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yogesh-ramasamy
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Neuron Physiology
Nerve
Parts Of A Neuron
Cell body (soma) Axon Dendrites
Neurons
Axon of anotherneuron
Axon of anotherneuron
Cell BodyCell BodyDendritesDendrites
AxonAxon
MyelinSheathMyelinSheath
Dendrites of another neuron
Dendrites of another neuron
Cell Body
Soma or prikariyon Nucleus and cytoplamic organelles Nissels granules = RER Cytoskeletal proteins like
neurofilaments ,microtubules , actin microfilaments
Nucleus contain one or two nucleolus ,and no centriole
Terminally differentiated cells
Contd
Soma extend into dendrites on one end and axon on the other
Membrane called plasmalemma
Dendrites
Numerous short extensions from cell body
Increasing surface area Dendritic spines Receive incoming signals and
transmits them Helps in protein synthesis Helps in generating ACTION
POTENTIAL
Axon
Axon fibers form the nerve Long cylindrical process extends away from
cell body Transmits output signals (Action Potential ) Contains organelles , cytoskeleton, axoplasm Axon hillock - initial segment portion of
neuron Axon terminal – axon divides into several
processes and has synaptic knobs Buttons contains neurotransmitters
Myelination
It’s a protective insulator covering of the axon
Formed by schwann cells Double layer membrane of a single schwann
cell wraps itself several times around axon 1 mm in length , 8 -10 micrometer in
thickness Layers stick to each other due to protein p0 Schwann cell nucleus lies in the outermost
layer
Contd
Nodes of Ranvier Internodal distance is 1-2mm and each
node is 0.5-1 micrometer
Functions Of Myelination
Increases speed of conduction It reduces energy expenditure by the
cell Provides protective covering of the
axon
Types Of Axon
Myleniated Axons Unmyelinated Axons
Timing Of Myelination
Different neurons in body shows diff time of myelination
Starts early as 4th month of fetal life and completes by 2 years
Axoplasmic Transport
Transfer of substances between cell body and axon terminal
For the development of neuron Bi-directional transport
Types Of Axoplasmic Transport
Anterograde transport Retrograde transport Transneuronal transport
Anterograde Transport
From ell body to axon terminal Mainly for neurotransmitters Two types – fast and slow Fast – 400mm/day by kinesin Slow- 0.5 – 2 mm/day Slow transport helps in nerve repair
Retrograde Transport
From axon terminal to cell body 200mm /day done by dynin Keeps soma informed about synaptic
environment Transports viruses such as varicella
Zoster , rabies Transport toxins Transports nerve growth factor
Neuronal Ion Channels
Voltage gated Na channels are mainly concentrated on nodes of ranvier
Voltage gated Ca channels are mainly present at the axon terminal for neurotransmitter secretion
Classification Of Nerve Fibers
Based on function Myelination Erlanger and gasser classification
Erlanger And Gasser Classification
Applied Aspects
Demyelinating diseases 1) multiple
sclerosis 2) Gullian barre
syndrome
Nerve Injury
Wallerian degeneration
Grades Of Nerve Injury
5 grades 1st-transient loss of function 2nd- severe injury due to prolonged
pressure, intact endoneurium complete recovery but delayed
3rd- severe damage to endoneurial sheath
4th- disruption of nerve fasciculi 5th- complete transection
Wallerian Degenration
Factors Promoting Nerve Growth
Neurotrophins Other growth factors ( FGF,IGF-1,
PDGF , CNTF,GDNF)
Neurotrophins
Nerve growth factor Brain derived neurotrophic factor Neurotrophin-3 Neurotrophin 4/5