Nationalism in India

and Southwest Asia

Nationalism after WWI

• Nationalist activity began in India,Turkey,and some of the Southwest Asian countries

Indian Nationalism Grows

• Indians applies European views of nationalism and democracy

• India Indian National Congress

1885 Muslim League 1906-Even though Hindus and Muslim were divided, they had the same goal: Independence

Nationalist Activity

• India wanted self-government• Joined the British army

– thought they would gain more rights in governmentBut NO, still treated poorly

– Angered Indians acted violently– British Governments formed

• “Rowlatt Act” : protesters in prison without trial.•Educated Indians denied this law, rebelled

Amritsar Massacre• Hindus and Muslim gather in Amritsar

– angered British – British government forbid p

ublic meetings. – British commander told the

army to kill them-> 400 died. 1200 wounded

– Angered India• Loyal Indians revolutionari

es and nationalists

Mohandas K. Gandhi

• Gandhi: Leader of Independence movement

• Politically acted with his religious ideas

• Called Mahatma = “GREAT SOUL”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zC-thcJDozQ

Civil Disobedience• Stated principle of • satyagraha= “truth-force,” • “civil disobedience”

– Disobeying unfair laws– Gandhi required “No Violence”– Purpose: weaken British government and economy• Don’t do things that will help British. • Boycott of British cloth

– Dropped British cloth sales

Salt March• Indians could only buy salt from British government

• walked 240 miles to the seacoast

– > “Salt March” • Made their own salt• Tried to shut down British salt works, but failed and were attacked by the Police

• Gandhi and 60,000 people were arrested

India Self-Rule

• Indians gain political power– Government of India Act: providing self-government•Helped move closer to full independence

– Muslims & Hindus fought for more power•Hindus # > Muslims #

Nationalism Spreads to S.W. Asia

• At the same time, Southwest Asian countries wanted independence

• Each country had separate path• Nationalism grew

– Ottoman Empire fell– Western countries had interest in SW Asia

Turkey

• Turkey: only part of Ottoman Empire left• Mustafa Kemal

– (President of Republic of Turkey)– Modernized the nation:

•Separated laws of Islam & laws of the nation•Gave women more rights/freedom-vote, public office

Turkey IN and OUT of Ottoman Empire

Persia (Iran)• Before WWI: Great Britain & Russia =sphere of influence

– British wanted all of Persia= irritated Persian nationalists– Persians wanted freedom

• Pahlavi (new leader) modernized Persia– But kept all power– Changed Persia->Iran

Persia

Iran

Before 1935

1935~

Saudi Arabia

• Held firmly to Islamic law (unlike Turkey)

• Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud wanted to unify Arabia– Formed new kingdom: Saudi Arabia

•Continued Arab & Islamic traditions

Oil and Economic Development

• Nationalism grows in Southwast Asia• Industrialized countries needed petroleum products oil interest in Southwest

Asia • Huge oil countries: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait• Persian Gulf: 2/3 of world’s oil • Westerners try to get those oil regions