
en
an
y o
f th
e s
ub
go
als
are
me
t
–C
on
tin
ue
un
til y
ou
can
no
t d
eco
mp
ose
fu
rth
er
•S
oft
goal
So
ftg
oal
So
ftg
oal
So
ftg
oal:
no
cle
ar-c
ut
def
init
ion
an
d o
r cr
ite
ria
as t
o w
he
the
r it
is s
atis
fie
d o
r n
ot
, si
nce
NFR
s ar
e s
ub
ject
ive
, re
lati
ve,
and
inte
rde
pe
nd
en
t–
Intr
od
uce
co
nce
pt
of sa
tisf
icin
g–
Pro
vid
e b
asis
fo
r sa
yin
g th
e s
oft
goal
can
co
ntr
ibu
te p
osi
tive
ly o
r n
eg
ati
vely
, fu
lly
or
pa
rtia
lly ,
to
so
me
de
gre
e in
sat
isfy
ing
oth
er
soft
goal
s (i
.e.,
ach
ieve
d n
ot
abso
lute
ly b
ut
wit
hin
ac
cep
tab
le li
mit
s).
•S
oft
go
al I
nte
rde
pen
dency
Gra
ph
s(S
IGs)
–Fo
r m
od
elin
g n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al r
eq
uir
em
en
ts a
nd
inte
rde
pe
nd
en
cie
s b
etw
ee
n t
he
m
•In
tro
du
ces
Cata
log
ue
so
f N
FRs
mu
ch li
ke p
atte
rns
for
de
sign
are
bu
ilt
Law
renc
e C
hung
[Sul
livan
07 le
ctur
e no
tes]
[Sul
livan
07 le
ctur
e no
tes]
Qualitative in nature, Process oriented
Qualitative in nature, Process oriented
{Chu
ng e
t.al.}
Non
-fun
ctio
nal R
equi
rem
ents
in S
oftw
are
Eng
inee
ring
The
NFR
Fra
me
wo
rk
Law
renc
e C
hung
Sec
ure
Acc
ount
s
Inte
grity
of
Acc
ount
sC
onfid
entia
lity
ofA
ccou
nts
Ava
ilabi
lity
ofA
ccou
nts
Inte
grity
of
Acc
ount
s
Con
fiden
tialit
y of
Acc
ount
s
Ava
ilabi
lity
ofA
ccou
nts
Com
plet
eA
ccou
nts
Acc
urat
eA
ccou
nts
Sec
ure
Acc
ount
s
Sub
-goa
ls
U
Make
Make>>
>> H
elp
Help>>
>> H
urt
Hurt>
>
>>
Break
Break
Qualitative in nature, Process oriented
Qualitative in nature, Process oriented
NF
R s
oftg
oal
Sub
-goa
ls
next
slid
e
The
NFR
Fra
me
wo
rk
Law
renc
e C
hung
Make
Make>>
>> H
elp
Help>>
>> H
urt
Hurt>
>
>>
Break
Break
USoftgoal Interdependency Graph (SIG)
Softgoal Interdependency Graph (SIG)
prev
ious
slid
eS
oftg
oal t
ypes
:�
NF
R�
Ope
ratio
naliz
ing
(sat
isfic
ing
tech
niqu
e)�
Cla
im (
supp
ortin
g/ex
plai
ning
a c
hoic
e)
Sof
tgoa
l :=
Info
rmal
Sg|
For
mal
Sg
For
mal
Sg
:= T
ype
[Top
ic]
Con
trib
utio
n ty
pes:
�A
ND
(de
com
posi
tion)
�O
R (
alte
rnat
ives
)
Labe
ls(e
valu
atio
n of
sof
tgoa
ls/c
ontr
ibut
ions
)�
satis
ficed
�de
nied
�co
nflic
ting
�un
dete
rmin
ed
Acc
urac
y [A
cct]
Acc
urac
y [P
rem
ierA
cct]
Acc
urac
y [G
oldA
cct]
Acc
urac
y [R
egul
arA
cct]
Acc
urac
y [G
oldA
cct.d
ebit]
Acc
urac
y [G
oldA
cct.c
redi
t]
!Acc
urac
y [G
oldA
cct.h
ighS
pend
ing]
Aud
iting
[G
oldA
cct.h
ighS
pend
ing]
Val
idat
ion
[Gol
dAcc
t.hig
hSpe
ndin
g]
Val
idat
edB
y [G
oldA
cct.h
ighS
pend
ing,
clas
s-I-s
ecre
tary
]
Cla
im [o
ne o
f vita
l few
]
Cla
im [p
ast e
xper
ienc
e…]
Cla
im [p
olic
y of
rig
orou
sex
am.
on h
igh
spen
ding
]Ava
ilabl
e [G
oldA
cct.h
ighS
pend
ing]
Ava
ilabl
e [p
olic
y-on
-spe
ndin
g-pa
ttern
]
Ava
ilabl
e [c
lass
-I-se
cret
ary]
Des
troy
[G
oldA
cct.h
ighS
pend
ing.
hist
ory]
Law
renc
e C
hung
Op
era
tio
na
lize
Op
era
tio
na
lize
Op
era
tio
na
lize
Op
era
tio
na
lizeThe NFR Framework
The NFR Framework
Softgoal Interdependency Graph (SIG):
Softgoal Interdependency Graph (SIG):
Three
Threetypes of refinements
types of refinements
Goo
d P
erfo
rman
ce [M
SS
]
Min
imum
Res
pons
e Ti
me
[MS
S]
Min
imum
Spa
ce [M
SS
]
Use
Inde
[MS
S]
De
co
mp
ose
De
co
mp
ose
De
co
mp
ose
De
co
mp
ose
Arg
um
ent
Arg
um
ent
Arg
um
ent
Arg
um
ent
Cla
im [“
Exp
ecte
d si
ze o
f dat
a is
sm
all;
henc
e us
e of
inde
won
’tsi
gnifi
cant
incr
ease
spa
ceco
nsum
ptio
n”]
+-
-
The
NFR
Fra
mew
ork
Law
renc
e C
hung
[J. M
ylop
oulo
s, L
. Chu
ng,
E. Y
u, "
Fro
m o
bjec
t-or
ient
ed t
o go
al-o
rient
ed r
equi
rem
ents
an
alys
is",
CA
CM
, pp3
1-37
.AC
M P
ress
]
Obj
ect M
odel
Exa
mpl
e: A
sm
all p
ortio
n of
a h
ospi
tal m
odel
for
requ
irem
ents
ana
lysi
s
Sof
tgoa
l Int
erde
pend
ency
Gra
ph (
SIG
)
Fro
m S
oftg
oals
to U
se C
ases
R:a
mod
el o
f th
e re
quire
men
ts
D:
a m
odel
of
the
envi
ronm
ent
S:
a m
odel
of
the
sw b
ehav
ior
satis
fy
acts upon
constrains
G: g
oals
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
Fn
Fn
NF
nN
Fn
WW RR SS
S, A
c, D
╞ R
wit
h S
, A
c, D
|≠
fa
lse
R, A
s, D
╞ G
wit
h R
, A
s, D
|≠ f
als
e
NFR
s:su
bje
ctiv
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bo
th d
efi
nit
ion
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so
luti
on
s
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ast
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at y
ou
me
an -
de
co
mp
ose
de
co
mp
ose
de
co
mp
ose
de
co
mp
ose
Law
renc
e C
hung
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
performance
Tim
e-P
Space-P
Respon
sive
NFR
s:su
bje
ctiv
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bo
th d
efi
nit
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so
luti
on
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no
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t le
ast
wh
at y
ou
me
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s p
reci
sely
as
po
ssib
le
-a
s m
an
y d
eco
mp
osi
tio
ns
as
ne
ed
ed
Law
renc
e C
hung
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
performance
Tim
e-P
Space-P
Respon
sive
Accuracy
Com
pleteness
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se-T
Throu
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erage
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s:su
bje
ctiv
e in
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th d
efin
itio
ns
& s
olu
tio
ns
�K
no
w a
t le
ast
wh
at y
ou
me
an a
s p
reci
sely
as
po
ssib
le
-a
s m
an
y d
eco
mp
osi
tio
ns
as
ne
ed
ed
Law
renc
e C
hung
authentication
password
fingerprin
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fingerprin
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indexing
Sing
le-le
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Multi-level
indexing
Sing
lepassword
Multip
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Category-based
indexing
Sing
le passw
ord
multip
le checks
Several
different p
assw
ords
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NFR
s:su
bje
ctiv
e in
bo
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efi
nit
ion
s &
so
luti
on
s�
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at
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t w
hat
yo
u m
ean
as
pre
cise
ly a
s p
oss
ible
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s m
an
y d
eco
mp
osi
tio
ns
as
ne
ed
ed
Law
renc
e C
hung
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
performance
Tim
e-P
Space-P
Respon
sive
Accuracy
Com
pleteness
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se-T
Throu
ghpu
t
+Cov
erage
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erage
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
indexing
Sing
le-le
vel
indexing
Multi-level
indexing
Sing
lepassword
Multip
lepasswords
Category-based
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le passw
ord
multip
le checks
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assw
ords
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era
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era
tio
na
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era
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na
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tio
na
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s:n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al …
and
…fu
nct
ion
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no
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ast
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nct
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dN
on
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nct
ion
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des
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renc
e C
hung
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
performance
Tim
e-P
Space-P
Respon
sive
Hom
e networking
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e networking
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
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Sing
le-le
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nct
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and
…fu
nct
ion
al
�K
no
w a
t le
ast
wh
at y
ou
me
an –
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po
se
�R
ela
te F
un
ctio
nal
an
d N
on
-fu
nct
ion
al s
ide
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e as
sp
ecif
ic a
bo
ut t
he
sco
pe/
top
ic/p
aram
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: fro
m g
lob
al to
loca
l
Law
renc
e C
hung
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
Hom
e networking
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
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Garage
Doo
r Oven
Hom
e Networking
Con
toller
Hom
e Security
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ting
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Security
Security [H
ome Networking
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ome Networking
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arage Doo
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e Networking
]Security [G
arage Doo
r, Hom
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]��
Authentication
Authentication
authentication [H
ome Networking
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arage Doo
r, Hom
e Networking
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ome Networking
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arage Doo
r, Hom
e Networking
]
NFR
s:n
on
-fu
nct
ion
al…
and
…su
bje
ctiv
e in
bo
th d
efi
nit
ion
s &
so
luti
on
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ow
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hat
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ose
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ela
te F
un
ctio
nal
an
d N
on
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nct
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ide
s�
Dif
fere
nt
fun
cti
on
al o
pe
rati
on
ali
zati
on
s c
on
trib
ute
dif
fere
ntl
yD
iffe
ren
t fu
nc
tio
na
l op
era
tio
na
liza
tio
ns
co
ntr
ibu
te d
iffe
ren
tly
Dif
fere
nt
fun
cti
on
al o
pe
rati
on
ali
zati
on
s c
on
trib
ute
dif
fere
ntl
yD
iffe
ren
t fu
nc
tio
na
l op
era
tio
na
liza
tio
ns
co
ntr
ibu
te d
iffe
ren
tly
Law
renc
e C
hung
Inform
ation
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
Hom
e networking
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
Garage
Doo
r Oven
Hom
e Networking
Con
toller
Hom
e Security
Ligh
ting
Fixed
Ligh
ting
Variable
Ligh
ting
Physical
security
Make
Make>>
>> H
elp
Help>>
>> H
urt
Hurt>
>
>> Break
Break
“Satisficing” (cf. Nilsson’s)
“Satisficing” (cf. Nilsson’s)
NFR
s:gr
ade
d in
bo
th d
efin
itio
ns
and
so
luti
on
s –
and
re
lati
ve
Law
renc
e C
hung
��E
xp
lore
alt
ern
ati
ves
Ex
plo
re a
lte
rnati
ves––some are bette
r/worse than others
some are bette
r/worse than others
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
Con
fidentiality
NFR
s:gr
ade
d in
bo
th d
efin
itio
ns
and
so
luti
on
s –
and
re
lati
ve
Law
renc
e C
hung
��Exp
lore alte
rnatives
Exp
lore alte
rnatives ––
some are bette
r/worse than others
some are bette
r/worse than others
��D
iffe
ren
t a
lte
rnati
ves
ma
y h
ave
dif
fere
nt
de
gre
es
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co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
Dif
fere
nt
alt
ern
ati
ves
ma
y h
ave
dif
fere
nt
de
gre
es
of
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
Con
fidentiality
Indivisual
password
Shared
password
++
+
++
+
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Make>>
>> H
elp
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>> H
urt
Hurt>
>
>>
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“Satisficing” (cf. Nilsson’s)
“Satisficing” (cf. Nilsson’s)
NFR
s:in
tera
ctin
g
–C
on
flic
tin
g: t
he
wh
ole
is le
ss t
han
th
e s
um
of
its
par
ts
–Sy
ne
rgis
tic:
th
e w
ho
le is
gre
ate
r th
an t
he
su
m o
f it
s p
arts
Law
renc
e C
hung
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
performance
Tim
e-P
Space-P
Respon
sive
Hom
e networking
Hom
e networking
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
indexing
Sing
le-le
vel
indexing
Multi-level
indexing
ease-of-use
NFR
s:in
tera
ctin
g –
grad
ed
/re
lati
ve
–D
iffe
ren
t te
chn
iqu
es
thru
nfr
-opera
tion
ali
zati
ons
hav
e
dif
fere
nt
imp
acts
(cf
. fr-
op
era
tio
nal
izat
ion
s)
Law
renc
e C
hung
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
performance
Tim
e-P
Space-P
Respon
sive
Hom
e networking
Hom
e networking
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
indexing
Sing
le-le
vel
indexing
Multi-level
indexing
ease-of-use
Indivisual
password
Shared
password
++
+++
+
NFR
s:in
tera
ctin
g –
grad
ed
an
d r
ela
tive
–T
hro
ugh
fu
nct
ion
al c
ho
ice
s (f
r-opera
tion
ali
zati
ons)
Law
renc
e C
hung
Inform
ation
security
Integrity
Con
fidentialityA
vailability
Hom
e networking
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
Garage
Doo
r
OvenH
ome
Networking
Con
toller
Hom
e Security
Ligh
ting
Fixed
Ligh
ting
Variable
Ligh
ting
Physical
security
ease-of-use
NFR
s:in
tera
ctin
g –
grad
ed
/re
lati
ve
–D
iffe
ren
t te
chn
iqu
es
hav
e d
iffe
ren
t im
pac
ts–
Pri
ori
tize
Pri
ori
tize
Pri
ori
tize
Pri
ori
tize
Law
renc
e C
hung
security
Integrity
Con
fidentiality
Availability
performance
Tim
e-P
Space-P
Respon
sive
Hom
e networking
Hom
e networking
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
indexing
Sing
le-le
vel
indexing
Multi-level
indexing
ease-of-use
Indivisual
password
Shared
password
++
+++
+!
+
NFR
s:in
tera
ctin
g –
grad
ed
an
d r
ela
tive
–Th
rou
gh f
un
ctio
nal
ch
oic
es
–P
rio
riti
zeP
rio
riti
zeP
rio
riti
zeP
rio
riti
ze
Law
renc
e C
hung
Inform
ation
security
Integrity
Con
fidentialityA
vailability
Hom
e networking
authentication
password
fingerprin
tPassword+
fingerprin
t
Garage
Doo
r
OvenH
ome
Networking
Con
toller
Hom
e Security
Ligh
ting
Fixed
Ligh
ting
Variable
Ligh
ting
Physical
security
ease-of-use
!!
��Claim
sClaim
sOrdinary pe
ople
expe
rienc
e difficultie
s with
the sequ
encing
No repo
rted
break-in in
cidents
Due to
fixed lighting
��Evaluate
Evaluate
thru propagation of labels (satisficed, denied)
thru propagation of labels (satisficed, denied)
Soft
goal
Inte
rde
pe
nd
en
cy G
rap
h (
SIG
):Ev
alu
atio
n T
hru
Lab
el P
rop
agat
ion
Law
renc
e C
hung
Make
Make>>
>> H
elp
Help>>
>> H
urt
Hurt>
>
>> Break
Break
AND
OR
U UUU
Soft
goal
Inte
rde
pe
nd
en
cy G
rap
h (
SIG
):Su
mm
ary
of
Mo
de
ling
Co
nce
pts
�So
ftgo
als:
NFR
So
ftgo
als,
Op
era
tio
nal
izin
g So
ftgo
als,
Cla
im S
oft
goal
s
Law
renc
e C
hung
Integrity
password
Garage
Doo
r
��Make
Make>>
>> H
elp
Help>>
>> H
urt
Hurt>
>
>> Break
Break
No repo
rted
break-in in
cidents
due to fixed lighting
Softgo
als ::= Prio
rity Ty
pe [top
ic list] L
abel
Softgo
als ::= Prio
rity Ty
pe [top
ic list] L
abel
��Con
tributions:
Con
tributions:
��“Satisficing”
“Satisficing”
AND
OR
!U
Soft
goal
Inte
rde
np
en
cy G
rap
h (
SIG
): S
em
anti
cs
�P
rop
osi
tio
n =
So
ftgo
al U
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n
Law
renc
e C
hung
Soft
goal
Inte
rde
np
en
cy G
rap
h (
SIG
): S
em
anti
cs
Law
renc
e C
hung
MA
KE
MA
KE
HE
LP
HE
LP
If s
atis
ficed
(HE
LP(G
0, G
1))t
hen
ther
e ex
ist p
ropo
sitio
ns G
2, …
, Gn
such
that
HE
LP
BR
EA
K
BR
EA
K
HU
RT
HU
RT
HU
RT
HU
RT
HU
RT
Und
(G0,
G1)
= M
AK
E(G
0, G
1)
H
ELP
(G0,
G1)
HU
RT
(G0,
G1)
BR
EA
K(G
0,G
1)
Soft
goal
Inte
rde
np
en
cy G
rap
h (
SIG
):P
roce
ss o
f C
on
stru
ctio
n
An
ite
rati
ve
, in
terl
ea
vin
g p
roce
ss!!
!
�P
ost
NFR
So
ftgo
als:
�
Ref
ine
NFR
So
ftgo
als
as m
any
tim
es
un
til t
he
me
anin
g is
cle
ar�
Ref
ine
th
e t
ype
�R
efin
e t
he
to
pic
list
�R
efin
e t
he
pri
ori
ty
�O
pe
rati
on
aliz
e N
FR S
oft
goal
s�
Ref
ine
Op
era
tio
nal
izin
g So
ftgo
als
as m
any
tim
es
un
til a
ll th
e p
arts
an
d
rela
tio
nsh
ips
are
de
sign
ed
(N
.B:
reca
ll “o
ne
pe
rso
n’s
flo
or
is a
no
the
r p
ers
on
’s
ceili
ng
”)
�R
efin
e t
he
typ
e�
Ref
ine
th
e t
op
ic li
st�
Ref
ine
th
e p
rio
rity
�P
rovi
de
just
ific
atio
ns
in t
erm
s o
f C
laim
So
ftgo
als,
fo
r an
y ki
nd
of
soft
goal
s�
Eval
uat
e t
he
de
gre
e t
o w
hic
h e
ach
so
ftgo
al is
sat
isfi
ced
.La
wre
nce
Chu
ng
Th
e N
FR F
ram
ew
ork
:R
euse o
f K
now
led
ge o
f N
FR
s
•In
tro
du
ces C
ata
logues
of
NFR
s m
uch
like
pat
tern
s fo
r d
esi
gn a
re b
uilt
–M
eth
od
s:
–C
orr
ela
tio
n R
ule
s:
Law
renc
e C
hung
Sec
urity
[topi
c]
Inte
grity
[topi
c]
Ava
ilabi
lity
[topi
c]
Con
fiden
tialit
y[to
pic
]
Cla
im[“
MIL
Std
”]
Cla
im[“
in c
omm
erci
al a
pplic
atio
n,ac
cura
cy c
ould
be
the
mai
n co
ncer
n”]
Cla
im[“
MIL
Std
”]
Inte
grity
[wea
ponr
y-in
fo]
Ava
ilabi
lity
[wea
ponr
y-in
fo]
Con
fiden
tialit
y[w
eapo
nry-
info
]
Sec
urity
[wea
ponr
y-in
fo]
Con
fiden
tialit
y[to
pic
]
Aut
hent
icat
ion
[topi
c]
Con
fiden
tialit
y[w
eapo
nry-
info
]
Aut
hent
icat
ion
[wea
ponr
y-in
fo]
Cla
im[“
com
mon
pra
ctic
e”]
Cla
im[“
com
mon
pra
ctic
e”]
Use
r-fr
iend
lines
s[to
pic
]
Fin
gerp
rint-
verif
icat
ion
[topi
c]
Cla
im[“
Som
e pe
ople
fee
l lik
ecr
imin
al t
reat
men
t”]
Cla
im[“
Som
e pe
ople
fee
l lik
eV
IP t
reat
men
t”]
Use
r-fr
iend
lines
s[a
cces
s to
wea
ponr
y-in
fo]
Fin
gerp
rint-
verif
icat
ion
[acc
ess
to w
eapo
nry-
info
]
Cla
im[“
Som
e pe
ople
fee
l lik
ecr
imin
al t
reat
men
t”]
Cla
im[“
Som
e pe
ople
fee
l lik
eV
IP t
reat
men
t”]
The
NFR
Fra
me
wo
rk
Law
renc
e C
hung
[Sul
livan
07 le
ctur
e no
tes]
[Sul
livan
07 le
ctur
e no
tes]
{Chu
ng e
t.al.}
Non
-fun
ctio
nal R
equi
rem
ents
in S
oftw
are
Eng
inee
ring
��Pa
tterns:
Patte
rns:
Th
e N
FR F
ram
ew
ork
and
th
e R
efe
ren
ce M
od
el
Law
renc
e C
hung
a-fib
.com
Rec
all:
D1:
The
re w
ill a
lway
s be
a n
urse
clo
se
enou
gh t
o he
ar th
e bu
zzer
D2:
The
sou
nd f
rom
the
hear
t fa
lling
be
low
a c
erta
in th
resh
old
indi
cate
s th
at h
eart
has
(is
abo
ut to
) st
opR
1: A
war
ning
sys
tem
not
ifies
the
nur
se
if th
e pa
tient
’s h
eart
beat
sto
ps
S1:
If t
he s
ound
from
the
sens
or
falls
bel
ow a
cer
tain
thr
esho
ld,
the
buzz
er s
hall
be a
ctua
tedC
–w
ith a
mic
roph
one
as a
sen
sor
and
a bu
zzer
as
an a
ctua
tor
P -
Pro
gram
Exa
mpl
e 1:
Pat
ient
Mon
itorin
g
Des
ign
atio
n C
ateg
ori
es:
e h: t
he n
urse
and
the
hear
tbea
t of
the
patie
nt.
e v: s
ound
s fr
om th
e pa
tient
’s c
hest
.s v
: the
buz
zer
at th
e nu
rse’
s st
atio
n.s h
: int
erna
l rep
rese
ntat
ion
of d
ata
from
the
sens
or.
Th
e N
FR F
ram
ew
ork
and
th
e R
efe
ren
ce M
od
el
Law
renc
e C
hung
a-fib
.com
Rec
all:
D1:
The
re w
ill a
lway
s be
a n
urse
clo
se
enou
gh t
o he
ar th
e bu
zzer
D2:
The
sou
nd fr
om th
e he
art f
allin
g be
low
a c
erta
in th
resh
old
indi
cate
s th
at h
eart
has
(is
abo
ut to
) st
opR
1: A
war
ning
sys
tem
not
ifies
the
nurs
e if
the
patie
nt’s
hea
rtbe
at (
is a
bout
to)
stop
S1:
If th
e so
und
from
the
sens
or
falls
bel
ow a
cer
tain
thr
esho
ld,
the
buzz
er s
hall
be a
ctua
tedC
–w
ith a
mic
roph
one
as a
sen
sor
and
a bu
zzer
as
an a
ctua
tor
P -
Pro
gram
Exa
mpl
e 1:
Pat
ient
Mon
itorin
g
Des
ign
atio
n C
ateg
ori
es:
e h: t
he n
urse
and
the
hear
tbea
t of
the
patie
nt.
e v: s
ound
s fr
om th
e pa
tient
’s c
hest
.s v
: the
buz
zer
at th
e nu
rse’
s st
atio
n.s h
: int
erna
l rep
rese
ntat
ion
of d
ata
from
the
sens
or.
asap
best
qua
lity
patie
nt c
are
best
qua
lity
clea
r
trul
y
Need: monitoring if a patient’s heart is failing
Problem: monitoring if a patient’s heart is failing is difficult and
sometimes has been unsuccessful
�A nurse cannot stay close to the patient alw
ays and on alert
wel
l qua
lifie
d an
d ca
pabl
e
in a
saf
e an
d se
cure
man
ner,
but l
oud
enou
ghlo
w-c
ost,
low
-mai
nten
ance
, eas
ily c
onfig
urab
le, p
rove
n
wel
l qua
lifie
d an
d ca
pabl
ebe
st q
ualit
y
The
NFR
Fra
mew
ork
in r
ela
tio
n t
o t
he
Ref
ere
nce
Mo
de
l, K
AO
S, T
rop
os
–n
fr-
op
era
tio
na
liza
tio
ns
–fr
-op
era
tio
nal
izat
ion
s
Law
renc
e C
hung
M MMMG GGG, P
rog
Pro
gP
rog
Pro
gG GGG
|= S SSS
G GGG; S SSS
G GGG, D DDD
G GGG|=
R RRRG GGG; R RRR
G GGG, D DDD
G GGG|=
G GGG; (G GGG
|= ¬ ¬¬¬
P PPP)
V (
G GGG|~
¬ ¬¬¬P PPP
)
FnFn
NF
nN
Fn
W WWWW WWW R RRRR RRR S SSSS SSS
�W
RS
PM
:
�K
AO
S:
�T
he N
FR
Fra
mew
ork
:
��Any phenomena/functional description, indicative or optative or expectational, and any
Any phenomena/functional description, indicative or optative or expectational, and any
agent can be associated with softgoals
agent can be associated with softgoals
��satisfic
ed (Q
(satisfic
ed (Q
(SSGG)), satisficed (Q
()), satisficed (Q
(DDGG)) ╞ sa
tisfic
ed (Q
()) ╞ sa
tisfic
ed (Q
(RRGG))))
��satisfic
ed (Q
(satisfic
ed (Q
(PPGG)), satisficed (Q
()), satisficed (Q
(MMGG)) ╞ sa
tisfic
ed (Q
()) ╞ sa
tisfic
ed (Q
(SSGG))))
Wha
t the
Met
aphy
sics
of Q
ualit
y w
ould
do
is ta
ke th
is s
epar
ate
cate
gory
, Qua
lity,
and
sho
w h
ow it
con
tai
ns w
ithin
itse
lf bo
thsu
bjec
ts a
nd o
bjec
ts.
The
Met
aphy
sics
of Q
ualit
y w
ould
sho
w h
ow th
ings
be
com
e en
orm
ousl
y m
ore
cohe
rent
--fa
bulo
usly
mor
e co
here
nt--
whe
n yo
u st
art w
ith
an a
ssum
ptio
n th
at Q
ualit
y is
the
prim
ary
empi
rical
real
ity o
f the
wor
ld...
. [R
ober
t Pirs
ig]
D0
DD11
SS11
AS
-IS
TO
-BE
1
TO
-BE
2
depe
nden
cy/
trac
eabi
lity
P0
G0d
G1d
G1s
DD22
SS22
P1
G2d
G2s
P2
Pro
pert
y P
reserv
ing
Pro
pert
y P
reserv
ing E
volu
tion
Evo
luti
on
TO-BE i becomes AS-IS i+1
RR00
RR11
G0r
G1r
RR22
G2r
XX00
XX11
XX22
(Gis ,
Si),
(D
i, X
i)╞
Ri;
(Gis ,
Si),
(D
i, X
i)╞
Gir ;
(Gir ,
Ri),
(D
i, X
i)╞
Gid
Rec
all
D0
DD11
SS11
AS
-IS
TO
-BE
1
TO
-BE
2
depe
nden
cy/
trac
eabi
lity
P0
G0d
G1d
G1s
DD22
SS22
P1
G2d
G2s
P2
Pro
pert
y P
reserv
ing
Pro
pert
y P
reserv
ing E
volu
tion
Evo
luti
on
TO-BE i becomes AS-IS i+1
RR00
RR11
G0r
G1r
RR22
G2r
XX00
XX11
XX22
(Gis ,
Si),
(D
i, X
i, G
ix )╞
Ri;
(Gis ,
Si),
(D
i, X
i , G
ix )╞
Gir ;
(Gir ,
Ri),
(D
i, X
i , G
ix )╞
Gid
GG00xx
GG11xx
GG22xx
Rec
all
The
NFR
Fra
mew
ork
and
th
e R
efe
ren
ce M
od
el
Law
renc
e C
hung
R1:
A w
arni
ng s
yste
m n
otifi
es th
e nu
rse
if th
e pa
tient
’s h
eart
beat
(is
abo
ut to
) st
op
S1:
If th
e so
und
from
the
sens
or
falls
bel
ow a
cer
tain
thre
shol
d,
the
buzz
er s
hall
be a
ctua
ted
C –
with
a m
icro
phon
e as
a s
enso
r an
d a
buzz
er a
s an
act
uato
r
GR
1.2:
fas
t (no
tific
atio
n)
G01
: be
st q
ualit
y pa
tient
car
e
GC
1: b
est q
ualit
y (s
enso
r)
GS
1: c
lear
(so
und)
GR
1.3:
wel
l qua
lifie
d an
d ca
pabl
e(n
urse
)
GS
2: in
a s
afe
and
secu
re m
anne
r, an
d fa
st, b
ut lo
ud e
noug
h(b
uzze
r ac
tivat
ion)
GR
1.1:
low
-cos
t, lo
w-m
aint
enan
ce, e
asily
con
figur
able
, pro
ven
(war
ning
sys
tem
)
G02
: be
st q
ualit
y m
onito
ring
of p
atie
nt’s
hea
rt fa
ilure
GC
2: b
est q
ualit
y (b
uzze
r)
D1:
The
re w
ill a
lway
s be
a n
urse
clo
se
enou
gh t
o he
ar th
e bu
zzer
D2:
The
sou
nd fr
om th
e he
art f
allin
g be
low
a c
erta
in th
resh
old
indi
cate
s th
at h
eart
has
(is
abo
ut to
) st
op
R1’:
A w
arni
ng s
yste
m u
sing
the
buzz
er
GD
1.1:
wel
l qua
lifie
d an
d ca
pabl
e(n
urse
)
R1’’
: A w
arni
ng s
yste
m u
sing
the
beep
er
P –
an im
plem
enta
tion
of S
GP
1: lo
w-c
ost,
best
qua
lity
(P)
The
NFR
Fra
mew
ork
Fro
m S
pe
cifi
cati
on
to
Arc
hit
ect
ure
Law
renc
e C
hung
R1:
A w
arni
ng s
yste
m n
otifi
es th
e nu
rse
if th
e pa
tient
’s h
eart
beat
(is
abo
ut to
) st
op
S1:
If th
e so
und
from
the
sens
or
falls
bel
ow a
cer
tain
thre
shol
d,
the
buzz
er s
hall
be a
ctua
ted
GR
1.2:
fast
(not
ifica
tion)
G01
: bes
t qua
lity
patie
nt c
are
GS
1: c
lear
(so
und)
GR
1.3:
wel
l qua
lifie
d an
d ca
pabl
e(n
urse
)
GS
2: in
a s
afe
and
secu
re m
anne
r, an
d fa
st, b
ut lo
ud e
noug
h(b
uzze
r ac
tivat
ion)
GR
1.1:
low
-cos
t, lo
w-m
aint
enan
ce, e
asily
con
figur
able
, pro
ven
(war
ning
sys
tem
)
G02
: bes
t qua
lity
mon
itorin
g of
pat
ient
’s h
eart
failu
re
D1:
The
re w
ill a
lway
s be
a n
urse
clo
se
enou
gh to
hea
r the
buz
zer
D2:
The
sou
nd fr
om th
e he
art f
allin
g be
low
a c
erta
in th
resh
old
indi
cate
s th
at h
eart
has
(is
abo
ut to
) st
op
R1’
: A w
arni
ng s
yste
m u
sing
the
buzz
er
GD
1.1:
wel
l qua
lifie
d an
d ca
pabl
e(n
urse
)
R1’
’: A
war
ning
sys
tem
usi
ng th
e be
eper
GP
1: lo
w-c
ost,
best
qua
lity
(P)
inS
igna
l
Fun
ctio
nal c
ompo
nent
s
Dat
a[1.
.*]
mon
itor
soun
d
outS
ound
dete
rmin
eac
tion
Con
trol
buzz
er
Sty
les
and
styl
istic
com
pone
nts
No
n-F
un
ctio
nal
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Ho
w 2
–D
os
and
Do
n’t
s
R:a
mod
el o
f th
e re
quire
men
ts
D:
a m
odel
of
the
envi
ronm
ent
S:
a m
odel
of
the
sw b
ehav
ior
satis
fy
acts upon
constrains
G: g
oals
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
Fn
Fn
NF
nN
Fn
WW RR SS
S, A
c, D
╞ R
wit
h S
, A
c, D
|≠
fa
lse
R, A
s, D
╞ G
wit
h R
, A
s, D
|≠ f
als
e
NFR
s –
Do
s &
Do
n’t
s�
Do
s
•R
ela
te t
o F
Rs
•C
lari
fy s
cop
e/t
op
ic•
Ide
nti
fy a
gen
ts, w
he
ne
ver
use
ful
•D
isco
ver
rela
tio
nsh
ips
be
twe
en
def
init
ion
s o
f N
FRs
•D
isco
ver
rela
tio
nsh
ips
be
twe
en
so
luti
on
s to
N
FRs
•R
efin
e d
efin
itio
ns
as m
any
tim
es
as n
ee
de
d•
Ref
ine
so
luti
on
s as
man
y ti
me
s as
ne
ed
ed
•P
rio
riti
ze•
Dis
cove
r co
nfl
icts
•Sa
fegu
ard
aga
inst
co
nfl
icts
•D
isco
ver
syn
erg
ies
•D
isco
ver
op
era
tio
nal
izat
ion
s as
re
aso
ns
for
con
flic
ts/s
yne
rgie
s•
De
term
ine
str
en
gth
s o
f co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
•Ju
stif
y st
ren
gth
s o
f co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
•E
xplo
re a
lte
rnat
ive
s•
Dis
cove
r so
luti
on
s fr
om
re
qu
ire
me
nts
•D
isco
ver
req
uir
em
en
ts f
rom
so
luti
on
s•
Co
nsi
de
r u
se o
f m
ult
iple
so
luti
on
s•
Co
nsi
de
r sc
en
ario
s•
If n
ece
ssar
y, q
uan
tify
•Ev
alu
ate
, …su
bje
ctiv
ely
, …o
bje
ctiv
ely
•E
stab
lish
tra
ceab
ility
Law
renc
e C
hung
��Don’ts
Don’ts
��Absolute security, absolute re
liabilty, absolute safety, …
.Absolute security, absolute re
liabilty, absolute safety, …
.��
One definition
fits all
One definition
fits all
��One so
lutio
n solves all prob
lems
One so
lutio
n solves all prob
lems
��The con
tribution is such and
such, since I say so
The con
tribution is such and
such, since I say so
��Re
fine the defin
ition
only on
ceRe
fine the defin
ition
only on
ce��
They are falling
dow
n from
the sky
They are falling
dow
n from
the sky
��Diss
ociate from
FRs
Diss
ociate from
FRs
��May be more im
portant than FR
s, May be more im
portant than FR
s, bu
t sho
uld consum
e less re
sources
but sho
uld consum
e less re
sources
��Yo
u name it; our system does it
You name it; our system does it
��No qu
antification, no existence
No qu
antification, no existence
��Everybo
dy needs th
e same
Everybo
dy needs th
e same
��Be on
ly pessim
istic
Be on
ly pessim
istic
��Asking why “+” reveals igno
rance
Asking why “+” reveals igno
rance
��Beg th
e qu
estio
nBeg th
e qu
estio
n��
Evaluate & only evaluate
Evaluate & only evaluate
��Brainwash no
thing bu
t objectiv
ityBrainwash no
thing bu
t objectiv
ity
Co
nfl
ict
reso
luti
on
1
–D
ele
te e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
-> m
isu
nd
ers
tan
din
g b
etw
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nd
er
and
re
ceiv
er
<-
mo
ve e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
into
a ju
nk
file
fo
lde
r
-> I
f th
e r
ece
ive
r d
oe
s n
ot
che
ck t
he
jun
k fi
le f
old
er,
sti
ll m
isu
nd
ers
tan
din
g
<-
at t
he
tim
e t
he
file
is m
ove
d,
no
tify
th
is t
o t
he
re
ceiv
er
-> if
th
e r
ece
ive
r st
ill d
oe
s n
ot
che
ck t
he
jun
k fi
le f
old
er
or
che
cks
it la
te,
still
mis
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
<-
at t
he
tim
e t
he
file
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ove
d, n
oti
fy t
he
se
nd
er
too ->
If t
he
re
ceiv
er
che
cks
the
jun
k fi
le f
old
er
and
op
en
s it
an
d t
he
file
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n
atta
ck,
still
a s
ecu
rity
bre
ach
De
lete
em
ail w
. an
y zi
p f
ile a
ttac
hm
en
t an
d b
lock
an
y fu
ture
em
ail f
rom
th
e s
ame
se
nd
er
Law
renc
e C
hung
Co
nfl
ict
reso
luti
on
2
–If
th
e r
ece
ive
r o
pe
ns
em
ail w
. zip
file
an
d t
he
file
is a
n a
ttac
k,
a se
curi
ty b
reac
h
–D
ele
te e
mai
l an
y w
. zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
-> m
isu
nd
ers
tan
din
g b
etw
. se
nd
er
and
re
ceiv
er
<-
mo
ve e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
into
a ju
nk
file
fo
lde
r
-> I
f th
e r
ece
ive
r d
oe
s n
ot
che
ck t
he
jun
k fi
le f
old
er,
sti
ll m
isu
nd
ers
tan
din
g
<-
at t
he
tim
e t
he
file
is m
ove
d,
no
tify
th
is t
o t
he
re
ceiv
er
-> if
th
e r
ece
ive
r st
ill d
oe
s n
ot
che
ck t
he
jun
k fi
le f
old
er
or
che
cks
it la
te,
still
mis
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
<-
at t
he
tim
e t
he
file
is m
ove
d, n
oti
fy t
he
se
nd
er
too ->
If t
he
re
ceiv
er
che
cks
the
jun
k fi
le f
old
er
and
op
en
s it
an
d t
he
file
is a
n
atta
ck, s
till
a se
curi
ty b
reac
h
�D
ele
te e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
and
blo
ck a
ny
futu
re e
mai
l fr
om
th
e s
ame
se
nd
er
�If
th
e e
mai
l is
fro
m a
se
nd
er
wh
o is
no
t in
th
e li
st o
f al
low
ed
se
nd
ers
, d
ele
te it
�Le
ave
th
e e
mai
l bu
t d
ele
te t
he
att
ach
me
nt
on
lyLa
wre
nce
Chu
ng
Co
nfl
ict
reso
luti
on
3
–Se
curi
ty[P
C]
-> S
[em
ail]
->
S[s
en
de
r] ^
S[r
eci
pie
nt]
^ S
[bo
dy]
^ S
[att
ach
me
nt]
–D
en
ied
(S[
atta
chm
en
t])
-> d
en
ied
(S[
em
ail]
) ->
de
nie
d (
S[P
C])
–Zi
p(a
ttac
hm
en
t] ^
att
ack(
atta
chm
en
t) ^
op
en
(att
ach
me
nt)
->
de
nie
d (
S[at
tach
me
nt]
)
/* If
th
e r
ece
ive
r o
pe
ns
em
ail w
. zip
file
an
d t
he
file
is a
n a
ttac
k, a
se
curi
ty b
reac
h *
/
~ Z
ip(a
ttac
hm
en
t] v
~at
tack
(att
ach
me
nt)
v ~
op
en
(att
ach
me
nt)
->
~ d
en
ied
(S[
atta
chm
en
t])
he
lps
~d
en
ied
(S[e
mai
l])
–D
ele
te e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
-> m
isu
nd
ers
tan
din
g b
etw
. se
nd
er
and
re
ceiv
er
<-
mo
ve e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
into
a ju
nk
file
fo
lde
r
-> I
f th
e r
ece
ive
r d
oe
s n
ot
che
ck t
he
jun
k fi
le f
old
er,
sti
ll m
isu
nd
ers
tan
din
g
<-
at t
he
tim
e t
he
file
is m
ove
d,
no
tify
th
is t
o t
he
re
ceiv
er
-> if
th
e r
ece
ive
r st
ill d
oe
s n
ot
che
ck t
he
jun
k fi
le f
old
er
or
che
cks
it la
te,
still
mis
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
<-
at t
he
tim
e t
he
file
is m
ove
d, n
oti
fy t
he
se
nd
er
too
-> If
th
e r
ece
ive
r ch
eck
s th
e ju
nk
file
fo
lde
r an
d o
pe
ns
it a
nd
th
e f
ile is
an
at
tack
, sti
ll a
secu
rity
bre
ach
�Le
ave
th
e e
mai
l, b
ut
de
lete
th
e a
ttac
hm
en
t o
nly
�Le
ave
th
e e
mai
l, b
ut
de
lete
th
e a
ttac
hm
en
t o
nly
if it
is a
n a
ttac
k
�Le
ave
th
e e
mai
l bu
t ch
ange
th
e n
ame
of
the
att
ach
me
nt
to “
…re
nam
eTo
Zip
”
�If
th
e e
mai
l is
fro
m a
se
nd
er
wh
o is
no
t in
th
e li
st o
f al
low
ed
se
nd
ers
, d
ele
te i
t
�D
ele
te e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
and
blo
ck a
ny
futu
re e
mai
l fro
m t
he
sam
e s
en
de
r
Law
renc
e C
hung
Co
nfl
ict
reso
luti
on
4
–Se
curi
ty[P
C]
-> S
[em
ail]
->
S[s
en
de
r] ^
S[r
eci
pie
nt]
^ S
[bo
dy]
^ S
[att
ach
me
nt]
–D
en
ied
(S[
atta
chm
en
t])
-> d
en
ied
(S[
em
ail]
) ->
de
nie
d (
S[P
C])
–Zi
p(a
ttac
hm
en
t] ^
att
ack(
atta
chm
en
t) ^
op
en
(att
ach
me
nt)
->
de
nie
d (
S[at
tach
me
nt]
)
/* If
th
e r
ece
ive
r o
pe
ns
em
ail w
. zip
file
an
d t
he
file
is a
n a
ttac
k, a
se
curi
ty b
reac
h *
/
~ Z
ip(a
ttac
hm
en
t] v
~at
tack
(att
ach
me
nt)
v ~
op
en
(att
ach
me
nt)
->
~ d
en
ied
(S[
atta
chm
en
t])
he
lps
~d
en
ied
(S[e
mai
l])
–D
ele
te e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt,
at
the
tim
e o
f re
cep
tio
n
-> m
isu
nd
ers
tan
din
g b
etw
. se
nd
er
and
re
ceiv
er
<-
mo
ve e
mai
l w. a
ny
zip
file
att
ach
me
nt
into
a ju
nk
file
fo
lde
r
-> I
f th
e r
ece
ive
r d
oe
s n
ot
che
ck t
he
jun
k fi
le f
old
er,
sti
ll m
isu
nd
ers
tan
din
g
<-
at t
he
tim
e t
he
file
is m
ove
d,
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tify
th
is t
o t
he
re
ceiv
er
-> if
th
e r
ece
ive
r st
ill d
oe
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ot
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ck t
he
jun
k fi
le f
old
er
or
che
cks
it la
te,
still
mis
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
<-
at t
he
tim
e t
he
file
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ove
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oti
fy t
he
se
nd
er
too
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th
e r
ece
ive
r ch
eck
s th
e ju
nk
file
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lde
r an
d o
pe
ns
it a
nd
th
e f
ile is
an
at
tack
, sti
ll a
secu
rity
bre
ach
�Le
ave
th
e e
mai
l, b
ut
de
lete
th
e a
ttac
hm
en
t o
nly
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ave
th
e e
mai
l, b
ut
de
lete
th
e a
ttac
hm
en
t o
nly
if it
is a
n a
ttac
k:
de
tect
able
[att
ack(
atta
chm
en
t)]
�Le
ave
th
e e
mai
l bu
t ch
ange
th
e n
ame
of
the
att
ach
me
nt
to “
…re
nam
eTo
Zip
”
�If
th
e e
mai
l is
fro
m a
se
nd
er
wh
o is
no
t in
th
e li
st o
f al
low
ed
se
nd
ers
, d
ele
te i
t
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s –
Wh
ere
�W
he
rev
er
be
tte
r/ch
ea
pe
r/fa
ste
r/h
ap
pie
r m
att
ers
•R
eq
uir
em
en
ts E
ngi
ne
eri
ng
•Sy
ste
m A
rch
ite
ctin
g•
Soft
war
e A
rch
ite
ctin
g•
De
sign
•Im
ple
me
nta
tio
n•
Val
idat
ion
& V
eri
fica
tio
n•
Test
ing
•M
ain
ten
ance
•So
ftw
are
Pro
cess
•P
roje
ct P
lan
nin
g an
d M
anag
em
en
t•
Co
nfi
gura
tio
n M
anag
em
en
t•
De
cisi
on
mak
ing
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s –
Ho
w t
o r
ep
rese
nt
�F
rom
info
rma
l to
ta
bu
lar
to v
isu
al
(a l
a h
tml-
>x
ml-
>o
o-x
ml/
eb
-xm
l/…
; C
RC
ca
rds-
>cl
ass
es;
use
ca
ses
& u
se c
ase
te
mp
late
s)
Nam
eNam
e
Descriptio
nDescriptio
n
Type
Type
Topic
Topic
Agent
Agent
Viewpo
int
Viewpo
int
Priority
Priority
Affected NFR
sAffected NFR
s
Affectin
g NFR
s/Operatio
nalizations
Affectin
g NFR
s/Operatio
nalizations
Claim
Claim
Sat S
tatus
Sat S
tatus
Law
renc
e C
hung
��Dos
Dos
��Brin
g in FRs
Brin
g in FRs
��Clarify scop
e/topic
Clarify scop
e/topic
��Identify agents, w
henever u
seful
Identify agents, w
henever u
seful
��Disc
over re
latio
nships between defin
ition
s of
NFR
sDisc
over re
latio
nships between defin
ition
s of
NFR
s��
Disc
over re
latio
nships between solutio
ns to
NFR
sDisc
over re
latio
nships between solutio
ns to
NFR
s��
Refin
e defin
ition
s as m
any tim
es as needed
Refin
e defin
ition
s as m
any tim
es as needed
��Re
fine solutio
ns as many tim
es as needed
Refin
e solutio
ns as many tim
es as needed
��Prioritize
Prioritize
��Disc
over con
flicts
Disc
over con
flicts
��Safeguard against c
onflicts
Safeguard against c
onflicts
��Disc
over synergies
Disc
over synergies
��Disc
over operatio
nalizations as reason
s for c
onflicts/synergies
Disc
over operatio
nalizations as reason
s for c
onflicts/synergies
��Determine streng
ths of
con
tributions
Determine streng
ths of
con
tributions
��Justify
strengths of contrib
utions
Justify
strengths of contrib
utions
��Exp
lore alternatives
Exp
lore alternatives
��Disc
over solutions from
requ
irements
Disc
over solutions from
requ
irements
��Disc
over re
quire
ments from so
lutio
nsDisc
over re
quire
ments from so
lutio
ns��
Con
sider use of multip
le solutions
Con
sider use of multip
le solutions
��Con
sider scenario
sCon
sider scenario
s��
If necessary, q
uantify
If necessary, q
uantify
��Evaluate
Evaluate
��Evaluate subjectiv
ely
Evaluate subjectiv
ely
��Evaluate ob
jectively
Evaluate ob
jectively
��Establish traceability
Establish traceability
Ap
pe
nd
ix
•R
UP
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n
•V
ole
re S
pe
cifi
cati
on
•H
ow
to
Au
gme
nt
UM
L
Law
renc
e C
hung
soft
go
al s
ati
sfic
ing
NFR
s:W
ith
Rat
ion
al U
nif
ied
Pro
cess
an
d U
ML
Tab
le o
f C
on
ten
ts1
.In
tro
du
ctio
n5
1.1
Pu
rpo
se5
1.2
Sco
pe
51
.3D
efi
nit
ion
s, A
cro
nym
s, a
nd
Ab
bre
viat
ion
s5
1.4
Re
fere
nce
s5
2.
Po
siti
on
ing
52
.1B
usi
ne
ss O
pp
ort
un
ity
52
.2P
rob
lem
Sta
tem
en
t5
2.3
Pro
du
ct P
osi
tio
n S
tate
me
nt
63
.St
ake
ho
lde
r an
d U
ser
De
scri
pti
on
s6
3.1
Mar
ket
De
mo
grap
hic
s6
3.2
Stak
eh
old
er
Sum
mar
y6
3.3
Use
r Su
mm
ary
73
.4U
ser
Envi
ron
me
nt
73
.5St
ake
ho
lde
r P
rofi
les
73
.5.1
Ho
me
ow
ne
r7
3.5
.2B
usi
ne
ss O
wn
er
83
.5.3
Cu
sto
me
r C
are
83
.6U
ser
Pro
file
s9
3.7
Ke
y St
ake
ho
lde
r o
r U
ser
Ne
ed
s9
3.8
Alt
ern
ativ
es
and
Co
mp
eti
tio
n9
3.8
.1H
ou
se S
itte
r9
3.8
.2H
om
e S
ecu
rity
Sys
tem
an
d M
on
ito
rin
g C
om
pan
y9
Law
renc
e C
hung
Hom
e A
pplia
nce
Con
trol
Sys
tem
Vis
ion
Ver
sion
1.2
Rev
isio
n H
isto
ryD
ate
Ver
sion
Des
crip
tion
Aut
hor
NFR
s:W
ith
Rat
ion
al U
nif
ied
Pro
cess
an
d U
ML
4.
Pro
du
ct O
verv
iew
94
.1P
rod
uct
Pe
rsp
ect
ive
94
.2Su
mm
ary
of
Cap
abili
tie
s1
04
.3A
ssu
mp
tio
ns
and
De
pe
nd
en
cie
s1
14
.4C
ost
an
d P
rici
ng
11
4.5
Lice
nsi
ng
and
Inst
alla
tio
n1
15
.P
rod
uct
Fe
atu
res
11
5.1
Star
t sy
ste
m1
15
.2Sh
utd
ow
n s
yste
m1
15
.3V
iew
sta
tus
of
syst
em
11
5.4
Ad
d a
ne
w g
rou
p o
f se
qu
en
ces
12
5.5
Mo
dif
y an
exi
stin
g gr
ou
p o
f se
qu
en
ces
12
5.6
De
lete
an
exi
stin
g gr
ou
p o
f se
qu
en
ces
12
5.7
Cat
ego
rize
a g
rou
p1
25
.8Sc
he
du
le a
gro
up
12
5.9
Star
t a
gro
up
12
5.1
0St
op
a g
rou
p1
25
.11
Vie
w t
he
sta
tus
of
wh
ole
sys
tem
12
5.1
2V
iew
th
e s
tatu
s o
f in
do
or
ligh
ts1
25
.13
Vie
w t
he
sta
tus
of
ou
tdo
or
ligh
ts1
25
.14
Vie
w t
he
sta
tus
of
en
tert
ain
me
nt
eq
uip
me
nt
(rad
ios,
cd
pla
yers
, te
levi
sio
ns)
12
5.1
5V
iew
th
e s
tatu
s o
f th
e s
afe
ty s
yste
m1
25
.16
Vie
w t
he
sta
tus
of
the
se
curi
ty s
yste
m1
25
.17
Mak
e a
ne
w s
eq
ue
nce
12
5.1
8M
od
ify
an e
xist
ing
seq
ue
nce
12
5.1
9D
ele
te a
n e
xist
ing
seq
ue
nce
12
5.2
0Sc
he
du
le a
se
qu
en
ce1
25
.21
Star
t a
seq
ue
nce
12
5.2
2St
op
a s
eq
ue
nce
tu
rn o
n in
do
or
ligh
ts (
all)
12
5.2
3Tu
rn o
ff in
do
or
ligh
ts (
all)
12
5.2
4Tu
rn o
n s
ele
cte
d in
do
or
ligh
ts1
25
.25
Turn
off
se
lect
ed
ind
oo
r lig
hts
12
5.2
6M
ake
a n
ew
se
qu
en
ce1
3
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Rat
ion
al U
nif
ied
Pro
cess
an
d U
ML
5.2
9Sc
he
du
le a
se
qu
en
ce1
35
.30
Star
t a
seq
ue
nce
13
5.3
1St
op
a s
eq
ue
nce
tu
rn o
n o
utd
oo
r lig
hts
(al
l)1
35
.32
Turn
off
ou
tdo
or
ligh
ts (
all)
13
5.3
3Tu
rn o
n s
ele
cte
d o
utd
oo
r lig
hts
13
5.3
4Tu
rn o
ff s
ele
cte
d o
utd
oo
r lig
hts
13
5.3
5M
ake
a n
ew
se
qu
en
ce1
35
.36
Mo
dif
y an
exi
stin
g se
qu
en
ce1
35
.37
De
lete
an
exi
stin
g se
qu
en
ce1
35
.38
Sch
ed
ule
a s
eq
ue
nce
13
5.3
9St
art
a se
qu
en
ce1
35
.40
Sto
p a
se
qu
en
ce1
35
.41
Turn
on
rad
ios,
cd
pla
yers
, te
levi
sio
ns
(all)
13
5.4
2Tu
rn o
ff r
adio
, cd
pla
yer,
te
levi
sio
n (
all)
13
5.4
3Tu
rn o
n s
ele
cte
d r
adio
, cd
pla
yer,
te
levi
sio
n1
35
.44
Turn
off
se
lect
ed
rad
io,
cd p
laye
r, t
ele
visi
on
13
5.4
5A
uto
mat
ic n
oti
fica
tio
n o
f e
me
rge
ncy
14
5.4
6M
ake
a n
ew
se
qu
en
ce1
45
.47
Mo
dif
y an
exi
stin
g se
qu
en
ce1
45
.48
De
lete
an
exi
stin
g se
qu
en
ce1
45
.49
Sch
ed
ule
a s
eq
ue
nce
14
5.5
0St
art
a se
qu
en
ce1
45
.51
Sto
p a
se
qu
en
ce1
45
.52
Turn
on
se
curi
ty s
yste
m (
all f
eat
ure
s)1
45
.53
Turn
off
se
curi
ty s
yste
m (
all f
eat
ure
s)1
45
.54
Turn
on
saf
ety
sys
tem
(al
l fe
atu
res)
14
5.5
5Tu
rn o
ff s
afe
ty s
yste
m (
all f
eat
ure
s)1
45
.56
Turn
on
se
lect
ed
fe
atu
res
of
secu
rity
sys
tem
14
5.5
7Tu
rn o
ff s
ele
cte
d f
eat
ure
s o
f se
curi
ty s
yste
m1
45
.58
Turn
on
se
lect
ed
fe
atu
res
of
safe
ty s
yste
m1
45
.59
Turn
off
se
lect
ed
fe
atu
res
of
safe
ty s
yste
m1
4
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Rat
ion
al U
nif
ied
Pro
cess
an
d U
ML
6.
Co
nst
rain
ts1
4
6.1
Secu
rity
14
6.2
Usa
bili
ty1
5
6.3
Re
spo
nsi
ven
ess
15
6.4
Cap
acit
y1
5
Ap
pe
nd
ix A
. C
OTS
Co
mp
on
en
ts1
5
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Rat
ion
al U
nif
ied
Pro
cess
an
d U
ML
6.
Co
nst
rain
ts
6.1
Se
curi
ty
Secu
rity
for
the
HA
CS
incl
ud
es
auth
en
tica
tio
n, a
cce
ss c
on
tro
l, d
ata
inte
grit
y, a
nd
dat
a p
riva
cy.
Au
the
nti
cati
on
of
the
use
r is
by
ide
nti
fie
r an
d p
assw
ord
.
Ho
me
ow
ne
rs a
nd
Bu
sin
ess
Ow
ne
rs c
an m
on
ito
r an
d c
han
ge t
he
sta
te o
f th
e s
yste
m.
Cu
sto
me
r C
are
use
rs c
an o
nly
mo
nit
or
the
sys
tem
an
d m
anu
ally
pla
ce a
me
dic
al a
lert
91
1 e
me
rge
ncy
re
qu
est
fo
r an
am
bu
lan
ce.
Tran
smis
sio
ns
sho
uld
be
en
cryp
ted
fo
r p
riva
cy
6.2
Usa
bili
ty
Easy
to
use
(e
spe
cial
ly s
afe
ty r
ela
ted
fe
atu
res)
Re
qu
est
fo
r an
am
bu
lan
ce,
po
lice
or
fire
tru
ck n
ee
ds
to b
e a
t th
e p
ush
of
a b
utt
on
or
voic
e a
ctiv
ate
d
6.3
Re
spo
nsi
ven
ess
Syst
em
re
spo
nd
s q
uic
kly
to u
ser
req
ue
sts
or
chan
ges
in t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t.
Syst
em
re
spo
nd
s w
ith
in 2
se
con
ds
on
ave
rage
to
loca
l use
r re
qu
est
s an
d c
han
ges
in t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t.
Syst
em
re
spo
nd
s w
ith
in 4
se
con
ds
on
ave
rage
to
re
mo
te u
ser
req
ue
sts
and
ch
ange
s in
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt.
6.4
Ca
pa
city
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
qu
en
ces
for
ind
oo
r lig
hts
is t
we
nty
(20
)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f in
do
or
ligh
ts t
hat
can
be
co
ntr
olle
d is
fif
ty (
50
)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
qu
en
ces
for
ou
tdo
or
ligh
ts is
tw
en
ty (2
0)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f o
utd
oo
r lig
hts
th
at c
an b
e c
on
tro
lled
is f
ifty
(5
0)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
qu
en
ces
for
rad
ios,
CD
pla
yers
, te
levi
sio
ns
is t
we
nty
(20
)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f ra
dio
s, C
D p
laye
rs, t
ele
visi
on
s th
at c
an b
e c
on
tro
lled
is t
en
(1
0)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
qu
en
ces
for
safe
ty a
nd
se
curi
ty e
qu
ipm
en
t is
tw
en
ty (2
0)
Max
imu
m n
um
be
r o
f se
nso
rs,
secu
rity
cam
era
s, s
ecu
rity
VC
Rs,
em
erg
en
cy n
oti
fica
tio
ns,
th
at c
an b
e c
on
tro
lled
is f
ifty
(5
0)
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te
Th
e A
tla
nti
c Syst
em
s G
uild
Lim
ite
d
Tab
le o
f C
on
ten
ts(h
ttp
://w
ww
.vo
lere
.co
.uk/
tem
pla
te.h
tm)
PR
OJE
CT
DR
IVE
RS
:1.
The
Pur
pose
of t
he P
roje
ct2.
Clie
nt, C
usto
mer
, Sta
keho
lder
s3.
Use
rs o
f the
Pro
duct
PR
OJE
CT
CO
NS
TR
AIN
TS
:4.
Man
date
d C
onst
rain
ts5.
Nam
ing
Con
vent
ions
and
Def
initi
ons
6. R
elev
ant F
acts
and
Ass
umpt
ions
FU
NC
TIO
NA
L R
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
:7.
The
Sco
pe o
f the
Wor
k8.
The
Sco
pe o
f the
Pro
duct
9. F
unct
iona
l and
Dat
a R
equi
rem
ents
NO
N-F
UN
CT
ION
AL
RE
QU
IRE
ME
NT
S:
10. L
ook
and
Fee
l11
. Usa
bilit
y an
d H
uman
ity12
. Per
form
ance
13. O
pera
tiona
l14
. Mai
ntai
nabi
lity
and
Sup
port
15. S
ecur
ity16
. Cul
tura
l and
Pol
itica
l17
. Leg
al
PR
OJE
CT
ISS
UE
S:
18. O
pen
Issu
es19
. Off-
the-
shel
f S
olut
ions
20. N
ew P
robl
ems
21. T
asks
22. C
utov
er23
. Ris
ks24
. Cos
ts25
. Use
r D
ocum
enta
tion
and
Tra
inin
g26
. Wai
ting
Roo
m27
. Ide
as f
or S
olut
ions
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te
10
Lo
ok
an
d F
ee
l Re
qu
ire
me
nts
10
a.
Th
e in
terf
ace
Co
nte
nt
Th
e s
ect
ion
co
nta
ins
req
uir
em
en
ts r
ela
tin
g to
sp
irit
of
the
inte
rfa
ce. Y
ou
r cl
ien
t m
ay h
ave
giv
en
yo
u p
art
icu
lar
de
ma
nd
s su
cha
s co
rpo
rate
bra
nd
ing
, sty
le,
colo
rs t
o b
e u
sed
, de
gre
e o
f in
tera
ctio
n a
nd
so
on
. T
his
se
ctio
n c
ap
ture
s th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts f
or
the
inte
rfa
ce r
ath
er
tha
n t
he
de
sign
fo
r th
e in
terf
ace
.
Mo
tiva
tio
n
To e
nsu
re t
ha
t th
e a
pp
ea
ran
ce o
f th
e p
rod
uct
co
nfo
rms
to t
he
org
an
iza
tio
nÕ
s ex
pe
cta
tio
ns.
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
com
ply
wit
h c
orp
ora
te b
ran
din
g st
an
da
rds.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
att
ract
ive
to
a t
ee
na
ge a
ud
ien
ce.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
ap
pe
ar
au
tho
rita
tive
.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Inte
rfa
ce d
esi
gn m
ay o
verl
ap
th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts g
ath
eri
ng
pro
cess
. Th
is p
art
icu
larl
y tr
ue
if y
ou
are
usi
ng
pro
toty
pin
g a
s p
art
of
you
r re
qu
ire
me
nts
pro
cess
. A
s p
roto
typ
es
de
velo
p it
is im
po
rta
nt
to c
ap
ture
th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts t
ha
t re
late
to
th
e lo
ok
an
d f
ee
l.
In o
the
r w
ord
s, b
e s
ure
th
at
you
un
de
rsta
nd
yo
ur
clie
nt'
s in
ten
tio
ns
for
the
pro
du
ct's
loo
k a
nd
fe
el.
Re
cord
th
ese
as
req
uir
em
en
ts in
ste
ad
of
me
rely
hav
ing
a p
roto
typ
e t
o w
hic
h t
he
clie
nt
ha
s n
od
de
d h
is a
pp
rova
l.
10
b.
Th
e s
tyle
of
the
pro
du
ct
Co
nte
nt
A d
esc
rip
tio
n o
f sa
lien
t fe
atu
res
of
the
pro
du
ct t
ha
t a
re r
ela
ted
to
th
e w
ay a
po
ten
tia
l cu
sto
me
r w
ill s
ee
th
e p
rod
uct
. Fo
r ex
am
ple
, if
you
r cl
ien
t w
an
ts t
he
pro
du
ct t
o a
pp
ea
l to
th
e b
usi
ne
ss e
xecu
tive
, th
en
a lo
ok
an
d f
ee
l re
qu
ire
me
nt
is t
ha
t th
e
pro
du
ct h
as
a c
on
serv
ati
ve a
nd
pro
fess
ion
al a
pp
ea
ran
ce. S
imila
rly
if t
he
pro
du
ct is
fo
r sa
le t
o c
hild
ren
, th
en
th
e lo
ok
an
d f
ee
lre
qu
ire
me
nt
is t
ha
t it
be
co
lorf
ul a
nd
loo
k lik
e it
's in
ten
de
d f
or
child
ren
.
You
wo
uld
als
o c
on
sid
er
he
re t
he
de
sign
of
the
pa
cka
ge if
th
is w
ere
to
be
a m
an
ufa
ctu
red
pro
du
ct.
Th
e p
ack
age
may
hav
e s
om
e
req
uir
em
en
ts a
s to
its
size
, sty
le,
an
d c
on
sist
en
cy w
ith
oth
er
pa
cka
ges
pu
t o
ut
by
you
r o
rga
niz
ati
on
, etc
. K
ee
p i
n m
ind
th
e
Euro
pe
an
law
s o
n p
ack
agi
ng.
Th
ere
is a
re
qu
ire
me
nt
tha
t th
e p
ack
age
no
t b
e s
ign
ific
an
tly
larg
er
tha
n t
he
pro
du
ct it
en
clo
ses.
Th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts t
ha
t yo
u r
eco
rd h
ere
will
gu
ide
th
e d
esi
gne
rs t
o p
rod
uce
a p
rod
uct
as
en
visi
on
ed
by
you
r cl
ien
t.
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te
11
Usa
bili
ty a
nd
Hu
ma
nit
y R
eq
uir
em
en
ts
11
a.
Ease
of
use
.
Co
nte
nt
Th
is s
ect
ion
de
scri
be
s yo
ur
clie
nt'
s a
spir
ati
on
s fo
r h
ow
ea
sy it
will
be
fo
r th
e in
ten
de
d u
sers
of
the
pro
du
ct t
o o
pe
rate
it.T
he
pro
du
ct's
usa
bili
ty is
de
rive
d f
rom
th
e
ab
iliti
es
of
the
exp
ect
ed
use
rs o
f th
e p
rod
uct
an
d t
he
co
mp
lexi
ty o
f it
s fu
nct
ion
alit
y.
Th
e u
sab
ility
re
qu
ire
me
nts
sh
ou
ld c
ove
r su
ch t
hin
gs a
s:
Effi
cie
ncy
of
use
-h
ow
qu
ickl
y o
r a
ccu
rate
ly t
he
use
r ca
n u
se t
he
pro
du
ct.
Ease
of
rem
em
be
rin
g -
ho
w m
uch
is t
he
ca
sua
l use
r ex
pe
cte
d t
o r
em
em
be
r a
bo
ut
usi
ng
the
pro
du
ct
Erro
r ra
tes
-fo
r so
me
pro
du
cts
it i
s cr
uci
al t
ha
t th
e u
ser
com
mit
s ve
ry f
ew
, o
r n
o,
err
ors
.
Ove
rall
sati
sfa
ctio
n in
usi
ng
the
pro
du
ct -
this
is e
spe
cia
lly im
po
rta
nt
for
com
me
rcia
l, in
tera
ctiv
e p
rod
uct
s w
he
re t
he
re is
a lo
t o
f co
mp
eti
tio
n.
We
b s
ite
s a
re g
oo
d e
xam
ple
of
this
.
Fee
db
ack
-h
ow
mu
ch f
ee
db
ack
do
es
the
use
r n
ee
d in
ord
er
to f
ee
l co
nfi
de
nt
tha
t th
e p
rod
uct
is a
ctu
ally
acc
ura
tely
do
ing
wh
at
the
use
r ex
pe
cts.
Th
e n
ece
ssa
ry d
egr
ee
of
fee
db
ack
will
be
hig
he
r fo
r so
me
pro
du
cts
(eg:
sa
fety
cri
tica
l) t
ha
n in
oth
ers
.
Mo
tiva
tio
n
To g
uid
e t
he
pro
du
ct's
de
sign
ers
into
bu
ildin
g a
pro
du
ct t
ha
t w
ill m
ee
t th
e e
xpe
cta
tio
ns
of
its
eve
ntu
al u
sers
.
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
ea
sy f
or
11
ye
ar-
old
ch
ildre
n t
o u
se.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
he
lp t
he
use
r to
avo
id m
aki
ng
mis
take
s.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
ma
ke t
he
use
rs w
an
t to
use
it.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
use
d b
y p
eo
ple
wit
h n
o t
rain
ing
, an
d p
oss
ibly
no
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
Engl
ish
.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
Th
ese
exa
mp
les
may
se
em
sim
plis
tic,
bu
t th
ey
do
exp
ress
th
e in
ten
tio
n o
f th
e c
lien
t. T
o c
om
ple
tely
sp
eci
fy w
ha
t is
me
an
t b
y th
e
req
uir
em
en
t it
is n
ece
ssa
ry t
o a
dd
a m
ea
sure
me
nt
of
acc
ep
tan
ce. W
e c
all
this
a f
it c
rite
rio
n.
Th
e f
it c
rite
rio
n f
or
the
ab
ove
exa
mp
les
wo
uld
be
:
[An
agr
ee
d p
erc
en
tage
, say
90
%]
of
a t
est
pa
ne
l of
11
ye
ar
old
s sh
all
be
ab
le t
o s
ucc
ess
fully
co
mp
lete
[lis
t o
f ta
sks]
wit
hin
[sp
eci
fie
d t
ime
]
On
e m
on
th's
use
of
the
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll re
sult
in a
to
tal e
rro
r ra
te o
f le
ss t
ha
n [
an
agr
ee
d p
erc
en
tage
, say
2%
]
An
an
on
ymo
us
surv
ey
sha
ll sh
ow
th
at
[an
agr
ee
d p
erc
en
tage
, say
75
%]
of
the
use
rs a
re r
egu
larl
y u
sin
g th
e p
rod
uct
aft
er
[an
agr
ee
d t
ime
] fa
mili
ari
zati
on
pe
rio
d.
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te
11
b.
Pe
rso
na
lizat
ion
an
d in
tern
atio
na
liza
tio
n r
eq
uir
em
en
ts
Co
nte
nt
Th
is s
ect
ion
de
scri
be
s th
e w
ay in
wh
ich
th
e p
rod
uct
ca
n b
e a
lte
red
or
con
figu
red
to
ta
ke in
to a
cco
un
t th
e u
ser'
s p
ers
on
al
pre
fere
nce
s o
r ch
oic
e o
f la
ngu
age
. T
he
pe
rso
na
liza
tio
n r
eq
uir
em
en
ts s
ho
uld
co
ver
such
th
ings
as:
Lan
gua
ges,
sp
elli
ng
pre
fere
nce
s, la
ngu
age
idio
ms
Cu
rre
nci
es
incl
ud
ing
the
sym
bo
ls a
nd
de
cim
al c
on
ven
tio
ns
Pe
rso
na
l co
nfi
gura
tio
n o
pti
on
s -
the
re a
re a
myr
iad
of
the
se
Mo
tiva
tio
n
To e
nsu
re t
ha
t th
e p
rod
uct
's u
sers
do
no
t h
ave
to
str
ugg
le w
ith
, o
r m
ee
kly
acc
ep
t, t
he
cu
ltu
ral c
on
ven
tio
ns
of
the
bu
ilde
r.
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
reta
in t
he
bu
yer'
s b
uyi
ng
pre
fere
nce
s.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
allo
w t
he
use
r to
se
lect
a c
ho
sen
lan
gua
ge.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Co
nsi
de
r th
e lo
cati
on
s o
f th
e p
ote
nti
al
cust
om
ers
an
d u
sers
of
you
r p
rod
uct
. A
ny
ou
t o
f co
un
try
use
rs w
ill w
elc
om
e t
he
op
po
rtu
nit
y to
co
nve
rt t
o t
he
ir h
om
e s
pe
llin
g a
nd
exp
ress
ion
s.
By
allo
win
g u
sers
to
cu
sto
miz
e t
he
way
in w
hic
h t
he
y u
se t
he
pro
du
ct,
you
are
giv
ing
the
m t
he
op
po
rtu
nit
y to
pa
rtic
ipa
te m
ore
clo
sely
wit
h y
ou
r o
rga
niz
ati
on
, as
we
ll a
s gi
ve t
hem
th
eir
ow
n p
ers
on
al u
ser
exp
eri
en
ce.
You
mig
ht
als
o c
on
sid
er
the
co
nfi
gura
bili
ty o
f th
e p
rod
uct
. T
his
allo
ws
dif
fere
nt
use
rs t
o h
ave
dif
fere
nt
fun
ctio
na
l va
ria
tio
ns
of
the
p
rod
uct
.
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
1c.
Ea
se o
f le
arn
ing.
Co
nte
nt
A s
tate
me
nt
of
ho
w e
asy
it s
ho
uld
be
to
lea
rn t
o u
se t
he
pro
du
ct.
Th
is w
ill r
an
ge f
rom
ze
ro t
ime
fo
r p
rod
uct
s in
ten
de
d f
or
pla
cem
en
t in
th
e p
ub
lic d
om
ain
(fo
r ex
am
ple
a p
ark
ing
me
ter
or
a w
eb
sit
e)
to a
co
nsi
de
rab
le t
ime
fo
r co
mp
lex,
hig
hly
te
chn
ica
l pro
du
cts.
(W
e k
no
w o
f o
ne
pro
du
ct w
he
re it
wa
s n
ece
ssa
ry fo
r gr
ad
ua
te e
ngi
ne
ers
to
sp
en
d 1
8 m
on
ths
in t
rain
ing
be
fore
be
ing
qu
alif
ied
to
use
th
e p
rod
uct
.)
Mo
tiva
tio
n
To q
ua
nti
fy t
he
am
ou
nt
of
tim
e t
ha
t yo
ur
clie
nt
fee
ls is
allo
wa
ble
be
fore
a u
ser
can
su
cce
ssfu
lly u
se t
he
pro
du
ct.
Th
is r
eq
uir
em
en
t w
ill g
uid
e d
esi
gne
rs in
ho
w u
sers
will
le
arn
th
e p
rod
uct
. Fo
r ex
am
ple
, th
e d
esi
gne
rs m
ay b
uild
ela
bo
rate
inte
ract
ive
he
lp
faci
litie
s in
to t
he
pro
du
ct,
or
the
pro
du
ct m
ay b
e p
ack
age
d w
ith
a t
uto
ria
l. A
lte
rna
tive
ly t
he
pro
du
ct m
ay h
ave
to
be
co
nst
ruct
ed
so
th
at
all
of
its
fun
ctio
na
lity
is a
pp
are
nt
up
on
fir
st e
nco
un
teri
ng
it.
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
ea
sy f
or
an
en
gin
ee
r to
lea
rn.
A c
lerk
sh
all
be
ab
le t
o b
e p
rod
uct
ive
wit
hin
a s
ho
rt t
ime
.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
ab
le t
o b
e u
sed
by
me
mb
ers
of
the
pu
blic
wh
o w
ill r
ece
ive
no
tra
inin
g b
efo
re u
sin
g it
.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
use
d b
y e
ngi
ne
ers
wh
o w
ill a
tte
nd
5 w
ee
ks o
f tr
ain
ing
be
fore
usi
ng
the
pro
du
ct.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
Fit
crit
eri
on
fo
r th
e a
bo
ve e
xam
ple
re
qu
ire
me
nts
are
:
An
en
gin
ee
r sh
all
pro
du
ce a
[sp
eci
fie
d r
esu
lt]
wit
hin
[sp
eci
fie
d t
ime
] o
f b
egi
nn
ing
to u
se t
he
pro
du
ct,
wit
ho
ut
ne
ed
ing
to u
se t
he
m
an
ua
l.
Aft
er
rece
ivin
g [n
um
be
r o
f h
ou
rs]
tra
inin
g a
cle
rk s
ha
ll b
e a
ble
to
pro
du
ce [
qu
an
tity
of
spe
cifi
ed
ou
tpu
ts]
pe
r [u
nit
of
tim
e].
[Agr
ee
d p
erc
en
tage
] o
f a
te
st p
an
el s
ha
ll su
cce
ssfu
lly c
om
ple
te [
spe
cifi
ed
ta
sk]
wit
hin
[sp
eci
fie
d t
ime
lim
it].
Th
e e
ngi
ne
ers
sh
all
ach
ieve
[a
gre
ed
pe
rce
nta
ge]
pa
ss r
ate
fro
m t
he
fin
al e
xam
ina
tio
n o
f th
e t
rain
ing.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Re
fer
ba
ck t
o S
ect
ion
3,
the
Use
rs o
f th
e S
yste
m, t
o e
nsu
re t
ha
t yo
u h
ave
co
nsi
de
red
th
e e
ase
of
lea
rnin
g re
qu
ire
me
nts
fro
m t
he
p
ers
pe
ctiv
e o
f a
ll th
e d
iffe
ren
t ty
pe
s o
f u
sers
.
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
1d
. U
nd
ers
tan
da
bili
ty a
nd
Po
lite
ne
ss r
eq
uir
em
en
ts.
Th
is s
ect
ion
is c
on
cern
ed
wit
h d
isco
veri
ng
req
uir
em
en
ts r
ela
ted
to
co
nce
pts
an
d m
eta
ph
ors
th
at
are
fa
mili
ar
to t
he
inte
nd
ed
en
d-
use
rs.
Co
nte
nt
Th
is s
pe
cifi
es
the
re
qu
ire
me
nt
for
the
pro
du
ct t
o b
e u
nd
ers
too
d b
y it
s u
sers
. W
hile
usa
bili
ty r
efe
rs t
o e
ase
of
use
, eff
icie
ncy
etc
.,
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
de
term
ine
s w
he
the
r th
e u
sers
inst
inct
ive
ly k
no
w w
ha
t th
e p
rod
uct
will
do
fo
r th
em
. In
oth
er
wo
rds,
th
e
pro
du
ct f
its
into
th
eir
vie
w o
f th
e w
orl
d.
You
ca
n t
hin
k o
f th
is a
s th
e p
rod
uct
be
ing
po
lite
to
its
use
rs a
nd
no
t ex
pe
ctin
g th
em
to k
no
w o
r le
arn
th
ings
th
at
hav
e n
oth
ing
to d
o w
ith
th
eir
bu
sin
ess
pro
ble
m.
Mo
tiva
tio
n
To a
void
fo
rcin
g th
e u
ser
to le
arn
te
rms
an
d c
on
cep
ts t
ha
t a
re p
art
of
the
pro
du
ctÕ
s in
tern
al c
on
stru
ctio
n a
nd
are
no
t re
leva
nt
to
the
use
rsÕ
wo
rld
. To
ma
ke t
he
pro
du
ct m
ore
co
mp
reh
en
sib
le a
nd
th
us
mo
re li
kely
to
be
ad
op
ted
by
its
inte
nd
ed
use
rs.
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
use
sym
bo
ls a
nd
wo
rds
tha
t a
re n
atu
rally
un
de
rsta
nd
ab
le b
y th
e u
ser
com
mu
nit
y.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
hid
e t
he
de
tails
of
its
con
stru
ctio
n f
rom
th
e u
ser.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Re
fer
ba
ck t
o S
ect
ion
3,
the
Use
rs o
f th
e P
rod
uct
, a
nd
co
nsi
de
r th
e w
orl
d f
rom
th
e p
oin
t o
f vi
ew
of
ea
ch o
f th
e d
iffe
ren
t ty
pe
s o
f u
sers
.
11
e.
Acc
ess
ibil
ity
req
uir
em
en
ts.
Co
nte
nt
Th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts f
or
ho
w e
asy
it s
ho
uld
be
fo
r p
eo
ple
wit
h c
om
mo
n d
isa
bili
tie
s to
acc
ess
th
e p
rod
uct
. T
he
se d
isa
bili
tie
s m
igh
t b
e
to d
o w
ith
sig
ht,
ph
ysic
al d
isa
ble
me
nt,
he
ari
ng
, co
gnit
ive
, o
r o
the
rs.
Mo
tiva
tio
n
In m
an
y co
un
trie
s it
is r
eq
uir
ed
th
at
som
e p
rod
uct
s a
re m
ad
e a
vaila
ble
to
th
e d
isa
ble
d.
In a
ny
eve
nt,
it s
ee
ms
self
-de
fea
tin
g to
excl
ud
e t
his
siz
ab
le c
om
mu
nit
y o
f p
ote
nti
al c
ust
om
ers
.
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
usa
ble
by
pa
rtia
lly-s
igh
ted
use
rs.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
con
form
to
th
e A
me
rica
ns
wit
h D
isa
bili
tie
s A
ct.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
2 P
erf
orm
an
ce R
eq
uir
em
en
ts
12
a.
Spe
ed
an
d la
ten
cy r
eq
uir
em
en
ts
Exa
mp
les
An
y in
terf
ace
be
twe
en
a u
ser
an
d t
he
au
tom
ate
d s
yste
m s
ha
ll h
ave
a m
axim
um
re
spo
nse
tim
e o
f 2
se
con
ds
Th
e r
esp
on
se s
ha
ll b
e f
ast
en
ou
gh t
o a
void
in
terr
up
tin
g th
e u
ser'
s fl
ow
of
tho
ugh
t
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
po
ll th
e s
en
sor
eve
ry 1
0 s
eco
nd
s
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
do
wn
loa
d t
he
ne
w s
tatu
s p
ara
me
ters
wit
hin
5 m
inu
tes
of
a c
ha
nge
Fit
Cri
teri
on
-U
nit
of
me
asu
rem
en
t, R
eq
uir
ed
ra
nge
of
valu
es
12
b.
Safe
ty c
riti
cal r
eq
uir
em
en
ts
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
no
t e
mit
no
xio
us
gase
s th
at d
am
age
pe
op
le's
he
alt
h.
Th
e h
eat
exc
ha
nge
r sh
all
be
sh
ield
ed
fro
m h
um
an
co
nta
ct.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
-D
esc
rip
tio
n o
f th
e p
erc
eiv
ed
ris
k, F
act
ors
th
at c
ou
ld c
au
se t
he
da
ma
ge
Un
it f
or
me
asu
rin
g th
e f
act
ors
th
at c
ou
ld c
au
se t
he
da
ma
ge
"Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
ce
rtif
ied
to
co
mp
ly w
ith
th
e H
ea
lth
De
pa
rtm
en
t's
sta
nd
ard
E1
10
-98
. T
his
is t
o b
e c
ert
ifie
d
by
qu
alif
ied
te
stin
g e
ngi
ne
ers
."
"No
me
mb
er
of
a t
est
pa
ne
l of
[sp
eci
fie
d s
ize
] sh
all
be
ab
le t
o t
ou
ch t
he
he
at e
xch
an
ger.
Th
e h
eat
exc
ha
nge
r m
ust
a
lso
co
mp
ly w
ith
sa
fety
sta
nd
ard
[sp
eci
fy w
hic
h o
ne]
.".
12
c. P
reci
sio
n o
r a
ccu
racy
re
qu
ire
me
nts
Exa
mp
les
All
mo
ne
tary
am
ou
nts
sh
all
be
acc
ura
te t
o 2
de
cim
al
pla
ces.
Acc
ura
cy o
f ro
ad
te
mp
era
ture
re
ad
ings
sh
all
be
wit
hin
+ o
r -
2 d
egr
ee
s ce
nti
gra
de
.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
-U
nit
of
me
asu
re p
lus
de
gre
e o
f p
reci
sio
n
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
2d
. R
elia
bili
ty a
nd
Ava
ilab
ility
re
qu
ire
me
nts
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
ava
ilab
le f
or
use
24
ho
urs
pe
r d
ay,
36
5 d
ays
pe
r ye
ar.
T
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll b
e a
vaila
ble
fo
r u
se b
etw
ee
n t
he
ho
urs
of
8:0
0a
m a
nd
5:3
0p
m.
Th
e e
sca
lato
r sh
all
run
fro
m 6
am
un
til
the
last
flig
ht
arr
ive
s at
10
pm
. T
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll a
chie
ve 9
9%
up
tim
e.
12
e.
Ro
bu
stn
ess
or
Fau
lt T
ole
ran
ce r
eq
uir
em
en
tsEx
am
ple
s T
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll co
nti
nu
e t
o o
pe
rate
in lo
cal m
od
e w
he
ne
ver
it lo
ses
its
link
to t
he
ce
ntr
al s
erv
er.
T
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll p
rovi
de
10
min
ute
s o
f e
me
rge
ncy
op
era
tio
n s
ho
uld
it
be
com
e d
isco
nn
ect
ed
fro
m t
he
ele
ctri
city
so
urc
e.
12
f. C
ap
aci
ty r
eq
uir
em
en
tsEx
am
ple
sT
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll ca
ter
for
30
0 s
imu
lta
ne
ou
s u
sers
wit
hin
th
e p
eri
od
fro
m 9
:00
am
to
11
:am
. M
axim
um
lo
ad
ing
at
oth
er
pe
rio
ds
will
be
15
0.
Du
rin
g a
lau
nch
pe
rio
d t
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll ca
ter
for
up
to
20
pe
op
le t
o b
e in
th
e in
ne
r ch
am
be
r.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
-q
ua
nti
fie
d,
an
d t
hu
s ca
n b
e t
est
ed
.
12
g. S
cala
bili
ty r
eq
uir
em
en
tsEx
am
ple
sT
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll b
e c
ap
ab
le o
f p
roce
ssin
g th
e e
xist
ing
10
0,0
00
cu
sto
me
rs.
Th
is n
um
be
r is
exp
ect
ed
to
gro
w t
o
50
0,0
00
wit
hin
th
ree
ye
ars
. T
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll b
e a
ble
to
pro
cess
50
,00
0 t
ran
sact
ion
s a
n h
ou
r w
ith
in t
wo
ye
ars
of
its
lau
nch
.
12
h.
Lon
gevi
ty r
eq
uir
em
en
tsEx
am
ple
s
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
exp
ect
ed
to
op
era
te w
ith
in t
he
max
imu
m m
ain
ten
an
ce b
ud
get
for
a m
inim
um
of
5 y
ea
rs.
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
3 O
pe
rati
on
al
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
13
a.
Exp
ect
ed
ph
ysic
al
en
viro
nm
en
tEx
am
ple
s
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
use
d b
y a
wo
rke
r, s
tan
din
g u
p, o
uts
ide
in c
old
, ra
iny
con
dit
ion
s.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
use
d in
no
isy
con
dit
ion
s w
ith
a lo
t o
f d
ust
.
13
b.
Exp
ect
ed
te
chn
olo
gica
l e
nvi
ron
me
nt
13
c. P
art
ne
r a
pp
licat
ion
sEx
am
ple
s
We
mu
st b
e a
ble
to
inte
rfa
ce w
ith
an
y h
tml b
row
ser.
Th
e n
ew
ve
rsio
n o
f th
e s
pre
ad
she
et
mu
st b
e a
ble
to
acc
ess
da
ta f
rom
th
e p
revi
ou
s 2
ve
rsio
ns.
13
d.
Pro
du
ctiz
atio
n R
eq
uir
em
en
ts
Exa
mp
les T
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll b
e d
istr
ibu
ted
as
a Z
IP f
ile.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
be
ab
le t
o b
e in
sta
lled
by
an
un
tra
ine
d u
ser
wit
ho
ut
reco
urs
e t
o s
ep
ara
tely
-pri
nte
d in
stru
ctio
ns.
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
4 M
ain
tain
ab
ility
an
d S
up
po
rt R
eq
uir
em
en
ts
14
a.
Ma
inte
na
nce
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Exa
mp
les N
ew
MIS
re
po
rts
mu
st b
e a
vaila
ble
wit
hin
on
e w
ork
ing
we
ek
of
the
da
te t
he
re
qu
ire
me
nts
are
agr
ee
d
A n
ew
we
ath
er
sta
tio
n m
ust
be
ab
le t
o b
e a
dd
ed
to
th
e s
yste
m o
vern
igh
t
14
b.
Are
th
ere
sp
eci
al
con
dit
ion
s th
at a
pp
ly t
o t
he
ma
inte
na
nce
of
this
pro
du
ct?
Exa
mp
les T
he
ma
inte
na
nce
re
lea
ses
will
be
off
ere
d t
o e
nd
-use
rs o
nce
a y
ea
r.
Eve
ry r
egi
ste
red
use
r w
ill h
ave
acc
ess
to
ou
r h
elp
sit
e v
ia t
he
Inte
rne
t.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
De
scri
pti
on
of
typ
e o
f m
ain
ten
an
ce +
am
ou
nt
of
eff
ort
bu
dge
ted
14
c. S
up
po
rta
bili
ty R
eq
uir
em
en
ts
14
d.
Ad
ap
tab
ility
re
qu
ire
me
nts
Exa
mp
les T
he
pro
du
ct is
exp
ect
ed
to
ru
n u
nd
er
Win
do
ws
95
an
d U
nix
Th
e p
rod
uct
mig
ht
eve
ntu
ally
be
so
ld t
o t
he
Ja
pa
ne
se m
ark
et
Fit
Cri
teri
on
Spe
cifi
cati
on
of
syst
em
so
ftw
are
on
wh
ich
th
e p
rod
uct
mu
st o
pe
rate
.
Spe
cifi
cati
on
of
futu
re e
nvi
ron
me
nts
in w
hic
h t
he
pro
du
ct is
exp
ect
ed
to
op
era
te.
14
e.
Inst
alla
tio
n r
eq
uir
em
en
ts
Exa
mp
le T
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll b
e a
ble
to
be
inst
alle
d in
th
e s
pe
cifi
ed
en
viro
nm
en
t w
ith
in 2
wo
rkin
g d
ays
.
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
5 S
ecu
rity
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
15
a.
Acc
ess
re
qu
ire
me
nts
Exa
mp
les O
nly
dir
ect
ma
na
gers
ca
n s
ee
th
e p
ers
on
ne
l re
cord
s o
f th
eir
sta
ff.
On
ly h
old
ers
of
curr
en
t se
curi
ty c
lea
ran
ce c
an
en
ter
the
bu
ildin
g.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
Syst
em
fun
ctio
n n
am
e o
r sy
ste
m d
ata
na
me
Use
r ro
le/s
an
d/o
r n
am
es
of
pe
op
le w
ho
ha
ve c
lea
ran
ce
15
b.
Inte
grit
y re
qu
ire
me
nts
Exa
mp
les T
he
pro
du
ct s
ha
ll p
reve
nt
its
da
ta fr
om
inco
rre
ct d
ata
be
ing
intr
od
uce
d.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
pro
tect
itse
lf f
rom
inte
nti
on
al a
bu
se.
15
c. P
riva
cy r
eq
uir
em
en
ts
Exa
mp
les
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
ma
ke it
s u
ser
aw
are
of
its
info
rma
tio
n p
ract
ice
s b
efo
re c
olle
ctio
n d
ata
fro
m t
he
m.
Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all
no
tify
cu
sto
me
rs o
f ch
an
ges
to it
s in
form
ati
on
po
licy.
15
d.
Au
dit
re
qu
ire
me
nts
15
e.
Imm
un
ity
req
uir
em
en
ts
Co
nte
nt
Th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts fo
r w
ha
t th
e p
rod
uct
ha
s to
do
to
pro
tect
itse
lf f
rom
infe
ctio
n b
y u
na
uth
ori
zed
or
un
de
sira
ble
so
ftw
are
pro
gra
ms,
su
ch a
s vi
ruse
s, w
orm
s, T
roja
n h
ors
es
an
d o
the
rs.
Mo
tiva
tio
n
To
bu
ild a
pro
du
ct t
ha
t is
as
secu
re a
s p
oss
ible
fro
m m
alic
iou
s in
terf
ere
nce
.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Each
da
y b
rin
gs m
ore
ma
levo
len
ce fr
om
th
e u
nkn
ow
n, o
uts
ide
wo
rld
. Pe
op
le b
uyi
ng
soft
wa
re, o
r a
ny
oth
er
kin
d o
f p
rod
uct
, exp
ect
th
at
it c
an
p
rote
ct it
self
fro
m o
uts
ide
inte
rfe
ren
ce,
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
6 C
ult
ura
l an
d P
olit
ica
l R
eq
uir
em
en
ts
16
a.
Cu
ltu
ral r
eq
uir
em
en
tsEx
am
ple
s The
pro
du
ct s
hal
l no
t b
e o
ffe
nsi
ve t
o r
elig
iou
s o
r e
thn
ic g
rou
ps.
The
pro
du
ct s
hal
l be
ab
le t
o d
isti
ngu
ish
be
twe
en
Fre
nch
, Ita
lian
an
d B
riti
sh r
oad
nu
mb
eri
ng
syst
em
s.
16
b.
Po
litic
al
req
uir
em
en
ts
Exa
mp
les Th
e p
rod
uct
sh
all b
e in
stal
led
usi
ng
com
po
ne
nt
X.
The
pro
du
ct s
hal
l mak
e a
ll fu
nct
ion
alit
y av
aila
ble
to t
he
man
agin
g d
ire
cto
r.
The
pro
du
ct s
hal
l be
de
velo
pe
d u
sin
g X
YZ s
tan
dar
ds.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Did
yo
u in
ten
d t
o d
eve
lop
th
e p
rod
uct
on
a M
acin
tosh
, wh
en
th
e o
ffic
e m
anag
er
has
laid
do
wn
a e
dic
t th
at o
nly
Win
do
ws
mac
hin
es
are
pe
rmit
ted
?
Is a
dir
ect
or
also
on
th
e b
oar
d o
f a
com
pan
y th
at m
anu
fact
ure
s p
rod
uct
s si
mila
r to
th
e o
ne
th
at y
ou
inte
nd
to
bu
ild?
Wh
eth
er
you
agr
ee
wit
h t
he
se p
olit
ical
re
qu
ire
me
nts
has
litt
le b
ear
ing
on
th
e o
utc
om
e. T
he
re
alit
y is
th
at t
he
sys
tem
has
to
co
mp
ly w
ith
po
litic
al
req
uir
em
en
ts e
ven
if y
ou
can
fin
d a
be
tte
r/m
ore
eff
icie
nt/
mo
re e
con
om
ical
so
luti
on
.
A f
ew
pro
bin
g q
ue
stio
ns
he
re m
ay s
ave
so
me
he
arta
che
late
r. T
he
po
litic
al r
eq
uir
em
en
ts m
igh
t b
e p
ure
ly c
on
cern
ed
wit
h t
he
po
litic
s in
sid
e y
ou
r o
rgan
izat
ion
. Ho
we
ver
the
re a
re s
itu
atio
ns
wh
en
yo
u n
ee
d t
o c
on
sid
er
the
po
litic
s in
sid
e y
ou
r cu
sto
me
rsÕ
org
aniz
atio
ns
or
the
nat
ion
al
po
litic
s o
f th
e c
ou
ntr
y.
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFR
s:W
ith
Vo
lere
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Sp
eci
fica
tio
n T
em
pla
te1
7 L
ega
l Re
qu
ire
me
nts
17
a.
Co
mp
lian
ce r
eq
uir
em
en
tsEx
am
ple
s Pe
rso
nal
info
rmat
ion
sh
all b
e im
ple
me
nte
d s
o a
s to
co
mp
ly w
ith
th
e d
ata
pro
tect
ion
act
.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
Law
yers
' op
inio
n t
hat
th
e p
rod
uct
do
es
no
t b
reak
an
y la
ws.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
Co
nsi
de
r co
nsu
ltin
g la
wye
rs t
o h
elp
ide
nti
fy t
he
lega
l re
qu
ire
me
nts
.
Are
th
ere
an
y co
pyr
igh
ts/i
nte
llect
ual
pro
pe
rty
that
mu
st b
e p
rote
cte
d?
Alt
ern
ativ
ely
, do
an
y co
mp
eti
tors
hav
e c
op
yrig
hts
th
atyo
u m
igh
t b
e in
d
ange
r o
f in
frin
gin
g?
17
b.
Sta
nd
ard
s re
qu
ire
me
nts
Exa
mp
le
The
pro
du
ct s
hal
l co
mp
ly w
ith
MilS
pe
c st
and
ard
s.
The
pro
du
ct s
hal
l co
mp
ly w
ith
insu
ran
ce in
du
stry
sta
nd
ard
s.
The
pro
du
ct s
hal
l be
de
velo
pe
d a
cco
rdin
g to
SSA
DM
sta
nd
ard
de
velo
pm
en
t st
ep
s.
Fit
Cri
teri
on
The
ap
pro
pri
ate
sta
nd
ard
-ke
ep
er
cert
ifie
s th
at t
he
sta
nd
ard
has
be
en
ad
he
red
to
.
Co
nsi
de
rati
on
s
It is
no
t al
way
s ap
par
en
t th
at t
he
re a
re a
pp
licab
le s
tan
dar
ds
be
cau
se t
he
ir e
xist
en
ce is
oft
en
tak
en
fo
r gr
ante
d. C
on
sid
er
the
fo
llow
ing:
Are
th
ere
an
y in
du
stry
bo
die
s th
at h
ave
ap
plic
able
sta
nd
ard
s?
Has
th
e in
du
stry
a c
od
e o
f p
ract
ice
, wat
chd
og
or
om
bu
dsm
an?
Are
th
ere
an
y sp
eci
al d
eve
lop
me
nt s
tep
s fo
r th
is t
ype
of
pro
du
ct?
Law
renc
e C
hung
UM
L –
de
fac
to s
tan
dar
d f
or
OO
A;
bu
t F
R-d
om
inan
ce!
Web
Pre
sent
atio
nP
rici
ngU
ser
Pro
file
Dat
a A
cces
s
Sup
plie
r
1: p
repa
re p
ropo
sal
1.1:
get
RF
P (
user
)
1.1.
1: g
etC
ompa
ny (
user
)
1.1.
2: g
etR
PF
(co
mpa
ny)
1.2:
get
Lang
uage
Loca
le (
user
)
1.3:
get
Tim
eZon
e (u
ser)
2: s
ubm
itPro
posa
l (pr
opos
al)
2.1:
sub
mitP
ropo
sal (
prop
osal
)
2.1.
1: s
ubm
itPro
posa
l (co
mpa
ny, p
ropo
sal)
2.1.
1: g
etC
ompa
ny (
user
)
Bill
of M
ater
ial S
yste
mU
pdat
e B
ill o
f Mat
eria
l
Pric
ing
Sys
tem
Ser
vice
Item
Pla
nner
Cre
ate
Ser
vice
Item
Sup
plie
r
Sen
d R
FP
exte
nds
Sub
mit
Pric
e P
ropo
sal
Pro
cure
men
t Man
ager
App
rove
Pric
e P
ropo
sal
Use
rS
uppl
ier
Per
form
On-
line
Fun
ctio
n
Law
renc
e C
hung
NFRs:
NFRs:
With Rational Unified Process and UML
With Rational Unified Process and UML
NF
R A
sso
cia
tion
Poi
nt
Ac
tor
Ac
tor-
Us
e C
as
e A
ss
oic
atio
nU
se
Ca
seS
ys
tem
Bou
nd
ary
NF
R G
oal
(N
G)
Sy
ste
m B
oun
d.
- N
FR A
sso
c
NF
R A
ssoc
Pro
pag
atio
n
Ac
tor
- N
FR A
sso
c P
rop
ag
atio
n
Act
or
- N
FR A
ssoc
Us
eca
se -
NF
R A
sso
c P
rop
ag
atio
n
Us
e C
ase
- N
FR
As
soc
AU
-A -
NF
R A
ss
oc P
rop
ag
atio
n
AU
-A -
NFR
As
soc
R9
R1
1R
10
R1
R3
R2
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R1
2R
13
R1
4
Use
cas
esas
prim
ary
tool
for
FR
s el
icita
tion
and
mod
elin
g
Use
cas
es a
re r
ealiz
ed w
ithin
tera
ctio
n di
agra
msh
owin
g in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n co
mpo
nent
s or
obj
ects
Pac
kage
Dep
ende
ncy
Dia
gram
or
Cla
ss
diag
ram
to d
escr
ibe
com
pone
nts/
obje
cts
and
thei
r re
latio
nshi
ps
A M
eta-
mod
el fo
r pa
rtia
l FR
s an
d N
FR
s In
tegr
atio
n
Wh
at A
re U
se C
ase
s?
Bill
of M
ate
rial
Sys
tem
Upd
ate
Bill
of M
ater
ial
Pric
ing
Sys
tem
Ser
vice
Item
P
lann
erC
reat
e S
erv
ice
Item
Sup
plie
r
Sen
d R
FP
exte
nds
Sub
mit
Pri
ce P
ropo
sal
Pro
cure
men
t Ma
nage
rA
ppro
ve P
rice
Pro
posa
l
Use
rS
uppl
ier
Per
form
On-
line
Fu
nctio
n
Law
renc
e C
hung
Sys
tem
= th
esy
stem
in q
uest
ion
that
pro
vide
s th
e fu
nctio
nalit
y re
pres
ente
d by
use
cas
es
Use
Cas
eA
ctor
Act
or-U
se C
ase
Ass
ocia
tion
Sys
tem
Use
cas
e de
tails
, inc
ludi
ng N
FR
s, a
re e
mbe
dded
text
ually
usi
ng a
tem
plat
e
Use
cas
e=
func
tiona
lity
(FR
s) p
rovi
ded
by th
e sy
stem
Act
or=
an
exte
rnal
ent
ity(h
uman
or
syst
em)
Act
or-U
se C
ase
Ass
ocia
tion
= a
nin
terf
ace
betw
een
an a
ctor
and
the
syst
em
Spe
cial
ized
Act
or
Gen
eral
ized
Act
or
Spe
cial
ized
Use
Cas
e
Gen
eral
ized
Use
Cas
e
NFRs:
NFRs:
With Rational Unified Process and UML
With Rational Unified Process and UML
Inad
eq
uat
e H
and
ling
of
NFR
s
Tit
leT
itle
Sub
mit
Pric
e P
ropo
sal
Sub
mit
Pric
e P
ropo
sal
Des
crip
tion
Des
crip
tion
Sup
plie
r su
bmits
pric
e pr
opos
al a
gain
st a
RF
P (
requ
est
for
prop
osal
).S
uppl
ier
subm
its p
rice
prop
osal
aga
inst
a R
FP
(re
ques
t fo
r pr
opos
al).
Act
ors
Act
ors
Sup
plie
rS
uppl
ier
Bas
ic F
low
Bas
ic F
low
1.1.S
uppl
ier
sele
cts
an R
FP
and
req
uest
s sy
stem
to
subm
it a
prop
osal
ag
ains
t th
e S
uppl
ier
sele
cts
an R
FP
and
req
uest
s sy
stem
to
subm
it a
prop
osal
ag
ains
t th
e R
FP.
RF
P.2.2
.Sys
tem
pro
mpt
s th
e S
uppl
ier
for
prop
osal
info
rmat
ion.
Sys
tem
pro
mpt
s th
e S
uppl
ier
for
prop
osal
info
rmat
ion.
3.3.S
uppl
ier
prov
ides
the
fol
low
ing
prop
osal
info
rmat
ion…
Sup
plie
r pr
ovid
es t
he f
ollo
win
g pr
opos
al in
form
atio
n…4.4
.……
Alt
erna
te F
low
sA
lter
nate
Flo
ws
In s
tep
3, S
uppl
ier
may
req
uest
to
…In
ste
p 3,
Sup
plie
r m
ay r
eque
st t
o …
Spec
ial
Spec
ial
Req
uire
men
tsR
equi
rem
ents
Sup
plie
r m
ay n
ot s
ee o
ther
sup
plie
rs’ i
dent
ity a
nd s
ubm
itted
pro
posa
ls.
Sup
plie
r m
ay n
ot s
ee o
ther
sup
plie
rs’ i
dent
ity a
nd s
ubm
itted
pro
posa
ls.
Law
renc
e C
hung
Text
ual d
escr
iptio
n fo
r N
FR
s em
bedd
ed in
the
use
case
spe
cial
requ
irem
ents
se
ctio
n –
not 1
stcl
ass
citiz
ens
Pro
blem
s:1.
NF
Rs
not m
odel
ed a
nd o
rgan
ized
, an
d no
tvis
ually
2.N
FR
s no
t tra
ceab
le to
arc
hite
ctur
e an
d de
sign
3.E
rror
pro
ne if
NF
R a
pplic
able
to
mul
tiple
use
cas
es
NFRs:
NFRs:
With Rational Unified Process and UML
With Rational Unified Process and UML
Oth
er
Inte
grat
ion
Sch
em
es
Met
hod
Met
hod
Inte
grat
ion
Poi
ntIn
tegr
atio
n P
oint
NF
R M
odel
ing
Con
stru
cts
NF
R M
odel
ing
Con
stru
cts
Dra
wba
cks
Dra
wba
cks
Cys
nerio
s’s
[1]
Cys
nerio
s’s
[1]
Text
(LE
L)Te
xt (
LEL)
SIG
, Cla
ss/E
RD
ext
ens
ions
SIG
, Cla
ss/E
RD
ext
ens
ions
Not
usi
ng t
he p
refe
rre
d us
e c
ase
N
ot u
sing
the
pre
ferr
ed
use
ca
se
mod
elin
g fo
r F
R e
licita
tion
mod
elin
g fo
r F
R e
licita
tion
Lee
’s [2
]Le
e’s
[2]
Use
ca
ses
Use
ca
ses
Use
ca
ses
Use
ca
ses
Usi
ng u
se c
ase
s (F
R c
onst
ruct
s)
Usi
ng u
se c
ase
s (F
R c
onst
ruct
s)
to r
epr
ese
nt N
FR
s. N
o to
re
pre
sent
NF
Rs.
No
orga
niza
tiona
l con
stru
cts.
orga
niza
tiona
l con
stru
cts.
Mor
eira
’s [
3]M
ore
ira’s
[3]
Text
(us
e c
ase
Te
xt (
use
ca
se
tem
pla
te)
tem
pla
te)
Unn
am
ed
use
ca
ses
with
U
nna
me
d us
e c
ase
s w
ith
ste
reo
type
na
me
st
ere
o ty
pe n
am
e
indi
catin
g th
e N
FR
, in
dica
ting
the
NF
R,
e.g
., <
<S
ecu
rity>
>e
.g.,
<<
Se
curit
y>>
Usi
ng u
se c
ase
s (F
R c
onst
ruct
s)
Usi
ng u
se c
ase
s (F
R c
onst
ruct
s)
to r
epr
ese
nt N
FR
s. N
onto
re
pre
sent
NF
Rs.
Non
--st
and
ard
usa
ge o
f un
nam
ed
sta
nda
rd u
sage
of
unna
me
d e
ntity
. N
o or
gani
zatio
nal
ent
ity.
No
orga
niza
tiona
l co
nstr
ucts
.co
nstr
ucts
.
Dim
itro
v’s
[4]
Dim
itro
v’s
[4]
Use
ca
ses,
Se
que
nce
U
se c
ase
s, S
equ
enc
e
dia
gra
m,
Sta
te
dia
gra
m,
Sta
te
cha
rt, A
ctiv
ity
cha
rt, A
ctiv
ity
dia
gra
mdi
agr
am
Info
rma
l ann
ota
tion
on
Info
rma
l ann
ota
tion
on
dia
gra
ms
dia
gra
ms
Spe
cific
to
perf
orm
anc
e N
FR
. N
o S
peci
fic t
o pe
rfor
ma
nce
NF
R.
No
orga
niza
tiona
l con
stru
cts.
orga
niza
tiona
l con
stru
cts.
Law
renc
e C
hung
No
sing
le s
chem
e pr
ovid
ing
all o
f:
�U
se c
ase
driv
en�
Mod
elin
g co
nstr
ucts
for
rep
rese
ntin
g an
d or
gani
zing
NF
Rs
�P
rese
rvin
g un
derly
ing
use
case
prin
cipl
es (
e.g.
, ova
ls fo
r F
Rs
but n
ot fo
r N
FR
s)�
Gen
eric
fo
r a
wid
e ra
nge
of N
FR
s
NFRs:
NFRs:
With Rational Unified Process and UML
With Rational Unified Process and UML
