Network Centric Warfare -Digital Battlefield

Data Collection & Analysis

Challenges in Evaluating the NCW Digital Battlefield Vision

LAEUAV

RAH

RoboticSensor

NLOS

NLOS/BLOS

InfantryFightingVehicle

CDR/C2

RECON

UAV

NLOSLOS/BLOS

NLOS

LAM/PAM

Joint Air Support

JSTAR

UGS

RoboticSensor

MUGS

UAVUAV

UAV

Theater TOC

Airborne TOC

Field TOC

Apr 18, 2023

Evolution of the Digital Battlefield

In the early 1990’s with the emergence of the “Digital Battlefield”, In the early 1990’s with the emergence of the “Digital Battlefield”, information dissemination on the battle field went through a information dissemination on the battle field went through a fundamental shift from voice to digital transmission. fundamental shift from voice to digital transmission.

PC’s on tactical vehicles and installations used to create, PC’s on tactical vehicles and installations used to create, process and distribute large volumes of data used to manage process and distribute large volumes of data used to manage force functions. force functions.

Testing methods had to change.Testing methods had to change.

Previously Subject Matter Experts (SME’s) collected data Previously Subject Matter Experts (SME’s) collected data

manually manually

Data manually collated to create final reports. Data manually collated to create final reports.

Limited Real-time feedbackLimited Real-time feedback

Apr 18, 2023

Evolution of the Digital Battlefield (Cont)

Testing the “Digital Battlefield” required development of new Testing the “Digital Battlefield” required development of new instrumentation, data collection methods and processing of the instrumentation, data collection methods and processing of the collected data. collected data.

Determining the performance of these new systems required Determining the performance of these new systems required collection of “orders of magnitude” larger data sets.collection of “orders of magnitude” larger data sets.

Post exercise processing of large amounts of data Post exercise processing of large amounts of data

The proliferation of digital resources formed architecture allowing The proliferation of digital resources formed architecture allowing Platform Centric Warfare Platform Centric Warfare

Apr 18, 2023

Data Collection – Evolution of the Digital Battlefield

1994 Inter Vehicular Information System (IVIS)1994 Inter Vehicular Information System (IVIS) NTC 94-07 Desert Hammer NTC 94-07 Desert Hammer 20 M1 Abrams20 M1 Abrams 2 channels SINCGARS @ 1200 & 2400 baud 2 channels SINCGARS @ 1200 & 2400 baud

1995 Brigade and Below Command and Control (B2C2) 1995 Brigade and Below Command and Control (B2C2) Warrior Focus, 10th Mountain Fort Drum & JRTC Warrior Focus, 10th Mountain Fort Drum & JRTC 20 systems including M1’s M2’s, & Dismounts 20 systems including M1’s M2’s, & Dismounts 2 Channels, SINCGARS @ 2400, 9600, & 16Kbps2 Channels, SINCGARS @ 2400, 9600, & 16Kbps

1997 Appliqué1997 Appliqué Task Force XXI Task Force XXI 60 units (WPNS)60 units (WPNS) 4 Channels, EPLRS, 2 SINCGARS, Inter-Net Controllers (INC)4 Channels, EPLRS, 2 SINCGARS, Inter-Net Controllers (INC)

2000 - 2003 Force Brigade Battalion and Below (FBCB2) 2000 - 2003 Force Brigade Battalion and Below (FBCB2) FBCB2 4FBCB2 4thth Infantry Division Infantry Division

> 200 units Higher Data Rates and Jamming > 200 units Higher Data Rates and Jamming

4 Channels, EPLRS, 2 SINCGARS, Inter-Net Controllers (INC), NTDR 4 Channels, EPLRS, 2 SINCGARS, Inter-Net Controllers (INC), NTDR

Apr 18, 2023

Data Collection – Putting it in Perspective

1994 1996 2000 20031998

4.8 Kbps

256 Kbps

32 Kbps

2 Mbps

576 Kbps

Data Collection Rates

Apr 18, 2023

Radios in the Battle Environment

SINCGARSSINCGARS > > 30-88 MHZ - 16 KBPS digital voice, data 75 BPS & 16 KBPS 30-88 MHZ - 16 KBPS digital voice, data 75 BPS & 16 KBPS

Have Quick IIHave Quick II (UHFAM/FM/PSK) > 225-400 MHZ - Analog & 16 KBPS digital voice, data (UHFAM/FM/PSK) > 225-400 MHZ - Analog & 16 KBPS digital voice, data

75 BPS to 16 KBPS 75 BPS to 16 KBPS

EPLRSEPLRS > 420-450 MHZ. Data mode 57 KBPS VHSIC SIP and 228 KBPS VECP > 420-450 MHZ. Data mode 57 KBPS VHSIC SIP and 228 KBPS VECP

Wideband Networking WaveformWideband Networking Waveform > Expected 2 MHZ to 2 GHZ up to 5 MBPS > Expected 2 MHZ to 2 GHZ up to 5 MBPS

networked throughputnetworked throughput

LINK 16LINK 16 > 960 to 1215 MHZ. - voice 2.4 and 16 KBPS, data 28.8 KBPS to 1.137 MBPS > 960 to 1215 MHZ. - voice 2.4 and 16 KBPS, data 28.8 KBPS to 1.137 MBPS

LINK 11/TADILLINK 11/TADIL > 2-30 MHZ and 225-400 MHZ - data 1364 and 2250 BPS. VHF FM - - > 2-30 MHZ and 225-400 MHZ - data 1364 and 2250 BPS. VHF FM - -

30-88 MHZ - analog and digital voice at 16 KBPS30-88 MHZ - analog and digital voice at 16 KBPS

VHF ATC Data LinkVHF ATC Data Link > 2-30 MHZ. – analog, voice & data at 300, 600, 1200 & 1800 BPS > 2-30 MHZ. – analog, voice & data at 300, 600, 1200 & 1800 BPS

VHF/UHF FM LMRVHF/UHF FM LMR > 136-174 MHZ, 380-512MHZ, and 764-869 MHZ analog & digital > 136-174 MHZ, 380-512MHZ, and 764-869 MHZ analog & digital

voice at 16 KBPSvoice at 16 KBPS

Apr 18, 2023

Radios in the Battle Environment (Cont)

Soldier Radio and WLAN Soldier Radio and WLAN > 1.755-1.850 GHZ. - digital 16 KBPS voice, data at 1 > 1.755-1.850 GHZ. - digital 16 KBPS voice, data at 1 MBPS. MBPS.

MUOSMUOS > 240-320 MHZ - data at 2.4, 9.6, 16, 32 and 64 KBPS.> 240-320 MHZ - data at 2.4, 9.6, 16, 32 and 64 KBPS.

Cellular RadioCellular Radio > 824-894 MHZ, 890-960 MHZ and 1850-1990 MHZ - voice and data > 824-894 MHZ, 890-960 MHZ and 1850-1990 MHZ - voice and data at 10 KBPS nominal, 3G rates up to 144/384 KBPS and 2 MBPS. at 10 KBPS nominal, 3G rates up to 144/384 KBPS and 2 MBPS.

Mobile Satellite Service (MSS)Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) > 1.61-2 GHZ - digital voice at 2.4 to 9.6 KBPS.> 1.61-2 GHZ - digital voice at 2.4 to 9.6 KBPS.

Integrated Broadcast Service-Module (IBS-M)Integrated Broadcast Service-Module (IBS-M) > 225-400 MHZ - data at 2.4, > 225-400 MHZ - data at 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 and 19.2 KBPS. 4.8, 9.6 and 19.2 KBPS.

VHF ATC Data Link (NEXCOM)VHF ATC Data Link (NEXCOM) > 118-137 MHZ - digital voice at 4.8 KBPS, data > 118-137 MHZ - digital voice at 4.8 KBPS, data at 31.5 KBPS.at 31.5 KBPS.

UHF AM/FM PSKUHF AM/FM PSK > 225-400MHZ and 225-450 MHZ – analog, digital voice and data > 225-400MHZ and 225-450 MHZ – analog, digital voice and data rates up to 16 KBPS.rates up to 16 KBPS.

Link 4ALink 4A > 225-400 MHZ. - data at 5 KBPS.> 225-400 MHZ. - data at 5 KBPS.

Link 11BLink 11B > 225-400 MHZ - data at 600, 1200, and 2400 BPS.> 225-400 MHZ - data at 600, 1200, and 2400 BPS.

DWTSDWTS > 1350-1850 MHZ – analog, digital voice and data at rates of 144, 256, 288, 512, > 1350-1850 MHZ – analog, digital voice and data at rates of 144, 256, 288, 512, 576, 1024, 1152, 1544, 2048 and 2304 KBPS.576, 1024, 1152, 1544, 2048 and 2304 KBPS.

Apr 18, 2023

Evolution of Information Technology

Information technology is undergoing a fundamental shift from Information technology is undergoing a fundamental shift from platform-centric computing to platform-centric computing to network-centric computingnetwork-centric computing. . Platform-centric computing emerged with widespread Platform-centric computing emerged with widespread

proliferation of PC’s proliferation of PC’s IT sector investments in research, and product development led IT sector investments in research, and product development led

to key technologies creating conditions for emergence of to key technologies creating conditions for emergence of network-centric computing.network-centric computing.

Primary Example - explosive growth of internet, intranets, and Primary Example - explosive growth of internet, intranets, and extranets. extranets. Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP),

hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), hypertext markup language hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), hypertext markup language (HTML), Web browsers, search engines, and JavaTM Computing (HTML), Web browsers, search engines, and JavaTM Computing are network basics. are network basics.

Apr 18, 2023

Evolution of Information Technology (Cont)

These technologies, combined with high-volume, high-speed data These technologies, combined with high-volume, high-speed data access (enabled by the low-cost laser) and technologies for high-access (enabled by the low-cost laser) and technologies for high-speed data networking (hubs and routers) led to emergence of speed data networking (hubs and routers) led to emergence of network-centric computing.network-centric computing.

Information "content" now can be created, distributed, and Information "content" now can be created, distributed, and easily exploited across the extremely heterogeneous global easily exploited across the extremely heterogeneous global computing environment.computing environment.

Apr 18, 2023

Network Centric Warfare- Digital Battlefield Instrumentation

Source Selection Sensitive Use or disclosure of data contained on this sheet is subject to the restriction on the title page of this proposal or quotation.

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LAEUAV

RAH

RoboticSensor

NLOS

NLOS/BLOS

InfantryFightingVehicle

CDR/C2

RECON

UAV

NLOS

LOS/BLOS

NLOS

LAM/PAM

Joint Air Support

JSTAR

UGS

RoboticSensor

MUGS

UAV UAV

UAV

NCW is a Highly Orchestrated Dynamic Autonomous Digital Battlefield Communications Command, Control, and Situational Awareness Network

• Technically NCW will present unseen communications and analysis challenges and complexities.

• NCW Instrumentation must be equally as robust to allow the capture of the data at each node in the battlefield network in support of NCW analysis development, testing, & improvement

Apr 18, 2023

NCW Radios Resources - Examples

High Band JTRS:  Rockwell Collins working with DARPA on high High Band JTRS:  Rockwell Collins working with DARPA on high band JTRS concept, integrated within the low band terminal, band JTRS concept, integrated within the low band terminal, provides high data rates required for network centric warfare.  provides high data rates required for network centric warfare. 

The high band demo conducted at Lakehurst Naval Air Station The high band demo conducted at Lakehurst Naval Air Station Sept. 2002 average node throughput 25 Mbps.  Sept. 2002 average node throughput 25 Mbps. 

A TRL-5+ demo at Idaho National Guard training facility average A TRL-5+ demo at Idaho National Guard training facility average node throughput > than 75 Mbps. node throughput > than 75 Mbps.

Previous communications architectures supported low Previous communications architectures supported low bandwidths, typical tactical communications nodes below 64 bandwidths, typical tactical communications nodes below 64 Kbps, backbone channels 2 Mbps or less.Kbps, backbone channels 2 Mbps or less.

Multimedia and video teleconferencing requires sustained rates Multimedia and video teleconferencing requires sustained rates > 500 Kbps and backbone rates > 40 Mbps.> 500 Kbps and backbone rates > 40 Mbps.

MANET Architectures utilizing 802.11b 11 Mbs, 802.11a 54 Mbs are MANET Architectures utilizing 802.11b 11 Mbs, 802.11a 54 Mbs are a realitya reality

Apr 18, 2023

NCW Data Collection Issues

No Integrated capability exists to support Collective No Integrated capability exists to support Collective Realistic Testing, Experimentation & Analysis of NCW Realistic Testing, Experimentation & Analysis of NCW in a combined asset Force-on-Force environment. in a combined asset Force-on-Force environment.

NCW Data Collection and Analysis Requirements:NCW Data Collection and Analysis Requirements: Test , Evaluate, and Mature NCW communication systemsTest , Evaluate, and Mature NCW communication systems Obtain 100% full Situational Awareness of all Digital Battlefield Obtain 100% full Situational Awareness of all Digital Battlefield

Communications to and from all Network Nodes -100% Ground Communications to and from all Network Nodes -100% Ground Truth! Truth!

Evaluate the Combined Arms Casualty Impact of NCW in a Evaluate the Combined Arms Casualty Impact of NCW in a Realistic Battlefield EnvironmentRealistic Battlefield Environment

Stimulate the effects of Threat Jamming and BLUEFOR - NATO Stimulate the effects of Threat Jamming and BLUEFOR - NATO Battlefield Emissions at each NCW node Battlefield Emissions at each NCW node

Support the entire Life Cycle of NCW from Lab Development to Support the entire Life Cycle of NCW from Lab Development to Fielded Systems UpgradesFielded Systems Upgrades

Apr 18, 2023

Data Collection – Putting it in Perspective

1994 2003 2008

4.8 Kbps

2 Mbps

> 100 Mbps

Data Collection Rates

Apr 18, 2023

NCW Data Collection – More Data or More Information?

Data Collection Points ? Data Collection Points ?

How many nodes need to be monitored to have a large enough How many nodes need to be monitored to have a large enough sample of the data?sample of the data?

Where do you monitor -TOC, Relays, Weapons (Radio, INC, Where do you monitor -TOC, Relays, Weapons (Radio, INC, LAN), UAV’s ? LAN), UAV’s ?

How do you monitor Joint Assets?How do you monitor Joint Assets?

Data Reduction requirements ?Data Reduction requirements ?

ThroughputThroughput

Message Completion RateMessage Completion Rate

Distributed ProcessingDistributed Processing

Data elements measured in Giga, possibly Terra bitesData elements measured in Giga, possibly Terra bites

Apr 18, 2023

NCW Data Collection – Embedded Instrumentation

Use System Under Test (SUT) resources to collect and Use System Under Test (SUT) resources to collect and pre-process datapre-process data

Use Tactical Networks to send data back to Data Use Tactical Networks to send data back to Data Reduction Station and for Real-Time feedbackReduction Station and for Real-Time feedback

Instrumentation Appliques’ where requiredInstrumentation Appliques’ where required

Provides ability to collect data from all test participantsProvides ability to collect data from all test participants

Apr 18, 2023

NCW Data Collection – Embedded Instrumentation

Question – If all embedded Question – If all embedded instrumentation is developed as part instrumentation is developed as part of the SUT, what Instrumentation is of the SUT, what Instrumentation is going to be used to determine if the going to be used to determine if the data collected is valid?data collected is valid?