NAVAL SHORE ELECTRONICS CRITERIA - Navy Radio · 2011-03-09 · NAVELEX 0101,112 NAVAL SHORE ELECTRONICS CRITERIA LINE-OF-SIGHT M ICROWAVE AND TROPOSPHERIC SCATTER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

NAVELEX 0101,112

NAVAL SHORE ELECTRONICS

CRITERIA

LINE-OF-SIGHT M ICROWAVE AND

TROPOSPHERIC SCATTER

C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M S

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL ELECTRONIC S Y S T E M S COMMAND

WASHINGTON, D.C. 2 0 3 6 0 For sale by the Superintendent af Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $4.75 (paper cover) Stock Number 0859-0013

FSN 0280-901-0000 MAY 1972

NAVELEX 0101,112

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

Total number of pages in this manual is 565 consisting of the following:

Page Number

Title A, B Foreword i through xiv 1-1 through 1-14 2-1 through 2-55 3-1 through 3-34 4-1 through 4-14 5-1 through 5-26 6-1 through 6-34 7-1 through 7-57 8-1 through 8-29 9-1 through 9-12 10-1 through 10-35 11-1 through 11-35 12-1 through 12-24 13-1 through 13-10 14-1 through 14-7 15-1 through 15-34 A-1 through A-23 B-1 through B-2 C-1 through C-4 D-1 through D-14 E-1 through E-28 F-1 through F-6 G-1 through G-20 H-1 through 2 Glossary-1 through Glossary-10 FO 5-1 FO 5-2 FO 5-3 FO 15-1

Effective Date

May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972 May 1972

NAVELEX 0101,112

RECORD OF CHANGES

CHANGE NO. DATE

TITLE OR BRIEF DESCRIPTION ENTERED BY

NAVELEX 0101,112

FOREWORD

This handbook i s published for use by the operating forces, systems commands, and field activities as a guide to the systems design and installation of line-of-sight and tropospheric scatter communications systems in the 1 gigahertz-to-10 gigahertz frequency range.

The intent of the document i s to provide under one cover, with the exception of terrain and meteorological data of particular sites, sufficient information and one calculation method to perform the electronic systems design for a LOS or troposcatter system. Unique installation requirements have been included together with a listing of applica- ble standard installation criteria.

Personnel concerned with system design of LOS and tropo facility designs and installations may refer to this handbook for the following:

o Acquiring data for site selection

o Predicting transmission path performance

o Providing criteria for the selection of electronic hardware

o Providing information about unique installation problems

o Providing an index of necessary standard installation criteria.

NAVELEX 0101. 112

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

LISTOFEFFECTIVEPAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A RECORDOFCHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword TABLEOFCONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v LIST O F TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

1 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

1 . 1 System Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1 . 2 Systems Transmission Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

LOS PROPAGATION PATH

2 . 1 Basic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2 . 2 Path Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32 2 . 3 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35 2 . 4 Fade Margin and Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45 2 . 5 Transmission Path Study and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45

LOS SYSTEM NOISE CONSIDERATIONS

Units and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noise Sources

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DCS Reference Circuit Noise Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noise Performance

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiplex Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interference

Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary

TROPOSPHERIC PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS

4 . 1 Path Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4 . 2 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

NAVELEX 0101. 112

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Chapter Page

5 LINE-OF-SIGHT SYSTEM PLANNING

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 1 Character is t ics of LOS Radio Systems 5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Initial Efforts 5-2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .3 Basic System Design Data 5-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Channel and Frequency Allocation Plans 5-17

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Initiation of BESEP 5-20 5 6 Feasibility Path Loss Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21 .

6 TROPOSPHERIC SCATTER SYSTEM PLANNING

. . . . . . . . . . . 6 .1 Character is t ics of Tropospheric Scatter Systems 6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Initial Planning 6-3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Basic System Design 6-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Prel iminary Path Loss Calculations 6-21

7 LOS SYSTEM DESIGN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 System Requirements 7-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 System Calculations 7-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 System Calculation Example 7-6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Frequency Planning 7-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Equipment Selection Cr i te r ia 7-29

8 TROPOSPHERIC SCATTER SYSTEM DESIGN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 1 System Calculations 8-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Frequency Planning 8-19

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Equipment Selection Cr i te r ia 8-21

9 MICROWAVE STATION CONFIGURATIONS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Simplex and Duplex Relay Systems 9-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Station Requirements 9-3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 .3 Diversity Methods 9-5

10 MICROWAVE RADIO EQUIPMENT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 .1 Receiver 10-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Transmi t te r 10-31

rnr A T T I nno

Chapter


Page

11 AIICROIY.A\7E AICLTIPLES EQPIPRIE NT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . 1 Frequency Division AIultiples 11-1 11.2 T i m e Dir is ion Nul t ip les (Pu l se Modulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10 11 .3 Comparison of 3Iultiples Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-35

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 1 Parabol ic Antenna (Plane and Dual Polar ized) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 uniform and Tapered Illumination

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 3 Radomes 12.4 Shrouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 Horn Ref lector Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 G Ref lectors (Plane. Curved)

12.7 Duplexers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 Wal~eguide

12 .9 Dehydrators and P r e s s u r i z e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10 Diversi ty Combiners (Pre-Detection. Post-Detection)

1 3 MICROWAVE TECHNICAL CONTROL

1 3 . 1 V o i c e O r d e r W i r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 13.2 Signalling (Terminat ion Equipment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 13.3 Sys tems A l a r m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5

14 MICROWAVE POWER SUPPLIES

1 4 . 1 Analysis of P r i m a r y Power Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1 14.2 Commerc ia l Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1 14 .3 Independent P r i m a r y Power (Sizing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 Standby Power (Emergency P o w e r ) Sources 14-2 14.5 Common Standby Power Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 Continuous Service Power Sources 14-3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 Comparison of Engine Genera to rs 14-3

15 MICROWAVE INSTALLAT ION CRITERIA

1 5 . 1 Site Layout Requi rements and Rest r ic t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 Access Roads 15-6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 . 3 Site Prepara t ion 15-6 15.4 Building Design - Construction C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6

NAVELEX 0101. 112


Chapter Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 Elect ronlagnet ic Compatibil i ty (EMC) 15-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 . 6 Antenna Footings and/or S t r u c t u r e s 15-10

. . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 P r i m a r y and Auxil iary P o w e r (Technical Power ) 15-11 . . . . . . . 1 5 . 8 E n \ r i r o n n ~ e n t a l Control (Heating and Ai r Conditioning) 15-11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 Site Secur i ty and Pro tec t ion 15-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.10 Instal lat ion P l a n s 15-13

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 .11 Tower Requ i rements 15-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.12 Safety 15-30

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 . 1 3 Personnel Requ i rements 15-31

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 Introcluction A-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.2 S ta t i s t i c s A-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 3 Refe rence Curves and Nomographs A-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . 4 Equations A-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 5 Convers ion T a b l e s A-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B LOS PATH DATA CALCULATIONS B-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C LOS SYSTEJI DATA SHEET C-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D GREAT.CIRC1. E CALCULATIONS D-1

. . . . . . . . . . E LINE-OF-SIGHT Ah?) TROPOSCATTER SITING SURVEY E-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F TROPOSPEII . :RIG SCATTER EQUATIONS F-1

. . . . . . . . . . . G cOJIPUTER IKTERFERENCE/FREQGENCY ANALYSIS G-1

G LOSSXIIY G l o s s a r y . 1

Number

NAVELEX 0101. 112

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Title Page

Relative Costs of Constructing Various Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Systems

. . . . . Relative Costs of O&M for Various Communication Systems Relative Construction Costs for Various Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relative Operation and Maintenance Costs for Various Media . . . . DCS Reference Circuit . Transmission Subsystem. Nominal 4-kHz and 48-kHz Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . DCS Standard Reference Hop. Link and Section Allocations Typical Arrangements With Hops. Sections. and Links of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Various Lengths Interface Between Reference Circuit Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOS Microwave Terminal Interface Pa rame te r s . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DCS Reference Transmission Section Troposcatter Terminal Interface Pa rame te r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal Propagation Paths Optical and Radio Horizons Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refraction of the Microwave Beam Through Normal Atmosphere

. . . . . . . . . . on True Earth 's Radius of Curvature Profile Paper Reconstruction of Figure 2-4 on 4/3 Earth 's Radius of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curvature Profile Paper Refraction of the Microwave Beam Through Standard. Homogeneous. Superstandard. and Substandard Atmospheres on True Earth 's Radius of Curvature Profile Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Modified Earth 's Radius Reconstruction of Figure 2-5 on 1/2 Earth's Radius of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curvature Profile Paper Surface Refractivity. November-April. 1 P . h l . - G P . RI . (Time Block No . 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum Monthly Mean No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . Surface Refractivity Ns Versus Sea Level R e f r a c t i ~ ~ i t ~ No Effect of Refractivity Gradient on "K" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refractivity Gradient JN/KRI and "K" I 'ersus Surface Refractivity Ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No Fog - 30 Miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some Fog - 30 Miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy Fog - 30 Miles

Fresne l Zones for a 40-Mile Xlicro~vave Path. Standard Atmosphere. on 4/3 Earth 's Radius of' Cur\xtuse Profile

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paper (6 GI-Iz) Path Attenuation Versus Path C1e:wnnce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

1- Title

The Propagation of a Plane Wave in Free Space as Described . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by the Huggens' Principle

The Propagation of a Plane Wave Around a Knife-edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obstruction Using the Huggens' Principle

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geometry for f ithin-the-Horizon Paths . . . . . Point of Reflection on an Over-Water o r Flat Terrain Path

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earth Reflected Fresnel Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transn~ission Loss Solid Geometry

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free Space Transnlission Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gasses

Typical Fading Characteristics in the Worst Nonth on a 30 . to 40 . Nile Line-of-Sight Paths With 50 . to 100 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foot Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainfall Attenuation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated Atmospheric Absorption Percent of Year that ~ i e r a g e Rainfall is Exceeded: Total

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annual Rainfall = 100 cm Approximate Interference Fading Distribution Versus Order of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diversity and Frequency Separation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighting Network Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . Oscillograph Recording of Wideband Thermal Noise

. . . . . . . . . . . Gaussian Probability Density Function Distribution Typical Intermodulation Distortion Products . Third Order . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . P e r Channel Noise Versus Frequency Deviation Noise Performance of One Hop of a High-Quality Microwave System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonlinearity in Amplifiers

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Same Channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Image Channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjacent Channel Interference

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limiter Transfer Action Physical Four-Wire Operation and Some Important Crosstalk Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Relationship of Echo Magnitude and Delay Versus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distortion . . . . . . Phase Versus Frequency Through a Transmission Device

. . . . . . . . . Group Delay Frequency Characteristics of Repeaters Sources of Noise. Simplified Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

MAY 1972

NAVELEX 0101. 112


Number Title

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Take-Off Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K in Terms of Ray Bending

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivation of OO0 for Smooth Earth Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two Obstacle Path Geometry

The Attenuation Function. F(Od) d is in Kilometers and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 is in Radians

Median Oxygen and Water Vapor Absorption (August Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at Washington. D . C . )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-Term Fading (Two-Fold Diversity)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-Term Fading (Four- Fold Diversity)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis of Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial Systems Concept. Typical

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Circuit Requirements. Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Routing. Typical

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Trunking Diagram. Typical . . . . . . . . Map of System Area. Showing Tentative Site Locations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tandem Repeater Spur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminal-to-Terminal Spur

. . . . . . . . . . . . Drop Repeater With Terminal-to-Terminal Spur Back-to- Back Terminal With Terminal Spur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microwave Path Data Calculation Sheet Receiver Thermal Noise (10 dB Noise Figure Assumed) . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial System Concept. Typical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Circuits Requirements. Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Site Choice Considering Take-Off Angle

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Four-Terminal Tropo Site. 60- Foot Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . Three-Terminal Tropo Site. GO- Foot Antennas

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two-Terminal Tropo Site. GO-Foot Antennas

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . One-Terminal Tropo Site. 60- Foot Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Routing. Typical

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Trunking Diagram. Typical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Map Study Organization

. . . . . . . Great Circle Path Computations. Spherical Triangle for . . . Effective Earth's Radius. a. Versus Surface Refractivity. Ns

. . . . . . . . . . . hIodified Terrain Profile for a Double-Horizon Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIicrowave Path Data Calculation Sheet

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Troposcatter Path Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Troposcatter Path Geometry

. . . . . . . . . Tropospheric Path Angle Computations (hlilliradians)

Page

NAVELEX 0101.112


Number Title Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C o r r e c t i o n T e r r n ~ A a ~ . ~ p , f o r Ns-301 6-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Coefficient C(Ns) 6-29

Computation of Long-Term Median Transmission Loss of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropospheric Scatter 6-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antenna Coupling Loss 6-31

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Parameter qs (ho) Used to Compute Ho 6-32 Loss in Antenna Gain. Lgp (Assuming Equal Free Space Gains GI and Gr at the Terminals of a Symmetrical Pa tho t . Rr. s. . 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-33

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Fade Margin

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bandwidth Determination Number of Active Channels a s a Function of the Number of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Channels in the System

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Loading Factor Recommended Frequency Plan for Small Capacity System

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (120 o r Less Voice Channels) Recommended Frequency Plan for Large Capacity System

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12 0 o r More Voice Channels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parabolic Reflector Feed Methods

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polarized Feed Horns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane Polarized Dipole Feed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offset Antenna . . . . . . . . . Parabolic Antenna and Passi\ . e Reflector Combination

. . . . . . Passive Reflector Antenna Systems. Typical (Example 1) . . . . . . . Passive Reflector Antenna System. Typical (Example 2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waveguide Installations. Typical . . . . . . . Attenuation of Oxygen-Free High Conductivity Waveguide

Four- Fort Circulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microwave Transmitter. Typical

. . . . . . . Microwave Receiver (No Diversity and Alarms). Tjrpical

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microwave Path Data Calculation Sheet 8-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Profile of a Transhorizon Path 8-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DCAC-330-175-1 Path Geometry 8-G

. . . . . . . . . Tropospheric Path Angle Computations (RIilliradians) 8-7 Computation of Long-Term Median Transmission Loss

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropospheric Scatter 8-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Function (Fod) for NS = 250 8-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Function (F0. 1) for Ns 301 8-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Function (FOc1) for Ns 350 8-11

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) Title

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Function (FNd) for Ns 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Frequency Gain Function. IIo

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nomogram to Determine AHo Troposcatter Frequency Plan Recomnlended by DCAC-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330-175-1

Basic Radio Re1a.y System. Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theoretical Signal Distribution for Diversity in dB Diversity Relative to Median on one Antenna Versus Percentage of Time During Which Level r Ordinate for Various Orders of D i ~ ~ e r s i t y . . Quadruple Diversity Configuration. Receivers Diplexed . . . . . . . . Quadruple Diversity Configuration. Two Receivers Duplexed . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parametr ic Amplifier. Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amplifier . Stage Schematic

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Varactor Diode Equivalent Circuit

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tunnel Diode Amplifier Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tunnel Diode Equivalent Circuit

Tunnel Diode Impedance Versus Normalized Frequency . . . . . . . . High Peak-Current Tunnel Diode Amplifier: Input Versus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output and Intermodulat ion Products Superheterodyne Receiver. Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White Noise Versus Sine Wave Analytically Developed Character is t ic Curve of S/N Versus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C/N for F M Receivers Receiver Con~parison Using' S/N to C/N Application . . . . . . . . . . Relative S/N Ratio of AM and FA1 Systems a s a f inc t ion of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field Intensity FM Receiver Character is t ic Curves. Without Pre-emphasis . . . . Thermal Noise Character is t ics Showing Noise a s a Function

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of Receiver Input Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discriminator Character is t ics

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limited Noise Input t o Discriminator Discriminator Output Characteristics. Triangular Noise . . . . . . . Normalized P re - and De-emphasis Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDM Process for a Basic 12-Channel Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDM Process for a 60-Channel Supergroup

. . . . . . . . . . . . . FDM Process for a 600-Channel Master Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Amplitude Modulation P roces s

\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two Channel SSBSC Multiplex Subsystem

Page

NAVELEX 0101. 112


Number Title Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HF/ISB Frequency Spectrum . . . . . Comparison of Standard Basic Group With ISB Basic Group

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Time Division Multiplex Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Multiplexed PAM System

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waveforms in the FDhI/PAhl System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spectral Characteris tics of a Sampled Signal

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulse nlodulation and Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analog Signal Channels

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of TDM Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Method of Generating PDILl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Method of Generating PPRl

. . . . . . . . PPM Wave Obtained from PDM Wave by Differentiating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Binary Numbers and Waveform Equivalents

. . . . . . . . . Pulse Code Modulation of a Quantized Wave (128 Bits)

. . . . . . . . . Pulse Code Modulation of a Quantized Wave (32 Bits) Block Diagram of Quantizer and PChl Coder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decoding of PCM Pulse Groups

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approximate Antenna Gain and Be am Width Horizontal Directivity of Horn Reflector Antenna at 3740MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Performance Antenna With Shroud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operation of a Duplexer

Relative Pass Bands of the Transmit ter and Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bands of a Duplexer

Waveguide Circulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improvement in Average Received Signal-to-Noise Ratio

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . With Diversity Percent-of-Time Distribution of Received Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio for Single Channel and Two-Channel Diversity

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Three Combining Methods

. . . . . . . . . . . Functions of Signalling and Terminating Equipment Schematic Diagram of Tone-Off Type Fault Interrupt Panel . . . . . Continuous-Service Power Sources. Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Engine Generators. Diesel and Gasoline . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space Diversity Antenna Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Space Diversity Operation

NAVELEX 0101. 112

Number

B-I


Title

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Site Plan Typical DC Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tower Lighting Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tower Lighting Control Diagram

Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VSWR Nomograph No 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VSWR Nomograph No 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VSWR Nomograph No 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VSWR Versus Reflection Coefficient

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VSWR Versus VSWR (dB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Knife Edge Diffraction Relative to Free Space

Diffraction Loss Relative t o Free Space Transmission at all . . . . . . . . Locations Beyond Line-of-Sight Over a Smooth Sphere

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conversion Factors. NPR to SNR Power Ratio and Voltage Ratio in Natural Numbers and

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . Noise in Picowatts Psophometrically Weighted No 1 . . . . . . . . . . Noise in Picowatts Psophometrically Weighted No 2

Noise Figure (2 93OK) Versus Noise Temperature (OK) dB = 10 log (1 + T/293) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F M Receiver Characteristic Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microvolt/dBm Conversion

Conversion of S + N/N(dB) to S/N(dB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Addition of Noise

Nomograph for Determining Surface Areas of Paraboloid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Devices

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Equations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conversion Tables

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nlicrowave Path Calculation Sheet

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Line-of-Sight System Data Sheet

Geometry for Great-Circle Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Great-Circle Calculations. Using a Computer Machine . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Great-Circle Calculations. Using Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Great-Circle Calculations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Great-Circle Distance. Computer Program

Page


Number Title Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 Field Survey Equipment E-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E -2 Pre-Site Survey Data E-4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3 Electronic Engineering Survey Data E-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E -4 Civil Engineering Survey Data E-16

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E -5 Support Data E-22

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1 Microwave Path Data Calculation Sheet F-2 F -2 Computation of Long Term Median Transmission Loss

. . . . . . . Tropospheric Scatter (for Preliminary Design Purposes) F-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3 Antenna Coupling Loss (Scatter Loss) F-4

F-4 Computation of Long Term Median Transmission Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropospheric Scatter (for Design Purposes) F-5

. . . . . . . . . F -5 Tropospheric Path Angle Computations (Milliradians) F-6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GL-1 Power Flow in Directional Coupler Glossary-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GL-2 Microwave Terms and Equations Glossary-9

FO 5-1 Basic System Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FO 5-1 FO 5-2 Typical Site Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FO 5-2

FO 5-3 Channelization Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FO 5-3 FO 15-1 Typical Guyed Tower FO 15-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NAVELEX 0101. 112

LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page

Transmission Specifications for DCS Reference Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfer Function

. . . . . . . . . . . CRPL Exponential Radio Refractivity Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . Constants for the Standard Reference Atmosphere

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Atmosphere Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approximate Values of R for Various Terrain

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Noise Performance Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Division of Noise Sources Used in Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noise Allocations for DCS Reference Circuit

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiplex-Intrinsic Noise Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sources of Noise

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Planner's Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development of Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Circuit Requirements

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Planner's Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Circuit Requirements

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic System Design

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results of RMS Deviation per Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOS System Data Sheet

. . . . Minimum Frequency Shift a s Channel Passes Through Station Minimum Spacing Between a Transmit and Receive Carrier

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency at a Single Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specification of Major Items of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rigid Rectangular Waveguide and Fittings

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Transmitter Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Receiver Characteristics

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Test Equipment. List of Test Equipment for Laboratory (Depot Maintenance)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field Maintenance Tool Kit. Typical

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Station Maintenance Tools. Typic a1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transmit (or Receive) Frequency Separations

Microwave Bands Available for Federal Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services Within U S A

Number

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Title Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specification of Major Items of Equipment 8-24

Typical Parametric Amplifier Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 Typical Tunnel Diode Amplifier Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 Noise Bandwidth of Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-24 Modified Bessel Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radome Attenuation Versus Frequency 12-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horn Reflector Antenna Characteristics 12-8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain for 6.5 GHz Antenna Systems 12-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circulator Attenuation 12 -17

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution Comparison 15 -15 Station Cross-Connect List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 -16

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum Soil Bearing Capacity 15 -2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wind Loading Values for Flat Surfaces 15 -22

Antenna-Tower Twist and Deflection Specifications for Antenna Systems Using Plane Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-23