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NASA data products that support water,
energy, and food security
Bradley D. Doorn
Program Manager
Earth Science Division, NASA IISD – GWSP Water-Energy-Food
Security Nexus
The Water Resources program
focuses NASA observations
and science results applied
to water resource
management concerns and
decision processes related to
water supply, demand, and
availability. The Water
Resources program
establishes partnerships with
Federal agencies, academia,
private firms, and
international organizations to
meet its mission goals.
NASA Water Resources Program
NASA
Applied Sciences
Program
Results of
NASA Earth
Science Research
Uses by Partners
and Stakeholder
Communities
NASA Applied Sciences Program
A Pathway Between Earth Science & Society
Natural
Disast
ers
Public
Health Climate
Water
Resources
Weather
Ecosystem
s
Agricultu
re
Air
Qual
ity
GEOSS Societal Benefit Areas
RESEARCH
Basic research and scientific discovery about the physical Earth
NASA Earth Science Goal: Study Earth from space to advance scientific understanding and
meet societal needs.
FLIGHT
Formulate, Design, Build, Launch, and Operate NASA Earth Observation
Missions
8
Earth Science
Missions in
Operation
9
Missions in Formulation and Implementation – 11/2011
NPP
10/25/2011
w/NOAA
EOS cont., Op Met.
AQUARIUS
6/10/2011
w/CONAE; SSS
LDCM
01/2013
w/USGS; TIRS
GPM
7/2013 (TBR)
w/ JAXA; Precip
SMAP*
Late CY2014
w/CSA
Soil Moist., Frz/Thaw
ICESat-2
April 2016
Ice Dynamics
OCO-2
2013*
Global CO2
* LRDs in flux because of launch vehicle failures
The NASA
Soil Moisture Active Passive
(SMAP) Mission:
Drought Monitoring
….global mapping of soil
moisture at a 10-km
spatial resolution with a
2-3 day revisit time
Science Objectives
SMAP will provide high-resolution,
frequent-revisit global mapping of soil
moisture and freeze/thaw state to
enable science and applications users
to: • Understand processes that link the terrestrial
water, energy and carbon cycles
• Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface
• Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes
• Enhance weather and climate forecast skill
• Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capability
Freeze/thaw state
SMAP Data Products
Data Product
Short Name Description
Data
Resolution Grid Spacing
Mean
Latency*
L1B_S0_LoRes Low Resolution Radar σo in Time Order 5x30 km
(10 slices) - 12 hrs
L1C_S0_HiRes High Resolution Radar σo on Swath Grid 1x1 km to
1x30 km 1 km 12 hrs
L1B_TB Radiometer TB in Time Order 36x47 km - 12 hrs
L1C_TB Radiometer TB 40 km 36 km 12 hrs
L2_SM_A Radar Soil Moisture* 1-3 km 3 km 24 hrs
L2_SM_P Radiometer Soil Moisture 40 km 36 km 24 hrs
L2_SM_A/P Active-Passive Soil Moisture 9 km 9 km 24 hrs
L3_F/T_A Daily Global Composite Freeze/Thaw State 1-3 km 3 km 50 hrs
L3_SM_A Daily Global Composite Radar Soil Moisture 1-3 km 3 km 50 hrs
L3_SM_P Daily Global Composite Radiometer Soil Moisture 40 km 36 km 50 hrs
L3_SM_A/P Daily Global Composite Active-Passive Soil Moisture 9 km 9 km 50 hrs
L4_SM Surface and Root Zone Soil Moisture 9 km 9 km 7 days
L4_C Carbon Net Ecosystem Exchange 9 km 9 km 14 days
* Mean latency under normal operating conditions. Latency defined as time from data acquisition by instrument to availability
to designated data archive. The SMAP project will make a best effort to reduce these latencies. [ *research product]
GRACE and GRACE-FO
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
Improving Ground Water Estimates
Aqua:
MODIS,
AMSR-E,
etc.
GRACE
GRACE measures tiny changes in Earth’s gravity field (left)
These precise gravity
measurements are used to infer
the total wetness of the land
surface, including changes in
groundwater levels
Traditional radiation-based remote sensing technologies measure water in the upper few centimeters of soil or vegetation or snow
Soil Moisture Snow, Ice, Rainfall Snow
Vegetation Radiation
The electromagnetic
spectrum
16
NASA Satellites
Contributing Most to
Water Cycle Studies
Decadal Survey Missions Next Generation
18
Key Missions in Formulation
and Implementation
NPP
LDCM GPM
19
Integrated Program for Water Availability/Quality
Precipitation TRMM (extended mission w/JAXA); Field Campaigns (e.g. GRIP,
EV-1 HS3; GPM (2014 w/ JAXA)
Soil Moisture and Freeze/Thaw State SMAP ( w/CSA)
Inland Waters SWOT (late 2019 w/CNES, CSA)
Subsurface Ground Water (Aquifer Volume Changes) GRACE and GRACE-FO (2016 w/Germany)
Glacier and Ice Sheet Volume Changes and Dynamics ICEBRIDGE (ongoing); ICESAT-2 (2016); DESDynI (TBD)
Coastal Water Quality PACE (2019/2020 w/ CNES [likely])
Northern Latitude Land, Lakes, Permafrost EV-1 CARVE, SMAP, SWOT, GRACE-FO, ICESAT-2, DESDynI
Accelerated Operational Use of Research Measurements, …
APPLIED SCIENCE
INTEGRATING PHYSICAL SCIENCE,
MATHEMATICAL/STATISTICAL METHODS, GROUND
OBSERVATIONS, AND REMOTE OBSERVATIONS
WATER SUPPLY: ground water, surface water,
atmospheric water, and water
quality
NASA Measures Precipitation
NASA satellite data and models
are key input variables for
organizations such as the
USAID’s Famine Early Warning
Systems Network (FEWS NET).
FEWSNET is a key resource for
monitoring food aid needs and
supporting food deficit countries.
TRMM Rainfall data
AIRS precipitable water
Lake and Reservoir Monitoring
http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir
MODIS Snow Cover for Water Supply Prediction
Snowpack Initial Condition
Aqua Terra
(NASA)
Snow Data
UW Hydrological Forecast System
Reservoir Regulation
MODIS-Model
SWE Anomaly
MODIS Snow Products Improve Water Resource
Management Noah Molotch, JPL CAL TECH / University of Colorado
Using MODIS observations of snow cover
depletion and a snowmelt model, a 10-year
reanalysis of daily Sierra Nevada snow water
equivalent (SWE) at 500-m resolution has
been generated. Using these data we show
that SWE evaluated at points (black dots on
map) misrepresented watershed SWE
anomalies resulting in water supply forecast
errors exceeding 1 Million Acre Feet
(difference between blue and red bars).
These data are being used in partnership with
the California Department of Water Resources
to identify, and reduce water supply forecast
errors, resulting in more efficient water
resource management, and decreased
vulnerability to climate variability and change.
Feather River, CA: Observed VS Forecasted Water Supply 2006
WATER DEMAND: natural and man-made
-urban, industry, energy,
agriculture, ecosystems
27
NPP Satellite: MODIS transition mission
Land Surface
Temperature
Landsat Data Continuity Mission
(aka Landsat 8)
Courtesy of Orbital
The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is under
development for a January 2013 launch
• Developed as a NASA / USGS partnership
ESD Applied Sciences Program Water Resources
Enhancing Access to Information for More Efficient Use of Water
Highlight: ESD supported the launch of a public access web service to better access evapotranspiration (ET) information. ET maps originally designed for the South Platte Water Conservancy District and Bureau of Reclamation RiverWare DSTs can now be derived for local decision makers from an energy balance method (METRIC) with thermal and optical sensors of NASA’s Landsat and MODIS satellites.
Relevance: Better timeliness, spatial resolution and coverage than standard (e.g., NOAA) products for more efficient irrigation and water distribution decisions. Over 40% of U.S. freshwater withdrawals are used
Figure 1: User interface of the ET Server Web application
Irrigation service area selected by user for CU estimate
Comparative seasonal consumptive use curves for selected irrigation service area
for agriculture. Better information on the demand of different crops at different crop stages decreases water waste and increases food production.
Using NASA Evapotranspiration (ET) for
Agriculture Water Consumptive Use
WATER DEMAND +
SUPPLY numerical methods that “model”
the physical hydrologic system
NASA Remote Sensing and Modeling Systems
NASA LIS Improves Land Information for Remote
Regions of the World
Implemented Operationally at the Air Force Weather Agency
(AFWA) to Replace their Global AGRMET Data of Soil Moisture,
Soil Temperature, and other land hydrologic variables. Also
implemented at NOAA NCEP, INPE-CPTEC, and numerous
universities and research groups. FEWS-NET, NOAA NOHRSC
LIS Soil Moisture (1 km) AFWA AGRMET Soil Moisture
29-August-2005 at 1800 UTC Covering Afghanistan and Portions of Pakistan
{Army Remote Moisture System (ARMS); Moran and others}
GRACE Data Enables More Accurate Water Budget
Predictions
GRACE water storage, mm
January – December 2005 Loop
Model assimilated water storage, mm
January – December 2005 Loop
Zaitchik, Rodell,
and Reichle, in
preparation
Matt Rodell NASA GSFC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06
de
pth
(m
m) Snow Water Equivalent
Soil Moisture
Groundwater
Observed Groundwater
GRACE Total Water
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06
de
pth
(m
m) Snow Water Equivalent
Soil Moisture
Groundwater
Observed Groundwater
GRACE Total Water
Groundwater Root Zone Surface Soil Moisture
Delivery of GRACE-Based Drought Indicators
Wetness
Percentile
U.S. Drought Monitor Funded by the Applied Sciences program, scientists at NASA/GSFC have teamed with the principals of the U.S. and North American Drought Monitors at NOAA and U. Nebraska, to improve the DMs by incorporating drought indicators for soil moisture and groundwater based on data from GRACE and other observations which have been integrated within a numerical model, thereby addressing a need for objective information on these deep water storage conditions. The first drought indicator products were delivered in April 2011. (M. Rodell, NASA/GSFC)
GRACE-based drought indicators for April 21, 2011: rank percentiles of surface soil moisture, root
zone soil moisture, and groundwater.
Above: U.S. Drought Monitor
product for April 26, 2011.
Water Supply and Management in California,
Scalable to Regional and National Applications
Image credit: NRDC, 2006
Joint project between three NASA Centers (ARC, JPL, MSFC)
Collaboration with CA Dept. Water Resources (DWR), CA Cooperative Snow Survey, CO River Board, local water districts, USDA, agricultural producers
Project components:
Optimization of agricultural water use through irrigation forecasting (ARC, MSFC)
Snow Water Equivalent mapping (JPL, MSFC)
Regional Climate Model Diagnostic Toolkit (JPL)
Flood/surface water monitoring (JPL, DFO)
Groundwater monitoring (JPL)
•Application of the NASA Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System (TOPS) to integrate satellite and weather data to estimate ET, water balance, and irrigation demand
•Builds on CIMIS, as well as previous success in vineyards
•Data exchange with users via applications for web and mobile devices •Use of wireless soil moisture sensor networks for calibration •Partnerships with CA Dept. Water Resources, USDA-ARS, Agricultural producers, Universities,
and Irrigation consultants
Irrigation Optimization(DWR, USDA, Ag Industry)
Modeling, ET
WATER SUPPLY –
DEMAND = IMPACT
Figure 5. Comparison of vegetation indices (Indices: from top to bottom shown the index NDVI,
RNDVI, MVCI, RMNDVI, VCI for first week weekly composite of May 2010; the left column
illustrated vegetation condition indices of US conterminous states and the right column displayed the
corresponding zoomed-in Mississippi delta area.)
Assessing various
vegetation indices at
weekly intervals for USDA
crop condition progress
NASA funded project to Enhance the Malaria and
Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) with NASA data
Using NASA data to assist FEWS NET to anticipate and warn of humanitarian
crises.
Projecting Rainfall and NDVI data 1-4 months in future for improved decision support.
Integrated climate data for WHO HealthMapper for early identification of malaria epidemics.
NASA Data Incorporated:
AURA MLS Relative Humidity
TRMM Precipitation\
MODIS NDVI
GIMMS AVHRR NDVI
•Benefits: Improved response and recovery from food
crises and epidemics, reducing costs to US
Government and saving lives.
Epidemic Malaria
Regions where
rainfall data
guides health
interventions.
•Southern Africa
•Funk and Brown, RSE 2006 v 101 p 249-256
Surface Water Mapping for Verification of Reservoir Extent Change
NASA Applied Science Directly Impacts the National Drought Monitoring System for Drought Early Warning
P.I.: S. V. Nghiem, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
Highlight:
At the end of the project, the results yielded great
improvements of the US Drought Monitor (USDM) with higher
resolution using NASA remotely sensing products to augment
existing USDM tools and increasing the accuracy of the
drought contours. The improvements included spatially
continuous data over entire US, versus point data from in-situ
stations or interpolated and extrapolated derivatives, where
missing data or data gaps can cause inaccurate assessment and
delineation of drought conditions. This resulted in a significant
improvement of the variety and quality of drought early
warning information in the National Integrated Drought
Information System (NIDIS) web portal for decision making.
Relevance:
Many triggers depend on county-level placement of USDM
contours (D1-D4) for potential eligibility or declarations at
various levels (e.g. Livestock Forage Disaster Program
disbursement of $225 million in 2008 and 2009). Improvements
to address premature change in drought conditions such as with
NASA Soil Moisture Change (SMC) product can avoid
problem of virga (rainwater evaporated before reaching land) to
better represent hydrologic drought, and reduce false
precipitation in Next Generation RADAR (NEXRAD) rain
maps that prematurely decrease drought severity (D-level) or
terminate drought conditions.
Figure 1. Examples of weekly soil moisture change product from QuikSCAT data with D-level drought contour, and vegetation index from MODIS data.
A.37 EARTH SCIENCE APPLICATIONS:
WATER RESOURCES APPLIED SCIENCES TEAM:
NNH12ZDA001N-WRAST
The objective of this solicitation is to select a Water Resources Applied Sciences
Team. This team will focus on specific applied research topics required to
advance the water resources management community’s use and application of
NASA Earth science observations and models in decision making. The team will
span all relevant NASA satellite mission observations and can include data products
from non-NASA satellites, including foreign satellites. The team will coordinate with the
competitively-selected projects within the Water Resources Program. The team will
likely interact with the Research Science Focus Areas, especially the Water-Energy
Cycle Focus Area, and appropriate mission Science Teams.
In this solicitation, the program will request applications that require a sustained,
coordinated, and targeted applied research investment and will identify specific
data products and provide applications-oriented feedback to Earth science
research. The Applied Sciences Teams are analogous to the mission Science Teams.
The Applied Sciences Teams will involve research scientists, data center
representatives, applied scientists, and end users; the teams will include scientists
sponsored by interested Government agencies and water resources community
associations.
2012 Amendment pending
Thank You