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National 5 Chemistry
Unit 2 – Nature’s Chemistry
Study Pack
Exam Level Questions
National 5
Success Criteria
✓ I am confident that I understand this and I can apply this to problems
? I have some understanding but I need to revise this some more
I do not understand this and I need help with it
I will be successful if I can… Self-
Evaluation
1 Name the elements present in a hydrocarbon ✓ ? x
2 Define a homologous series ✓ ? x
3 Give examples of different homologous series ✓ ? x
4 Write the general formula for the alkanes ✓ ? x
5 Name the alkanes containing up to 8 carbon atoms ✓ ? x
6 Write the chemical formula for the alkanes containing up to 8 carbon
atoms ✓ ? x
7 Draw the full structural formula for the alkanes containing up to 8
carbon atoms ✓ ? x
8 Describe the term saturated ✓ ? x
9 Give examples of uses of alkanes and explain the properties of the
alkanes that make them suitable for this ✓ ? x
10 Write the general formula for the alkenes ✓ ? x
11 Name the alkenes containing up to 8 carbon atoms ✓ ? x
12 Write the chemical formula for the alkenes containing up to 8 carbon
atoms ✓ ? x
13 Draw the full structural formula for the alkenes containing up to 8
carbon atoms ✓ ? x
14 Describe the term unsaturated ✓ ? x
15 Give examples of uses of alkenes and explain the properties of the
alkenes that make them suitable for this ✓ ? x
16 Write the general formula for the cycloalkanes ✓ ? x
17 Name the cycloalkanes containing up to 8 carbon atoms ✓ ? x
18 Write the chemical formula for the cycloalkanes containing up to 8
carbon atoms ✓ ? x
19 Draw the full structural formula for the cycloalkanes containing up to 8
carbon atoms ✓ ? x
20 Describe the test for unsaturation/saturation ✓ ? x
21 Systematically name a branched chain alkane ✓ ? x
22 Systematically name a branched chain alkene indicating the position of
the double bond ✓ ? x
23 Define an isomer ✓ ? x
24 Identify isomers from given structures ✓ ? x
25 Draw isomers of a given structure ✓ ? x
26 Give examples of addition reactions of alkenes ✓ ? x
27 Identify the products of an addition reaction ✓ ? x
28 Draw the products of an addition reaction ✓ ? x
29 Name the products of an addition reaction ✓ ? x
30 Identify a hydroxyl group ✓ ? x
31 Write the general formula of the alcohols ✓ ? x
32 Name the alcohols containing up to 8 carbon atoms ✓ ? x
33 Systematically name alcohols indicating the position of the hydroxyl
group ✓ ? x
34 Write the chemical formula for the alcohols containing up to 8 carbon
atoms ✓ ? x
35 Draw the full structural formula for the alcohols containing up to 8
carbon atoms ✓ ? x
36 Give examples of uses of alcohols and explain the properties of the
alcohols that make them suitable for this ✓ ? x
37 Identify a carboxyl group ✓ ? x
38 Write the general formula of the carboxylic acids ✓ ? x
39 Name the carboxylic acids containing up to 8 carbon atoms ✓ ? x
40 Write the chemical formula for the carboxylic acids containing up to 8
carbon atoms ✓ ? x
41 Draw the full structural formula for the carboxylic acids containing up to
8 carbon atoms ✓ ? x
42 Give examples of uses of carboxylic acids and explain the properties of
the carboxylic acids that make them suitable for this ✓ ? x
43 Describe the reaction used to make an ester ✓ ? x
44 Identify an ester link ✓ ? x
45 Draw an ester ✓ ? x
46 Give examples of uses of esters and explain the properties of the esters
that make them suitable for this ✓ ? x
47 Describe a combustion reaction ✓ ? x
48 Define the term exothermic ✓ ? x
49 Write balanced chemical equations for combustion reactions ✓ ? x
50 Use E=cm∆T to calculate the energy released when a fuel is burned ✓ ? x
51 Carry out calculations from balanced chemical equations ✓ ? x
1. The structural formulae for some hydrocarbons are shown below.
(a) Name hydrocarbons D, E and F
(b) Identify the two hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n which would not react readily with hydrogen.
2. The grid below shows the structural formulae for different hydrocarbons.
(a) Identify the two hydrocarbons that are the first member of their
homologous series.
(b) Identify the two hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n which would not rapidly decolourise bromine solution.
(c) Name hydrocarbon E.
3. Which of the following hydrocarbons does not belong to the same homologous series.
A. CH4 B. C3H8
C. C4H10 D. C6H12
4. The names of different hydrocarbons are shown in the table below.
(a) Identify the two isomers
(b) Identify the hydrocarbon with the highest boiling point. You may wish to use the databook to help you
(c) Identify the two hydrocarbons which can take part in an addition
reaction with hydrogen.
5. The structural formula of three members of the cycloalkane homologous series are shown below.
The general formula for this homologous series is
A. CnH2n+2
B. CnH2n
C. CnH2n-2 D. CnH2n-4
6. Which of the following hydrocarbons is an isomer of heptane?
7. 1 mole of a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 2 moles of water.
The formula for the hydrocarbon is
A. C2H4
B. C2H6
C. C4H8 D. C4H10
8. The structural formula of a hydrocarbon is shown below.
The name for the above compound is
A. but-2-ene
B. pent-2-ene C. but-3-ene
D. pent-3-ene
9. When propene undergoes an addition reaction with hydrogen bromide, two
products are formed.
Which of the following alkene will also produce two products when it undergoes
an addition reaction with hydrogen bromide?
A. ethene
B. but-1-ene C. but-2-ene
D. hex-3-ene
10. Which of the following compounds belongs to the same homologous series as the hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C3H8?
11. Which of the following alkanes will produce 3 moles of carbon dioxide when 1 mole of the alkane is completely burned.
A. ethane B. propane
C. butane D. pentane
12. Which of the following hydrocarbons can undergo an addition reaction with chlorine?
A. hexane
B. hex-1-ene C. cyclohexane
D. 3-methylhexane
13. Which of the following is an isomer of 2-methylpentane?
14.
Name the type of reaction shown above.
A. condensation B. hydration
C. halogenation D. hydrogenation
15. Which of the following hydrocarbons would have the general formula CnH2n and
rapidly decolourises bromine solution?
A. cyclopentane B. cyclopentene
C. pentane
D. pentene
16.
Name the compound shown above.
A. 1,1-dimethylpropane B. 2-ethylpropane
C. 2-methylbutane D. 3-methyl butane
17. Which of the following is an isomer of the compound with the formula C4H9OH?
A. propanol B. 2-methylpropanol
C. butanol D. butanoic acid
18. The shortened structural formula for a compound is shown below.
CH3CH(CH3)CH(OH)C(CH3)3
Which of the following represents the full structural formula of this compound?
19.
Which of these compounds can undergo and addition reaction with water to
produce this structure?
20. Which type of reaction is shown by the following equation?
A. condensation
B. dehydration C. hydration
D. hydrolysis
21. Which of the following compounds would be part of the alcohol homologous
series?
22. A reaction equation is shown below.
C6H12O6 + O2 6O2 + 6H2O
Name this type of reaction.
A. combustion
B. condensation C. addition
D. halogenation
23. Which of the following correctly lists the products formed as a result of the
complete combustion of methane?
A. carbon monoxide and water B. carbon and water
C. carbon dioxide and water D. carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
24. Which of the following fuels burns producing no gases that are harmful to the environment?
A. hydrogen
B. methane C. petrol
D. coal
25. Calculate the amount of energy released when 3.2g of methanol burns to
increase the temperature of 200cm3 of water by 15oC.
A. 12.54kJ
B. 125.4kJ C. 1254kJ
D. 0.1254kJ
26. Which of the following could be the molecular formula of a cycloalkane?
A. C6H8
B. C6H10 C. C6H12
D. C6H14
27.
The name of the compound above is
A. 2-ethylpropane
B. 1,1-dimethylpropane C. 2-methylbutane
D. 3-methylbutane
28. In which of the following reactions is oxygen used up?
A. Combustion
B. Neutralisation C. Addition
D. Polymerisation
29. Which of the following molecules is an isomer of hept-2-ene?
30. The molecular formula for cyclohexane is
A. C6H6 B. C6H10
C. C6H12
D. C6H14
31. A student tested some compounds. The results are given in the table.
Which line in the table below shows the correct results for the following
compound?
pH of aqueous solution
Effect on bromine solution
A 4 Decolourised
B 7 Decolourised
C 4 No effect
D 7 No effect
32. Which of the following alcohols has the highest boiling point?
You may wish to use the data booklet to help you.
A. Propan-1-ol B. Propan-2-ol
C. Butan-1-ol D. Butan-2-ol
33. Petrol is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The tendency of a hydrocarbon to ignite spontaneously is measured by its
octane number.
A student made the hypothesis that as the chain length of a hydrocarbon
increases, the octane number decreases.
Which set of three hydrocarbons should have their octane numbers compared in order to test this hypothesis?
A. 1, 4, 6
B. 1, 2, 4
C. 2, 3, 5 D. 3, 4, 5
34.
The name of the above compound is
A. 2,3-dimethylpropane
B. 3,4-dimethylpropane C. 2,3-dimethylpentane
D. 3,4-dimethylpentane
35. When methane burns in a plentiful supply of air, the products are
A. Carbon and water
B. Carbon dioxide and water C. Carbon monoxide and water
D. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
36.
The systematic name for the structure shown is
A. 1,2-dimethylpent-1-ene
B. 2,3-dimethylpent-1-ene C. 3,4-dimethylpent-4-ene
D. 3,4-dimethylpent-1-ene
37. Which of the following compounds belongs to the same homologous series as
the compound with the molecular formula C3H8?
38. The lowest temperature at which a hydrocarbon ignites is called its flash point.
Using the information in the table, identify the correct statement.
A. Octane will ignite at 0°C
B. Hydrocarbons with the same molecular mass have the same flash point
C. The flash point of a hydrocarbon increases as the boiling point increases D. In a homologous series, the flash point decreases as the number of carbon
atoms increases
39. The structure of a hydrocarbon is shown below.
Which of the following structures is an isomer of this hydrocarbon.
40. A student carried out an experiment to test different compounds for unsaturation. Some of the results of the experiment are shown in the
table below.
Hydrocarbon Formula
Observation with bromine
water
Unsaturated/ saturated
A C6H14 no change
B C6H12 unsaturated
C C6H12 saturated
D C6H10 decolouration
(a) Using the information provided, complete the table. 2
(b) Suggest a possible name for hydrocarbon B. 1
(c) Draw the full structural formula for hydrocarbon C. 1
41. The octane number of petrol is a measure of how efficiently it burns as
a fuel; the higher the octane number, the more efficient the fuel.
(a) State the definition of a fuel. 1
(b) The octane number for various hydrocarbons are shown in the table
below.
Hydrocarbon No. of carbon atoms Octane number
hexane 6
Heptane 7 0
Octane 8 -19
2-methylpentane 6 71
2-methylhexane 7 44
2-methylheptane 8 23
(i) Predict the octane number for hexane. 1
(ii) Describe the relationship between the structure of the hydrocarbon
and their efficiency as a fuel. 1
(c) (i) Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using petrol as a fuel
source. 2
(ii) Give an example of an alternative fuel source. 1
42. An equation showing the cracking of paraffin is given below.
C12H26 C8H18 + X
(a) Write the molecular formula for compound X. 1
(b) Compound X was then added to bromine water. Describe the results of this experiment.
1
43. Alkynes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons which contain carbon to carbon triple bonds. The structures of two members of this family
are shown below.
(a) State the definition of a homologous series. 1
(b) Name the member of this family that contains three carbon atoms. 1
(c) Write a general formula for this homologous series. 1
(d) Alkynes can be prepared by reacting a dibromoalkalne with potassium
hydroxide solution. This reaction is shown below.
(i) Draw a structural formula for the alkyne formed from the reaction
below.
1
(ii) Suggest a reason why the dibromoalkane below does not produce an
alkyne when it is added to potassium hydroxide solution.
1
44. (a) Draw the full structural formula for ethanoic acid. 1
(b) (i) Write the general formula for the carboxylic acids. 1
(ii) Name the functional group present in a carboxylic acid. 1
45. CH2CHCH3 + Br2 CH2BrCHBrCH3
(a) Name the type of reaction shown in the equation above. 1
(b) Draw the full structural formula for the product formed when but-2-ene reacts with bromine.
1
(c) Only an unsaturated compound can undergo this type of reaction. Describe what is meant by the term unsaturated.
1
46. Some household cleaners contain the chemical limonene to give the
product a lemon smell. The structure of limonene is shown below.
(a) State if limonene is saturated or unsaturated. 1
(b) Draw the structural formula of the product formed when limonene reacts with hydrogen.
1
47. Many different types of gas are found in car exhaust fumes. Some of these gases are produced by the combustion of petrol car engines.
The pie chart below shows the percentage of each type of gas present
in the exhaust fumes of a car.
(a) Explain why we can conclude that incomplete combustion has taken place when petrol burned.
1
(b) In the exhaust fumes, 3% of the gas produced was found to be a
mixture of nitrogen oxides.
Calculate the volume of nitrogen oxides in a 500cm3 volume of exhaust
fumes. 1
(c) Burning some fuels results in the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.
Explain why this could be a problem. 2
48. The alkanals are a homologous series of compounds.
(a) (i) Name the elements present in a hydrocarbon. 1
(ii) Write the definition of a homologous series. 1
(b) The combustion of an alkanal released energy. State the name for a reaction that releases energy.
1
(c) The table below shows the energy released when one mole of different alkanals are burned.
Name of alkanal Heat energy released when
one mole burns (kJ)
methanal 510
ethanal 1056
propanal 1624
butanal 2304
(i) Describe the relationship between the amount of heat energy released and the number of carbons in the molecule.
1
(ii) Predict the amount of heat energy that would be released if 1 mole of
pentanal is burned. 1
49. A sample of petrol was analysed to identify the hydrocarbon presents.
The results for this analysis is shown in the table below.
Number of carbons Name of hydrocarbons
4 2-methylpropane
5 2-methylbutane
6 2,3-dimethylbutane
7 2,2-dimethylpentane
2,2,3-trimethylbutane
(a) Draw the full structural formula for 2,2,3-trimethylbutane. 1
(b) Draw and systematically name an isomer of 2,2-dimethylpentane. 2
50.
Write the systematic name for the hydrocarbon shown above. 1
51. (a) Ethanol is a member of the alcohol family. Ethanol can be manufactured using the process shown below.
Name this type of reaction. 1
(b) Butanol-2-ol is another member of the alcohol family. The full
structural formula for butan-2-ol is shown below.
Draw the full structural formula for an isomer of butan-2-ol. 1
52. In petrol-engined cars, one of the hydrocarbons found in his fuel has the full structural formula shown below.
Write the systematic name for this hydrocarbon. 1
53. Ethanol can be used a fuel in some camping stoves. This is shown in the diagram below.
(a) Calculate the energy released when ethanol is used to raise the temperature of 500cm3 of water from 18oC to 100oC.
3
54. Petrol is a common fuel used in cars.
Energy released when 1g of petrol is burned (kJ) 48.0
Volume of 1g of petrol (cm3) 1.45
A car petrol tank can hold 50 litres of petrol when full.
Calculate the energy released when one full tank of petrol undergoes complete combustion.
2
55. Heptane can be cracked using the experimental set up shown in the diagram below.
One reaction that can take place is:
C7H16 C4H10 + C3H6
Draw the full structural formula of the product with the formula C3H6. 1
56. Ethylthioethane belongs to a homologous series of compounds called the thioethers.
(a) Describe what is meant by a homologous series. 1
(b) Ethylthioethane is formed when ethylthiol reacts with bromoethane.
This reaction is shown in the equation below.
The reaction of methylthiol to produce methylthiomethane is shown below.
Using the example provided, predict the full structural formula of
methylthiomethane. 2
(c) Ethylthioethane can also be formed by reacting ethylthiol with ethene. The equation for this reaction is shown below.
Name the type of reaction taking place. 1
57. (a) The table below shows the molecular formula and boiling point for different members of the alkane family.
Name of alkane Molecular formula Boiling point (oC)
Nonane C9H20 151
Decane C10H22 174
Undecane C11H24 196
dodecane C12H26
Using the information provided, predict the boiling point, in oC, of
dodecane. 1
(b) State the term used to describe a family of compound with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.
1
58. A student burned gas X and collected the products as shown in the diagram below.
The student observed that a colourless liquid was formed in test tube A and the lime water in test tube B turned chalky.
Using the results of the experiment, name the two elements that must be present in gas X.
2
59. (a) Draw the full structural formula for 2-methylhexane. 1
(b) 2-methylpentane and hexane have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
State the term used to describe this pair of alkanes. 1
60. Carboxylic acids are a family of compounds which contain the -COOH function group.
(a) Name the function group present in a carboxylic acid. 1
(b) (i) Draw the full structural for the carboxylic acid containing four carbon
atoms. 1
(ii) Name the carboxylic acid containing six carbon atoms 1
(c) The table below shows the boiling point of different carboxylic acids.
Acid Boiling point (oC)
methanoic acid 101
ethanoic acid 118
propanoic acid 141
butanoic acid 164
(i) Using the information in the table, describe the relationship between
the number of carbon atoms and the boiling point. 1
(ii) Predict the boiling point of pentanoic acid. 1
61. The energy released when butan-2-ol is burned can be calculated using
the results from the experiment shown below.
Mass of butan-2-ol burned = 1.0g Initial temperature of water = 15oC
Final temperature of water = 55oC
Using the results of the experiment, calculate the energy released
when butan-2-ol was burned. 2
62. In the 2012 London Olympics, alkanes were used as fuels for the
Olympic flame.
(a) The torches that carried the Olympic flame across Britain burned a
mixture of propane and butane. Propane and butane are members of the same homologous series. What is meant by the term homologous
series
1
(b) Natural gas, which is mainly methane, was used to fuel the flame in the Olympic cauldron.
(i) Draw a diagram to show how all the outer electrons are arranged in a
molecule of methane, CH4 1
(ii) Methane is a covalent molecular structure. It has a low boiling point
and is a gas at room temperature. Explain why methane is a gas at room temperature.
1
63. Car manufacturers have developed flexible fuel engines for vehicles.
These vehicles can run on ethanol or petrol or a mixture of both.
Ethanol can be produced from ethene which comes from cracking crude oil. It can also be made by fermenting glucose which is obtained from
crops such as sugar cane and maize.
(a) The structure of ethanol is shown below.
Circle the functional group in this molecule. 1
(b) Ethanol is produced from ethene as shown below.
(i) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place. 1
(ii) Draw a structural formula for a product of the following reaction.
(c) Suggest one disadvantage of producing ethanol from crops. 1
(d) Ethanol can be used to produce ethanoic acid.
(i) Draw a structural formula for ethanoic acid. 1
(ii) Name the family to which ethanoic acid belongs. 1
64. Liquefield petroleum gas (LPG), which can be used as a fuel for
heating, is a mixture of propane and butane.
(a) Propane and butane are members of the homologous series of alkanes. Tick the two boxes that correctly describe members of the same
homologous series.
1
(b) The table gives some information about propane and butane.
Explain why butane has a higher boiling point than propane. 2
(c) 25kg of water at 10°C is heated by burning some LPC.
Calculate the energy, in kJ, required to increase the temperature of the water to 30°C.
You may wish to use the data booklet to help you.
Show your working clearly.
3
(d) LPG is odourless. In order to detect gas leaks, ethyl mercaptan, C2H6S, a smelly gas, is added in small quantities to the LPG mixture. Suggest
one disadvantage of adding sulfur compounds, such as ethyl mercaptan, to fuels such as LPG.
1
65. Butter contains different triglyceride molecules.
A triglyceride molecule is made when the alcohol glycerol reacts with carboxylic acids.
(a) Name the functional group present in glycerol. 1
(b) When butter goes off, a triglyceride molecule is broken down, producing compounds X and Y.
(i) Name compound X. 1
(ii) Describe the chemical test, including the result, to show that
compound Y is unsaturated. 1
66. (a) The table gives information about the energy released when 1 mole of some alcohols are burned.
(i) Write a statement linking the amount of energy released to the
position of the functional group in an alcohol molecule. 1
(ii) Predict the amount of energy released, in kJ, when 1 mole of hexan-2-
ol is burned. 1
(b) Ethanol can be used in portable camping stoves. The chemical reaction in a camping stove releases 23kJ of energy. If
100g of water is heated using this stove, calculate the rise in
temperature of the water, in °C. You may wish to use the data booklet to help you.
Show your working clearly.
3
67. The structural formulas of two hydrocarbons are shown.
(a) Name hydrocarbons A and B. 2
(b) Hydrocarbons A and B can be described as isomers. State what is meant
by the term isomer. 1
(c) Hydrocarbon A can undergo an addition reaction with water to form
butan-2-ol as shown.
A similar reaction can be used to produce 3-methylpentan-3-ol.
Draw a structural formula for the hydrocarbon used to form this molecule.
1
68. A student is given three different compounds each containing carbon. Using your knowledge of chemistry, describe how the student could
identify the compounds.
3
69. Ethers are a group of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
(a) Name ether X. 1
(b) Suggest a general formula for this homologous series. 1
(c) Methoxyethane is a covalent molecular substance. It has a low boiling point and is a gas at room temperature.
Circle the correct words to complete the sentence.
The bonds between the molecules are { weak / strong } and the bonds within the molecules are { weak / strong }.
1
(d) Epoxides are a family of cyclical ethers. The full structural formula for the first member of this family is shown.
(i) Epoxides can be produced by reacting an alkene with oxygen. Name the
alkene which would be used to produce the epoxide shown. 1
(ii) Epoxides have three atoms in a ring, one of which is oxygen. Draw a structural formula for the epoxide with the chemical formula C3H6O.
1
CfE National 5 Chemistry Unit 2 Study Pack
Marking Instructions
Question Expected Answer Mark Notes 1.
(a) D- cyclobutane, E- propane, F-butene/ but-2-ene 1
(b) B and E 1
2.
(a) B and C 1
(b) B and F 1
(c) 2,2-dimethylpropane 1
3.
D 1
4.
(a) B and E 1
(b) C 1
(c) B and F 1
5.
C 1
6.
B 1
7.
A 1
8.
B 1
9.
B 1
10.
C 1
11.
B 1
12.
B 1
13.
A 1
14.
B 1
15.
D 1
16.
C 1
17.
B 1
18.
A 1
19.
D 1
20.
B 1
21.
C 1
22.
A 1
23.
C 1
24.
A 1
25.
A 1
26.
C 1
27.
C 1
28.
A 1
29.
C 1
30.
C 1
31.
B 1
32.
C 1
33.
C 1
34.
C 1
35.
B 1
36.
B 1
37.
C 1
38.
C 1
39.
C 1
40.
(a)
Hydrocarbon Formula Observation
with bromine
water
Unsaturated/
saturated
A C6H14 no change saturated
B C6H12 decolourisation unsaturated
C C6H12 no change saturated
D C6H10 decolouration unsaturated
2
2 marks-all correct 1 mark-2/3 correct
0 marks
(b) Hexane Hex-1-ene or any other systematic variation
1
(c) Structure cyclohexane 1 All bonds must be present
41.
(a) A substance that burns to the release the energy within its bonds 1 Underlined words
must be present
(b)(i) 19-21 inclusive 1 No units required
(ii) Hydrocarbons that have a branch are more efficient than
straight chain hydrocarbons
OR
As the number of carbons increases the efficiency decreases
OR
As the number of carbons decreases the efficiency increases
1
Or any other
appropriate response
(c)(i) Disadvantages could include that it is not/non-renewable, it is finite, it burns to release carbon dioxide, it causes pollution
Advantages could include that it is cheaper than other fuels,
releases a large amount of energy, easily transported
2 One disadvantage 1 mark
One advantage 1
mark
(ii) Hydrogen, biofuel, bioethanol
1 Wind, solar, wave
etc. are not suitable answers
42.
(a) C4H8 1 Numbers must be subscript
(b) The bromine water would change from yellow to colourless 1
43.
(a) A family/group of compounds with the same general formula and different structural formula
1 Underlined words are required for
definition
(b) propyne 1 Problem solving
(c) CnH2n-2 1 Problem solving
(d)(i)
1
All bonds must be present
(ii) The bromine atoms are on carbon atoms that are directly bonded together/ next to each other
1
44.
(a)
1
All bonds must be
present
(b)(i) CnH2n-1COOH or CnH2nO2 1
(ii) carboxyl group 1 -COOH is not an acceptable answer
45.
(a) addition/ halogenation 1
(b)
1
All bonds must be present
(c) contains (a) double bond(s) 1
46.
(a) unsaturated 1
(b)
1
All bonds must be present
Carbon to hydrogen
bonds can be shown
47.
(a) carbon monoxide has been produced 1
(b) 15cm3 1
(c) Causes acid rain 1
48.
(a)(i) Hydrogen and carbon 1
(ii) A family/group of compounds with the same general formula and
different structural formula
1 Underlined words
are required for definition
(b) exothermic 1
(c)(i) As the number of carbons increases, the (heat) energy released
increases
Underlined words
are required
(ii) 2854-2984 kJ inclusive 1 Units are not required but if
provided must be correct
49.
(a)
All bonds must be present
(b) Any structure with the chemical formula of C7H16
systematic name must be different from 2,2-dimethylbutane
1
50.
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 1
51.
(a) Addition/hydration 1
(b) Any structure with the chemical formula of C4H10O systematic name must be different from butan-2-ol
1 All bonds must be present
52.
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 1
53.
(a) Eh= cm∆T (1 mark)
= 4.18x0.5x82 (1 mark)
=171.4kJ (1 mark)
3 Only maximum of 2 marks can be awarded if units
not provided/incorrect
54.
50litres = 50000cm3=50000g (1 mark)
1g = 48 kJ 50000 = 48 x 50000 = 2400000 kJ (1 mark)
2 Units are not
required for final answer
55.
(a)
OR
1
All bonds must be
present
56.
(a) A family/group of compounds with the same general formula and
different structural formula
1 Underlined words
are required for definition
(b)
1
All bonds must be present
(c) addition 1
57.
(a) 218-219 oC inclusive 1 Unit not required
but if provided must be correct
(b) A homologous series 1
58.
Hydrogen and carbon 1 Both correct for 1 mark
Symbols H and C
are acceptable
59.
(a)
OR
1
All bonds must be
present
(b) isomers 1
60.
(a) Carboxyl group 1 COOH is not an
acceptable answer
(b)(i)
1
All bonds must be
present
(ii) hexanoic acid 1
(c)(i) As the number of carbons increases, the boiling point increases 1
(ii) 181-187oC inclusive 1 Units not required but if provided
must be correct
61.
Eh= cm∆T
= 4.18x0.2x40 (1 mark)
=33.4 kJ (1 mark)
2
Units must be
correct or maximum mark is 1
62.
(a) A family/group of compounds with the same general formula and different structural formula
1 Underlined words are required for
definition
(b)(i)
1 Electrons can be shown as dots or
crosses
Elemental symbols must be present
Only outer
electrons should be shown
(ii) It has weak intermolecular forces 1
63.
(a)
1 The carbon atom should not be
included in the circle
(b)(i) Addition/ hydration 1
(ii)
1
All bonds must be present
The oxygen must be bonded to the
carbon
(c) Many workers needed, required a lot of land, slow process, impure
1 Or any other appropriate answer
(d)(i)
1
All bonds must be present
(ii) Carboxylic acid(s) 1
64.
(a)
1
Must get both
correct for 1 mark
(b) Butane has more strong covalent bonds and stronger intermolecular forces (1 mark) resulting in an increase in the
energy (1 mark) required to boil
2 Underlined phrases or similar are
required for explanation
(c) Eh= cm∆T (1 mark) = 4.18x25x20 (1 mark)
= 2090 kJ (1 mark)
3
Units required for
final mark
(d) Sulfur can reacted with oxygen to produce sulfur oxides which
can dissolve in the water in the atmosphere results in acid rain
1 Underlined phrases
are required
65.
(a) hydroxyl 1 -OH is not an acceptable answer
(b)(i) butanoic acid 1 A chemical formula
is not an acceptable answer
(ii) Use bromine water
AND
If compound is unsaturated the bromine water will change from yellow to colourless
1 Answer must include colour
change expected
‘turns colourless’ alone is not acceptable
66.
(a)(i) When the hydroxyl/OH group is on carbon 2/ the second carbon, the energy released is decreased/ goes down/ is less
1
(ii) 3998-4000 kJ inclusive 1 Units not required,
if provided must be correct
(b) Eh= cm∆T (1 mark) 23= 4.18x0.1x∆T (1 mark)
= 55oC (1 mark)
3
Units required for
final mark
67.
(a) but-2-ene AND cyclobutane 2 1 mark for each
correct answer
Butene is not an acceptable answer
(b) Molecules with the sane chemical/molecular formula and
different structural formula
1 Underlined phrases
are required
(c)
1
All bonds must be present
68.
1 mark: The student has demonstrated a limited understanding
of the chemistry involved. The candidate has made some statement(s) which is/are relevant to the situation, showing that
at least a little of the chemistry within the problem is understood.
2 marks: The student has demonstrated a reasonable
understanding of the chemistry involved. The student makes some statement(s) which is/are relevant to the situation,
showing that the problem is understood.
3 marks: The maximum available mark would be awarded to a student who has demonstrated a good understanding of the
chemistry involved. The student shows a good comprehension of the chemistry of the situation and has provided a logically
correct answer to the question posed. This type of response might include a statement of the principles involved, a
relationship or an equation, and the application of these to respond to the problem. This does not mean the answer must be
what might be termed an “excellent” answer or a “complete” one.
3
69.
(a) methoxypropane 1
(b) CnH2n+2O 1
(c) The bonds between the molecules are { weak / strong } and the
bonds within the molecules are { weak / strong }.
1
Underlined words should be circled
(d)(i) ethene 1
(ii) Any appropriate structure e.g.
1
All bonds must be
present
