New and Emerging Invasive Forest Pests

Invasive Species Exclusion Unit

Plant Protection Division,

Minnesota Department of Agriculture

Alien, Exotic or Invasive

• Invasive species: alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health (Executive Order 13112).

Invasive species management

• Prevention• Early detection & Rapid

response• Control & Management• Restoration & Rehabilitation

National Strategy and Implementation Plan for Invasive Species Management

-- US Forest Service

The Pests:• Emerald ash borer• Gypsy moth• Asian longhorned beetle• European woodwasp• Pathogens

Emerald ash borer

David Cappaert, , www.forestryimages.org

EAB Lifecycle: Adults

Art Wagner, Bugwood.org

Where is EAB?

EAB Readiness PlanObjectives:

• Delay the introduction and establishment of EAB in Minnesota

• Department of Agriculture

• Identify and prepare outreach, education and training

•University of Minnesota

• Provide the basis for long-term sustainability

• Department of Natural Resources

• Develop political support to ensure adequate funding and regulation

• S&S Tree Specialists, Inc.

Delay Introduction & Establishment

Prevention –Regulation & Education

Delay Introduction & Establishment

Early Detection – Detection Trees

Early Detection – First Detector Network

EAB Reporter

EAB First Detector

Minnesota Department of

Agriculture

“Do I Have EAB?” Checklist

EAB Decision Tree

Early Detection – First Detector Network

Early Detection – Purple Traps

What is Minnesota Doing About EAB?

Rapid Response - EAB Response Plan

Point source pre- adult emergence

Non-point source

1. 10 mile radius quarantine

2. Eradication possible, depends on situation

1. County quarantine

2. Suppression best option

Point source post-adult emergence

1. Site quarantined

2. Eradication best option

Rapid Response Scenarios

What is Minnesota Doing About EAB?

Management – Current Research

• Silvicultural

• Resistant tree varieties

• Population dynamics and spread under different management strategies including sanitation, phloem reduction, islands of attraction

• Chemical

•Systemic pesticides – imidacloprid, dinotefuron, emamectin benzoate

• Biological

• 3 species of parasitic wasps researched, 2 released?

• Naturalized wasp switching to EAB?

John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service

Gypsy Moth

Gypsy Moth Life Cycle

• Gypsy moth is a tree defoliator

• Trees are stressed, leaving them susceptible to other pests and diseases

• Each caterpillar consumes 3 square feet of foliage!

July

Why Be Concerned?

Preferredeaten by all stages of larvae

Oak, aspen, willow, white and river birch, basswood, larch, mountain-ash, alder and apple

Hawthorn, hazelnut, hophornbeam, hornbeam, serviceberry, witch-hazel

Less-preferredeaten by older larvae

Yellow birch, boxelder, butternut, black walnut, cherry, eastern cottonwood, elm, hackberry, hickory, red and sugar maple, pine, and spruce

Blueberries, pin cherry, chokecherry, sweet fern

Avoidedrarely fed upon

ash, cedar, fir, silver maple, catalpa, mulberry and many urban species

Dogwood, elderberry, grape, greenbrier, juniper, raspberry, viburnum,and buckthorn!!

Host Preference

•Natural •1 ¼ miles per year due to larval dispersal (ballooning)

Spread

Artificial

Egg masses or other life stages are transported by humans

13-16 miles per year (1960-1990)

• Detection surveys began in 1973– First male moth captured in 1976– Over 11,000 moths caught to date

• Treated over 140,000 acres

• Cooperative Program– State: MDA, DNR, and University of Minnesota– Federal: USDA-APHIS, PPQ and the US Forest

Service

Gypsy Moth in Minnesota

1900

1980

2007

1990

Gypsy Moth Quarantine

• Suppression• Gypsy moth populations established/reproducing• Treat outbreaks locally to decrease natural spread to < 6 km/yr

• Slow the Spread • Targeted treatments to decrease population pressure

• Eradication • Eliminate start-up populations

Management Nationally

• Parts of the state are in both Eradication and the Slow the Spread stages of gypsy moth management.

• Minnesota’s varied habitats can and will sustain gypsy moth populations

• Survey program is key along with strong regulatory cooperation from the general public and industry

“Slow the Spread” to less than 6 kilometers per year

Eradication to eliminate infestations

Management in Minnesota

2008 Treatments

Asian longhorned beetle

Asian longhorned beetle• Anoplophora glabripennis

(Cerambycidae)• Native to China & Korea• US detection, 1996• Prefered hosts:

– Acer (maple), Salix (willow), Ulmus (elm), Aesculus (buckeye)

• Acceptable hosts:– Betula (birch), Fraxinus

(ash)

1 year

Asian longhorned beetle

Asian longhorned beetle

Asian longhorned beetle

Green = Not found

Purple = Established

Tan = Being eradicated

NAPIS, 2008

• No traps available

• Nursery inspections– Examine stock for

signs of infestation– 367 growers & 275

dealers in 2006– Similar effort for 2007

Asian longhorned beetle

• Quarantine

• Eradication– Host tree removal– Insecticides

Asian longhorned beetle

European wood wasp

Life cycle

forestryimages.org

Amylostereum areolatum

Phytotoxic mucus

1 to 3 years

forestryimages.org

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stry

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K. L

oeffler,

Co

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niv.

Signs of infestationRound, 3-8 mm holes

fore

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imag

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Drooping needles

Brown staining

Resin beads Frass-filled galleries

Distribution

K.L. Carnes, NYSDAMForestryimages.org

Native Range

Introduced

1994

1990

2001 19801961

1952 1900

US FS

●

●

●

● 2008

Pine species susceptibilityVERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW

Austrian Lodgepole Knobcone Eastern white

Monterey* Jack Sand Bristlecone

Loblolly* Jeffery Apache Foxtail

Scotch Ponderosa Spruce Com. pinyon

Red Bishop Coulter

Shortleaf Longleaf Limber

Slash Table mtn. Southwestern

Virginia Pitch Sugar

Pond Western white

Gray

Arizona

TorreyD. Haugen Very rare on larch, spruce & fir

Impact

• Tree mortality, reduced commodity value & loss of markets

• Native range: Secondary pest

• Adventive range: Significant losses in overstocked & stressed plantations

– Up to 80% tree mortality in Australia

– North America: ???

Prevention

• Pest risk assessment

• Regulatory work

– e.g., inspect high risk pathways

• Education

– e.g., firewood risks

Early detection

Lure: alpha pinene (70%) & beta pinene (30%)

Early detectionSpecies 2006 2007

Sirex noctilio 0 0

Sirex edwardsii 171 27

Sirex juvencus 4 1

Sirex nigricornis 145 34

Tremex columba 21 8

Urocerus albicornis 11 1

Urocerus cressoni 19 14

Xeris spectrum 0 4

* all MN sites, traps and dates combined (2,725 samples)

Contact information

• Arrest the Pest Hotline– Greater MN = 1-888-545-6684– Metro area = 651-201-6684– Arrest.The.Pest@state.mn.us

• http://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants/ pestmanagement/invasives.htm