Network ReconnaissanceNetwork Reconnaissance

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What is?

Military reconnaissanceMilitary reconnaissance a mission conducted to confirm or deny prior a mission conducted to confirm or deny prior

intelligence (if any) about enemy threat and or the intelligence (if any) about enemy threat and or the terrain of a given area.terrain of a given area.

Network reconnaissanceNetwork reconnaissance process of acquiring information about a networkprocess of acquiring information about a network

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Why?

Hackers use reconnaissance as the first step in an Hackers use reconnaissance as the first step in an effective attackeffective attack

Seeing what is on the "other side of the hill" is crucial Seeing what is on the "other side of the hill" is crucial to decide what type of attack to launchto decide what type of attack to launch

Generally, goals of reconnaissance on a target Generally, goals of reconnaissance on a target network are to discover:network are to discover: IP addresses of hostsIP addresses of hosts Accessible UDP and TCP portsAccessible UDP and TCP ports OS typeOS type

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Footprinting/Fingerprinting steps

Information Gathering accumulating data regarding a specific network environment, usually for the purpose of

finding ways to intrude into the environment Locate the network

What addresses can be targeted and are available for additional scanning and analysis Identify active machines

Which machine is actively connected to the network and reachable Open ports and underlying applications

Which ports and applications are accessible OS Fingerprinting

Identifying targeted Oss as well as systems response Network mapping

Create blueprint of organization

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Information Gathering

Get data regarding network environment such as Organization web site, Location, contact person, Phone

number

Common Tools Registrar query : whois Domain name and resource lookup Search Tools

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Locate the network range

What range of IP addresses are available for scanning and further enumeration

Common Tools : whois

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Tool: WHOIS SearchTool: WHOIS Search WhoIs – Query of Internet RegistriesWhoIs – Query of Internet Registries

Ref: http://www.arin.net/community/rirs.htmlRef: http://www.arin.net/community/rirs.html AfriNIC – AfricaAfriNIC – Africa APNIC - Asia/PacificAPNIC - Asia/Pacific ARIN – North America ARIN – North America LACNIC - Central and South AmericaLACNIC - Central and South America RIPE NCC – Europe, Middle East, Central AsiaRIPE NCC – Europe, Middle East, Central Asia InterNIC– ICANN Public Domain Name Registration InfoInterNIC– ICANN Public Domain Name Registration Info

3rd Party Whois Tools3rd Party Whois Tools Geektools - http://www.geektools.com/whois.phpGeektools - http://www.geektools.com/whois.php DomainTools – http://www.domaintools.com/DomainTools – http://www.domaintools.com/ DNSStuff – http://www.dnsstuff.comDNSStuff – http://www.dnsstuff.com

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Tool: WHOIS web interfaceTool: WHOIS web interface

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Tool: Tool: - Google

Google, Yahoo, Live.com, etc. Gather information about a targeted

organization Evaluate web sites for known security issues Identify files that are accidentally exposed to

the public

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Tool: Tool: - Google search

Helpful Google Queries Related sites:

related:www.someaddr.com Search a specific site:

site:www.someaddr.com search_terms Use Google to search group or blog postings

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Tool: Tool: – Google operators

Google Advanced OperatorsAND: “+”OR: “|”Synonym: “~”site:www.jeffersonwells.cominurl:robots.txtlink:www.jeffersonwells.comintitle:“jefferson wells”filetype:xls

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Tool: Tool: NSLOOKUP

Queries Domain Name Server information IP and Domain Name Mapping Zone Transfer – Dumps entire table Check mail server

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Tool: Tool: NSLOOKUP

Zone Transfer – Dumps entire table$ nslookup > server = A.B.C.D > ls somedomain.com

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Tool: Tool: NSLOOKUP

MX record$ nslookup> set type = MX> somedomain.com

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Network Identifier ToolsNetwork Identifier Tools

Identifying active computers and servicesIdentifying active computers and services Common ToolsCommon Tools

ping, ping6ping, ping6 help verifying whether a host is activehelp verifying whether a host is active

traceroute, traceroute6 traceroute, traceroute6 determine the route to a node determine the route to a node

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Tool: pingTool: ping

ping [hostname|ip_address]ping [hostname|ip_address] ping6 [hostname|ip_address]ping6 [hostname|ip_address] ping -R [hostname|ip_address]ping -R [hostname|ip_address]

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Tool: tracerouteTool: traceroute

tracerttracert WindowsWindows

traceroute traceroute Unix Unix

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Tool: Tool: How Traceroute work

1. Launch a probe packet towards DST, with a TTL of 12. Every router hop decrements the IP TTL of the packet by 13. When the TTL hits 0, packet is dropped, router sends ICMP TTL Exceed

packet to SRC with the original probe packet as payload4. SRC receives this ICMP message, displays a traceroute “hop”5. Repeat from step 1, with TTL incremented by 1 each time, until..6. DST host receives probe, returns ICMP Dest Unreachable

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Tool: Tool: Traceroute Report Hop

Traceroute packet with TTL of 1 enters router via the ingress interface. Router decrements TTL to 0, drops packet, generates ICMP TTL Exceed

ICMP packet dst address is set to the original traceroute probe source (SRC) ICMP packet src address is set to the IP of the ingress router interface Traceroute shows a result based on the src address of the ICMP packet The above traceroute will read:172.16.2.1 10.3.2.2 You have NO visibility into the return path or the egress interface used

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Tool: Tool: Traceroute Latency Calculation

How is traceroute latency calculated? Timestamp when the probe packet is launched Timestamp when the ICMP response is received Calculate the difference to determine round-trip time Routers along the path donot do anytime “processing”

They simply reflect the original packet’s data back to the SRC Many implementations encode the original launch timestamp into the probe packet,

to increase accuracy and reduce state Most Importantly: only the ROUNDTRIP is measured

Traceroute is showing you the hops on the forward path But showing you latency based on the forward PLUS reverse path. Any delays on

the reverse path will affect your results!

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Tool: Tool: Interprete Traceroute DNS

Interpreting DNS is one of the most important aspects of correctly using traceroute

Information you can uncover includes: Physical Router Locations Interface Types and Capacities Router Type and Roles Network Boundaries and Relationships

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Tool: Tool: Traceroute Reading Tips

Router’s name may include Exchange Point MAE, NAP, PAIX

Router names may be the IATA 3-letter code of the nearest airport or CLLI code in their node name

Other abbreviation http://www.sarangworld.com/TRACEROUTE/showdb-2.php3

Interface name

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Tool: Tool: Common Location US Major Cities

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Tool: Tool: Common Location Major Cities

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Tool: Tool: Common Interface Naming

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Tool: Tool: Router Type/Role

Knowing the role of a router can be useful But every network is different, and uses different naming

conventions May not always follow naming rules Generally speaking, May need guessing the context and get a

basic understanding of the roles Core routers–CR, Core, GBR, BB Peering routers–BR, Border, Edge, IGR, Peer Customer routers–AR, Aggr, Cust, CAR, GW

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Tool: Tool: DNS Interface type Most networks will try to put interface info into DNS Though this many not always be up to date Many large networks use automatically generated DNS As well as capacity, and maybe even the make/model of

router Examples:

xe-11-1-0.edge1.Washington1.Level2.net XE-#/#/# is Juniper 10GE port. The device has at least 12 slots It’s at least a 40G/slot router since it has a 10GE PIC in slot 1 It must be Juniper MX960, no other device could fit this profile

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Tool: Tool: Sample Traceroute

$ traceroute www.hellers.com$ traceroute www.mit.edu

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Identifying Active Machines

Attackers will want to know if machines are alive before they attempt to attack. One of the most basic methods of identifying active machines is to perform a sweep

Common Tools ping, traceroute Network scanning tools

nmap, superscan

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Finding Open Ports

Open services

Common tools Port scanning tools

nmap, superscan

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OS Fingerprinting

Passive fingerprint Sniffing technique Examine packets for certain characteristics such as

The IP TTL value The TCP Window Size The IP DF Option The IP Type of Service (TOS) Option

Active Fingerprint Injects the packets into the network Examines the subtle differences that exist between different vendor implementations of

the TCP/IP stack Common tools : nmap

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Mapping the Network

Gained enough information to build network map

Network mapping provides the hacker with a blueprint of the organization.

May use manual or automated ways to compile this information

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Summary

Method Technique Common Tools

Information gathering Passive Whois, nslookup

Determining network range Passive RIPE, LACNIC, APNIC, ARIN

Identify active machines Active ping, hping, traceroute, nmap, SuperScan

Finding open ports/applications Active nmap, Amap, SuperScan

OS fingerprinting Active/passive nmap, Winfigerprint, P0f, Xprobe2, ettercap

Mapping the network Active CartoReso, traceroute, NeoTrace

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Q&A