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NASA data products that support water, energy, and food security Bradley D. Doorn Program Manager Earth Science Division, NASA IISD GWSP Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus

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Page 1: NASA data products that support water, energy, and food … ·  · 2012-06-28NASA data products that support water, energy, and food security ... Climate Water Resources Weather

NASA data products that support water,

energy, and food security

Bradley D. Doorn

Program Manager

Earth Science Division, NASA IISD – GWSP Water-Energy-Food

Security Nexus

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The Water Resources program

focuses NASA observations

and science results applied

to water resource

management concerns and

decision processes related to

water supply, demand, and

availability. The Water

Resources program

establishes partnerships with

Federal agencies, academia,

private firms, and

international organizations to

meet its mission goals.

NASA Water Resources Program

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NASA

Applied Sciences

Program

Results of

NASA Earth

Science Research

Uses by Partners

and Stakeholder

Communities

NASA Applied Sciences Program

A Pathway Between Earth Science & Society

Natural

Disast

ers

Public

Health Climate

Water

Resources

Weather

Ecosystem

s

Agricultu

re

Air

Qual

ity

GEOSS Societal Benefit Areas

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RESEARCH

Basic research and scientific discovery about the physical Earth

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NASA Earth Science Goal: Study Earth from space to advance scientific understanding and

meet societal needs.

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FLIGHT

Formulate, Design, Build, Launch, and Operate NASA Earth Observation

Missions

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8

Earth Science

Missions in

Operation

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9

Missions in Formulation and Implementation – 11/2011

NPP

10/25/2011

w/NOAA

EOS cont., Op Met.

AQUARIUS

6/10/2011

w/CONAE; SSS

LDCM

01/2013

w/USGS; TIRS

GPM

7/2013 (TBR)

w/ JAXA; Precip

SMAP*

Late CY2014

w/CSA

Soil Moist., Frz/Thaw

ICESat-2

April 2016

Ice Dynamics

OCO-2

2013*

Global CO2

* LRDs in flux because of launch vehicle failures

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The NASA

Soil Moisture Active Passive

(SMAP) Mission:

Drought Monitoring

….global mapping of soil

moisture at a 10-km

spatial resolution with a

2-3 day revisit time

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Science Objectives

SMAP will provide high-resolution,

frequent-revisit global mapping of soil

moisture and freeze/thaw state to

enable science and applications users

to: • Understand processes that link the terrestrial

water, energy and carbon cycles

• Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface

• Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes

• Enhance weather and climate forecast skill

• Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capability

Freeze/thaw state

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SMAP Data Products

Data Product

Short Name Description

Data

Resolution Grid Spacing

Mean

Latency*

L1B_S0_LoRes Low Resolution Radar σo in Time Order 5x30 km

(10 slices) - 12 hrs

L1C_S0_HiRes High Resolution Radar σo on Swath Grid 1x1 km to

1x30 km 1 km 12 hrs

L1B_TB Radiometer TB in Time Order 36x47 km - 12 hrs

L1C_TB Radiometer TB 40 km 36 km 12 hrs

L2_SM_A Radar Soil Moisture* 1-3 km 3 km 24 hrs

L2_SM_P Radiometer Soil Moisture 40 km 36 km 24 hrs

L2_SM_A/P Active-Passive Soil Moisture 9 km 9 km 24 hrs

L3_F/T_A Daily Global Composite Freeze/Thaw State 1-3 km 3 km 50 hrs

L3_SM_A Daily Global Composite Radar Soil Moisture 1-3 km 3 km 50 hrs

L3_SM_P Daily Global Composite Radiometer Soil Moisture 40 km 36 km 50 hrs

L3_SM_A/P Daily Global Composite Active-Passive Soil Moisture 9 km 9 km 50 hrs

L4_SM Surface and Root Zone Soil Moisture 9 km 9 km 7 days

L4_C Carbon Net Ecosystem Exchange 9 km 9 km 14 days

* Mean latency under normal operating conditions. Latency defined as time from data acquisition by instrument to availability

to designated data archive. The SMAP project will make a best effort to reduce these latencies. [ *research product]

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GRACE and GRACE-FO

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment

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Improving Ground Water Estimates

Aqua:

MODIS,

AMSR-E,

etc.

GRACE

GRACE measures tiny changes in Earth’s gravity field (left)

These precise gravity

measurements are used to infer

the total wetness of the land

surface, including changes in

groundwater levels

Traditional radiation-based remote sensing technologies measure water in the upper few centimeters of soil or vegetation or snow

Soil Moisture Snow, Ice, Rainfall Snow

Vegetation Radiation

The electromagnetic

spectrum

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16

NASA Satellites

Contributing Most to

Water Cycle Studies

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Decadal Survey Missions Next Generation

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18

Key Missions in Formulation

and Implementation

NPP

LDCM GPM

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19

Integrated Program for Water Availability/Quality

Precipitation TRMM (extended mission w/JAXA); Field Campaigns (e.g. GRIP,

EV-1 HS3; GPM (2014 w/ JAXA)

Soil Moisture and Freeze/Thaw State SMAP ( w/CSA)

Inland Waters SWOT (late 2019 w/CNES, CSA)

Subsurface Ground Water (Aquifer Volume Changes) GRACE and GRACE-FO (2016 w/Germany)

Glacier and Ice Sheet Volume Changes and Dynamics ICEBRIDGE (ongoing); ICESAT-2 (2016); DESDynI (TBD)

Coastal Water Quality PACE (2019/2020 w/ CNES [likely])

Northern Latitude Land, Lakes, Permafrost EV-1 CARVE, SMAP, SWOT, GRACE-FO, ICESAT-2, DESDynI

Accelerated Operational Use of Research Measurements, …

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APPLIED SCIENCE

INTEGRATING PHYSICAL SCIENCE,

MATHEMATICAL/STATISTICAL METHODS, GROUND

OBSERVATIONS, AND REMOTE OBSERVATIONS

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WATER SUPPLY: ground water, surface water,

atmospheric water, and water

quality

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NASA Measures Precipitation

NASA satellite data and models

are key input variables for

organizations such as the

USAID’s Famine Early Warning

Systems Network (FEWS NET).

FEWSNET is a key resource for

monitoring food aid needs and

supporting food deficit countries.

TRMM Rainfall data

AIRS precipitable water

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Lake and Reservoir Monitoring

http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir

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MODIS Snow Cover for Water Supply Prediction

Snowpack Initial Condition

Aqua Terra

(NASA)

Snow Data

UW Hydrological Forecast System

Reservoir Regulation

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MODIS-Model

SWE Anomaly

MODIS Snow Products Improve Water Resource

Management Noah Molotch, JPL CAL TECH / University of Colorado

Using MODIS observations of snow cover

depletion and a snowmelt model, a 10-year

reanalysis of daily Sierra Nevada snow water

equivalent (SWE) at 500-m resolution has

been generated. Using these data we show

that SWE evaluated at points (black dots on

map) misrepresented watershed SWE

anomalies resulting in water supply forecast

errors exceeding 1 Million Acre Feet

(difference between blue and red bars).

These data are being used in partnership with

the California Department of Water Resources

to identify, and reduce water supply forecast

errors, resulting in more efficient water

resource management, and decreased

vulnerability to climate variability and change.

Feather River, CA: Observed VS Forecasted Water Supply 2006

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WATER DEMAND: natural and man-made

-urban, industry, energy,

agriculture, ecosystems

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27

NPP Satellite: MODIS transition mission

Land Surface

Temperature

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Landsat Data Continuity Mission

(aka Landsat 8)

Courtesy of Orbital

The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is under

development for a January 2013 launch

• Developed as a NASA / USGS partnership

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ESD Applied Sciences Program Water Resources

Enhancing Access to Information for More Efficient Use of Water

Highlight: ESD supported the launch of a public access web service to better access evapotranspiration (ET) information. ET maps originally designed for the South Platte Water Conservancy District and Bureau of Reclamation RiverWare DSTs can now be derived for local decision makers from an energy balance method (METRIC) with thermal and optical sensors of NASA’s Landsat and MODIS satellites.

Relevance: Better timeliness, spatial resolution and coverage than standard (e.g., NOAA) products for more efficient irrigation and water distribution decisions. Over 40% of U.S. freshwater withdrawals are used

Figure 1: User interface of the ET Server Web application

Irrigation service area selected by user for CU estimate

Comparative seasonal consumptive use curves for selected irrigation service area

for agriculture. Better information on the demand of different crops at different crop stages decreases water waste and increases food production.

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Using NASA Evapotranspiration (ET) for

Agriculture Water Consumptive Use

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WATER DEMAND +

SUPPLY numerical methods that “model”

the physical hydrologic system

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NASA Remote Sensing and Modeling Systems

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NASA LIS Improves Land Information for Remote

Regions of the World

Implemented Operationally at the Air Force Weather Agency

(AFWA) to Replace their Global AGRMET Data of Soil Moisture,

Soil Temperature, and other land hydrologic variables. Also

implemented at NOAA NCEP, INPE-CPTEC, and numerous

universities and research groups. FEWS-NET, NOAA NOHRSC

LIS Soil Moisture (1 km) AFWA AGRMET Soil Moisture

29-August-2005 at 1800 UTC Covering Afghanistan and Portions of Pakistan

{Army Remote Moisture System (ARMS); Moran and others}

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GRACE Data Enables More Accurate Water Budget

Predictions

GRACE water storage, mm

January – December 2005 Loop

Model assimilated water storage, mm

January – December 2005 Loop

Zaitchik, Rodell,

and Reichle, in

preparation

Matt Rodell NASA GSFC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06

de

pth

(m

m) Snow Water Equivalent

Soil Moisture

Groundwater

Observed Groundwater

GRACE Total Water

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06

de

pth

(m

m) Snow Water Equivalent

Soil Moisture

Groundwater

Observed Groundwater

GRACE Total Water

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Groundwater Root Zone Surface Soil Moisture

Delivery of GRACE-Based Drought Indicators

Wetness

Percentile

U.S. Drought Monitor Funded by the Applied Sciences program, scientists at NASA/GSFC have teamed with the principals of the U.S. and North American Drought Monitors at NOAA and U. Nebraska, to improve the DMs by incorporating drought indicators for soil moisture and groundwater based on data from GRACE and other observations which have been integrated within a numerical model, thereby addressing a need for objective information on these deep water storage conditions. The first drought indicator products were delivered in April 2011. (M. Rodell, NASA/GSFC)

GRACE-based drought indicators for April 21, 2011: rank percentiles of surface soil moisture, root

zone soil moisture, and groundwater.

Above: U.S. Drought Monitor

product for April 26, 2011.

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Water Supply and Management in California,

Scalable to Regional and National Applications

Image credit: NRDC, 2006

Joint project between three NASA Centers (ARC, JPL, MSFC)

Collaboration with CA Dept. Water Resources (DWR), CA Cooperative Snow Survey, CO River Board, local water districts, USDA, agricultural producers

Project components:

Optimization of agricultural water use through irrigation forecasting (ARC, MSFC)

Snow Water Equivalent mapping (JPL, MSFC)

Regional Climate Model Diagnostic Toolkit (JPL)

Flood/surface water monitoring (JPL, DFO)

Groundwater monitoring (JPL)

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•Application of the NASA Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System (TOPS) to integrate satellite and weather data to estimate ET, water balance, and irrigation demand

•Builds on CIMIS, as well as previous success in vineyards

•Data exchange with users via applications for web and mobile devices •Use of wireless soil moisture sensor networks for calibration •Partnerships with CA Dept. Water Resources, USDA-ARS, Agricultural producers, Universities,

and Irrigation consultants

Irrigation Optimization(DWR, USDA, Ag Industry)

Modeling, ET

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WATER SUPPLY –

DEMAND = IMPACT

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Figure 5. Comparison of vegetation indices (Indices: from top to bottom shown the index NDVI,

RNDVI, MVCI, RMNDVI, VCI for first week weekly composite of May 2010; the left column

illustrated vegetation condition indices of US conterminous states and the right column displayed the

corresponding zoomed-in Mississippi delta area.)

Assessing various

vegetation indices at

weekly intervals for USDA

crop condition progress

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NASA funded project to Enhance the Malaria and

Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) with NASA data

Using NASA data to assist FEWS NET to anticipate and warn of humanitarian

crises.

Projecting Rainfall and NDVI data 1-4 months in future for improved decision support.

Integrated climate data for WHO HealthMapper for early identification of malaria epidemics.

NASA Data Incorporated:

AURA MLS Relative Humidity

TRMM Precipitation\

MODIS NDVI

GIMMS AVHRR NDVI

•Benefits: Improved response and recovery from food

crises and epidemics, reducing costs to US

Government and saving lives.

Epidemic Malaria

Regions where

rainfall data

guides health

interventions.

•Southern Africa

•Funk and Brown, RSE 2006 v 101 p 249-256

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Surface Water Mapping for Verification of Reservoir Extent Change

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NASA Applied Science Directly Impacts the National Drought Monitoring System for Drought Early Warning

P.I.: S. V. Nghiem, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA

Highlight:

At the end of the project, the results yielded great

improvements of the US Drought Monitor (USDM) with higher

resolution using NASA remotely sensing products to augment

existing USDM tools and increasing the accuracy of the

drought contours. The improvements included spatially

continuous data over entire US, versus point data from in-situ

stations or interpolated and extrapolated derivatives, where

missing data or data gaps can cause inaccurate assessment and

delineation of drought conditions. This resulted in a significant

improvement of the variety and quality of drought early

warning information in the National Integrated Drought

Information System (NIDIS) web portal for decision making.

Relevance:

Many triggers depend on county-level placement of USDM

contours (D1-D4) for potential eligibility or declarations at

various levels (e.g. Livestock Forage Disaster Program

disbursement of $225 million in 2008 and 2009). Improvements

to address premature change in drought conditions such as with

NASA Soil Moisture Change (SMC) product can avoid

problem of virga (rainwater evaporated before reaching land) to

better represent hydrologic drought, and reduce false

precipitation in Next Generation RADAR (NEXRAD) rain

maps that prematurely decrease drought severity (D-level) or

terminate drought conditions.

Figure 1. Examples of weekly soil moisture change product from QuikSCAT data with D-level drought contour, and vegetation index from MODIS data.

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A.37 EARTH SCIENCE APPLICATIONS:

WATER RESOURCES APPLIED SCIENCES TEAM:

NNH12ZDA001N-WRAST

The objective of this solicitation is to select a Water Resources Applied Sciences

Team. This team will focus on specific applied research topics required to

advance the water resources management community’s use and application of

NASA Earth science observations and models in decision making. The team will

span all relevant NASA satellite mission observations and can include data products

from non-NASA satellites, including foreign satellites. The team will coordinate with the

competitively-selected projects within the Water Resources Program. The team will

likely interact with the Research Science Focus Areas, especially the Water-Energy

Cycle Focus Area, and appropriate mission Science Teams.

In this solicitation, the program will request applications that require a sustained,

coordinated, and targeted applied research investment and will identify specific

data products and provide applications-oriented feedback to Earth science

research. The Applied Sciences Teams are analogous to the mission Science Teams.

The Applied Sciences Teams will involve research scientists, data center

representatives, applied scientists, and end users; the teams will include scientists

sponsored by interested Government agencies and water resources community

associations.

2012 Amendment pending

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Thank You