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21

weuqKqu 1( ixl,amh iy ksjpk 1'1 ixl,amh fuys Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;s iudc taldnoaO;djh ms

22

1'2 m%Odk ksjpk(

j.lSu orkafkda( uQ,slju fuhg wh;a jkafka whs;sjdisl iqrlaIs; lsu i|yd fiajd odhl;ajh

imhk mqoa.,hka f' fojkqj" ishu fokd iska ;u whs;sjdisl ,nd.ekSug;a tajdg .re lsug;a

we;s Tjqkaf.a j.lSu imqrd,sh hq;= f'

lD;Hd;aul yelshdjka $ wdkqYxYsl ksoyi ( iudc wka; inkaO;djhkays iy wdl lghq;=j, iy

tajd w.h lsug l,am" iajdk;ajh iy wjia:djka mq,a lsu iy mqoa., Njhka idlaId;a

lr.ekSug we;s yelshdj'

fldkau ( O ;;a;ajhka yd$fyda l,ams;hka u; mokj h h mqoa.,hka fyda lKavdh my;

;;a;ajhlg m;au'

nyq mdYal iyNd.s;ajh ( rch" jHdmdl iy is,a iudch w;r mj;sk Wmdh ud.sl inkaOh'

whs;sjdisl orkafkda ( YS% ,xld jHjia:df i|yka m ish fokdu whs;sjdisl orkafkda fj;s'

fjkau ( iudchla ;=, ck lKavdh O%elrKh wka whf.ka iajdkj j;af ;;a;ajh'

iudc iyjkh ( iuyr fmd idrOu we;s" O;ajhg .relrk lKavdh tluq;=j j;au'

iudc inehdj ( iudch ;=, mqoa.,hka tluq;= lrk ne|S

iudc neyer lsu ( iudcfha isk h mqoa.,hkaf.a fyda lKavdhj, whs;sjdisl iqrlaIs; lsu"

iudc-wdl" foaYmd,ksl iy ixialD;sl jHjydr u; mokj nyqudkj iy wLKavj meyer yef

;;a;ajh'

iudc iqixfhda.h ( iudc lKavdhusj, idudlhka w;r mj;sk iu.s imkak ls%hdld;ajh'

iudc wka;.;lrKh ( mqoa.,hkaf.a iy lKavdh j, mQK Njhka idlaId;a lr.ekSu i|yd

iudc miqu" iudh fn iy fNaok fLdjka fkdi,ld yka ish fokdf.au whs;sjdisl

iqrlaIs; lsf ls%hdj,shhs' fujeks jHdhduhkays" fiajdjka iy im;a i|yd ium%fYh m%jOkh

23

lrk m%;sm;a;s" ls%hdud. iy fjk;a wdh;ksl Odko" m%cd iudh" wdl iy foaYmd,k

ls%hdldrl we;=,;aj ;SrK .ekSf ls%hdj,sfha uyck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajh fuys wka;.;f'

iudc idOdrK;ajh ( iduqysl;ajh" iudk;djh iy ish fokdgu whs;sjdisl iy .re;ajh ,eu

wjOdrKh lrk iudh wdh;k iy ixOdk im;a fnhdu wmlaImd;S" iu wjia:d iys;j iy

idOdrK m%;sM, ,eug ie,ls,a, fhduql< ls%hdud.h'

iudh fldkau ( m%Odk wdl lghq;= j, mQrAK odhl;ajh ,ndkak;a iudh jYfhka neyer

lsf ;;ajh'

23

lrk m%;sm;a;s" ls%hdud. iy fjk;a wdh;ksl Odko" m%cd iudh" wdl iy foaYmd,k

ls%hdldrl we;=,;aj ;SrK .ekSf ls%hdj,sfha uyck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajh fuys wka;.;f'

iudc idOdrK;ajh ( iduqysl;ajh" iudk;djh iy ish fokdgu whs;sjdisl iy .re;ajh ,eu

wjOdrKh lrk iudh wdh;k iy ixOdk im;a fnhdu wmlaImd;S" iu wjia:d iys;j iy

idOdrK m%;sM, ,eug ie,ls,a, fhduql< ls%hdud.h'

iudh fldkau ( m%Odk wdl lghq;= j, mQrAK odhl;ajh ,ndkak;a iudh jYfhka neyer

lsf ;;ajh'

24

2' m%fYh iy l%fudamdh

ys ldhIu;djh iy n,mEu Wmu lsu i|yd whs;sjdisl mdol lr.;a l%fudamdhka iy ueoy;au iys; m%fYhla ksudKh lr cd;sl" m

24

2' m%fYh iy l%fudamdh

ys ldhIu;djh iy n,mEu Wmu lsu i|yd whs;sjdisl mdol lr.;a l%fudamdhka iy ueoy;au iys; m%fYhla ksudKh lr cd;sl" m

25

;u b,lalhka imqrd.ekSug k mj;sk wdh;ksl wdlD;sh iudc taldnoaO;djh we;slsug ys;lr f,i iy idOkSh f,i ixOdkh h hq;=h' tneka jeo.;au lreK jkafka ia:dmk ls%hdj,sh udf.damfoaYkh yd yelshdj .fIKh l, iy os.gu mj;ajd .; hq;=h' iudc taldnoaO;djh ms

26

weKq 3 ( fidhd .ekS idrdxYh

4 ixrpl oelafjhs'

j.=j 3'1

wOHdmkh ioyd m%fYh

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

w kqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

(1) wlD;s l%u iy m%fYh a) m%;slrK l%shd ms

27

j.=j 3.2

wdl ls%hdldrl iy /lshd ioyd m%fYh

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

wkqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

(1) o;djh a) wirK yd fldkajq lKavdh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) h;, myiql fkdue;su - ksjdi" ,sh" ikSmdrCIl" c,h

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c) ksjfia wdodhu ms

28

j.=j 3.3

hqla;sh yd ffk;sl im;a ioyd m%fYh

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

w kqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

(1) wlrK fiajdjka ,nd .ekSu i`oyd we;s wjfndaOh iy .eg

a) j.lS 1 1 1 1

b) ksoyi 1 1 1

c) kS;suh ls%hdj,sfha we;s m%udohka 1 1 1

d) whs;sjdisl yd hq;=l ms,sn`o wjfndaOh 1 1 1 1 1 1

e) kS;s Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug we;s oekqu 1 1 1 1 1 1

(2) kS;s m%;sixkalrKhg we;s wjYH;dj a) ish rgjeishka 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) iq cd;slhska 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(3) iuyr mqoa.,hskag ks;sh l%Shd;aul fkdu 1 1 1(4) mqoa.,hska ,shdmxh

a) Wmamekak iy; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) ye`kqm; 1 1 1 1 1

c) jdy iy;slh 1 1 1 1

(5) Yaj myiql j,g

29

j.=j 3.4

wdrlaId iys; yd iqrlaIs; iudchSh

mirhla m%fYh

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

wkqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

(1) fmd,sish a) NdId moku u; fiajh ,nd .ekSf whs;sh 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) Yajdih 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c) j,x.= Ndjh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

d) iudc taldnoaO;d ixl,am mqyqKqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e) foaYmd,k uey;a u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(2) yuqodj a) .egq ;snq m%foaY kej; is,a md,khg meKSu 1 1 1 1

b) ixjOkh iu. inkaOu 1 1

c) bv wdrjq,a 1 1

d) wdhqO .;a lKavdh ksrdhqO lsu 1 1

e) yuqod idudlhskaf.a mjq,a j, in idOkh 1

30

j.=j 3.5

wdrlaId iys; yd iqrlaIs; ndysr mrsirhla ioyd m%fYh

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

wkqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

(1) iajNdl m;a

a) jka 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) f,aLk .; lsu 1 1 1 1

c) h:d ;;ajhg meKsu$jfkdamdh 1 1 1 1 1

(2) ukqIhska iska we;s lrk ,o m;a a) Odldr wNHka;r wj;eka 1 1 1 1

b) > ld,Sk wj;eka 1 1 1 1

c) h:d ;;ajhg meKsu$jfkdamdh 1 1 1

d) jka iy wdOdr 1 1

e) f,aLk .; lsu 1 1 1

(3) mdil Wmj

a) kj j.djka ^fkd.e,fmk& 1 1 1 1 1

b) ixjOkhg jkh t

30

j.=j 3.5

wdrlaId iys; yd iqrlaIs; ndysr mrsirhla ioyd m%fYh

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

wkqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

(1) iajNdl m;a

a) jka 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) f,aLk .; lsu 1 1 1 1

c) h:d ;;ajhg meKsu$jfkdamdh 1 1 1 1 1

(2) ukqIhska iska we;s lrk ,o m;a a) Odldr wNHka;r wj;eka 1 1 1 1

b) > ld,Sk wj;eka 1 1 1 1

c) h:d ;;ajhg meKsu$jfkdamdh 1 1 1

d) jka iy wdOdr 1 1

e) f,aLk .; lsu 1 1 1

(3) mdil Wmj

a) kj j.djka ^fkd.e,fmk& 1 1 1 1 1

b) ixjOkhg jkh t

31

j.=j 3.6

foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh ioyd m%fYh

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

wkqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

^1& foaYmd,k l%uh

a) foaYmd,k l%uh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) rchka fjkia u ksid m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul fkdu

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c) ukdm Pkao l%uh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

d) ;SrK .ekSf my; ia:r j, iyNd.S;ajh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e) Pkao meje;ajq jdr .Kk 1 1 1 1

^2& foaYmd,k leue;a;

a) foaYmd,k leue;a; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^3& foaYmd,k mCI

a) foaYmd,k mCI w;r tl.;djhla fkdue;su 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) mCI wNHka;r .egq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c) tl;= fkdu 1

^4& foaYmd,k mdYjlrefjda

a) mmd,kh foaYmd,kSlrKh u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) foaYmd,k n,mEu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c) Yajdih 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

d) ixfnj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e) cd;sh iy wd.u mok lr.;a foaYmd,k mCI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

f) LKavkSlrKh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

g) IKh yd im;a kdia;sh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

32

j.=j 3.7

;ud iudchg wh;a jkafkah hk

ye.Su yd j.lSu

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

wkqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

^1& wka; l%shd

a) cd;Ska w;r wYajdih 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) cd;sl NdId kqu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c) f;are/.ekSu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

d) ixfNdjh 1 1

^2& wdl,amuh lreKq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^3& iudc fldka u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^4& wmfhdackh

a) u;ameka 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) u;a jH 1 1 1 1 1 1

^5& mjq,a wjqq,a u we;= .Dyia; lreKq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a) jdyhl we;s lreKq ms,snqo wjfndaOh 1 1

b) nyq jdyh 1 1 1 1 1

c) .Dyia; ysxikh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

d) ldka;djka l=vd orejka oud foaY .; u 1 1 1 1 1

e) IKhu yd jdyfhka f;dr orejka ,eu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

f) bv i`oyd mjq,a wdrjq,a 1 1

g) jhil" wdnd; wh /l n,d .ekSu 1 1 1

h) wdl wirK Ndjh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

i) jekaoUqfjda 1 1 1 1 1

j) ldka;d .Dy uq,sl ksjdi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

k) orejka /lshdf fhou 1 1

l) uyck fi!LH iy ikSmdrCIdj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^8& wd.l yd ixialD;sl jkdl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^9& hym;a udkisll;ajh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

32

j.=j 3.7

;ud iudchg wh;a jkafkah hk

ye.Su yd j.lSu

r;akmqr

uykqjr

hdm

kh

.my

wkqrdO

mqr

ud;

r

fudk

rd.

,

ukakdr

u

n,

a,

.d,

a,

mq;a;,u

wmdr

LLRC

^1& wka; l%shd

a) cd;Ska w;r wYajdih 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) cd;sl NdId kqu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c) f;are/.ekSu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

d) ixfNdjh 1 1

^2& wdl,amuh lreKq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^3& iudc fldka u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^4& wmfhdackh

a) u;ameka 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b) u;a jH 1 1 1 1 1 1

^5& mjq,a wjqq,a u we;= .Dyia; lreKq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a) jdyhl we;s lreKq ms,snqo wjfndaOh 1 1

b) nyq jdyh 1 1 1 1 1

c) .Dyia; ysxikh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

d) ldka;djka l=vd orejka oud foaY .; u 1 1 1 1 1

e) IKhu yd jdyfhka f;dr orejka ,eu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

f) bv i`oyd mjq,a wdrjq,a 1 1

g) jhil" wdnd; wh /l n,d .ekSu 1 1 1

h) wdl wirK Ndjh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

i) jekaoUqfjda 1 1 1 1 1

j) ldka;d .Dy uq,sl ksjdi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

k) orejka /lshdf fhou 1 1

l) uyck fi!LH iy ikSmdrCIdj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^8& wd.l yd ixialD;sl jkdl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^9& hym;a udkisll;ajh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

33

1' iyNd.S jqjkaf.a kdu f,aLkh

1'1 my; i|yka wud;HxYh ksfhdackh lrka wka; wud;HxY lgq iudlfhda iyNd.S jQy' nqoaOYdik iy wd.l lghq;= wud;HxYh

33

1' iyNd.S jqjkaf.a kdu f,aLkh

1'1 my; i|yka wud;HxYh ksfhdackh lrka wka; wud;HxY lgq iudlfhda iyNd.S jQy' nqoaOYdik iy wd.l lghq;= wud;HxYh

34

1'2 oaj;a uKav,h

wdpdh pkar;ak nKavdr wdpdh fcydka fmfrd

wdpdh l=ud rEmisxy

wdpdh uhsl,a m%kdka

wdpdh uq;a;hshd

wdpdh iqukis ,shkf.a

wdpdh kkaol=udr

wdpdh ,hk,a rfldaka wdpdh wkqrdO niakdhl

uydpdh l=uqoq oiqus l=udr ta't' mqkH;s,l uy;d

ta't'iS'hq' wffldaka uy;d

ta'hq' pkais uy;d

v't' rfialr uy;d

wef,laia imq;ka;s% uy;d

wfYdal fyar;a uhd

ialkaOl=udr uhd

iS' fodvdj;a; uy;d

v,ais o is,ajd uy;ah

' whs' ' risxy uy;d

ifrdacd isjpka.aoar uy;ah

ol u,shf.dv uy;d

ifrda ;srem;s uy;ah

,ka; ;dkf.a uy;d

Ydka;s ipssps;dkkaoka uy;ah

B't'hq'tia'' talkdhl uy;d

''' ;s,;is uy;d

t't' lmam uy;d

im;a wdhr;ak uy;d

fcda ,sh uy;d

fla' fidlalkdoka uy;d

fla' ' YdlH kdkdhlaldr uy;d

,,s;a wfisxy uy;d

,hk,a .uf.a uy;d

35

t't' kjr;ak nKavdr uy;d

tus' rdfcakao%ka uy;d

w;=fldar, uy;d

ufyakao% yrsiapkao% uy;d

kjr;ak fyakakdhl uy;d

ksu,a vS' is,ajd uy;d

mS' foajrdcd uy;d

mS'mS' isjm%ldYka uy;d

m%Nd;a l=udr uy;d

wd' kvrdcd uy;d

tia' lfkakaka uy;d

;Hd.rdca uy;d

tia' isj.=rekd;ka uy;d

iuka uqKisxy uy;d

iq;a wffldaka uy;d

hq' .=Kr;k iajdkajykafia

iqfrakao% iS' nq,;aisxy, uy;d

jS' nkaoq, kdkdhlaldr uy;d

vns'mS' r;akmd, uy;d

ohdks mkdf.dv uy;aush

35

t't' kjr;ak nKavdr uy;d

tus' rdfcakao%ka uy;d

w;=fldar, uy;d

ufyakao% yrsiapkao% uy;d

kjr;ak fyakakdhl uy;d

ksu,a vS' is,ajd uy;d

mS' foajrdcd uy;d

mS'mS' isjm%ldYka uy;d

m%Nd;a l=udr uy;d

wd' kvrdcd uy;d

tia' lfkakaka uy;d

;Hd.rdca uy;d

tia' isj.=rekd;ka uy;d

iuka uqKisxy uy;d

iq;a wffldaka uy;d

hq' .=Kr;k iajdkajykafia

iqfrakao% iS' nq,;aisxy, uy;d

jS' nkaoq, kdkdhlaldr uy;d

vns'mS' r;akmd, uy;d

ohdks mkdf.dv uy;aush

36

1'3 m%dfoaYSh ugka iyNd.s jqfjda"

ia;s%lal 12 l m%dfoaYsh f,l ldhd, 25 l idlpsPduh l%shdldrs ieis mj;ajk ,o w;r my; i|yka wh

iyNd.S jQy'

m%dfoaYsh f,al

.%du ks,Odka

iuDoa ks

37

1'3'1 my; i|yka m%foaYj, idlPduh l%shdldrs ieis meje;ah'

m

38

2' iudf,daplfhda(

2'2 cd;sl NdId yd iudc taldnoaO;d wud;HdxYh

.re wud;H jdiqfoaj kdkdhlaldr

u,aldka;s l%uisxy uy;ah" f,al

tiaa' ndialrka uy;d" w;sfl f,al" ^iudc taldnoaO;d&

tia.t,a.tus. yiSus uy;d- fHIaG iyldr f,al ^iudc taldnoaO;d & ta' ksfld,iams,af,hs " fHIaG iyldr f,al ^cd;sl NdId&

ta'hq'fla' fodvkaj, uy;aush" fHIaG iyldr f,al ^md,k&

ixlch kdkdhlaldr uy;d" wdud;H WmfoaYl

tia' ls%Iakjokd uy;ah iyldr f,alus ^iudc taldnoaO;d&

iqNdIa kdkdhlaldr uy;d" iyldr f,al ^NdId wxYh&

udId nKavdr uy;ah" cd;sl taldnoaO;d m%jOk iyldr

Ydka;s talkdhl uy;ah" cd;sl taldnoaO;d m%jOk iyldr

kdu,S rfldaka uy;ah" mfhaIK iyldr

p;=ld iurr fukjsh" ixjOk iyldr

.hdka uqKisxy uy;d" cd;sl taldnoaO;d m%jOk iyldr

{dkS l%uisxy uy;ah" jHmD;s iydhl ^NdId wxYh&

js;d rkacks uy;ah" cd;sl taldnoaO;d m%jOk iyldr

f' is rfkamqr uy;d" flduidrsia rdcH NdId fldiu

ksu,a wd rKjl uy;d" iNdm;s rdcH NdId fldusIka iNdj

iS;d ;dkdr uy;ah iNdm;s" ;rx.d o is,ajd uy;ah - hqla;soduhg iu m%fjSY;aj jHdmD;sh

2.2 GIZ- FLICT

f;dauia wkafida.a uy;d" fHIaG WmfoaYl" GIZ- f,akd fldaps ush" WmfoaYl GIZ- ksfrdaIka puskao uy;d" jevigyka ks,Odrs" GIZ- wre;%d rdcisxy h" jevigyka iydhl GIZ- kahd %v h" m%OdkS CCRRP, GIZ r;shd fpdaials h" WmfoaYl SPS, GIZ bfjdaka fof,daka h

39

2'3 ndysr

lu,sks o is,ajd h" f,al" wlrK wdud;HxYh

tia'tia' fr;ak uy;d" kS;S wdOdr fldiu

wdpdh iuka lef,a.u" m%;sm;a;s wOHhk wdh;kh

,arelaIs f*dkafiald h

wdpdh wks,d vhia nKavdrkdhl

Ys%hdks recmlaI h' udkj ysl fldiu

fcisud biauhs,a h

Yd,d o`Mj;a; h

;urdis l%ukdhl h" kS;S wdOdr fldiu

,s,ka;s l=ud h' kS;S wdOdr fldiu

;rx.d o is,ajd h UNDP - hqla;soduhg iu m%fjSY;aj jHdmD;sh iS ' t' w;m;a;= h UNDP - hqla;soduhg iu m%fjSY;aj jHdmD;sh jhs' ' tia' fla' l%ukdhl uy;d

39

2'3 ndysr

lu,sks o is,ajd h" f,al" wlrK wdud;HxYh

tia'tia' fr;ak uy;d" kS;S wdOdr fldiu

wdpdh iuka lef,a.u" m%;sm;a;s wOHhk wdh;kh

,arelaIs f*dkafiald h

wdpdh wks,d vhia nKavdrkdhl

Ys%hdks recmlaI h' udkj ysl fldiu

fcisud biauhs,a h

Yd,d o`Mj;a; h

;urdis l%ukdhl h" kS;S wdOdr fldiu

,s,ka;s l=ud h' kS;S wdOdr fldiu

;rx.d o is,ajd h UNDP - hqla;soduhg iu m%fjSY;aj jHdmD;sh iS ' t' w;m;a;= h UNDP - hqla;soduhg iu m%fjSY;aj jHdmD;sh jhs' ' tia' fla' l%ukdhl uy;d

40

3' m%;sm;a;s ieliSf tallh : GIZ-FLICT iy MNLSI

ohdks mkdf.dv h" ;dlaIksl WmfoaYld iy cd;sl ls%hdud. l

40

3' m%;sm;a;s ieliSf tallh : GIZ-FLICT iy MNLSI

ohdks mkdf.dv h" ;dlaIksl WmfoaYld iy cd;sl ls%hdud. l

i

r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk;

fyhr;rhu gz;Gfshy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;Fs; mwpT tsh;r;rpaila Muk;gpj;NjhL> mJtiu r%fj;jpy; kiwe;J fple;j r%f fjTfs; xt;nthd;wha; jpwf;f Muk;gpj;jd. ,jd; gadhf midj;J kdpj ,zj;jtUf;Fk; xh; ,lj;jpy; ,ay;ghf Rthrpg;gjw;fhd #oy; Vw;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhd #oypy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fUj;J NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; khWgl;l Rghtq;fspd; gadhf> kf;fspd; ePbj;j tho;tpw;Fk; xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk; Vw;gl;Ls;s mr;RWj;jyhdJ midthpd; ftdj;jpw;Fk; nfhz;Ltug;glNtz;ba Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.

Mz;> ngz;> rpWth;> tajhNdhh;> CdKw;Nwhh;> Cdkw;Nwhh;> cah;T jho;T vd gzj;jhy; kdpj juj;ijg; gphpg;gJ Nghd;w khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fshy; vOe;Js;s NtWghLfspdhy; ,d;W xUikg;ghbw;F ngUk; mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gl> Ghpe;Jzh;T ,y;yhikNa gpujhd fhuzk;.

midthpdJk; jpwikfis mwpe;J> midthpd; chpikfSf;Fk; ,lkspf;Fk; r%f nghWg;ghdJ ehl;bw;F nra;aNtz;ba Kf;fpa flikahFk;.

mt;thwhd gy;NtW tplaq;fspd; mofpid czh;e;jpLk;> xUikg;ghl;bd; rPh; rpwg;ig nfhz;lhbLk; jpwe;j kdjpid r%fj;jpYs;s xt;nthUthpilAk; Vw;gLj;jp> mth;fis ehk; kdkhu md;NghL mutizj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.

,Jtiu fhyk; %lg;gl;l fjTfis> kdjhu jpwe;jpLtjw;fhd fhyk; ,g;NghJ kyh;e;Js;sJ.

jpwg;G

czh;Tfis> vz;zq;fis jpwg;Nghk;

ii

RUf;ff; FwpaPLfSk;;> tphpTk;;;

BRC ,U nkhop cjtpf; fUkgPlk;

CWS fye;Jiuahly; nraykHTfs;

EP epGzH Fohk;

ESCP r%f rhh;G kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd eltbf;iffspd; jpl;l tbtikg;G

FGD ftdaPh;g;Gf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;

FLICT r%f xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; epiykhw;w

Kd;ndLg;GfSf;F trjpaspj;jy;

GIZ N[Hkd; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;LwT

IMSC mikr;RfSf;fpilapyhd topelj;jw; nrayzpf; FO

HSZ cah; ghJfhg;G tyak;

LLRC fw;Wf; nfhz;l ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FO

MNLSI Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R

NAPPPHR kdpj chpikfisg;; ghJfhj;J Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

Njrpa nraw;jpl;lk;

NILET Njrpa nkhopf; fy;;tp kw;Wk;; gapw;rp epWtdk;

NIPA Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L Nkk;ghl;L cjtpahsH

NIPS Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L Nkk;ghl;L (gpuNjr) cjtpahsH

NPFSI r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk;

OLC murfUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FO

OLD murfUk nkhopfs; jpizf;fsk;

UN If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G

UNDP If;fpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;

iii

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rpd; nfsut mikr;rH jpU. thRNjt ehzhaf;fhu mtHfspd; nra;jp

mjpNkjF [dhjpgjp kfpe;j uh[gf;~ mtHfspd; topfhl;lypd; fPo;> Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk;

r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rhdJ (MNLSI) r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ij (cohesion) milAk; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;ig tYtilar; nra;tjw;Fk;> GJg;gpg;gjw;Fk; ghLgLfpwJ. r%f xUikg;ghl;il Mjhpj;Jg; NgZk; tifapy; nfhs;iffis tFj;jikg;gjw;Fk;> eltbf;iffisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fisAk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R gzpg;ghiziag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,j;jdpr; rpwg;Gtha;e;j gzpg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy;> r%f xUikg;ghl;bw;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij (NPFSI) tFj;jikf;Fk; topKiwia> Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R Muk;gpj;J itj;jJ. ,e;j gue;Jgl;l nrad;Kiwfspd; NghJ ,yq;ifapd; rfy ghfq;fspypUe;Jk; gue;Jgl;l Kiwapyhd rpe;jidAk;> $l;bizf;fg;gl;l Fuy;fSk; ,jw;fhd MNyhridfspd; NghJ ngwg;gl;lJkhd ,k;Kaw;rpia tsg;gLj;jpaJ. ,yq;ifapy; r%f xUikg;ghl;L topKiwapd;NghJ> Kd;Dhpik toq;Fk; Kaw;rpahf>nfhs;;ifr; rl;lfk; (NPFSI) Ez;zwpT nfhz;l nfhs;ifahfTk;> eltbf;ifj; jpl;lkhfTk; njspTgLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; [duQ;rfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mNj rkak;> ghjpg;Gfis vjpHNehf;fpAs;s FOf;fisg; gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tpNrl ftd ntF[d Clfq;fSk; ce;J rf;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

rptpy; r%fg; gq;fhsHfSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; cWjpahd jhNd epfor; nra;Ak; ,izg;G mtrpakhFk;. mNj rkak;> ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpw;F gpuf;iQg+Htkhd xUq;fpize;j Kaw;;rpAk; Njit. ,tw;wpd; %yNk> mwpthHe;j xUikg;ghl;Lr; r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtij ,yf;fhff; nfhs;s KbAk;. Vw;fdNt mKypy; cs;s epWtdq;fspd; kiwrf;jpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Eiothapyhf nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; (NPFSI) mikAk;. mJkhj;jpukpd;wp> r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd Eiothapw; nfhs;iffSk; ,itNa. ,tw;wpd; %yk; Ghpe;JzHitAk; gu];gu nfsutj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l chpik czHTk;> rkj;JtKk;>gq;Nfw;Gk;>cs;slf;fKk; nfhz;l ,yq;ifr; r%fk; epWtg;gLk;.

,J r%f ,irT neUf;fj;Jf;fhd r%f ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fp Cf;Ftpf;f ,yq;ifapd; gd;ikj;Jtr; r%fk; gpuf;iQg+h;tkhd r%f xUikg;ghl;ilNa Nfhhp epw;fpd;wJ. midj;J ,yq;ifaHfSk; xOf;ftpaiyAk; fy;tpiaAk; tYt+l;liyAk; Ve;Jk; J}z;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;W gpd;njhlu Ntz;Lk;. murpayikg;gpd; cWjpnkhopfSf;fpzq;;f> rkj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; cs;thq;fYf;Fk; mika tho;tij cWjp nra;tij ehk; midtUk; rknghWg;ghf Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; tYt+l;Ltjw;F KOikahd $l;L mHg;gzpg;G mtrpak;.

XH mikjpahd RgPl;rkhd njhiyNehf;fpw;F topfhl;baNjhL> Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd mikr;ir epWtpajd; %yk; jdpr;rpwg;ghd gzpg;ghiziaAk; epiwNtw;wpa> mjpNkjF [dhjpgjp kfpe;j uh[gf;~ mtHfSf;F ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy; vdJ ed;wpiaAk; ghuhl;Ljy;fisAk; njhptpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. mNj rkak; Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rpd; gzpg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wtjw;F jk;ik mHg;gzpj;j nrayhsH jpUkjp. ky;fhe;jp tpf;ukrpq;f mtHfSf;Fk;> mikr;rpd; rfy cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;Fk; vdJ kdg;g+Htkhd ed;wpiaj; njhptpf;fpd;Nwd;. mNj rkak;> khtl;l kl;lq;fspy; eltbf;iffis mKyhf;Ftjw;Fk;> nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij (NPFSI) tFj;jikf;;fTk;> njhopy;El;g hPjpapYk;> epjp %yKk;;;;; ;;;; cjtp mspj;j OJv

i

r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk;

fyhr;rhu gz;Gfshy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;Fs; mwpT tsh;r;rpaila Muk;gpj;NjhL> mJtiu r%fj;jpy; kiwe;J fple;j r%f fjTfs; xt;nthd;wha; jpwf;f Muk;gpj;jd. ,jd; gadhf midj;J kdpj ,zj;jtUf;Fk; xh; ,lj;jpy; ,ay;ghf Rthrpg;gjw;fhd #oy; Vw;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhd #oypy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fUj;J NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; khWgl;l Rghtq;fspd; gadhf> kf;fspd; ePbj;j tho;tpw;Fk; xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk; Vw;gl;Ls;s mr;RWj;jyhdJ midthpd; ftdj;jpw;Fk; nfhz;Ltug;glNtz;ba Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.

Mz;> ngz;> rpWth;> tajhNdhh;> CdKw;Nwhh;> Cdkw;Nwhh;> cah;T jho;T vd gzj;jhy; kdpj juj;ijg; gphpg;gJ Nghd;w khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fshy; vOe;Js;s NtWghLfspdhy; ,d;W xUikg;ghbw;F ngUk; mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gl> Ghpe;Jzh;T ,y;yhikNa gpujhd fhuzk;.

midthpdJk; jpwikfis mwpe;J> midthpd; chpikfSf;Fk; ,lkspf;Fk; r%f nghWg;ghdJ ehl;bw;F nra;aNtz;ba Kf;fpa flikahFk;.

mt;thwhd gy;NtW tplaq;fspd; mofpid czh;e;jpLk;> xUikg;ghl;bd; rPh; rpwg;ig nfhz;lhbLk; jpwe;j kdjpid r%fj;jpYs;s xt;nthUthpilAk; Vw;gLj;jp> mth;fis ehk; kdkhu md;NghL mutizj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.

,Jtiu fhyk; %lg;gl;l fjTfis> kdjhu jpwe;jpLtjw;fhd fhyk; ,g;NghJ kyh;e;Js;sJ.

jpwg;G

czh;Tfis> vz;zq;fis jpwg;Nghk;

iv

ehd; njhopEl;g MNyhrfu;/Oksqb! osbe

ii

RUf;ff; FwpaPLfSk;;> tphpTk;;;

BRC ,U nkhop cjtpf; fUkgPlk;

CWS fye;Jiuahly; nraykHTfs;

EP epGzH Fohk;

ESCP r%f rhh;G kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd eltbf;iffspd; jpl;l tbtikg;G

FGD ftdaPh;g;Gf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;

FLICT r%f xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; epiykhw;w

Kd;ndLg;GfSf;F trjpaspj;jy;

GIZ N[Hkd; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;LwT

IMSC mikr;RfSf;fpilapyhd topelj;jw; nrayzpf; FO

HSZ cah; ghJfhg;G tyak;

LLRC fw;Wf; nfhz;l ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FO

MNLSI Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R

NAPPPHR kdpj chpikfisg;; ghJfhj;J Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

Njrpa nraw;jpl;lk;

NILET Njrpa nkhopf; fy;;tp kw;Wk;; gapw;rp epWtdk;

NIPA Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L Nkk;ghl;L cjtpahsH

NIPS Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L Nkk;ghl;L (gpuNjr) cjtpahsH

NPFSI r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk;

OLC murfUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FO

OLD murfUk nkhopfs; jpizf;fsk;

UN If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G

UNDP If;fpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;

v

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rpd; nrayhsh; jpUkjp. ky;fhe;jp tpf;fpukrpq;f mth;fspd; nra;jp

midtiuAk; cs;slf;FjiyAk;> GhpjiyAk; Nkk;gLj;jp> mtw;iw mUfUNf itj;Jf;nfhz;L nghWg;Gzh;TlDk; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd $l;L mh;g;gzpg;GlDk;> r%f xUikg;ghL Cl;b tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. kdpj chpikfisAk;> mbg;gil chpikfisAk; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gijf; njhiy

Nehf;fhff;nfhz;L r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; (The National Policy Frame work for Social Integration - NPFSI) tFj;jikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lfk; r%fg; nghUshjhu ey;tho;itAk; r%f ePjpiaAk; cj;juthjg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mikjpiaAk; (Harmony) r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ijAk; (Cohesion) Mjhpj;Jg; NgZfpwJ.

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R GIZ-FLICT (N[h;kd; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;LwT> r%f xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; epiykhw;wk; Kd;ndLg;Gf;fSf;F trjpaspj;jy;) Mfpa epWtdq;fSld;

xd;wpize;J r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij (NPFSI) tFj;jikj;jJ. gq;Nfw;G Kiwapy; midtiuAk; cs;thq;fp> r%f xUikg;ghl;L topKiwia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F jdp

egh;fspd; chpikfs; - nghWg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa jdpr;rpwg;Gf;fisAk;> murpd; flikfisAkpl;L NPFSI tFj;jikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F mikr;Rf;fisAk; jpizf;fsq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; 23 gpujpepjpfis cs;slf;fpa mikr;Rf;fSf;fpilapyhd top elhj;jw; nrayzpf; FOtpd; MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; ngwg;gl;lJ. mNj rkak; gy;NtW Jiwfisr; rhh;e;j kjpg;G kpf;f epGzh;FO cWg;gpdh;fspd; MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; ngwg;gl;lJ. khtl;l - khfhz - Njrpa

kl;lj;jpy; gd;ikj;Jt> mur-rptpy; r%fg; gq;fhsh;fspd; gq;Nfw;Gld; NPFSI tFj;jikf;fg;gLk; topKiw nkU$l;lg;gl;lJ. ,jd;nghUl;L fye;Jiuahly; nraykh;Tfs;> ftd

iii

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rpd; nfsut mikr;rH jpU. thRNjt ehzhaf;fhu mtHfspd; nra;jp

mjpNkjF [dhjpgjp kfpe;j uh[gf;~ mtHfspd; topfhl;lypd; fPo;> Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk;

r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rhdJ (MNLSI) r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ij (cohesion) milAk; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;ig tYtilar; nra;tjw;Fk;> GJg;gpg;gjw;Fk; ghLgLfpwJ. r%f xUikg;ghl;il Mjhpj;Jg; NgZk; tifapy; nfhs;iffis tFj;jikg;gjw;Fk;> eltbf;iffisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fisAk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R gzpg;ghiziag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,j;jdpr; rpwg;Gtha;e;j gzpg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy;> r%f xUikg;ghl;bw;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij (NPFSI) tFj;jikf;Fk; topKiwia> Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R Muk;gpj;J itj;jJ. ,e;j gue;Jgl;l nrad;Kiwfspd; NghJ ,yq;ifapd; rfy ghfq;fspypUe;Jk; gue;Jgl;l Kiwapyhd rpe;jidAk;> $l;bizf;fg;gl;l Fuy;fSk; ,jw;fhd MNyhridfspd; NghJ ngwg;gl;lJkhd ,k;Kaw;rpia tsg;gLj;jpaJ. ,yq;ifapy; r%f xUikg;ghl;L topKiwapd;NghJ> Kd;Dhpik toq;Fk; Kaw;rpahf>nfhs;;ifr; rl;lfk; (NPFSI) Ez;zwpT nfhz;l nfhs;ifahfTk;> eltbf;ifj; jpl;lkhfTk; njspTgLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; [duQ;rfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mNj rkak;> ghjpg;Gfis vjpHNehf;fpAs;s FOf;fisg; gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tpNrl ftd ntF[d Clfq;fSk; ce;J rf;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

rptpy; r%fg; gq;fhsHfSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; cWjpahd jhNd epfor; nra;Ak; ,izg;G mtrpakhFk;. mNj rkak;> ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpw;F gpuf;iQg+Htkhd xUq;fpize;j Kaw;;rpAk; Njit. ,tw;wpd; %yNk> mwpthHe;j xUikg;ghl;Lr; r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtij ,yf;fhff; nfhs;s KbAk;. Vw;fdNt mKypy; cs;s epWtdq;fspd; kiwrf;jpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Eiothapyhf nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; (NPFSI) mikAk;. mJkhj;jpukpd;wp> r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd Eiothapw; nfhs;iffSk; ,itNa. ,tw;wpd; %yk; Ghpe;JzHitAk; gu];gu nfsutj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l chpik czHTk;> rkj;JtKk;>gq;Nfw;Gk;>cs;slf;fKk; nfhz;l ,yq;ifr; r%fk; epWtg;gLk;.

,J r%f ,irT neUf;fj;Jf;fhd r%f ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fp Cf;Ftpf;f ,yq;ifapd; gd;ikj;Jtr; r%fk; gpuf;iQg+h;tkhd r%f xUikg;ghl;ilNa Nfhhp epw;fpd;wJ. midj;J ,yq;ifaHfSk; xOf;ftpaiyAk; fy;tpiaAk; tYt+l;liyAk; Ve;Jk; J}z;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;W gpd;njhlu Ntz;Lk;. murpayikg;gpd; cWjpnkhopfSf;fpzq;;f> rkj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; cs;thq;fYf;Fk; mika tho;tij cWjp nra;tij ehk; midtUk; rknghWg;ghf Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; tYt+l;Ltjw;F KOikahd $l;L mHg;gzpg;G mtrpak;.

XH mikjpahd RgPl;rkhd njhiyNehf;fpw;F topfhl;baNjhL> Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd mikr;ir epWtpajd; %yk; jdpr;rpwg;ghd gzpg;ghiziaAk; epiwNtw;wpa> mjpNkjF [dhjpgjp kfpe;j uh[gf;~ mtHfSf;F ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy; vdJ ed;wpiaAk; ghuhl;Ljy;fisAk; njhptpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. mNj rkak; Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rpd; gzpg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wtjw;F jk;ik mHg;gzpj;j nrayhsH jpUkjp. ky;fhe;jp tpf;ukrpq;f mtHfSf;Fk;> mikr;rpd; rfy cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;Fk; vdJ kdg;g+Htkhd ed;wpiaj; njhptpf;fpd;Nwd;. mNj rkak;> khtl;l kl;lq;fspy; eltbf;iffis mKyhf;Ftjw;Fk;> nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij (NPFSI) tFj;jikf;;fTk;> njhopy;El;g hPjpapYk;> epjp %yKk;;;;; ;;;; cjtp mspj;j OJvvi

GIZ-FLICT ,d; njhopy;El;g MNyhrfUk; Njrpa nray;Kiw KfhikahshUkhd jpUkjp. jahdp gdhnfhl mtHfspd; nra;jp

,yq;iff;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdnjhU fhyfl;lj;jpy;> Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R> GIZ-FLICT (r%f xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; epiykhw;w Kd;ndLg;GfSf;F trjpaspj;jy;) Mfpa epWtdq;fSld; xd;wpize;J r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij (NPFSI) tFj;jikf;Fk; gzpapid Muk;gpj;jJ. chpikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwiaf; ifahz;Nl (NPFSI) nfhs;ifr;rl;lfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. fzprkhd Rje;jpuj;ij tYg;gLj;JtJk; cs;@H Mw;wy;fis mgptpUj;jp nratJk; >Nkw;gb nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. chpikfs;- nghWg;Gf;fs; kPJ rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;JtJk> midtiuAk; cs;slf;FtJk;> mjpfsltpy; ghugl;rq;fisf; Fiwg;gJk;> murpd; flikfis cWjpg;gLj;JtJk;> nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpd; vjph;ghHg;ghFk;. Nkw;gb tplaq;fs; kPJ tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,f; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;;ij tFj;jikj;jYf;fhd Muk;gk; KjNy mKyhf;fk; njhlHghd $l;L mHg;gzpg;Gf;F cw;rhfkspf;fg;gl;lJ. rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;F cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l mNj Ntis> nraw;ghl;LhPjpahd gq;fspg;G njhlHr;rpahf ,lk; ngw;wJ. ,J Fwpj;Jf; fye;Jiuahly; nraykHTfs;> ehLg+uhTk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l fye;Jiyahly;fs; vd;gd ,lk; ngw;wd> mikr;Rf;fSf;fpilapyhd topeljjw; nrayzpf;FO (IMSC) gpujpepjpfs;> rptpy; r%fk;> mikr;rpd; epGzH FO (EP) MfpNahH nraw;ghl;L uPjpapy; gq;Nfw;W cw;rhfkhfj; jkJ gq;fspg;ig ey;fpdH. ,g; gq;fspg;ghsH FOf;fspd; gd;ikj;Jtk;> nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpd; mj;;jpthukhf mike;jJ. ngWkjp tha;e;j cs;SH Ez;zwpT>nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij nrOikg;gLj;jpaJkhj;jpuky;yhky; >cs;@H hPjpahfTk; Njrpa kl;lj;.jpYk;> r%f xUikg;ghl;ilg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa> MNyhrid fye;j> jhf;FjYf;F vdJ epGzj;Jtj;ij toq;ff; fpilj;j ,t;thpa re;jH;g;gk;> vdf;F toq;fg;gl;l nfsutkhff; fUJfpd;Nwd;. ,r; nraw;ghl;Bd;NghJ nfsut mikr;rH thRNjt ehzhaf;fhu mtHfs; toq;fpa jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;> topfhl;lYf;Fk;> xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> mHg;gzpg;gpw;Fk; ehd; ngupJk; ed;wpAilNad;. mNj rkak; jpUkjp ky;fhe;jp tpf;ukrpq;f mtHfSk;> mtuJ gzpf;FOtpdUk; toq;fpa xj;Jiog;igAk; ,q;F epidT$u tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. ,f;nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij tFj;jikf;Fk; gzpapy; gyH jkJ mDgtq;fisAk; mwpitAk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdH. mNj rkak; r%f xUikg;ghL kPJ jhk; nfhz;l mf;fiwia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; kPsha;T eltbf;iffspYk; nkhopngaHg;G eltbf;iffspYk; jkJ epGzj;Jtj;ij toq;fpa> midtUf;Fk; ed;wp $Wfpd;Nwd;. vy;NyhUf;Fk; ,e;j Mtzk; (NPFSI) fpl;Ltjw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jtHfSf;Fk; vdJ ghuhl;Lf;fs; NkYk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L nfhs;ifia

tFj;jikf;Fk; gphptpy; gzpahw;Wk; vdJ rfhf;fSf;Fk; ,yq;if GIZ -e rpNu~;l MNyhrfH Njhk]; md;NrhH mtHfSf;Fk;> (GIZ-FLICT) epWtdq;fSf;Fk; vdJ ghuhl;Lf;fs;. mNj rkak; (NPFSI) ghpe;Jiufis eilKiwapy mKyhf;fk; nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Njrpaf; nfhs;ifiaAk;> eltbf;ifj; jpl;lj;ijAk; njhFf;Fk; ngUk; gzpf;Fk; ehk; vk;ik mHg;gzpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,jdhy;> rkgq;fhsHfs; vd;w tifapy; midj;J ,yq;ifaHfSk; jkJ nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wj; jplrq;fw;gk; nra;J midtUf;Fkhd tha;g;gpd; ntw;wpf;F $l;lhf mHg;gzpf;FkhW Ntz;Lfpd;Nwhk;

iv

ehd; njhopEl;g MNyhrfu;/Oksqb! osbevii

epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R (MNLSI) , r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd nfhs;iffis tFj;jikf;Fk; jdJ cWjp nkhopf;Fg;; nghUe;Jk; tifapy;> xU Kd;Kaw;rpahf

r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij (NPFSI) Muk;gpj;jJ. NPFSI ,d; Fwpf;Nfhs; rfyUf;FKhpa xU r%fj;Jf;fhd xU tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l Njrpa ,yl;rpakhd njhiy

Nehf;if Kd;ndLg;gjhFk;;. ,J ,yq;ifapd; tpOkpaq;fs;> chpik czHT kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk;

vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWtjhFk;. r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr;

rl;lfkhdJ chpikfs; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiwapy;> chpikfisf; nfhz;bUg;NghH kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wNtz;bNahH MfpNahhpd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; topfhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; r%f ePjpiaAk;>

midtiuAk; cs;slf;FtijAk; Nkk;gLj;JtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,e;j ,yl;rpaj;ij milAk; tifapy; ,j;jpl;l tiuthdJ NPFSI xOf;ftpay;> fy;tp kw;Wk; tYt+l;ly; Mfpa mbg;gil tplaq;fshy;; tYg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J r%f xUikg;ghLr;

nray;Kiwapd; gpd;tUk; %yfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fy;tpf;fhd mZFtop> njhopYf;fhd

kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfSf;fhd mZFtop> njhopy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;>

ePjpf;Fk; rl;l tsq;fSf;Fkhd mZFtop> ,luw;wJk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd r%fr; #oYf;fhd

mZFtop> ,luw;wJk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd ngsjPfr; #oYf;fhd mZFtop> murpay;

gq;Nfw;Gf;fhd mZFtop > kw;Wk; r%fj;ijr; NrHe;;jtHfnsd;Dk; chpik kw;Wk; nghWg;GzHT

vd;gdTk; cs;slq;Fk;. NkYk; ,f;nfhs;ifj; jpl;lkhdJ ghy;epiy> taJ> cly;> csf;

FiwghLfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; Gwf;fzpg;Gf;fs; fhuzkhfg; ghjpg;Gw;Ws;Nshh; MfpNahiu ,yf;fhff;

nfhz;L mth;fis tYg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tpNrl nraw;wpl;lq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ NPFSI nkhop ,izg;GwTfisAk;> Clfq;fisAk; XH ClWf;Fk; fUg;nghUshfTk;> Mf;fg+Htkhd

r%f khw;wj;Jf;fhd fUtpfshfTk; ,dq;fhZfpd;wJ.

NPFSI gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; nray;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J MNLSI ,dhYk;> mikr;RfSf;fpilapyhd topelhj;jw; FOtpdhYk; topfhl;lg;gLk; gue;j mbg;gilapyhd> fye;jhNyhrid tFj;jikg;Gr; nray;Kiwapy; kpf

Kf;fpakhdjhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,J ehL KOtjpYk; gy kl;lq;fspYKs;s kf;fis Kf;fpa eyd;

gpujpepjpfshf nraw;ghl;ilAk; typAWj;JtNjhL> mtHfis

topelj;Jifapy;; chpik nfhz;NlhH kw;Wk; flikia epiwNtw;w Ntz;bNahH vd;wtifapy;

midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; ftdk; nrYj;jpj; jpl;lk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;.

,r;nray;Kiwapy; Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;Rf;F (MNLSI) GIZ FLICT (N[Hkd; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;LwT> r%f xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; epiykhw;w Kd;ndLg;Gf;fSf;F

trjpaspj;jy;) Mfpa mikg;gpd; mDruizAk; fpilj;jJ. ,J ,yq;if murhq;fj;Jldhd

mgptpUj;jp xj;Jiog;gpy; xU gq;fhsH vd;wtifapy; ,lk;ngWtjhFk;.

v

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rpd; nrayhsh; jpUkjp. ky;fhe;jp tpf;fpukrpq;f mth;fspd; nra;jp

midtiuAk; cs;slf;FjiyAk;> GhpjiyAk; Nkk;gLj;jp> mtw;iw mUfUNf itj;Jf;nfhz;L nghWg;Gzh;TlDk; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd $l;L mh;g;gzpg;GlDk;> r%f xUikg;ghL Cl;b tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. kdpj chpikfisAk;> mbg;gil chpikfisAk; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gijf; njhiy

Nehf;fhff;nfhz;L r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; (The National Policy Frame work for Social Integration - NPFSI) tFj;jikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lfk; r%fg; nghUshjhu ey;tho;itAk; r%f ePjpiaAk; cj;juthjg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mikjpiaAk; (Harmony) r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ijAk; (Cohesion) Mjhpj;Jg; NgZfpwJ.

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R GIZ-FLICT (N[h;kd; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;LwT> r%f xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; epiykhw;wk; Kd;ndLg;Gf;fSf;F trjpaspj;jy;) Mfpa epWtdq;fSld;

xd;wpize;J r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij (NPFSI) tFj;jikj;jJ. gq;Nfw;G Kiwapy; midtiuAk; cs;thq;fp> r%f xUikg;ghl;L topKiwia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F jdp

egh;fspd; chpikfs; - nghWg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa jdpr;rpwg;Gf;fisAk;> murpd; flikfisAkpl;L NPFSI tFj;jikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F mikr;Rf;fisAk; jpizf;fsq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; 23 gpujpepjpfis cs;slf;fpa mikr;Rf;fSf;fpilapyhd top elhj;jw; nrayzpf; FOtpd; MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; ngwg;gl;lJ. mNj rkak; gy;NtW Jiwfisr; rhh;e;j kjpg;G kpf;f epGzh;FO cWg;gpdh;fspd; MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; ngwg;gl;lJ. khtl;l - khfhz - Njrpa

kl;lj;jpy; gd;ikj;Jt> mur-rptpy; r%fg; gq;fhsh;fspd; gq;Nfw;Gld; NPFSI tFj;jikf;fg;gLk; topKiw nkU$l;lg;gl;lJ. ,jd;nghUl;L fye;Jiuahly; nraykh;Tfs;> ftd

1

1. mwpKfk;

r%f xUikg;ghL vd;gJ rkj;Jtj;Jf;Fk;> nghWg;GzHTf;Fkhd xU $l;L

mHg;gzpg;GzHtpdhy; Cl;b tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it xOf;ftpay;> fy;tp kw;Wk; tYt+l;ly;

vd;gtw;wpdbg;gilapy; cUthFk; midtUf;FKhpa xU rKjhaj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F

,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. ,t;thwhf> r%f xUq;fpizg;G vd;gJ xU $l;bizg;ghd> #oikT

mbg;gilapyhd nfhs;iff; fyg;igf; Nfhhpepw;Fk; xU njhlHr;rpahd nray;KiwahFk;.

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L mikr;R (MNLSI) gpd;tUk; ,yf;Ffis milAk;; tifapy; chpa fhpridNahL> r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd ,j;Njrpa nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; (NPFSI) tFj;jikj;Js;sJ.

mbg;gil kw;Wk; kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gJk;> r%f kw;Wk; rl;lg; ghJfhg;ig Kd;Ndw;WtJk;.

r%f-nghUshjhuu ey;tho;itAk;> r%f ePjpiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;JtjD}lhf ,irT neUf;fj;ijAk;> mikjpiaAk;> midtUk; cs;slf;fg;gLjiyAk; Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

2. NPFSI ,d; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:

eyd; gpujpepjpfisAk;> gq;fhsHfisAk;> tfpgq;ifAk;;> nghWg;GfisAk;> cghaq;fisAk;> $l;bizg;igAk;> xj;Jiog;igAk;> ,ilaPLfisAk;

tpjg;GiufisAk; tiutpyf;fzk; nra;jy;.

xOf;ftpay;> fy;tp kw;Wk; tYt+l;ly; Mfpa Mjhuq;fspy; mike;;j mwpTrhH> xUq;fpize;j r%fj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwfspd; %yfq;fSld; Kd;Kaw;rpahf tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk; cj;juthjk; nra;J> midtUf;Fk; Nkk;ghL Fwpj;j Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F mDruiz toq;fp> ,yf;F tifg;gphptpdiu

khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JNthuhf tYt+l;Ljy;.

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd mikr;rpd; cWjpnkhop

Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghL njhlHghd jpl;lq;fisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; fUj;jpl;lq;fisAk; tFj;jikj;jy;.

Fwpj;j Njrpa Nehf;fq;fis va;Jk; nghUl;L Njrpa jpl;lkply; mjpfhhpfSld; cld;gl;l fhy NuifapDs;Sk; tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fg;ngw;w tsq;fis

tpQ;rhjthWk; nrhy;yg;gl;l nfhs;iffisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk;

fUj;jpl;lq;fisAk; nraw;gLj;jy;

Njrpa nkhopf; nfhs;ifia tFj;jikj;jy; nraw;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlHghd mYty;fs;.

r%f xUikg;ghLk;> ,d mYty;fSk;.

2

r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwapy; mDruiz toq;Ftjpy; ClWg;Gf; fUg;nghUshf nkhopapdJk;> Clfq;fspdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mq;fPfhpj;jy;.

Njrj;jpd; xU tYthd cilik czHit Cl;b tsHf;Fk; Kiwapyhd ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;gp> Kd;Ndw;Wk; tifapyhd epiykhw;wkpd;ikia

cWjpnra;jy;.

fhyhe;ju Kd;Ndw;wj;ij midj;Jklq;Fk;tifapYk;> njhlHr;rpahfTk; kjpg;gPL nra;jy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpj;jy; %ykhf epiyjfTf;F MjuT toq;Fjy;.

3. epaha tpsf;fk;

NPFSI vd;gJ ,yq;ifapy; mjd; gy;tifikiag; Nghw;wp kjpg;gspf;Fk; Kiwapy; mike;;j xU r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwf;fhd khHf;f tiuglkhFk;. r%f

,irT neUf;fk; ,lk; ngwNtz;Lkhapd;> rkkhd tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;>

Ntiytha;g;G> r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; r%f Nritfs;> rl;l> nghUshjhu> murpay;

kw;Wk; fyhrhur; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd rkkhd tha;g;Gfs; %ykhfr; rfy

gpui[fisAk; cs;slf;Fjy; mtrpakhFk;.

,t;thwhf> r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiw ghugl;rq;fs;> rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs;>

xuq;fl;ly;fs;> gpsTgly; my;yJ Gwf;fzpg;G vd;gtw;iw mjpFiwthf;Fjy; kw;Wk;

my;yJ Kw;whf xopj;jYf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yfpd;wJ. ,r;nray;Kiwia tbtikg;gJk;>

Kiwikahfr; nraw;gLj;JtJk; midtUk; cs;slf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;> xg;GuTf;Fk;>

nghUz;ikr; Rje;jpuq;fSf;Fk; xU r%fj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs; vd;Dk; chpik

czHTf;Fk; top rikf;fpd;wJ.

r%f xUikg;ghl;il mile;J nfhs;Sjy; vd;gjhdJ %ytsq;fis midtUk;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd;kPJ jq;fpepw;gJk;> Njrj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpypUe;J

gphpf;fg;glKbahjJkhFk;.

4. mZFKiw

chpikfs; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw ,yq;ifapd; tpOkpaq;fs;> ey;yhl;rpKiw

kw;Wk; nghUz;ikr; Rje;jpuq;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F xUq;fikthd Kiwapy;> njspthf

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l jdpegh;fspd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; murpd; flikfisg;

nghWj;jtiuapy; r%f ePjpiaAk;> midtiuAk; cs;slf;FjiyAk; Nkk;gLj;jp Fwpj;j

gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPHTfhZfpd;wJ. NPFSI,d; tpidj;jpwidAk;>tpisjpwidAk; jhf;fj;ijAk; mjpAaHthf;Fk; tifapy; cghaq;fSk;> ,ilaPLfSk; chpikfs;

mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiwapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

chpikfs; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw gpd;tUk; topfhl;lw; Nfhl;ghLfspD}lhf

epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp> r%f ePjp kw;Wk; r%f ,irTneUf;fk; vd;gdtw;Wf;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.

chpikfisf; nfhz;ltHfspdJk;> flikfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;bNahhpdJk; chpikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis caHthf kjpj;Jr; nraw;gLjy;.

3

eilKiwahf;fj;Jf;fhd $l;L mHg;gzpg;GzHTld; $ba> midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; xU gq;Nfw;Gr; nray;Kiw.

murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfs;> Vida Njrpaf; nfhs;iffs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; rHtNjrf; flg;ghLfSf;F ,zf;fkhdKiwapyhd vkJ ehl;by; cUthfpaJk;> NjrpahPjpapy;

topelj;jg;gLtJkhd topfhl;b.

cghaq;;fspy;; ,dq;fhzg;gl;lthwhd ,yf;FfisAk;> rhjidg; Gs;spfisAk; ntw;wpfukhf

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; tFj;jikg;gjw;fhd mwptpj;jiyf;;

nfhz;ljhFk;.

NPFSI ,dhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nray;Kiw tFj;jikg;gpd; Muk;gf; fl;lq;fspNyNa eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;fhd xU $l;L cilik czHT kw;Wk; mHg;gzTzHT

vd;gtw;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; khtl;l

kl;lj;jpyhd eyd;gpujpepjpfspilNa tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapyhd

fye;jhNyhridiaAk;> fUj;njhUkpg;igAk; fl;bnaOg;Gk;Kiwapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhf> tFj;jikg;Gr; nray;Kiw Nfs;tpahy; topelj;jg;gLtJk;> midtiuAk;

cs;slf;FtJk;> gq;Nfw;Gg; ghq;iff; nfhz;lJkhd xd;whFk;. ,jpy; epGzH Fohk;

(EP)> mikr;RfSf;fpilapyhd topelj;jw; FO (IMSC)> fye;Jiuahly; nraykHTfs; (CWS)> ftdf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; (FGD) kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp vd Ie;J Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;; cs;sd.

epGzH Fohj;jpd; mq;fj;jtHfs; (EP)1 ,iaGs;s Jiwfspy;> tplag; gug;G rk;ge;jkhd rpwe;j mDgtj;ijf;nfhz;l epGzj;Jtk;tha;e;j egHfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. epGzH

Fohj;ij mikj;jjd; Fwpf;Nfhs; r%f xUikg;ghL vd;Dk; tplag;nghUs;

rk;ge;jkhfg; gy;NtW gpd;dzpfspypUe;J gy;tifikahd gue;j tPr;rpyhd Jiwrhh;

NjHr;rpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> mjD}lhff; nfhs;if tFj;jikg;Gr; nray; Kiwf;F

topfhl;liy toq;FtjhFk;. epGzH Fohk; tplaq;fisj; njhlHe;J kPs;ghHitapLtjpy;

$l;Lg;gzp

,ilaPLfs;> kw;Wk; nfhs;if kPsha;Tfs; Nghd;w gd;Kf Kd;Kaw;rpfs; cghaq;fisg;;

gaDWjpAld; kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; tifapy; ftdkhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;L> fz;fhzpf;fg;gLjy;

gad; jUtjhFk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> fye;Jiuahly; nraykh;Tfspy; vOe;j

fhpridf;Fhpa tplaq;fSf;Fk;> tptfhuq;fSf;Fk; cldbg; gaDWjpAld;> g+uzkhd>

1gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Nthhpd; g+uz epuYf;F gpd;dpizg;G 2Ig; ghHf;fTk;.

4

$l;bizg;G Kiwapy; jPHTfhzg;gLk;. IMSC nfhs;if tFj;jikg;Gr; nray;Kiwf;F topfhl;b> mjd; Vw;Gr; nray;Kiwf;F MjuT toq;fp> nfhs;ifj; jpl;lj;ij ,ize;j

Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;. eilKiwg;gLj;jy; nray;Kiwapd;NghJ IMSC FO njhlHe;Jk; $LtNjhL> 23 mikr;RfisAk;> jpizf;fsq;fisAk; NrHe;j gpujpepjpfs;

mjpy; mq;fk; tfpg;gH.2

fye;Jiuahly; nraykh;Tfs; (CWS) MNLSI ,dhy;> 2012/13 fhyg;gFjpapy; mJ jdJ Kaw;rpfis ,yf;Fitf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy;> njhpT nra;ag;gl;l

khtl;lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wd. CWS ,uj;jpdGhpapy; %d;W gpuNjrr; nrayhsH gphpTfspYk;> fz;b> aho;g;ghzk;> khj;jiw> mDuhjGuk;> fk;g`h> kd;dhH>

nkhduhfiy> FUehfy;> Ky;iyj;jPT> jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk; nghyd;dWit Mfpa

khtl;lq;fspy; jyh ,U gpuNjrr; nrayhsH gphpTfspYk; 2011 [{d; Kjy; etk;gH

tiu ,lk;ngw;wd. CWS,d; Fwpf;Nfhs; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba> Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l> gpstile;j kw;Wk; cjhrPdk;nra;ag;gl;l FOf;fisAk;> mit njhlHgpyhd

tptfhuq;fisAk; ,dq;fhZtjhFk;. ,j;jifa Nkyjpf fye;Jiuahly;fs; mk;ghiw>

fhyp> Gj;jsk; kw;Wk; gJis Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; khtl;lr; nrayf kl;lj;jpy;

,lk;ngw;wd. ,e;j mkHTfspy; gy khtl;lr; nrayhsHfSk;> gpuNjrr; nrayhsHfSk;>

fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;jHfSk;> rKHj;jp mjpfhhpfSk;> nghJr; Rfhjhug; ghpNrhjfHfSk;>

r%f mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;jHfSk;> kfspH tptfhu cj;jpNahfj;jHfSk;> Gj;jrhrd

tptfhu cj;jpNahj;jUk;> Fbrd kjpg;G kw;Wk; Gs;sptpgu cj;jpNahfj;jHfSk;> r%f

Nritfs; cj;jpNahfj;jHfSk;> ngUe;Njhl;l mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;jH

Nghd;wtHfSk; fye;Jnfhz;ldH.

2gq;fhsH mikr;Rfs; kw;Wk; jpizf;fsq;fSf;F gpd;dpizg;G 2Ig; ghHf;fTk;.

x

ghy;

xOf;ftpa

r%

yepiy

ePjp %yt

y;

%f xUi

glk; 1. r%

ta

ghJfhg;gh#oYf;fhd

kw;Wk; rl;l tsq;fSf;fhdtha;g;G

nghUsheltbf;iff

thag;

ikg;ghl;Lr

%f xUikg;

aJ

fy;tpf;

hd r%fr; d tha;g;G

d

hjhu fSf;fhd g;G

nkhopA

Gw

5

r; nray;K

ghl;Lr; nra

clcs

fhd tha;g;G

ghJf#oY

Ak; ClfK

r%f!we;js;sy tYt+l;ly;

Kiwapd;

ay;Kiwapd;

ly; kw;Wk; stpay; ghjpg;Gf;

chpikg;gnghW

mugq;Nfw

th

fhg;ghd ngsYf;fhd tha;

Kk;

y

%yfq;f

d %yfq;fs;

fs;;

r%f

Lj;jYk;g;Gk Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs;> Xuq;fl;ly;fs;>

gpsTgly; kw;Wk; cjhrPdg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; fhuzpfis

,dq;fhZk; xU kjpg;gha;itAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j kjpg;gha;T ,ilepiy>

eLj;ju kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy ,ilaPLfs;> kw;Wk; mtw;iwj; njhlHe;JtUk; fz;fhzpg;G

kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;iwj; jpl;lkpLk; xU topahf r%f xUq;fpizg;Gld; njhlHGw;w

tptfhuq;fis ,dq;fhZtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. NkYk;> NPFSI I mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ fUj;jpw;nfhz;l Kf;fpa Mtzq;fs; cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;> nfhs;if

Kd;nkhopTfs;> rl;lthf;fk;> Muha;r;rp Ma;;twpf;iffs;> Mizf;FO mwpf;iffs;>

rHtNjr Mtzq;fs;> r%f xUikg;ghL rk;ge;jkhd Vida ehLfspd;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffs;> rHtNjr cld;gbf;iffs;> rkthaq;fs; kw;Wk;

gpufldq;fshFk;.

fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FO (LLRC) mkHTfspd;NghJ rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; 2011 etk;ghpy; gpuRhpf;fg;gl;l ,Wjp mwpf;iffspy;

,lk;ngw;w tpjg;Giufs; rk;ge;jkhfTk; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

6. nfhs;if rpghhpRfs;

NPFSI ,d; nfhs;if rpghhpRfs;; r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwapd; %yfq;fs; ,yf;F tifg; gphptpdH kw;Wk; ClWf;Fk; fUg;nghUs;fspd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj;

jPHTfhZfpd;wJ. ,it cs;sikthf ,izg;GwT nfhz;litAk;> ,yq;ifapy; r%f

,irT neUf;fj;ij nghwpKiwfisAk; ,dq;fz;L> gad;gLj;Jjy;. rfy

mikr;RfspYk;> murhq;fj; jpizf;fsq;fspYk;> khfhz rigfspYk;> kw;Wk;

cs;@uhl;rpr; rigfspYKs;s cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; NPFSI ,d; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; cghaq;fis ed;fwpe;Jnfhz;L> mjprpwg;ghd ngWNgWfis MNLSI r%f xUq;fpizg;ig Kd;Ndw;Wk;; tifapy; gy mLf;Ffs; nfhz;l cghankhd;iw Vw;Wr; nray;gLk;.

NPFSI,d; tpjg;Giufis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fzprkhd %ytsq;fis xJf;fPLnra;tJk;> toq;FtJk;.

MNLSI Njrpa r%f xUikg;ghl;L tptfhuq;fis xU toikahdKiwapy; kPsha;Tnra;J> nraYf;fhd tpjg;Giufis toq;FtNjhL> njhlHGw;w gzpfis Mw;Wk;

gzpg;ghiziaf;nfhz;l Njrpa r%f xUikg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpepuypy; xU fl;likg;ghd

nfhs;if ciuahliy Vw;gLj;Jk;.

rYif kWf;fg;gl;l> Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fis xd;wpizf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; gfpuq;f

Nrit Ml;NrHg;Gr; nray;Kiwapy; rl;lhPjpahd rPuikg;Gr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd

,ilf;fhy eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. NkYk;> MNLSI nghJj;JiwapDs; Kk;nkhopj; NjHr;rpia Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jp> ,r;nray;Kiwia NkYk; Kd;Ndw;Wk;

tifapy; Ml;NrHg;gpd; gpd;dH mtrpakhd gapw;rp newpfisAk;> trjpfisAk; toq;Fk;.

7

MNLSI, NPFSI eilKiwahf;fr; nray;Kiwapd;NghJ mikr;Rfs;> jpizf;fsq;fs;> khfhz rigfs; kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rp mikg;GfspDs; $l;bizg;igAk;>

xj;Jiog;igAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; xU KiwikahfTk;> xt;NthH mLf;fpYk; ,yf;Ffis

MNLSI, NPFSI Vida ,iaGs;s nfhs;iffNshL NrHe;J ghpzkpg;gij mq;fPfhpg;gNjhL> IMSC eilKiwahf;fr; nray;Kiw KOtJk; njhlUk;.

6.2 tfpghfq;fSk;> nghWg;GfSk;

%ytsq;fisf; $l;bizg;Gr; nra;J> mzp jpul;b> gfpHTnra;J> tiyg; gpd;dy;

fisAk;> gq;FilikfisAk; cUthf;fp> fz;fhzpj;J> Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kjpg;gPLnra;J>

NPFSI ,d; gaDWjpAk;> tpidj;jpwDKs;s eilKiwahf;fj;jpd; tha;g;Gfs;Fwpj;j rhj;jpatsq;fis Ma;Tnra;tjw;F XH cr;repiy mikg;G3 jhgpf;fg;gLk;.

MNLSI r%f xUikg;ghl;L nray;Kiwapd; Mjhuq;fs;> %yfq;fs;> ,yf;F tifg;gphpTfs; kw;Wk; NPFSI,y; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ClWf;Fk; fUg;nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd gzp tiutpyf;fzq;fs; kw;Wk; topfhl;ly;fisf;nfhz;l xU

ife;E}iy xU gaDWjpkpf;f iff;fUtpahf tFj;jikf;Fk;.

6.3 Mjhu tplaq;fs; (J}z;fs;)

xOf;ftpaYk;> fy;tpAk;> tYt+l;lYk; XH mwpthHe;j xUikg;ghLs;s r%fj;ijg;

gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j epiyg;ghl;Lld; eyd; gpujpepjpfs; ,t;tplaq;fis r%f

xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwapd; J}z;fshfg; nghUe;jpf; nfhs;thHfs;.

xOf;ftpay; fy;tp

tYt+l;ly;

glk; 2: r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwapd;; J}z;fs;

3epHthff; fl;likg;Gf;Fk; murpay; Vw;ghLfSf;Fk; gpw;NrHf;if 2.2Ig; ghHf;fTk;

8

6.4 r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwapd; %yfq;fs;

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ij r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

rk;ge;jkhf xU r%fg; gpuf;iQia cUthf;Ftjpy; xU Kf;fpa %yfkhfTk;

njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,ij Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;L> MNLSI, fy;tpaikr;R> caH fy;tpaikr;R> kw;Wk; ,isQH tptfhu> jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;R Mfpatw;Wld;

,ize;J nrayhw;wp> XH Ie;J Kid cj;jpia Vw;Wr; nraw;gLk;. cj;Njr cr;repiy

mikg;G fy;tpf;fhd chpikia cj;juthjk; nra;tjw;F mtrpakhd eltbf;iffis

vLg;gNjhL> Kd;Kaw;rpahf VjhtJ Xuq;fl;ly;fs; Fwpj;J tpopg;GzHr;rpAlDk;>

ftdkhfTk; nraw;gl;L> gpuj;jpNafkhf r%f-nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> ,d

mbg;gilapyhd my;yJ kj mbg;gilapyhd Xuq;fl;ly;fs; Fwpj;J fy;tpr;

nray;Kiw KOtjpYk; vr;rhpf;ifAld; nraw;gLk;.

Kjypy; fl;likg;Gfs;> Kiwikfs; KiwrhH> Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp> tpjpKiwrhuhf;

fy;tp> kPs;epug;Gk; fy;tp tho;f;ifj; njhopw;gapw;rpf;fhd tha;g;G (cl;fl;likg;G>

ghlrhiyapy; NrHtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fspd; kPsha;T> jug;gLj;jy;> ,iltpyfpNahH

kPz;Lk; ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nry;Yk; nfhs;if Nghd;wit) vd;git typAWj;jg;gLk;.

KiwrhH fy;tpr; nray;Kiwf;fhd mj;jpthukhf Kd;gs;sp mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F tpNrl

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;.

,uz;lhtjhf> fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd jw;NghJs;s Njrpaf; nfhs;iffspd; tpidj;jpwd;

kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;. ,J r%f ,irTneUf;fk; kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd fy;tp

rk;ge;jkhd eltbf;iffspd; rl;lfkhfTk; (ESCP) (2008)> rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Njrpa fy;tpr; nray;jpl;lj;jpd; (2012) eilKiwahf;fj;Jf;F

mDruizahfTk; mikAk;. fw;wiy toq;Fk; Kiw> fpilf;ff;$ba fy;tp nkhop

Clfk; kw;Wk; ,irTneUf;fKs;s xU #oypy; ghlrhiy tho;f;if mDgtk;

vd;git tpNrlkhf typAWj;jg;gLk;. Nkw;$wpa mikr;Rfs;> ,iaGs;s mjpfhurigfs;>

mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epWtfq;fSld; ,ize;J> cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;gpD}lhf

mtrpakhd khw;wq;fisAk;> jpUj;jq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

%d;whtjhf> ghlrhiyg; ghltpjhdk; r%f ,irTneUf;fj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjhf

mikAk;. ,J XH ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhopiaf; fw;gJ> Mq;fpyj;ij XH ,izg;G

nkhopahff; fw;gJ> kjq;fspd; xg;gPl;Lf; fy;tp> xOf;ftpay;> Fbapay; kw;Wk; kdpj

tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tp vd;gtw;wpD}lhf fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fSk;> ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; gy;tifikiaAk;>

If;fpaj;ijAk; gpujpgypj;J> kjpj;J> cs;ikag; ghltpjhd kw;Wk; fy;tp rhuh

nraw;ghLfspD}lhf Clhl;lk; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizTf;fhd Mw;wiy tYg;gLj;Jk;

tifapy; mikAk;. MNLSI ghlrhiy mjpgHfSf;Fk;> MrphpaHfSf;Fk;> fy;tprhuhg;

9

gjtpepiyapdUf;Fk; r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfs; rk;ge;jkhd tpNrl tpopg;GzHT

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elhj;Jk;.

Ie;jhtjhf> epHthf kw;Wk; fl;likg;Gg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPHTfhZk; tifapy;

cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;G fl;bnaOg;Gk; fUj;njhUkpg;gpD}lhfg; nghwpKiw

aikg;Gfs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

6.4.2 nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSf;Fk;> Ntiytha;g;Gf;Fkhd mZFtop:

cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;G gd;Kf eyd; gpujpepjpfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; r%f - nghUshjhu

,yf;Ffis ,dq;fz;L> mq;fPfhpg;gNjhL> NPFSI ,d; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F ,zf;fkhdKiwapy; mtw;iw r%f> nghUshjhu

xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhd xU eilKiwr; nray;jpl;lj;ijAk; jahhpf;Fk;.

r%f Nritfs; kw;Wk; mD$yq;fis ePjpahd> xg;Guthd Kiwapy;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. ,J gpuj;jpNafkhf csg;ghq;F khw;wq;fNshL

njhlHGw;w vida r%f xUq;fpizT %yfq;fSld; ,lk;ngWk; jPHkhdfukhd

Clhl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Gtpapay; #oikTfspypUe;J

vOk; gpuj;jpNafj; jd;ikfSf;Fg; gpujptpisT fhz;gpf;Fk; csSHj; jPHTfs;

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.

NkYk;> Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba FOf;fSf;F %ytsq;fSk;>

mD$yq;fSk; xg;Guthd Kiwapy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf> jw;NghJs;s r%fg; ghJfhg;G

kw;Wk; [PtNdhgha mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wjy;. mj;NjhL>

Ntiytha;g;GfisAk;> tho;thjhu tha;g;GfisAk; gd;Kfg;gLj;Jjy;>

tho;thjhuj;Jf;fhd jpwd; gapw;rpfspD}lhf Mw;wiy mgptpUj;jpnra;jy;> njhopy;

Kaw;rpahsH tiyaikg;G> re;ij mgptpUj;jp> jdpegH epjp Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

,lHtuT Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;wit rk;ge;jkhd tpopg;GzHit Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fg;

gpuj;jpNaf ftdk; toq;fg;gLk;.

re;ijia mZff;$ba tha;g;Gfs;> re;ij njhlHgpyhd eltbf;if Kiwfspy; xspT

kiwtpd;ik Fwpj;j jfty;fs; Njrpa nkhopfspYk;> ,izg;G nkhopapYk; fpl;LtJ

cWjpnra;ag;gLk;.

gpzf;F Kfhikj;Jtg; nghwpKiw mikg;Gfs; %ykhf tpjpKiwaw;w ciog;Gr;

re;ijfs; gaDWjpAlDk;> tpidj;jpwDlDk; ,aq;ff;$batifapYk;> ePjpahf

elj;Jjy;> muR kw;Wk; jdpahHJiwapdUf;Fr; rk me;j];J vd;git ,lk;ngwf;

$batifapYk; fhg;GWjpj; jpl;lq;fs; toq;fg;gl;L> cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspy;

gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wit Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.

cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;G jw;NghJs;s nghwpKiwaikg;Gfs; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;L>

tUkhdg; ghJfhg;G> Ntiyg;ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;Wf;F mtrpakhapd; Gjpa topKiwfis

10

cUthf;fp> r%fg;; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rkkhd tha;g;ig cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy;>

KJikepiyapyhd Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikg; gpur;rpidfs; ghprPypf;fg;gLk;.

,iaGs;stplj;J> ,it epHthfg; gpukhzq;fisr; rPHjpUj;Jjy;> Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp

kw;Wk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rq;fspyhd tpopg;GzHT vd;git %ykhf ,iaGs;s jfty;fs; Kiwahf toq;fg;gLtijAk;>

ghpfhuq;fs; ,lk;ngWtijAk; cWjpnra;Ak;.

6.4.3 ePjp kw;Wk; rl;l %ytsq;fSf;fhd mZFtop:

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp ,lk;ngWtjpNyNa ePjp jq;fpAs;sJ. mJNghyNt rfy eyd;

gpujpepjpfs; kj;jpapYk; chpikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; Fwpj;j tpopg;GzHT

cUthf;fg;gLtJ mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. ,J NPFSI I kPspzf;fj;ij Nehf;fp eilKiwg;gLj;jp> r%f ePjpia $l;lq;$Lk; Rje;jpuk;> elkhl;l Rje;jpuk;

kw;Wk; jfty; Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;iw cj;juthjk;nra;jy;.

rl;lkh mjpgH jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; murhq;fg; gFg;gha;thsH jpizf;fsk; Nghd;w

,iaGs;s epWtdq;fspd; MjuTlDk;> gq;FilikAlDk; gaDWjpAk;> tpidj;

jpwDk; nfhz;l Fw;wtpay; ePjp epHthfj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

rl;lj;jpy; jhkjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tifapy;> ,zf;fr; rigfs;> kw;Wk; eLj;jPHg;G

epaha rigfs; Nghd;w khw;Wg; gpzf;Fj;jPHT Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;%yk;

,j;jifa tha;g;Gf;fis tYg;gLj;jp> Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.

Fwpj;Jiug;ghfr; rl;lj;jpd; jhkjq;fSf;Fg; gpujptpisT fhz;gpg;gitAk;> rl;lr;

nray;Kiwfspy; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba> r%fhPjpapy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fSf;Fk;

Fwpj;Jiug;ghfg; gpujptpisT fhz;gpf;ff;$ba fl;likg;Gfs;> rPHjpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk;

rhjdq;fis itj;jikj;J Nkk;gLj;Jk;tifapyhd Kd;Kaw;rp eltbf;iffisg;

gyg;gLj;Jjy;.

MNLSI ePjpaikr;R> nghJepHthf kw;Wk; cs;ehl;lYty;fs; mikr;R> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; efu mgptpUj;jp mikr;R vd;gtw;Wld; $l;bizthfr; nraw;gl;L> rl;l cjtpiaAk;>

mbg;gilr; rl;l Mtzq;fisAk; toq;Ftjd;%yk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fSf;F ePjp

rk;ge;jkhd rkkhd tha;g;Gfis cWjpnra;Ak;.

6.4.4 ,luw;wJk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd r%fr; #oYf;fhd mZFtop

MNLSI, NPFSI vLj;Jiuf;Fk; vz;zf;fUf;fs;> kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhfg; nghyP]; MszpapdUf;F czHt+l;Ljiy Kd;Ndw;wp> [dr%fj;jpy; rl;lk;

xOq;ifg; NgZtjw;F mDruiz toq;Ftjpy; mtHfspd; ghj;jpuj;ij tYg;gLj;Jk;.

11

td;KiwfisAk;> Fw;wr; nray;fs; kw;Wk; CoiyAk; ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F gd;Kfj;

Njrpa epfo;r;rp epunyhd;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

td;nray;fs;> rl;l tpNuhjkhd flj;jy; eltbf;iffs;;> Vida Fw;wr; nray;fs;;

vd;gtw;why; ghjpg;Gw;w ngz;fSf;Fk;> rpWtHfSf;Fk; tYt+l;Ltjw;Fk;>

Njitahdtplj;J GdHtho;T epiyaq;fis mikg;gjw;Fk;> mtrpakhd

%ytsq;fisf; nfhLj;jy;.

GdHtho;Tngw;NwhH> kPz;LtUNthH> Aj;j tpjitfs;> Kd;dhs; ,uhZt tPuHfs;>

mq;ftPdHfshfpa ,uhZt mzpapdH> khw;W ,aYik nfhz;l egHfs; vd;Nghiur%f>

nghUshjhu hPjpapy; xUq;fpizg;gjw;F mtrpakhd %ytsq;fis mzpjpul;LjYk;>

,jd;%yk; Xuq;fl;liyAk;> Kw;whfg; Gwf;fzpj;jiyAk; mjpFiwthf;FjYk;.

MNLSI jLg;GhPjpapy; nraw;gLk; NPFSI Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;fikthf> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; efu mgptpUj;jp mikr;Rld; xUq;fpize;J rptpy; tptfhuq;fSf;fhd xU epWtdhPjpahd

mikg;igAk;> rfy nghyP]; epiyaq;fspYk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfSf;fhd gzpg;

gPlq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rhj;jpatsj;ij Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

MNLSI r%f Nritfs; mikr;Rld; xUq;fpize;J Nritfs; mtrpakhd jdpegHfSf;F csts Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ftdg;guhkhpg;Gr; Nritia toq;Fk; xU

fyhrhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wk;.

6.4.5 ,luw;wJk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd ngsjpf #oYf;fhd mZFtop

(,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjuhy; Vw;gLk;) mdHj;jr; #o;epiyfspd; NghJ Xuq;fl;lyw;w

Kiwapy; midtUf;Fk; ghpfhuj;ij cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; cs;@uhl;rpg;

nghwpKiwaikg;GfSf;Fk;> [dr%fq;fSf;Fkpilapyhd ed;F $l;bizf;fg;gl;l

Kaw;rpfis tYg;gLj;Jjy;. nraw;gLk; MjuTr; nray;Kiwfs; mdHj;j

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; NghJ Xuq;fl;ly; kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G rk;ge;jkhd rhj;jpaj;Jf;Ff;

$UzHTkpf;fjhf mikAk;. mdHj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa epthuz eltbf;iffs;

murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfSf;fikthfg; ghugl;rkw;w Kiwapy; tUkhdq;fis

kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffSf;Fk;> ,oe;Jtpl;l Mtzq;fis kPz;Lk;

toq;Ftjw;Fk; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhf mikAk;.

kf;fSf;fhd XH mbg;gil kdpj chpikahf> ghJfhg;ghd tho;f;ifr; #oy;fis

cWjpnra;Ak;tifapy; Jbg;ghfg; gzpahw;Wjy;. ,J ghJfhg;ghd FbePH> Rfhjhuk;>

Jg;GuT trjpfisAk;> cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; Gtpapay; hPjpapy; nghUj;jkhd tPlikg;G

,l mikTfisAk; toq;Ftjd; %yk; muR

mDruizAldhd re;ijg; nghwpKiwaikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ghuk;ghpa

tho;thjhu eltbf;iffspy; ePjpahdKiwapy; mtHfspd; chpikfis cWjpnra;jy;.

12

cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;G mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; cs;@H [dr%fq;fSf;fhd

tha;g;G kw;Wk; cs;@H mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd Nehf;nfy;iy

rk;ge;jkhd Ma;Tfspy; fhlopg;ig mjpFiwthdjhf;fp> #oiyg;

ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwapy; cs;@H> tptrha> ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; Vida Nritfs;

rk;ge;jkhd fhzpf; nfhs;ifia kPsha;T nra;Ak;.

6.4.6 murpay; gq;Nfw;Gf;fhd mZFtop

gq;Nfw;G [dehafj;jpD}lhfr; r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ij Cl;b tsHf;Fk; murpay; fyhrhunkhd;iw Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

[dehafkakhf;fy; nray;Kiwiag; g+uzg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> gq;Nfw;Gj; jPHkhdk;

Nkw;nfhs;siy tYg;gLj;JjYk;> murpay; Kiwikapd; rfy kl;lq;fspYk; ,isQH

kw;Wk; ngz;fs; gq;Nfw;ig Cf;Ftpj;jYk;.

murpay; eltbf;ifKiwfspy; xspTkiwtpd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;JjYk;> murhq;f

mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspd; epakdk;> elj;ij kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fs;

rk;ge;jkhd gpukhzq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JjYk;.

r%f xUikg;ghl;L vz;zg;ghL rk;ge;jkhf murpay;thjpfspilNa tpopg;GzHit

mjpfhpf;Fk; Njitia mq;fPfhpj;J> mtHfs; r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ij

MNLSI murpay; r%fj;jpd; kj;jpapy; NPFSI I gpugy;ag;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

MNLSI $l;L murpay; tpUg;GWjpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; xU toptifahf xU tUlhe;j epfo;thf Njrpa r%f xUq;fpizg;G thuj;ij gy;tifikAs;s If;fpaj;ijf; nfhz;lhLk; epfo;thf Kd;dpd;W topelj;Jk;.

6.4.7 xU r%fj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfnsd;Dk; czHTk;> nghWg;GzHTk;

tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSlhfTk;> Mjuthd rl;lthf;fq;fs; %ykhfTk;> r%f xUikg;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wk; epWtdf; fl;likg;GfSlhfTk; eyd; gpujpepjpfspilNa kd epiy khw;wq;fisAk;> Fbapay; nghWg;GzHitAk; Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

(muR> r%fk; kw;Wk; jdpegHfs; Fwpj;j) rk;ge;jKw;w midtUk; ,yq;if

tpOkpaq;fisAk;> milahsj;ijAk;> xUtiunahUtH kjpj;jy;> #oy; ghJfhg;G>

Njrgf;jp kw;Wk; r%fj;ijr; NrHe;jtnud;Dk; chpikAzHT vd;gtw;iwr; r%f

xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd mj;jpahtrpa epge;jidfshf Cl;btsHf;FkhW Nfhug;gLfpd;wdH.

NkYk;> Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf Xuq;fl;lg;gl;NlhH midtiuAk; gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;jpy;

,izj;J> midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; gfpug;gLk; Njrpa ,yl;rpaNehf;if

Kd;Ndw;Wk;tifapy; XH xd;wpize;;j $l;LKaw;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;Jr; rfy

eyd;gpujpepjpfSk; czHTg+Htkhfr; rpe;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

13

Fbapay; gq;Nfw;igg; nghWj;jtiuapy; Clfq;fs; csg;ghq;F khw;wq;fis

Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; Mf;fg+Htkhd ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;Fk; jPHkhdfukhd> rhj;jpatsq;fs;

vd;gij mq;fPfhpj;jy;.

MNLSI chpikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; rk;ge;jkhfTk;> r%f xUikg;ghL vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; r%f Clhl;lj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fspYk; ehL KOtJk;

njhpTnra;ag;gl;l FOf;fSf;fhd tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elhj;Jk;. MNLSI ,e;j Nehf;fj;ij fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd

,dq;fhZjy; rk;ge;jkhd topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfisj; jahhpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>

r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd Njitfis cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; jw;NghJs;s

nfhs;iffSf;F mtrpag;gLk; khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; Ma;Tnra;ag;gLk;.

ngz; gps;is vjpHNehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSf;Fg; Nkyjpfkhf ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;. MNLSI rpWtH mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kfspH tptfhu mikr;Rld; xd;wpiize;J Ruz;ly; kw;Wk;

Xuq;fl;liy fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ kpff; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; NgZk; Kaw;rpahf

[dr%fq;fspy; taJ> jpUkzj;Jf;fhd rk;kjk; kw;Wk; ghypay; rk;ge;jkhd

tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;Jk;. cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;G jw;NghJs;s gyte;;j kw;Wk;

rpWguhaj; jpUkzq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L> nraw;ghl;L newpfis

tpje;Jiuj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

rfy kl;lq;fspYkhd jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gjtpfspYk; (muR> jdpahH> ngUe;Njhl;l

kw;Wk; tpjpKiwaw;w Jiwfs;) r%fj;Jf;Fk;> KOehl;Lf;Fkhd nghWg;GzHitg;

gpwg;gpj;jy;. fy;tpapYk;> [PtNdhghaq;fspYk;> njhopy;Kaw;rpfspYk; rkkhd

re;jHg;gq;fis toq;Ftjd;%yk; ghy;epiy xg;Guit cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

fld; trjpfs;> fhzp chpikfs; kw;Wk; gpd; thhpRhpik> rl;l cjtp kw;Wk;

Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpg;Gw;w egHfSf;Fr; rl;lhPjpahd Mtzq;fis toq;Fjy;. Aj;j

14

tpjitfs;> ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; GdHtho;TngWNthH Nghd;w

tplag;gug;Gfspy; ,ilaPLnra;tjw;F mtrpakhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

r%fj;jpd; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l gphptpdNuhL gykhd ,izg;GwTfisf; nfhz;ltHfSf;F

Kd;Dhpikaspj;J> ngz;fs; mikg;GfSlDk;> Vida mikg;GfSlDk;> gue;j js

tiyaikg;Gfisf; nfhz;ltHfSlDk; njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;jp> r%f ,irT

neUf;fj;;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;. ,q;F csts MNyhridFwpj;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

tpNrl typAWj;jiyg; ngw;Wf;;nfhs;Sk;.

njhy;iy> J];gpuNahfk;> kw;Wk; (cly;> ghypay; kw;Wk; cstpay;) td;nray;fshy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F tYt+l;Ltjw;fhd my;yJ mtHfis cs;slf;Ftjw;fhd

fpilf;ff;$ba cjtpg; nghwpKiwaikg;Gfisg; gyg;gLj;Jjy;.

MNLSI rpWtH mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kfspH tptfhu mikr;Rld; neUq;fpg; gzpahw;wp> ngz;fis tpfpjhrhukhd vz;zpf;iffspy; murpay; nray;Kiwfspy; cs;slf;Fk;

rhj;jpaf;$Wfs;Fwpj;Jg; ghprPypf;fyhk;.

6.5.2 taJ (rpWtH> ,isQH kw;Wk; KjpNahH)

gpuj;jpNafkhf tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l epiyapy; thOk;; r%fq;fisr;

NrHe;j rpWtHfisAk;> (cly; kw;Wk; cshPjpapy;) mq;ftPdHfshd rpWtHfs; (khw;W

,aYik nfhz;NlhH)> Gyk;ngaH jha;khhpd; gps;isfs; Nghd;w ,yFtpy;

ghjpg;Gwf;$ba #o;epiyapYs;s rpWtHfisAk;> NghhpdhYk;> ,aw;if mdHj;jq;

fspdhYk; ghjpg;Gw;w rpWtHfisAk;> tPjpr; rpWtHfisAk;> J\;gpuNahfj;Jf;fhshd

rpWtHfisAk;> iftplg;gl;l rpWtHfisAk;> eyd;Ghp ,y;yq;fspYs;s rpWtHfisAk;

,yf;Fitf;Fk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd

Kd;Kaw;rpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

,isQH> Atjpfs; kj;jpapy; jd;dhHt kw;Wk; Jbg;ghd nraw;ghl;Lj; jd;ikfSf;F

xU r%fj;ijr; NrHe;NjhH vd;Dk; czHitAk;> mtHfsJ FLk;gq;fSf;Fk;>

r%fj;Jf;Fk;> ehl;Lf;Fkhd nghWg;GzHTfSf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$batifapy; MjuT

toq;Fjy;.

xU rptpy; r%fj;jpDs;; cs;s ,af;f rf;jpahf ,isQH rq;fq;fSf;F tYt+l;Ljy;.

MNLSI gpuj;jpNafkhf tpjpKiwahd fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l nkhopr; rq;fq;fspD}lhf ,isQHfSld; Jbg;ghf cj;Njr

mikg;G jpwd;fsw;w ,isQHfs; efuq;fis Nehf;fpg; Gyk;ngaHjy; Fwpj;j

fzpg;gPnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L> csts MNyhrid epiyaq;fis epWTtjD}lhf

mtHfSf;F cjtpAk;> jpUj;j eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

15

MNLSI rpWtH mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kfspH tptfhu mikr;Rld; xUq;fpize;j ,isQHfis ,yf;Fitf;Fk; chpikfs;> nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Fwpj;Jiug;ghd ,isQH

Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfs; rk;ge;jkhd tpopg;GzHT ,af;fnkhd;iw Muk;gpj;J> ghypay;

Rfhjhuk;> gjhHj;jq;fs; J~;gpuNahfk;> njhopy;El;g J~;gpuNahfk; Nghd;w

tplaq;fisAk; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.

cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;G r%f Nritfs; mikr;R kw;Wk; Njrpa KjpNahH

nrayfk; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;J tsHe;JtUk; xU KjpNahH [dj;njhif Vw;gLj;Jk;

gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;ff;$batifapy; jw;NghJs;s nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;

nraw;ghLfis kPsha;Tnra;Ak;. MjuT Kiwikfs; Nghjhky; my;yJ mwNt ,y;yhj

,lq;fspy; ,ilaPLfisg; gpukhzg;gLj;Jtjw;F tpNrl ftdk;nrYj;jg;gLk;.

cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;G r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwapd;NghJ r%fj;jpy;

,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba gphpTfspd; mDgtq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mtHfis

MjuT Kiwikfs; Nghjhik fhuzkhfg;

ngUkstpyhd Xuq;fl;lYf;F Mshfpd;wdH. fl;blq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> tho;thjhuq;fs;>

Ntiytha;g;Gf;fhd re;jHg;gq;fs;> Rfhjhu ftdg;guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;w

tplaq;fspy; tha;g;Gf;fs; FiwthftpUg;gjhy; chpikfs; kPwg;gl;NlhuhAs;sdH.

jw;NghJs;s nfhs;iffs;> %yts xJf;fPLfs;> kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhd tha;g;Gfis

kPsha;Tnra;J nfhs;if tFg;G kw;Wk; eilKiwahf;fr; nray;Kiwfspy;

cly;hPjpahfTk;> cshPjpahfTk; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$bNahUf;F tpNrl Vw;ghLfisr;

nra;;jy;.

MNLSI 1996Mk; Mz;bd; 28Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lkhfpa khw;W ,aYiknfhz;NlhUf;fhd ,yq;ifapd; Njrpaf; nfhs;if (2003)apd;fPo; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fSld;

njhlHGnfhz;L> Gj;JzHr;rpg; nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffspy; mtHfs;

gq;Nfw;gJ cs;spl;ltifapyhd jdJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;.

MNLSI Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpYs;s khw;W Mw;wy; nfhz;Nlhhpd; fhprid tplaq;fs;> Njitfs; kw;Wk; gykhd mk;rq;fs; tplaj;jpy; tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jp> tpsf;fj;ij

mjpfhpf;Fk;.

6.5.4 r%f tiuaiwg;gLj;jy;fs;

vz;zpf;ifapy; rpwpadthfTk; my;yJ r%f mbg;gilapYk;> Gtpapay; hPjpapYk;

Gwf;fzpg;Gf;F MshfpAKs;s kf;fs; jkJ ,aYik Mw;wy;fis Nkk;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;F tpNrl jpl;lq;fs;; mtrpakhFk;. r%f hPjpapy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l ,f;FOf;fs;

ngUe;Njhl;lj; Jiwapd; tjpthsHfs;> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J jpUk;gptUk; mfjpfs;>

cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j egHfs; kw;Wk; Mjpthrpfs;> FwtH> fhgPH Nghd;wtHfis

16

cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. mj;NjhL> r%f Xuq;fl;ly; nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;TfSld; gphpf;f

KbahjthW ,izg;Gw;Ws;sJ vd;gijAk;> mtHfspd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fg; Nghjpa

%ytsq;fs; mtrpankd;gijAk; czHe;Jnfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

cj;Njr cr;repiy mikg;G r%f hPjpapy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Ls;s kf;fSf;F %ytsq;fs;

kw;Wk; Nritfis toq;Ftjpy; FiwghLfis ,dq;fhZtjw;F xU epWtdg;

gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhz;L> tpjg;Giufis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

MNLSI KO ehl;ilAk; jOTk; tifapy; jkJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tphpTgLj;jp> mbg;gilahd rl;l Mtzq;fis toq;fp> chpikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> nghWg;Gfis

epiwNtw;Wtjpy; gjpTngWjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Fwpj;j tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;Jk;.

gpwg;igg; gjpTnra;tjw;fhd tpz;zg;gg;gbtk; ,dj;Jt hPjpapyhd tifg;gphpTgLj;jy;

Nghd;w tptfhuq;fisj; jtpHf;Fk;tifapy; kPs;tbtikf;fg;gLk;.

csr; Rfhjhuk;> rpWtH Ngh~hf;F kw;Wk; r%fhPjpapy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fspd;

Fwpj;Jiug;ghd ,dg;ngUf;f Rfhjhuj; Njitfs; kw;Wk; fhprid tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J

tpopg;GzHT mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;.

MNLSI, BRCfspD}lhf gpuNjr nrayf kl;lj;jpy; NritfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTtNjhL> gue;j Clhl;lj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wk; tifapy; nkhopr; rq;fq;fs;

cUthFtjw;F Cf;Ftpg;G toq;Fk;.

6.6 ClWf;Fk; fUg;nghUl;fs;

6.6.1 nkhop ,izg;GwTfs;

MNLSI murfUk nkhopfs; nfhs;ifapd; eilKiwahf;fj;Jf;F mtrpakhd Nghjpa %ytsq;fis xJf;fpaspf;Fk;. mJ NkYk; Kd;Kaw;rpahf Njrpa nkhopfspyhd

nkhopngaHg;GfSk;> ciungaHg;GfSk; rfy re;jHg;gq;fspYk; mur epWtdq;fspy;

,lk;ngWtij cWjpnra;Ak;. murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; kw;iwa ,uz;lhk; nkhopiaf;

fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Nghjpa tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLtNjhL> mtHfspd; gapw;rp

$Ljyhd mstpy; midj;Jklq;Ftjhf khw;wg;gLk;.

MNLSI rfy gpuNjr nrayfq;fspYk; gzpf;fkHj;jg;gLk; murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; ,U murfUk nkhopfspYk; NjHr;rpnfhz;ltHfshf ,Ug;gij cWjpnra;Ak; jdJ

,yf;if Nehf;fpj; njhlHe;Jk; gzpahw;Wk;.

MNLSI, nkhopf; fy;tpg; gapw;rpf;fhd Njrpa epWtfj;jpd; (NILET) tpidj;jpwidAk;> tpisjpwidAk; gaDWjpiaAk; cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; njhlHr;rpahd> fhpridkpf;f

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

MNLSI cldb kw;Wk; ePz;lfhyj; NjitfSf;Fj; jPHTfhZk; tifapy; murfUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FO toq;Fk; Nritfisr; rkfhyj;jpy; tYg;gLj;Jk;.

MNLSI Njrpa> ,izg;G kw;Wk; rHtNjr nkhopfspYk;> nkhopngaHg;G kw;Wk; ciungaHg;gpy; gapw;rp/gl;lg;gbg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;F MjuT toq;Fk;.

17

cw;gj;jpj;jfT> Nritfs;> Gj;jhf;fk; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; Njrpa tpUJfs;

toq;fg;gLjy; r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfspdbg;gilapYk;> murfUk nkhopfs;

nfhs;ifapdbg;gilapYk; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

MNLSI ,Unkhopg; gjtpfs; kw;Wk; nghJr; Nrit epiyaq;fspy; fUkgPlq;fspD}lhf murfUk nkhopf; nfhs;ifia epiyNgwhdtifapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU

fpilepiyahd> ngWNgWfs; mbg;gilapyhd Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; tifg;nghWg;Gr;

rl;lfj;ij tbtikf;Fk;.

6.6.2 r%fhPjpapy; nghWg;GzHTkpf;f XH Clfk;

rhjfkhd khw;wj;jpw;fhf Cf;fp vd;w gq;if Nkk;gLj;j midj;J gq;fhsh;fSk;

Clfq;fSld; ifNfhh;j;J nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

MNLSI ntF[d Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; mikr;R> ,yq;ifg; gj;jphpif epWtfk;> Clf epWtdq;fs; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Vida ,iaGs;s epWtdq;fSld;

,ize;J gzpahw;Wk;. ,jd;%yk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fis xd;wpizf;Fk;

tifapYk;> RahjPdkhd> nghWg;Gs;s Clfnkhd;iw tYg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;

jw;NghJs;s Clff; nfhs;if kPsha;Tnra;ag;gl;L> mtrpakhapd; jpUj;jq;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. nghWg;Gs;s gj;jphpifj; njhopYf;F r%f xUq;fpizg;G

tpOkpaq;fs; mwpt+l;Ltij cj;juthjk; nra;Ak; tifapy; xOf;fnewpf;Nfhit

xd;wpd;%yk; Clfq;fs; Ra-gpukhzg;gLj;jYf;F cs;shFjy; Ntz;Lk;.

MNLSI r%f Clfq;fs;> tiyaikg;Gf; fUtpfs;> nrhw;gjq;fspd; nkhopapay; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; El;g NtWghLfSf;fhd topfhl;ly;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk; xU

gapw;rpf; ifEhiy tbtikj;J> eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; Clf Mszpapdhpd;

Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jpia kjpg;gPLk;

MNLSI r%f xUikg;ghl;bd; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l %yfq;fspy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;j fz;fhzpg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L> Kf;fpa mgptpUj;jpf; fhl;bfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis

xt;nthU %yfj;Jf;Fk; kjpg;gPLnra;Ak;.

MNLSI %d;W kl;lq;fspy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;fhzpj;J> kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;. xt;nthU %yfj;Jf;Fk; jpul;LKiwapYk;> jdpj;jdpahd KiwapYk; xt;nthU khtl;lj;Jf;Fkhd

fhl;bfis KO ehl;Lf;Fkhd midj;Jklq;Fk; ruhrhpf;F ,izthf xg;gpLjy; kw;Wk;

,Wjpahf khtl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd fhl;bfis xg;gpLjy; vd;gitNa mitahFk;.

MNLSI rfy eyd;gpujpepjpfSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J xU nray;jpl;lj;ij tFj;jikj;J> NPFSI Ig; gaDWjpAld; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;.

18

7. KbTiu

NPFSI ,yq;ifapy; r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ij gq;Nfw;G> rkj;Jtk;;> Ghpe;JzHT kw;Wk;

gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;wpdbg;gilapyhd> xU FOitr; NrHe;jtHfnsd;Dk; czHT

vd;gtw;iwf; Nfhhpepw;fpd;wJ. r%f xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwapd; %yfq;fs;

tplaj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJNghd;W> %ytsq;fs; mzpjpul;lg;gl;L> XH xg;Guthd>

midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; Kiwapy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,dq;fhzg;gl;l

,yf;F tifg;gphptpdH jkJ nghUz;ikr; Rje;jpuq;fis czHe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy;

tYt+l;lg;gl;L> jkJ nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;wp> khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;JNthuhf khWjy;

Ntz;Lk;. nkhop ,izg;GwTfs; tYg;gLj;jg;gl;L> r%fg; nghWg;GzHTs;s

Clfnkhd;W Mf;fg+Htkhd r%f khw;wj;Jf;fhd xU fUtpahf khWk;tifapy;

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. xOf;ftpaYk;> fy;tpAk;> tYt+l;lYk; midtUf;Fkhd

XH mwpTrhH> xd;wpize;j r%fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; eLehafkhd tplaq;fshFk;.

nfhs;if tpje;Jiug;Gfs; xU Njrpa nray;jpl;lj;jpDs; xd;wpizf;fg;gLk;. ,J

chpikfisf; nfhz;l rfyUk;> flikfis epiwNtw;wNtz;ba flg;ghLfisf;

nfhz;NlhUk;> midtiuAk; cs;slf;Ftij Kd;Ndw;Wk; tifapYk; rkj;Jtj;ij

Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tifapYk;> xU $l;L mHg;gzpg;GzHTld;> czHTg+Htkhfr; r%f

xUikg;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiwiaj; jOTtijf; Nfhhpepw;fpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy; ,irT

neUf;fj;Jf;fhd xU gfpug;gLk; Njrpa ,yl;rpa nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd mHg;gzpg;GzHT

nfhz;l xU r%f mikg;ig mzpjpul;Lk; tifapyhd xU Gjpa r%fg; gpuf;iQ

Cl;b tsHf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

19

gpd;dpizg;G 1

1.1 vz;zf;fUf;fs;

,r;rl;lfj;jpy; Vw;Wr; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; r%f xUikg;ghL vz;zf;fU 1995,y;

Nfhg;gd;N`fdpy; ,lk;ngw;w r%f mgptpUj;jp rk;ge;jkhd khehl;by;

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljhFk;:

,e;j tiutpyf;fzk; Kjy; jUzj;jpy; gpsTfs;> gphpTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; tptfhuq;fis

,dq;fhZk;NghJ> r%f xUikg;ghl;il NritfSf;fhd (murpd; flikfs;) tha;g;GfSk; mbg;gilr;

Rje;jpuq;fSk; kWf;fg;gLk; NghJ my;yJ jdpegHfs; jkJ r%ff; flikfis

(jdpegH nghWg;Gfs;) epiwNtw;whjNghJ ,J ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ehd;F mbg;gilj; juepakq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

1. rfy kdpj chpikfisAk;> mbg;gilr; Rje;jpuq;fisAk; kjpj;jy;.

2. fyhrhu> kj kw;Wk; ,dj;Jtg; gy;tifikapDs; If;fpaj;ij Cl;b tsHj;jy;.

3. ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fspd; chpikfis

caHthf itj;jikg;gjd;%yk; r%f ePjpia rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

Nkw;$wpa tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; NPFSI nfhs;if tpjg;GiufSf;fhd %yfq;fs;> ,yf;Ftifg;gphptpdH kw;Wk; ClWf;Fk; fUg;nghUl;fis

,dq;fhZfpd;wJ. fy;tp> xOf;ftpay; kw;Wk; tYt+l;ly; vd;git Mf;fg+Htkhd r%f

epiykhw;wj;ijf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wd. ,q;F jdpegHfs; r%f ,irT neUf;fj;ij

kdpj tpOkpaq;fs;kPJk; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUz;ikr;

Rje;jpuq;fis Fbapay; ngWg;Gf;fspd; kPJk; mDgtpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

kdpj chpikfspd; Nkk;ghL; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G> mj;NjhL ghugl;rkpd;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> gd;Kfj;jd;ikf;fhd kjpg;G> rkj;Jt tha;g;Gf;fs; > xUikg;ghL>

ghJfhg;G> rYif kWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba FOf;fs; > egHfs;

Mfpa vy;NyhiuAk; cs;slf;fpa tifapy; rfy kf;fspdJk; gq;Nfw;G vd;gtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cWjpahdJk;>ghJfhg;ghdJk;>ePjpahdJkhd r%fq;fis Ngzp

tsHf;Fk; nrad;Kiw (r%f mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; mHg;gzpg;Gf;Fwpj;j Nfhg;gd;N`fd; gpufldk

20

1.2 Kf;fpakhd tiutpyf;fzq;fs; (key definitions):

flikia epiwNtw;wNtz;bNahH (duty bearers): Kjyhtjhf> chpikfis cj;juthjg;gLj;Jtjpy; Nritfs; tpepNahfpg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd egHfs;.

,uz;lhtjhf> chpikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; rfy jdpegHfSk;

jkJ nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;WtNjhL> khpahijahf ele;Jnfhs;SjYk;.

fUkg;ghl;L Mw;wy;fs;nghUz;ikr; Rje;jpuq;fs;(functional capabilities/substantive

freedoms): jdpegH rhj;jpatsj;ij r%f Clhl;lq;fs;> nghUshjhuf; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs;> kw;Wk; Fbapay; gq;Nfw;G

vd;gtw;wpy; Rje;jpuq;fs;

kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw mjpfhpj;jy;.

Xuq;fl;ly; (margi