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Colonial homestead, 18th century.

The English Colonies1600–1753

The 13 English colonies develop differently, but a shared American culture emerges among the colonists.

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The English Colonies1600–1753

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

The English Establish 13 Colonies

The Backcountry

Colonial Culture

Map

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Section 1

The English Establish13 Colonies Each region of the English colonies develops adistinct regional identity.

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The New England Colonies

The English Establish 13 Colonies

Search for Religious Freedom• Settlers come to colonies for land, fortune,

religious freedom• Founders of New England colonies mostly English

religious groups- disagree with Church of England, were

persecuted• Originally four New England colonies

- Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island

- present-day Maine, Vermont part of other colonies at time

SECTION

1

Continued . . .

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1

The Pilgrims Establish Plymouth• Pilgrims part of Separatists—want to break from

Church of England• Pilgrims sail to Jamestown on Mayflower; blown

off course • Land at Plymouth, Massachusetts, November

1620• First winter harsh; starvation, disease kill half the

Pilgrims• Native American Squanto teaches Pilgrims

survival skills• Negotiates a peace treaty, fur trade begins

continued The New England Colonies

Continued . . .

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SECTION

1

The Massachusetts Bay Colony• Another religious group—Puritans—arrive in

America (1630–1640) - want to reform Church of England, not break

from it• Puritans invest in Massachusetts Bay Company;

plan commonwealth• Commonwealth—people work together for

common good, community • Eventually 20,000 Puritans in New England

continued The New England Colonies

Continued . . .

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1

Puritan Town Organization• Congregation basic unit of commonwealth; land

divided among members• Meetinghouse focal point of the central square,

called a green• Farmhouses surround green; field and pastures

behind houses• Church attendance mandatory; “New England

Way” stresses values- duty, godliness, hard work, honesty; leisure

leads to laziness• Resources, work ethic help New England

colonies prosper quickly

continued The New England Colonies

Continued . . .

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SECTION

1

Northern Agriculture and Resources• Rocky soil, long winters make farming hard in

New England• Practice subsistence farming—grow enough for

family, little left for trade• Many natural resources: fish, lumber, iron

deposits, fur from animals

continued The New England Colonies

New England Grows• Massachusetts grows, congregations found new

colonies inland• By early 1700s Puritanism declines; profit

overrides Puritan ideals• 1691 royal charter grants Baptists, Anglicans

religious freedom Continued . . .

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SECTION

1

Continued . . .

Triangular Trade• Three forms of trade in New England

- trade with other colonies, direct trade with Europe, triangular trade

• Triangular Trade routes had three stops, for example:- New England rum, iron shipped to Africa; Africa

trades for slaves- slaves shipped to West Indies; traded for

sugar, molasses- sugar, molasses shipped to New England;

used to make rum

continued The New England Colonies

Map

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SECTION

1

Africans in New England• Few enslaved people in New England colonies• Small farms require less work; don’t need slave

labor • In larger towns, slaves work in homes, docks,

warehouses• Some allowed to keep portion of wages

continued The New England Colonies

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SECTION

1

Agriculture and Resources• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

form Middle Colonies• Religious freedom attracts Jews, Protestants,

Quakers• Shipping, commerce in Hudson, Delaware River

valleys • Good soil, mild winters allow cash crops—raised to

be sold for money• Dutch, German farmers bring advanced farming

skills to colonies

The Middle Colonies

Continued . . .

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SECTION

1

Cities Built on Trade• New York on Hudson River, Philadelphia on

Delaware River • Wheat trade, shipyards bring wealth; public

improvements follow

continued The Middle Colonies

Diversity and Tolerance• Home to Africans, English, other European

groups by mid-1600s• William Penn creates Quaker colony; believe in

living in peace - women, natives, all religions and nationalities

treated equal• Quaker policies make Pennsylvania one of

wealthiest colonies Continued . . .

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SECTION

1

Africans in the Middle Colonies• About 7 percent of population enslaved; most in

New York City- work as laborers, servants, drivers, assistants

to craftspeople• Free Africans work as laborers, servants, sailors• Racial tension high; slave revolts punished with

force, violence

continued The Middle Colonies

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The Southern Colonies

SECTION

1

Maryland and the Carolinas• Maryland, Virginia, Carolinas, Georgia form

Southern Colonies• Maryland haven for Roman Catholics; Carolina,

English from Barbados • Carolina splits into North and South in 1712

Continued . . .

Southern Agriculture• Terrain, long growing season makes south ideal

for cash crops• Tobacco basis of Maryland economy; labor-

intensive crop• Carolina produces indigo; rice grown in

marshlands of coast

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SECTION

1

A Plantation Economy• Plantation economy develops in South—large,

self-sufficient farms• Plantations need many workers; use indentured

servants • By mid-1600s, servants work off debt, buy own

land• Planters replace workers with Native Americans; many die, escape• Plantations rely heavily on African slave labor by

end of 1600s• Slavery allows plantation economy to grow

continued The Southern Colonies

Continued . . .

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SECTION

1

Africans in the Southern Colonies• More than 235,000 slaves in colonies by 1750;

85 percent in South• Most try to keep culture; some resist slavery,

slave codes passed• Slaves not allowed to leave plantations, meet

with free blacks

continued The Southern Colonies

A Planter Class Emerges• Plantations, widespread slavery make Southern

Colonies different• Powerful planter class rises; soon control

political, economic power• Small farmers cannot compete; move to

Backcountry

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The desire for land motivates settlers to open the Backcountry.

Section 2

The Backcountry

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Geography of the Backcountry

The Backcountry

Land Between the Coast and Mountains• In South, those seeking land move inland to

Backcountry• Backcountry—rough, mountainous region; begins

at fall line- fresh water, abundant forests make settlement

easy• Augusta is Backcountry town in Georgia, founded

1736- trade center for settlers in Charles Town and

Savannah

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2

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The Great Wagon Road

“The Warrior’s Path”• English know little of inland areas past navigable

rivers• Native Americans know of “Warrior’s Path”

- north-south trail along eastern Appalachians; under Iroquois control

• 1744, English sign treaties with Iroquois to use path

• Path becomes Great Wagon Road—main Backcountry highway

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2

Map

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The People of the Backcountry

A Different Measure of Success• Backcountry settlers different from coastal

landowners- coasts settled by trading companies, rich

Europeans; except in Georgia• Backcountry settlers lack wealth; gauge success

by land ownership • First Europeans in Backcountry trade with Native

Americans• New colonists, former indentured servants settle

land• Start subsistence farms; farmers clash with

Native Americans over land

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2

Continued . . .

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The Scots-Irish• Scots-Irish come from borderland between

Scotland and England- most lived in northern Ireland for a time

• Persecution, poverty lead them to America; many head for Backcountry

• Backcountry land similar to Scots-Irish homelands

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2

continued The People of the Backcountry

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Backcountry Life

Location• Backcountry terrain makes transportation,

regional trade difficult• Settlers depend on themselves, grow food, raise

cattle, make goods- log cabins, corn husk mattresses, furniture

• Backcountry women work in fields, woods as well as homes

SECTION

2

Section 3

Colonial Culture As the traditions of the different colonists merge with the realities of colonial life, a new culture forms.

NEXT

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The Importance of Land Ownership

Colonial Culture

Different Beliefs About Land• Land ownership is powerful attraction for Europeans

- England is small, fewer than 5 percent are landowners

• America has abundant land, but Native Americans live on it

• Most Europeans do not recognize native land rights• Many settlers believe God meant for land to be

cultivated- if natives do not cultivate, then land should go to

those who will

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3

Continued . . .

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Different Beliefs About Land• Land ownership grants political rights, sets social

rank- large landowners at top class of society, people

with no land at lowest- most colonists in middle class—small farmers- women in same class as husbands or fathers

• Some unskilled laborers, indentured servants, slaves get limited rights

continued The Importance of Land Ownership

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3

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Colonial Women

SECTION

3

Women’s Responsibilities• Early colonial women often brought over by

unmarried men• Most at time believe women are property of

husbands• Marriage is most common way for women to rise

in status• Most white women are farm wives—make home

goods, cook, tend animals• Women in towns work as seamstresses, run

boardinghouses• Some women practice trades, help raise crops

Continued . . .

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Other Roles for Women• Women establish schools, orphanages; assist

with medical care• Anne Hutchinson—religious leader, believes in

making own moral choices- believes women have same rights as men;

church calls her “disruptive”- forced to move to more religiously tolerant

Rhode Island• Women have few rights despite contributions,

husbands own everything- can own property with husbands’ permission

continued Colonial Women

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3

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Colonial Children

SECTION

3

Learning a Trade• Children contribute to colonial life; large families

mean more workers• Children as young as three or four have simple

jobs to do• Boys expected to help fathers around age six,

learn farming or trades• Some boys become apprentices around 11

- leave home to learn trade from experienced craftsman

- work for free in exchange for food, lodging, learning trade

Image

Continued . . .

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Home Skills• Girls rarely apprentice; mothers teach sewing,

cooking, homemaking • Some New England girls move to new

households, learn special tasks • Orphans often work as servants for other families• Orphanages built to house orphans; shortage of

families- George Whitefield creates Savannah’s

Bethesda School as orphanage

continued Colonial Children

SECTION

3

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Colonial Education

SECTION

3

Reading and Writing• Education valued; reading is taught so Bible can

be read• Most young children attend dame school—

taught by older woman, or dame- learn alphabet, basic reading and writing,

usually in dame’s home- most children’s schooling ends at six or seven

• Wealthy children have private tutors or attend grammar schools- taught literacy, arithmetic, Latin, Greek;

schooling very strict

Continued . . .

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Higher Education• Most colleges in northeast; William and Mary in

Virginia• Colleges train ministers, political leaders,

merchants, landowners• Women not allowed; men must know Latin,

Greek to attend• Rare for African-Americans to get education

- illegal to teach slaves to read, schools admit few free blacks

continued Colonial Education

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3

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The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment

SECTION

3

William and Mary• James II rules England when first colonists come

to America- heavy-handed ruler; strict Catholic in mostly

Protestant country• Parliament overthrows James in 1688• His daughter and her husband, William and Mary,

take power in 1689- agree to uphold English Bill of Rights

Continued . . .

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The Great Awakening • Great Awakening—religious movement in

colonies (1730s–1740s)- traveling ministers preach inner spirituality over

religious behavior• Religion becomes more personal, views differ,

churches split apart• Some congregations welcome Native Americans,

African Americans• Religion spurs colonists to help others, found

orphanages, seminaries• Great Awakening plants ideas of equality,

independence

continued The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment

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3

Continued . . .

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The Enlightenment• 18th century cultural movement known as The

Age of Enlightenment• The Enlightenment emphasizes reason, science

as path to knowledge• English philosopher John Locke believes people

have natural rights- life, liberty, property; government created to

protect these rights- if rights unprotected, people have right to

change government• Locke challenges rule by kings; later inspires

American independence

continued The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment

SECTION

3

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Colonial Africans

SECTION

3

Africans Preserve Culture• Africans preserve customs, beliefs from

homelands, despite hardships- not allowed to read, write, own property, earn

wages; no political voice• Continue to practice religions, dance, tell stories,

play music• Kinship customs become basis of African-

American family culture

Continued . . .

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The Stono Rebellion • Stono Rebellion, September 9, 1739, one of most

famous slave uprisings• 20 slaves break into Stono, South Carolina store,

kill two, take weapons• Head to Florida; attack, burn plantations along

route; more slaves join • Slaveholders catch up with them, 60 people killed

in battle• Rebellion leads to harsher slave codes; stricter

code enforcement- can’t grow own food, keep money, learn to

read, assemble in groups

continued Colonial Africans

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3

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Plans for a Different Colony

SECTION

3

The Thirteenth Original Colony• Founders of Georgia, last English colony, wanted

a different colony • No plantations, slavery, liquor; offer a fresh start

for the worthy poor• Protect colony of South Carolina; establish

English rights in America

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